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82:
42:
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services. The policy process encompasses decisions made at a national or decentralized level (including funding decisions) that affect whether and how services are delivered. Thus, attention must be paid to policies at multiple levels of the health system and over time to ensure sustainable scale-up. A supportive policy environment will facilitate the scale-up of health interventions.
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566:"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control."
616:
the other hand, one school of thought emerging from the United States rejects the notion of health care financing through taxpayer funding as incompatible with the (considered no less important) right of the physician's professional judgment, and the related concerns that government involvement in overseeing the health of its citizens could erode the
268:
792:, previous government policy limiting funding and access for AIDS treatments met with strong controversy given its basis on a refusal to accept scientific evidence on the means of transmission. A change of government eventually led to a change in policy, with new policies implemented for widespread access to HIV services. Another issue relates to
954:
The
European Commission's Directorate for Health and Food Safety assists member states in their efforts to protect and improve the health of their people and to guarantee the accessibility, efficiency, and resilience of their healthcare structures. This is accomplished in a number of ways, such as by
1167:
The EU4Health program provides funds to tackle cross-border health concerns, improve the availability and cost of medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, other crisis-relevant items, and strengthen the resilience of health systems. Other EU programmes further finance healthcare systems, health research,
709:
Single-payer systems reduce wastefulness by removing the middle man, i.e. private insurance companies, thus reducing the amount of bureaucracy. In particular, reducing the amount of paperwork that medical professionals have to deal with for insurance claims processing allows them to concentrate more
377:
Health policy also includes the governance and implementation of health-related policy, sometimes referred to as health governance, health systems governance or healthcare governance. Conceptual models can help show the flow from health-related policy development to health-related policy and program
615:
There remains considerable controversy regarding policies on who would be paying the costs of medical care for all people and under what circumstances. For example, government spending on healthcare is sometimes used as a global indicator of a government's commitment to the health of its people. On
382:
and health outcomes. Policy should be understood as more than a national law or health policy that supports a program or intervention. Operational policies are the rules, regulations, guidelines, and administrative norms that governments use to translate national laws and policies into programs and
1896:
The DCA compound is not patented or owned by any pharmaceutical company, and, therefore, would likely be an inexpensive drug to administer, Michelakis added. The bad news, is that while DCA is not patented, Michelakis is concerned that it may be difficult to find funding from private investors to
897:
Global health policy encompasses the global governance structures that create the policies underlying public health throughout the world. In addressing global health, global health policy "implies consideration of the health needs of the people of the whole planet above the concerns of particular
644:
are in a better position to act in the best interests of their customers compared to government regulation and oversight. Another claim in the United States perceives government over-regulation of the healthcare and insurance industries as the effective end of charitable home visits from doctors
780:
can be both the basis for defining evidence-based health policy, and the subject of health policy itself, particularly in terms of its sources of funding. Those in favor of government policies for publicly funded medical research posit that removing profit as a motive will increase the rate of
1760:
Sable-Smith, Alex, Arnett, Kelly R, Nowels, Molly A, Colborn, Kathryn, Lum, Hillary D, and Nowels, David. "Interactions with the
Healthcare System Influence Advance Care Planning Activities: Results from a Representative Survey in 11 Developed Countries." Family Practice 35.3 (2017): 307-11.
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To guarantee a high degree of health protection in the
European Union, monitoring, early warning, preparedness, and reaction measures to counter major cross-border threats to health are crucial. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) offers EU member states independent
1145:
is a competence of member states. The EU helps its member states coordinate their policies and initiatives. In
December 2018 the Council approved a recommendation to enhance EU cooperation on diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. This project sets out guidance on addressing
898:
nations." Distinguished from both international health policy (agreements among sovereign states) and comparative health policy (analysis of health policy across states), global health policy institutions consist of the actors and norms that frame the global health response.
673:
of personal health care services through private companies, among others. The debate is ongoing on which type of health financing policy results in better or worse quality of healthcare services provided, and how to ensure allocated funds are used effectively, efficiently and
500:
Other countries have an explicit policy to ensure and support access for all of its citizens, to fund health research, and to plan for adequate numbers, distribution and quality of health workers to meet healthcare goals. Many governments around the world have established
917:
and medical care. Therefore, EU health policy works to supplement national policies, assure health protection in all EU measures and to strengthen the Health Union. The goals of EU public health policies and initiatives are to protect and improve the health of EU
505:, which takes the burden of healthcare expenses off of private businesses or individuals through pooling of financial risk. There are a variety of arguments for and against universal healthcare and related health policies. Healthcare is an important part of
342:
Health policy often refers to the health-related content of a policy. Understood in this sense, there are many categories of health policies, including global health policy, public health policy, mental health policy, health care services policy,
3739:
1121:(Approximately 50% of smokers pass away too soon, on average, 14 years before non-smokers). The tobacco products directive establishes guidelines for the production, labeling, and retailing of tobacco and associated goods. High
751:
Privately funded and operated healthcare reduces the requirement for governments to increase taxes to cover healthcare costs, which may be compounded by the inefficiencies among government agencies due to their greater
1007:
compensate them for care received elsewhere. The
European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) guarantees that essential medical care is given under the same conditions and at the same cost as people insured in that country.
1176:
Horizon Europe health cluster - supports innovation and research to create a resilient EU ready to face new challenges, for high-quality digital services that are available to everyone, and accessible, high-quality
334:, an explicit health policy can achieve several things: it defines a vision for the future; it outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups; and it builds consensus and informs people.
877:– including addressing the economic effect of poor health on development, of pandemic outbreaks on the global market place, and also the gain from the growing global market in health goods and services;
639:
of the health system, as even those who can afford to pay for private healthcare services drain resources from the public system. The issue here is whether investor-owned medical insurance companies or
909:
contributes to the improvement of public health through financing and laws addressing medications, patient rights in cross-border healthcare, illness prevention, and the promotion of good health.
785:. Those opposed argue that it will do the opposite, because removing the incentive of profit removes incentives to innovate and inhibits new technologies from being developed and utilized.
2236:
574:, health policies are influenced by the perceived obligation shaped by religious beliefs to care for those in less favorable circumstances, including the sick. Other jurisdictions and
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Lu, C.; Schneider, M. T.; Gubbins, P.; Leach-Kemon, K.; Jamison, D.; Murray, C. J. (2010). "Public financing of health in developing countries: A cross-national systematic analysis".
1069:
recommendation was endorsed by the
Council in 2003, and it encouraged EU nations to put in place population-based, quality-assured screening programs. Cancer screening was limited to
946:
debate strategic health concerns. The EU's health policy and yearly work programmes are implemented with the assistance of member states, institutions, and other interest groups.
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between doctors and patients. The argument furthers that universal health insurance denies the right of individual patients to dispose of their own income as per their own will.
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Privately funded medicine leads to greater quality and efficiencies through increased access to and reduced waiting times for specialized health care services and technologies.
402:
to identify programs and practices capable of improving policy relevant outcomes. Most political debates surround personal health care policies, especially those that seek to
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745:
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The existence of sound medical research does not necessarily lead to evidence-based policymaking. For example, in South Africa, whose population sets the record for
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and improving public health. The conclusions focus on two areas of action: fighting vaccine reluctance and preparing for upcoming challenges through EU cooperation.
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310:
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Kuhlmann, Ellen; Blank, Robert H.; Bourgeault, Ivy Lynn; Wendt, Claus (2015), Kuhlmann, Ellen; Blank, Robert H.; Bourgeault, Ivy Lynn; Wendt, Claus (eds.),
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applied to manufactured tobacco, with the goal of reducing tobacco consumption, particularly among youth. The 2009 Council recommendation on smoke-free
623:
Another issue in the rights debate is governments' use of legislation to control competition among private medical insurance providers against national
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grants the EU the authority to enact health legislation in accordance with
Article 168 (protection of public health), Article 114 (single market), and
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Limiting the allocation of public funds for personal healthcare does not curtail the ability of uninsured citizens to pay for their healthcare as
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Many types of health policies exist focusing on the financing of healthcare services to spread the economic risks of ill health. These include
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For example, the recent discovery that dichloroacetate (DCA) can cause regression in several cancers, including lung, breast and brain tumors.
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418:, ethics and government authority, while economic topics include how to maximize the efficiency of health care delivery and minimize costs.
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963:, coordinating and facilitating the exchange of best practices between EU countries and health experts and by health promotion activities.
231:
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within and across countries. Such increasing attention to health as a basic human right has been welcomed by the leading medical journal
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1113:- With over 700 000 deaths annually, tobacco use is the single biggest preventable health risk and the leading contributor to premature
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goals. Promoting health in lower income countries has been seen as instrumental to achieve other goals on the global agenda, including:
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policy. Health policy may also cover topics related to healthcare delivery, for example of financing and provision, access to care,
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1154:. In December 2022, EU ministers of health approved Council conclusions on vaccination as one of the best methods for preventing
796:, as illustrated by the case of Brazil, where debates have arisen over government policy authorizing the domestic manufacture of
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Some countries and jurisdictions have an explicit policy or strategy to plan for adequate numbers, distribution and quality of
641:
247:
212:
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Szlezák, N. A.; Bloom, B. R.; Jamison, D. T.; Keusch, G. T.; Michaud, C. M.; Moon, S.; Clark, W. C. (2010). Walt, Gill (ed.).
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In many countries it is left to the individual to gain access to healthcare goods and services by paying for them directly as
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requires all EU member states to take precautions against tobacco smoke exposure for individuals at public places and work.
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Government spending on health is essential for the accessibility and sustainability of healthcare services and programmes.
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of health systems and infrastructure, increase the resilience of Europe's health systems, and improve the ability of EU
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For those people who would otherwise go without care due to lack of financial means, any quality care is an improvement.
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This article is about policies, plans and strategies across the healthcare sector. For health insurance policies, see
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that can influence the decision of a government, private sector business or other group to adopt a specific policy.
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Preparedness, prevention and control tools. (2023, March 22). European Centre for
Disease Prevention and Control.
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1319:
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approach to health policy. Evidence-based policies for workforce development are typically based on findings from
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979:(social policy). The EU has adopted legislation in following areas: Patient's rights in cross-border healthcare,
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331:
164:
46:
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1150:, increasing vaccination rates, encouraging procurement coordination for vaccines, and supporting research and
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can lead to overuse of medical services, and hence raise overall costs compared to private health financing.
686:
Claims that publicly funded healthcare improves the quality and efficiency of personal health care delivery:
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364:
32:
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1505:
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Health policy options extend beyond the financing and delivery of personal health care, to domains such as
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4301:
4250:
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3905:
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2695:
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EU4Health programme 2021-2027 – a vision for a healthier
European Union. (2024, April 29). Public Health.
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European Health
Insurance Card. (n.d.). Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission.
927:
819:
737:
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Claims that privately funded healthcare leads to greater quality and efficiencies in personal health care:
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242:
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65:
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Vaccination: Council calls for combatting vaccine hesitancy and closer EU cooperation (n.d.). Consilium.
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There are many arguments on both sides of the issue of public versus private health financing policies:
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665:(through taxation or insurance, also known as single-payer systems), mandatory or voluntary private
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3443:
3433:
3268:
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1285:
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and medical devices (pharmacovigilance, falsified medicines, clinical trials), Health security and
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797:
599:
471:
421:
368:
2214:
4171:
4158:
4040:
3497:
3080:
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2017:"The World Health Organization and the Transition from "International" to "Global" Public Health"
1997:
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1547:
1218:
1142:
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scientific advice, support, and knowledge on public health risks, including infectious diseases.
884:– reinforcing health as a social value and human right, including supporting the United Nations'
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603:
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403:
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POLICY Occasional Paper. No. 7. Washington DC: The Futures Group International, POLICY Project
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can be defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific
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4176:
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2087:
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1981:
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1045:- In addition to its direct effects on people's health and well-being, cancer also affects
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4181:
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2529:
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1972:
Kickbusch, I. (2011). "Global health diplomacy: How foreign policy can influence health".
1905:
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Alberta scientists test chemotherapy alternative Last Updated: Wednesday, January 17, 2007
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in the future. In a senior-level working group on public health, representatives from the
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474:. It also involves access to the latest information and evidence from research, including
360:
272:
149:
1898:
870:, and a potential increase in humanitarian conflicts, natural disasters, and emergencies;
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in defining their health policies, asserting the same perceived obligation and enshrined
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on tobacco products were implemented by another directive on the structure and rates of
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2016:
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University of Alberta – Small molecule offers big hope against cancer. January 16, 2007
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1941:
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851:
831:
830:. Elsewhere, workforce planning is distributed among labour market participants as a
675:
632:
379:
352:
180:
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73:
2001:
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1551:
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17:
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Centre for History in Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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Reforming Operational Policies: A Pathway to Improving Reproductive Health Programs
910:
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533:
372:
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diseases, Digital health and care, Tobacco, organs, blood, tissues and cells. The
509:
and therefore it often accounts for one of the largest areas of spending for both
2082:
1683:
David E. Kelley, "A Life of One's Own: Individual Rights and the Welfare State."
1024:
or at the national level by the appropriate authorities in the EU member states.
706:
which may reduce the disease burden and overall healthcare costs in the long run.
548:
as well as other rights that relate to conditions necessary for good health. The
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3895:
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2331:
1795:"British, Canadian Experience Shows Folly of Socialized Medicine, Analyst Says."
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38:
Policy area that deals with the health system of a country or other organization
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702:(if there is no insurance premium or co-payment), they are more likely to seek
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2509:
1243:
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1050:
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reports that every country in the world is party to at least one human rights
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327:
279:
174:
2032:
1357:
3619:
3438:
3008:
2889:
2544:
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Council updates its recommendation to screen for cancer. (n.d.). Consilium.
1392:
1334:"A review of health governance: Definitions, dimensions and tools to govern"
1098:
935:
411:
2101:
2050:
1993:
1956:
1745:
1731:
1589:
1543:
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Adopted on December 10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
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cancer. The EU has also passed a number of measures to shield workers from
1635:
1380:
744:
services regardless of insured status or ability to pay, such as with the
3485:
3238:
2872:
2842:
2464:
2418:
2408:
2066:"The Global Health System: Actors, Norms, and Expectations in Transition"
1503:"The Right to Health in the United States of America: What Does it Mean?"
1082:
867:
863:
579:
391:
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cancer, so in 2022 member states decided to expand the focus to include
1003:, to receive healthcare in any member state of the EU and to have their
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2628:
2524:
2413:
1483:
1385:
The Palgrave International Handbook of Healthcare Policy and Governance
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1985:
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591:
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50:
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K. Hardee, L. Ashford, E. Rottach, R. Jolivet, and R. Kiesel. 2012.
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2213:
Protecting workers: health and safety at work. (n.d.). Consilium.
1114:
846:
Many governments and agencies include a health dimension in their
652:
40:
991:
can also send recommendations on public health to member states.
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3546:
2797:
1502:
1086:
561:
3973:
2801:
2304:
1381:"Healthcare Policy and Governance in International Perspective"
2300:
2295:
2257:
Cluster 1: Health. (2024, April 15). Research and Innovation.
1522:
The Lancet (2011). "Half a century of Amnesty International".
1000:
595:
2147:
European Health Policy – progress through diversity. (n.d.).
1614:
Sade, R. M. (1971). "Medical Care as a Right: A Refutation".
3740:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
906:
586:. In recent years, the worldwide human rights organization
556:(UDHR) asserts that medical care is a right of all people:
493:
industries to develop research. Planning and production of
913:
hold primary responsibility for organizing and delivering
398:
relies on the use of science and rigorous studies such as
1815:"The Cure: How Capitalism Can Save American Health Care."
1172:
and other broader health-related issues, in particular
536:
philosophy in directing their healthcare policies. The
1441:. Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project
1438:
The Policy Dimensions of Scaling Up Health Initiatives
414:. Philosophical debates center around questions about
2136:
Health and food safety. (n.d.). European Commission.
1860:
Arlington House Publishers: New York, 1978. pp. 65–9.
1642:"The Political Fallacy that Medical Care is a Right."
740:. Public funds can be better rationalized to provide
1674:"Cato-at-liberty" – The Cato Institute, August 2006.
1670:
Revolt Against Canadian Health Care System Continues
1656:
Universal Health Care Won't Work – Witness Medicare.
1101:, such as lead and substances that cause cancer and
544:
that addresses health-related rights, including the
458:
The modern concept of healthcare involves access to
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489:, and to private sector players in the medical and
800:used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS in violation of
594:as a human right, addressing inadequate access to
2224:EUR-LEX - 32009H1205(01) - EN - EUR-LEX. (n.d.).
769:planning, both domestically and internationally.
497:is distributed among labour market participants.
1772:"The Ethical Foundations of Health Care Reform."
1387:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 3–19,
994:
746:Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
657:Public and private health expenditure by country
2283:Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
973:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
726:Perceptions that publicly funded healthcare is
1482:National Health Care for the Homeless Council.
1332:Barbazza, Erica; Tello, Juan E. (2014-05-01).
1184:- invest in health in EU countries and regions
698:Since people perceive universal healthcare as
3985:
2813:
2316:
1484:"Human Rights, Homelessness and Health Care."
822:to meet healthcare goals, such as to address
532:Many countries and jurisdictions integrate a
406:, and can typically be categorized as either
304:
8:
2180:Overview. (2024a, April 17). Public Health.
1420:Cross, H, N Jewell and Karen Hardee. 2001.
447: Countries without universal healthcare
441: Countries without universal healthcare
2268:Overview. (2024, April 29). Public Health.
2125:Overview. (2024, April 29). Public Health.
1852:
1850:
1706:"US Health Care: Entitlement or Privilege?"
1704:Kereiakes, D. J.; Willerson, J. T. (2004).
995:Patients' rights in cross-border healthcare
3992:
3978:
3970:
3775:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3701:
2820:
2806:
2798:
2323:
2309:
2301:
1832:
1830:
1061:, all of which depend on having a healthy
629:Canada's national health insurance program
570:In some jurisdictions and among different
435: Countries with universal health care
429: Countries with universal health care
330:goals within a society". According to the
311:
297:
60:
3735:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
3725:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2091:
2081:
2040:
2015:Brown, T. M.; Cueto, M.; Fee, E. (2006).
1921:(13th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.
1917:Miller RL; DK Benjamin; DC North (2003).
1721:
1563:
1561:
1469:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1308:
1306:
420:
3780:Health departments in the United States
1609:
1607:
1501:Center for Economic and Social Rights.
1302:
72:
3785:Council on Education for Public Health
1037:Promoting health and tackling diseases
635:supporters argue that this erodes the
3843:Professional degrees of public health
3750:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
2668:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
2158:EU health policy. (n.d.). Consilium.
2114:EU health policy. (n.d.). Consilium.
602:rights including wide disparities in
554:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
3940:
3833:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
1872:Cato Handbook on Policy, 6th Edition
1838:"Five Myths of Socialized Medicine."
513:and individuals all over the world.
3952:
3101:Workers' right to access the toilet
2942:Human right to water and sanitation
2743:reform debate in the United States
1793:Heritage Foundation News Release,
1723:10.1161/01.CIR.0000124795.36864.78
517:Personal healthcare policy options
25:
3374:Commercial determinants of health
2770:(Category Health care by country)
2021:American Journal of Public Health
1813:Heritage Foundation News Release,
3951:
3939:
3928:
3927:
2957:National public health institute
2782:
2781:
1187:Resilience and recovery facility
1020:of medicines at EU level by the
642:health maintenance organizations
278:
266:
80:
31:. For the academic journal, see
3354:Open-source healthcare software
3096:Sociology of health and illness
1957:"HIV and AIDS in South Africa."
1616:New England Journal of Medicine
1350:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.01.007
1255:Journal of Public Health Policy
649:Economics: healthcare financing
462:from various fields as well as
253:National public health agencies
3715:Caribbean Public Health Agency
3527:Sexually transmitted infection
3424:Statistical hypothesis testing
3185:Occupational safety and health
3086:Sexual and reproductive health
2999:Occupational safety and health
2479:Academic health science centre
1942:"Controversy dogs Aids forum."
1919:The Economics of Public Issues
576:non-governmental organizations
347:, personal healthcare policy,
170:Sexual and reproductive health
1:
3369:Social determinants of health
2716:Health information management
2701:health information technology
2439:Health information management
1784:, June 1–8, 1994, pp. 572–76.
1751:Geneva. Accessed 27 May 2011.
1582:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60233-4
1536:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60768-X
1457:Geneva. Accessed 27 May 2011.
1012:Medicines and medical devices
999:EU citizens are entitled, by
627:systems, such as the case in
3429:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
3190:Human factors and ergonomics
2691:Translational bioinformatics
2083:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000183
1897:test DCA in clinical trials.
1239:Health Insurance Innovations
886:Millennium Development Goals
866:, the intentional spread of
862:– linked to fears of global
645:among the poor and elderly.
400:randomized controlled trials
4317:Publicly funded health care
3610:Good manufacturing practice
3414:Randomized controlled trial
2721:Consumer health informatics
1874:– Chapter 7: "Health Care."
1744:World Health Organization.
1628:10.1056/NEJM197112022852304
1450:World Health Organization.
1312:World Health Organization.
1028:Cross-border health threats
663:publicly funded health care
522:Philosophy: right to health
4388:
3680:Theory of planned behavior
3605:Good agricultural practice
3510:Public health surveillance
3402:epidemiological statistics
3046:Public health intervention
2289:Health Policy and Planning
1904:February 27, 2007, at the
1320:(archived 5 February 2011)
1318:, accessed 22 March 2011.
950:European Commission's role
934:to prevent and respond to
811:
578:draw on the principles of
525:
404:reform healthcare delivery
386:There are many aspects of
351:, and policies related to
26:
3923:
3802:World Toilet Organization
3797:World Health Organization
3364:Public health informatics
3071:Right to rest and leisure
2900:Globalization and disease
2777:
2711:Public health informatics
2624:Electronic health records
2494:Supervised injection site
2434:Allied health professions
2338:
1858:The Machinery of Freedom.
1266:National health insurance
1022:European Medicines Agency
757:Other health policy areas
572:faith-based organizations
538:World Health Organization
332:World Health Organization
165:Rehabilitation (penology)
47:World Health Organization
4281:Public policy by country
3848:Schools of public health
3640:Diffusion of innovations
3339:Health impact assessment
3051:Public health laboratory
2947:Management of depression
2033:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831
1962:. Accessed 23 June 2011.
842:Health in foreign policy
836:health services research
528:Philosophy of healthcare
480:health services research
45:The headquarters of the
4337:Public health education
3911:Social hygiene movement
3838:Doctor of Public Health
3670:Social cognitive theory
3472:Infectious and epidemic
3254:Fecal–oral transmission
2659:Medical image computing
2609:Artificial intelligence
1747:Health financing policy
1453:Health and Human Rights
1393:10.1057/9781137384935_1
808:Health workforce policy
773:Medical research policy
600:sexual and reproductive
365:breastfeeding promotion
33:Health Policy (journal)
4251:Public policy doctrine
3906:Germ theory of disease
3685:Transtheoretical model
2696:Translational medicine
738:out-of-pocket expenses
658:
495:health human resources
487:out-of-pocket expenses
455:
378:implementation and to
361:tobacco control policy
58:
4342:Universal health care
4241:Public administration
4236:Evidence-based policy
3790:Public Health Service
3675:Social norms approach
3665:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
3111:Preventive healthcare
3004:Pharmaceutical policy
2853:Chief Medical Officer
2685:Computational biology
2586:Universal precautions
1869:The Cato Institute.
1782:The Christian Century
1276:Pharmaceutical policy
1016:The EU regulates the
794:intellectual property
748:in the United States.
656:
588:Amnesty International
503:universal health care
460:medical professionals
424:
396:Evidence-based policy
349:pharmaceutical policy
44:
4256:Public policy school
3866:Sara Josephine Baker
3765:Public Health Agency
3650:Health communication
3515:Disease surveillance
3481:Asymptomatic carrier
3463:Statistical software
3151:Preventive nutrition
2979:Medical anthropology
2868:Environmental health
2679:Behavior informatics
1653:The Cato Institute.
1291:Two-tier health care
1095:hazardous substances
1057:, productivity, and
949:
893:Global health policy
875:economic development
850:in order to achieve
798:antiretroviral drugs
338:Different approaches
204:Disease surveillance
185:International health
120:Environmental health
115:Dental public health
18:Health care politics
3876:Carl Rogers Darnall
3871:Samuel Jay Crumbine
3645:Health belief model
3498:Notifiable diseases
3434:Regression analysis
3269:Waterborne diseases
2858:Cultural competence
2663:imaging informatics
2571:Cultural competence
1576:(9723): 1375–1387.
1286:Socialized medicine
1163:Investing in health
940:European Commission
273:Medicine portal
160:Occupational safety
4367:Health care reform
3474:disease prevention
3409:Case–control study
3081:Security of person
2930:Health care reform
2649:Health informatics
2424:Healthcare science
1879:2006-12-29 at the
1824:December 18, 2006.
1820:2010-03-08 at the
1800:2009-04-17 at the
1777:2017-07-06 at the
1508:2008-11-19 at the
1489:2007-06-10 at the
1219:Health care reform
1143:Vaccination policy
659:
637:cost-effectiveness
604:maternal mortality
598:drugs and women's
472:surgical equipment
464:medical technology
456:
357:vaccination policy
285:Society portal
59:
4312:Politics by issue
4289:
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3829:Higher education
3660:Positive deviance
3655:Health psychology
3631:Health behavioral
3558:safety management
3532:Social distancing
3306:Population health
3286:Smoking cessation
3234:Pharmacovigilance
3205:Injury prevention
3173:Infection control
3091:Social psychology
3041:Prisoners' rights
2984:Medical sociology
2952:Public health law
2848:Biological hazard
2795:
2794:
2559:Skills / training
2483:Teaching hospital
1986:10.1136/bmj.d3154
1883:Washington, 2005.
1856:Friedmen, David.
1716:(12): 1460–1462.
1622:(23): 1288–1292.
1512:October 29, 2004.
1402:978-1-137-38493-5
1281:Public health law
1148:vaccine hesitancy
989:Council of the EU
961:financial support
828:nursing shortages
416:individual rights
321:
320:
219:Health indicators
16:(Redirected from
4379:
4372:Health insurance
4357:Health education
4307:Health economics
4246:Public budgeting
4210:
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4123:Renewable energy
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3825:Health education
3702:
3556:Food hygiene and
3537:Tropical disease
3349:Infant mortality
3324:Community health
3200:Controlled Drugs
3136:Health promotion
3066:Right to housing
2910:Health economics
2822:
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2673:Neuroinformatics
2614:Connected health
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1249:Health promotion
1234:Health insurance
1224:Health economics
1067:cancer screening
902:EU health policy
814:Health workforce
778:Medical research
767:health workforce
763:medical research
667:health insurance
625:social insurance
618:right to privacy
476:medical research
452:
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345:insurance policy
313:
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209:Health promotion
140:Health promotion
135:Health education
130:Health economics
110:Community health
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3598:Safety scandals
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3391:Social medicine
3384:Race and health
3319:Child mortality
3300:
3259:Open defecation
3141:Human nutrition
3131:Family planning
3119:Behavior change
3105:
3061:Right to health
2974:Maternal health
2964:Health politics
2915:Health literacy
2831:
2826:
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2076:(1): e1000183.
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2014:
2013:
2009:
1971:
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1955:
1951:
1947:, 10 July 2000.
1940:
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1911:
1906:Wayback Machine
1891:
1887:
1881:Wayback Machine
1868:
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1844:. Winter, 2005.
1836:Goodman, John.
1835:
1828:
1822:Wayback Machine
1812:
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1802:Wayback Machine
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1779:Wayback Machine
1770:William F May.
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1209:Health Advocate
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1047:public finances
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981:Pharmaceuticals
969:
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915:health services
904:
895:
860:global security
844:
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704:preventive care
669:, and complete
651:
590:has focused on
584:right to health
546:right to health
530:
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369:quality of care
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4020:Climate change
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2070:PLOS Medicine
2067:
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2057:
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2043:
2038:
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2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1961:
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1950:
1946:
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1938:
1935:
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1924:
1920:
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1882:
1878:
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1866:
1863:
1859:
1853:
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1847:
1843:
1842:Cato's Letter
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
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1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
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1693:1-882577-70-1
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1338:Health Policy
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1315:Health Policy
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1227:
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1199:Global health
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1018:authorisation
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1002:
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942:and national
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929:
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852:global health
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832:laissez-faire
829:
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633:Laissez-faire
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74:Public health
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52:
48:
43:
34:
30:
19:
4352:Primary care
4229:Other topics
4145:
4015:Agricultural
3956:
3944:
3932:
3901:Radium Girls
3896:Typhoid Mary
3583:Microbiology
3453:
3445:
3329:Epidemiology
3227:Organization
3178:Oral hygiene
3168:Hand washing
3146:Healthy diet
3076:Right to sit
2969:Labor rights
2919:
2706:Telemedicine
2639:Telemedicine
2634:Nanomedicine
2470:Nursing home
2367:
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2024:
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1977:
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1131:environments
1031:
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953:
911:EU countries
905:
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787:
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727:
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125:Epidemiology
4322:Health care
4172:Immigration
4159:Vaccination
3958:WikiProject
3698:and history
3578:Engineering
3291:Vaccination
3163:Food safety
2765:New Zealand
2520:End-of-life
2402:Professions
2332:Health care
1710:Circulation
1667:Tanner MD.
1344:(1): 1–11.
1261:Medical law
1214:Health care
1177:healthcare.
1139:Vaccination
1127:excise duty
1103:mutagenesis
1063:labor force
1005:home nation
977:Article 153
967:Legislation
957:legislation
944:governments
564:Article 25:
511:governments
468:medications
243:Terminology
55:Switzerland
4362:Health law
4296:Categories
4271:Regulation
4212:Technology
4076:Investment
4069:Industrial
3711:Caribbean
3588:Processing
3522:Quarantine
3444:Student's
3244:Sanitation
2878:History of
2732:By country
2596:Technology
2535:Palliative
2363:Philosophy
2353:Guidelines
1570:The Lancet
1524:The Lancet
1408:2022-10-03
1298:References
1244:Health law
1152:innovation
1079:colorectal
1051:healthcare
985:infectious
955:proposing
880:Promoting
873:Promoting
858:Promoting
783:innovation
609:The Lancet
526:See also:
466:, such as
328:healthcare
236:categories
198:Prevention
175:Sanitation
64:Part of a
4198:Stem cell
4177:Knowledge
4105:Education
3891:John Snow
3818:Education
3808:Full list
3696:education
3620:ISO 22000
3573:Chemistry
3486:Epidemics
3439:ROC curve
3249:Emergency
3029:Radiation
3009:Pollution
2993:Ministers
2890:Euthenics
2760:Australia
2581:Education
2576:Diagnosis
2429:Dentistry
2373:Providers
2348:Equipment
2343:Economics
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1358:0168-8510
1115:mortality
1099:chemicals
936:pandemics
920:residents
868:pathogens
864:pandemics
824:physician
676:equitably
104:Subfields
4187:Military
4182:Language
4083:Monetary
4049:Economic
4030:Domestic
4025:Cultural
3934:Category
3633:sciences
3568:Additive
3239:Safe sex
3210:Medicine
3124:Theories
2895:Genomics
2873:Eugenics
2863:Deviance
2843:Auxology
2787:Category
2465:Hospital
2448:Settings
2419:Pharmacy
2409:Medicine
2358:Industry
2102:20052277
2051:16322464
2002:10914700
1994:21665931
1945:BBC News
1902:Archived
1877:Archived
1818:Archived
1798:Archived
1775:Archived
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1590:20381856
1552:40269196
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1506:Archived
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1192:See also
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1075:cervical
781:medical
712:patients
580:humanism
412:economic
392:evidence
388:politics
355:such as
248:Journals
4192:Science
4167:Housing
4141:Foreign
4062:Incomes
3946:Commons
3859:History
3756:Canada
3731:Europe
3215:Nursing
3195:Hygiene
3158:Hygiene
2883:Liberal
2836:General
2629:mHealth
2540:Primary
2525:Hospice
2515:Chronic
2414:Nursing
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2292:journal
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2042:1470434
1636:5113728
1156:illness
1123:tariffs
1117:in the
1111:Tobacco
1091:gastric
93:Outline
4327:Health
4220:Social
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4041:reform
4008:Fields
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3771:U.S.
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3019:Water
2550:Total
2510:Acute
1998:S2CID
1960:Avert
1594:S2CID
1548:S2CID
232:Lists
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