535:, personality, psychiatric symptoms, and health related behaviors, which included alcohol consumption. The analysis was then broken down into groups of those who drank beer, those who drank wine, and then those who did and did not drink at all. The results showed that for both men and women drinking wine was related to higher parental socioeconomic status, parental education and the socioeconimic status of the subjects. When the subjects were given an IQ test, wine drinkers consistently scored higher IQs than their counterpart beer drinkers. The average difference of IQ between wine and beer drinkers was 18 points. In regards to psychological functioning, personality, and other health-related behaviors, the study found wine drinkers to operate at optimal levels while beer drinkers performed below optimal levels. As these social and psychological factors also correlate with health outcomes, they represent a plausible explanation for at least some of the apparent health benefits of wine.
539:
an indicator of a person's IQ level should be viewed with a very cautious lens. This study, from what we know, does not take into account the genetic, prenatal and environmental influences of how a person's generalized intelligence is formed. In current scientific literature, it is still a matter of debate and discovery as to what are true and reliable indicators of intelligence. Regular wine consumption being an indicator of higher intelligence while beer being an indicator of low intelligence according to
Mortensen et al. (2009) should be looked at with a very critical lens. There should be future research into the validity of whether or not individuals who regularly consume wine have higher IQ scores in comparison to those who drink beer.
1131:
943:
622:; the assumption that all wines contributing to that data were representative of the countries stated; and the grouping together of poorly understood high-concentration ions, such as vanadium, with relatively low-level, common ions such as copper and manganese. Some publications pointed out that the lack of identifiable wines and grape varieties, specific producers or even wine regions, provided only misleading generalizations that should not be relied upon in choosing wines.
4717:
489:
353:
190:
4493:
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20:
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of alcohol consumption was still associated with some elevated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (sRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), oropharyngeal cancer (sRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29), and breast cancer (sRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08), but no discernable associations were seen for cancers of the colorectum, larynx, and liver.
2580:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061"
1612:
Clearly, the greatest cancer risks are concentrated in the heavy and moderate drinker categories. Nevertheless, some cancer risk persists even at low levels of consumption. A meta-analysis that focused solely on cancer risks associated with drinking one drink or fewer per day observed that this level
538:
However, more research should be conducted as to the relationship between wine consumption and IQ along with the apparent correlations between beer drinkers and wine drinkers and how they are different psychologically. The study conducted by
Mortensen should not be read as gospel. Wine and Beer being
264:
Three bowls do I mix for the temperate: one to health, which they empty first, the second to love and pleasure, the third to sleep. When this bowl is drunk up, wise guests go home. The fourth bowl is ours no longer, but belongs to violence; the fifth to uproar, the sixth to drunken revel, the seventh
1533:
Poli A, Marangoni F, Avogaro A, Barba G, Bellentani S, Bucci M, Cambieri R, Catapano AL, Costanzo S, Cricelli C, de
Gaetano G, Di Castelnuovo A, Faggiano P, Fattirolli F, Fontana L, Forlani G, Frattini S, Giacco R, La Vecchia C, Lazzaretto L, Loffredo L, Lucchin L, Marelli G, Marrocco W, Minisola S,
280:
while the patterns of consumption vary and may have implications for risks and effects on health (such as habituation from daily consumption or nonlinear dosage-harm associations from intermittent excessive alcohol use). According to the CDC, it would be important to focus on the amount people drink
606:
The researchers stressed that a single glass of wine would not lead to metal poisoning, pointing out that their THQ calculations were based on the average person drinking one-third of a bottle of wine (250 ml) every day between the ages of 18 and 80. However the "combined THQ values" for metal
270:
Emerging evidence suggests that "even drinking within the recommended limits may increase the overall risk of death from various causes". A 2018 systematic analysis found that "The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0–0·8) standard drinks per
1122:
wines" that were sold legally in drug stores. These wines were marketed for their supposed medicinal benefits, but some wineries used this measure as a loophole to sell large quantities of wine for recreational consumption. In response, the United States government issued a mandate requiring
170:
tablets dating back to 2200 BC detail the medicinal role of wine, making it the world's oldest documented human-made medicine. Wine continued to play a major role in medicine until the late 19th and early 20th century, when changing opinions and medical research on alcohol and
629:(NHS) were also concerned that "the way the researchers added together hazards from different metals to produce a final score for individual wines may not be particularly meaningful". Commentators in the US questioned the relevance of seafood-based THQ assessments to
915:. Wine's close association with ritual made it a logical tool for these early medical practices. Tablets from Sumeria and papyri from Egypt dating to 2200 BC include recipes for wine based medicines, making wine the oldest documented human-made medicine.
229:
content, so their moderate levels of consumption may be lower than those for a male of equal age. Some experts define "moderate consumption" as less than one 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 ml) glass of wine per day for women and two glasses per day for men.
652:
as an "extreme response" to research which provided "few solid answers", they acknowledged the authors call for further research to investigate wine production, including the influence that grape variety, soil type, geographical region,
530:
Danish epidemiological studies suggest that a number of psychological health benefits are associated with drinking wine. In a study testing this idea, Mortensen et al. (2001) measured socioeconomic status, education,
4529:
275:
systematic review found that "low average consumption was associated with lower risk of mortality compared with never drinking status". As of 2022, "moderate" consumption is usually defined in average consumption
968:
for wounds, as well as a medium in which to mix other drugs for consumption by the patient. He also prescribed wine as a cure for various ailments ranging from diarrhea and lethargy to pain during childbirth.
505:
Alcohol can stimulate the appetite so it is better to drink it with food. When alcohol is mixed with food, it can slow the stomach's emptying time and potentially decrease the amount of food consumed at the
1489:
Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, Scotti L, Jenab M, Turati F, Pasquali E, Pelucchi C, Bellocco R, Negri E, Corrao G, Rehm J, Boffetta P, La
Vecchia C (February 2013).
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also regularly used wine for medical treatments. So closely tied was the role of wine and medicine, that the first printed book on wine was written in the 14th century by a physician,
2770:
Muñoz-Espada AC, Wood KV, Bordelon B, Watkins BA (November 2004). "Anthocyanin quantification and radical scavenging capacity of
Concord, Norton, and Marechal Foch grapes and wines".
2344:"Better psychological functioning and higher socioeconomic status may largely explain the apparent health benefits of wine: a study of wine and beer drinking in young Danish adults"
1948:
Mayer-Davis, Elizabeth; Leidy, Heather; Mattes, Richard; Naimi, Timothy; Novotny, Rachel; Schneeman, Barbara; Kingshipp, Brittany James; Spill, Maureen; Cole, Natasha Chong (2020).
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before returning them to the body. During his four years with the gladiators, only five deaths occurred, compared to sixty deaths under the watch of the physician before him.
587:, were also present in other plant-based beverages, the sample wine tested significantly higher for all metal ions, especially vanadium. Risk assessment was calculated using "
3828:
1114:
caused many in the medical community to reconsider the role of wine in medicine and diet. Soon, public opinion turned against consumption of alcohol in any form, leading to
858:
Following dietary ingestion, anthocyanins undergo rapid and extensive metabolism that makes the biological effects presumed from in vitro studies unlikely to apply in vivo.
2891:
Veberic R, Jakopic J, Stampar F, Schmitzer V (15 May 2009). "European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) rich in sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins and selected polyphenols".
2181:
Liu SY, Han XC, Sun J, Chen GX, Zhou XY, Zhang GX (April 2016). "Alcohol intake and
Helicobacter pylori infection: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies".
1090:
epidemic of 1892 in order to control the spread of the disease. However, the late 19th century and early 20th century ushered in a period of changing views on the role of
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3238:
184:
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Professional cardiology associations recommend that people who are currently nondrinkers should abstain from drinking alcohol. Heavy drinkers have increased risk for
4215:
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2229:
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species as well as climate conditions can affect the production of resveratrol. Also, because resveratrol is part of the defence mechanism in grapevines against
4747:
2446:
Wang X, Sato T, Xing B, Tao S (November 2005). "Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in
Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish".
1150:
Throughout the mid to early 20th century, health advocates pointed to the risk of alcohol consumption and the role it played in a variety of ailments such as
108:
reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and excessive alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States. According to
3119:
1701:
1048:
in the 11th century AD noted that wine was an efficient digestive aid but, because of the laws, were limited to use as a disinfectant while dressing wounds.
2542:
2071:
327:
241:) were the ideal amount of wine to consume. The number of three bowls for moderation is a common theme throughout Greek writing; today the standard 750 ml
4418:
3988:
1586:
LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS, Merrill JK, Alberg AJ (January 2018). "Alcohol and Cancer: A Statement of the
American Society of Clinical Oncology".
2382:
The sample wine was declared to be "a Shiraz from
Southeast Australia", although no specific vintage, producer or wine region was stated in the report.
3970:
3320:
1111:
800:
Although red wine and white vine varieties produce similar amounts of resveratrol, red wine contains more than white, since red wines are produced by
2255:
Davis-Martin RE, Polk AN, Smitherman TA (August 2017). "Alcohol Use as a
Comorbidity and Precipitant of Primary Headache: Review and Meta-analysis".
3361:
1107:
637:, responsible for testing imports for metal ion contamination, have not detected an increased risk. George Solas, quality assessor for the Canadian
634:
615:
countries found equally high levels of vanadium in many red wines, showing combined THQ values in the range of 50 to 200, with some as high as 350.
290:
3958:
3477:
825:
272:
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research for a variety of disease conditions, there exists no sufficient evidence that they have any beneficial effect in the human body. The US
462:), indicating a need to maintain hydration when drinking wine and to consume in moderation. A 2017 review found that 22% of people experiencing
2635:
Stervbo U, Vang O, Bonnesen C (1 January 2007). "A review of the content of the putative chemopreventive phytoalexin resveratrol in red wine".
1118:
and other countries. In some areas, wine was able to maintain a limited role, such as an exemption from Prohibition in the United States for "
3941:
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2083:
1837:
1791:
1745:
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Typical concentrations of free anthocyanins in full-bodied young red wines are around 500 mg per liter. For comparison, 100 g of fresh
3454:
2562:
1398:"Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality"
245:
contains roughly the volume of three kylix cups (250 ml or 8 fl oz each). However, the kylix cups would have contained a
197:
Nearly all research into the positive medical benefits of wine consumption makes a distinction between moderate consumption and heavy or
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4175:
4100:
1893:"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016"
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1199:
347:
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641:(LCBO) claimed that the levels of heavy metal contamination reported were within the permitted levels for drinking water in tested
510:
A 150-millilitre (5-US-fluid-ounce) serving of red or white wine provides about 500 to 540 kilojoules (120 to 130 kilocalories) of
265:
to black eyes, the eighth is the policeman's, the ninth belongs to biliousness, and the tenth to madness and hurling the furniture.
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Some doctors define "moderate" consumption as one 5 oz (150 ml) glass of wine per day for women and two glasses per day for men.
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3501:
638:
592:
1534:
Musicco M, Novo S, Nozzoli C, Pelucchi C, Perri L, Pieralli F, Rizzoni D, Sterzi R, Vettor R, Violi F, Visioli F (June 2013).
3713:
3531:
3335:
2619:
679:
591:" (THQ), a method of quantifying health concerns associated with lifetime exposure to chemical pollutants. Developed by the
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ions in the red wine they analyzed were reported to be as high as 125. A subsequent study by the same university using a
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may have been one reason for wine's popularity in medicine. Wine was still being used to sterilize water as late as the
870:
683:
470:
identified alcohol as a precipitating factor, and red wine as three times more likely to trigger a headache than beer.
4553:
4496:
3848:
3162:
3105:
2134:"Alcohol consumption and Helicobacter pylori infection: results from the German National Health and Nutrition Survey"
4647:
4568:
4364:
4327:
4105:
3356:
3248:
1705:
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3371:
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331:
2397:"Determination of metal ion content of beverages and estimation of target hazard quotients: a comparative study"
1297:
Shen J, Wilmot KA, Ghasemzadeh N, Molloy DL, Burkman G, Mekonnen G, Gongora MC, Quyyumi AA, Sperling LS (2015).
820:, can have an influence on the amount of resveratrol left in the resulting wines. Similarly, the use of certain
777:
family tend to have substantially higher amounts of resveratrol than grapes derived from the Cabernet family of
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781:. Wine regions with cooler, wetter climates that are more prone to grape disease and fungal attacks such as
626:
246:
2302:
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introduced a more systematized approach to medicine, wine retained its prominent role. The Greek physician
840:
which are the source of the color of various fruits, such as red grapes. The darker the red wine, the more
804:(soaking the grape skins in the mash). Other winemaking techniques, such as the use of certain strains of
4573:
4016:
3963:
3919:
3772:
3563:
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2719:
García-Martínez BI, Ruiz-Ramos M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Santiago-Osorio E, Mendoza-Núñez VM (January 2021).
1954:. USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Reviews. Alexandria (VA): USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review.
1195:
1190:. Studies showed a connection between alcohol consumption among pregnant mothers and an increased risk of
1060:
983:
361:
74:
51:
2964:. Wagner, RF, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US FDA. 22 February 2010
2926:
Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C (April 2004). "Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?".
304:
Heavy alcohol consumption has been shown to have a damaging effect on the cellular processes that create
4626:
3809:
3393:
3388:
3292:
3254:
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912:
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2018:"Do lifestyle choices explain the effect of alcohol on bone mineral density in women around menopause?"
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consumption or use of drugs. In general, women absorb alcohol more quickly than men due to their lower
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4300:
4115:
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2455:
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238:
2807:"Anthocyanins and their variation in red wines I. Monomeric anthocyanins and their color expression"
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in wine – are unlikely to be a headache factor. Wine, like other alcoholic beverages, is a
372:
321:
67:
2559:
2320:
1869:
1063:, with lengthy essays on wine's suitability for treatment of a variety of medical ailments such
789:
tend to produce grapes with higher concentrations of resveratrol than warmer, dry climates like
752:, the degree of exposure to fungal infection and grape diseases also appear to play a role. The
1033:
drink a little wine every now and then for the benefit of his stomach and digestion. While the
356:
The anticoagulant properties of alcohol in wine may have the potential of reducing the risk of
4310:
4180:
4043:
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3799:
3743:
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2198:
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2079:
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1990:
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1603:
1568:
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1471:
1427:
1378:
1320:
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942:
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771:
764:, has some of the highest concentrations of resveratrol among wine grapes. Among the European
711:
Red wine contains an average of 1.9 (±1.7) mg of trans-resveratrol per liter. For comparison,
519:
488:
421:
294:
109:
63:
55:
2075:
2057:
1829:
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2621:
New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science
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studies indicate red wine consumption may support the French paradox, there is insufficient
1026:
961:
522:(ABV) percentage of about 11%; the higher the ABV, the higher the energy content of a wine.
467:
233:
The view of consuming wine in moderation has a history recorded as early as the Greek poet
4463:
4144:
4129:
4110:
3615:
3610:
3484:
2566:
2298:
1255:"Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: an expression of culture, history, and lifestyle"
1179:
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778:
729:
618:
The findings sparked immediate controversy due to several issues: the study's reliance on
600:
128:
121:
2491:"Heavy metal ions in wines: meta-analysis of target hazard quotients reveal health risks"
2939:
2459:
1013:
Religion still played a significant role in promoting wine's use for health. The Jewish
728:
The production and concentration of resveratrol is not equal among all the varieties of
678:
has been particularly well studied and evaluated by regulatory authorities, such as the
352:
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4288:
4268:
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43:
35:
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1908:
1891:
Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Arian N, Zimsen SR, Tymeson HD (22 September 2018).
1019:"the foremost of all medicines: wherever wine is lacking, medicines become necessary."
715:
of resveratrol (trans-resveratrol content varies) may contain as much as 500 mg.
603:
in fish calculated to have THQs of between 1 and 5 would represent cause for concern.
4742:
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4538:
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4134:
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additive that would induce vomiting above the consumption of a certain dosage level.
1030:
930:, the father of modern medicine, prescribed wine for a variety of ailments including
821:
786:
774:
749:
745:
608:
387:
368:
160:
101:
3087:
3020:
2705:
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2002:
312:. A 2012 study found no relation between wine consumption and bone mineral density.
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4403:
4193:
3489:
2904:
2648:
1229:
1187:
1167:
973:
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has issued warning letters, e.g., to emphasize that anthocyanins are not a defined
841:
837:
805:
694:
552:
515:
447:
409:
376:
2856:
Chu WK, Cheung SC, Lau RA, Benzie IF (2011). "Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)".
2194:
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would use wine as a disinfectant for all types of wounds, and even soaked exposed
2360:
2343:
1554:
1373:
1356:
4344:
4339:
4210:
4090:
3980:
3873:
3645:
3590:
3195:
1973:
Walker-Bone K (August 2012). "Recognizing and treating secondary osteoporosis".
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1119:
1056:
978:
957:
927:
923:
878:
782:
706:
675:
654:
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In a news bulletin following the widespread reporting of the findings, the UK's
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There are several potential causes of so-called "red wine headaches", including
380:
308:, and long-term alcoholic consumption at high levels increases the frequency of
305:
242:
156:
117:
2857:
1949:
1652:
4473:
4305:
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4083:
4053:
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1413:
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719:
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435:
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226:
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105:
19:
2912:
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2596:
2579:
1916:
1599:
1396:
Stockwell T, Zhao J, Panwar S, Roemer A, Naimi T, Chikritzhs T (March 2016).
4408:
4315:
4149:
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3914:
3767:
3738:
3708:
3640:
3595:
3568:
3445:
3416:
3351:
3185:
3180:
2117:
2100:
2034:
2017:
1986:
1507:
1490:
1466:
1449:
1357:"Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison…or the remedy"
1175:
1068:
1052:
737:
657:, containment vessels and seasonal variations may have on metal ion uptake.
642:
572:
427:
405:
144:
3079:
3012:
2947:
2877:
2842:
2791:
2756:
2737:
2721:"Hypoglycemic Effect of Resveratrol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2697:
2688:
2671:
2526:
2507:
2475:
2432:
2413:
2369:
2276:
2202:
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2043:
1994:
1959:
1934:
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1607:
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1516:
1475:
1431:
1382:
1324:
2805:
He F, Liang NN, Mu L, Pan QH, Wang J, Reeves MJ, Duan CQ (February 2012).
1668:
1355:
O'Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Bajwa A, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ (March 2014).
1280:
93:. Mixed results are also observed in light drinking and cancer mortality.
46:
per day for women and one to two drinks per day for men), particularly of
4593:
4078:
4008:
3672:
2232:. Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School. 2019. Archived from
1064:
1045:
935:
931:
900:
848:
580:
560:
497:
463:
459:
451:
309:
255:
210:
152:
148:
47:
24:
100:, which may result in violence or accidents. About 88,000 deaths in the
4170:
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3287:
2159:
1563:
1087:
1084:
1034:
596:
443:
3004:
2783:
2132:
Brenner H, Berg G, Lappus N, Kliebsch U, Bode G, Boeing H (May 1999).
1653:"Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)"
1448:
Jin M, Cai S, Guo J, Zhu Y, Li M, Yu Y, Zhang S, Chen K (March 2013).
976:
involved the use of wine in a similar manner. In his 1st-century work
201:. Moderate levels of consumption vary by the individual according to
3097:
1183:
1159:
1139:
1124:
1014:
1007:
953:
908:
612:
576:
564:
431:
251:
214:
202:
163:
90:
86:
59:
2543:
Study of Wine's Heavy Metal Hazard Raises Doubts Among Other Experts
2395:
Hague T, Petroczi A, Andrews PL, Barker J, Naughton DP (June 2008).
458:
that can lead to headaches (such as the case often experienced with
73:
Drinking more than the standard drink amount increases the risk of
4468:
4376:
3541:
1129:
1037:
1003:
941:
922:
690:
compounds as not sufficiently understood to confirm their role as
487:
351:
188:
167:
18:
2016:
McLernon DJ, Powell JJ, Jugdaohsingh R, Macdonald HM (May 2012).
756:
family of vines, which has adapted over time through exposure to
599:, a THQ of less than 1 represents no concern while, for example,
249:, at a 1:2 or 1:3 dilution with water. In his circa 375 BC play
2063:
1951:
Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review
882:
584:
568:
556:
222:
39:
4511:
3101:
2983:
Nutton V (May 1973). "The chronology of Galen's early career".
1102:, which was eventually defined by the medical establishment as
555:
relative to other beverages in the sample. Although the metal
206:
38:. Preliminary studies found that drinking small quantities of
2670:
Galiniak S, Aebisher D, Bartusik-Aebisher D (February 2019).
1142:, may be offset by red wine consumption to lower the risk of
1450:"Alcohol drinking and all cancer mortality: a meta-analysis"
1740:. New York: Clarkson Potter. pp. 66–70, 90 & 108.
532:
1299:"Mediterranean Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Health"
1224:
due to the consumption of red wine despite a diet high in
2342:
Mortensen EL, Jensen HH, Sanders SA, Reinisch JM (2001).
611:
of data based on wine samples from a selection of mostly
412:, appears to be lower with moderate alcohol consumption.
3905:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
3054:"Wine and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review"
551:
in London discovered red wine to contain high levels of
70:, and early death. Other studies found no such effects.
1536:"Moderate alcohol use and health: a consensus document"
1134:
The French paradox indicates that a diet high in fatty
725:
produced in the grape skins and leaves of grape vines.
175:
cast doubt on its role as part of a healthy lifestyle.
147:, and as a cure for a wide range of ailments including
135:, being recommended variously as a safe alternative to
4705:
16:
Potential health effects resulting from drinking wine
3158:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
1491:"Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis"
4662:
4640:
4609:
4546:
4431:
4385:
4355:
4279:
4163:
4007:
3979:
3872:
3863:
3829:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
3752:
3681:
3433:
3344:
3313:
3263:
3209:
3146:
3135:
3052:Haseeb S, Alexander B, Baranchuk A (October 2017).
1194:and physical abnormalities in what became known as
1094:and, by extension, wine in health and society. The
2859:Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects
1733:
1543:Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases
828:can strip the wine of some resveratrol molecules.
648:Whereas the NHS also described calls for improved
3834:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
3239:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
2230:"Ask the doctor: What causes red wine headaches?"
185:Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages
34:are mainly determined by its active ingredient –
2862:(2nd ed.). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
670:Although red wine contains many chemicals under
4216:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
2672:"Health benefits of resveratrol administration"
503:
496:and may help reduce food intake by suppressing
261:
120:should never start drinking wine nor any other
104:are estimated to be due to alcohol each year.
4541:of food, drink, and use of natural substances
4523:
3113:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1443:
1441:
221:, as well as situational conditions, such as
50:, may be associated with a decreased risk of
8:
3778:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
1696:
1694:
994:used for medicinal purposes. While treating
2105:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
2072:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1098:began to gain steam by touting the ills of
328:International Agency for Research on Cancer
4530:
4516:
4508:
4419:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
3989:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
3869:
3143:
3120:
3106:
3098:
2772:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2224:
2222:
2220:
2022:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1864:
1862:
1253:Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P (November 1997).
390:properties that may limit blood clotting.
3321:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
3069:
3047:
3045:
2832:
2822:
2746:
2736:
2687:
2595:
2516:
2506:
2422:
2412:
2359:
2314:
2312:
2149:
2116:
2033:
1924:
1786:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1562:
1506:
1465:
1421:
1372:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1314:
1270:
1112:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
398:The risk of infection from the bacterium
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2489:Naughton DP, Petróczi A (October 2008).
2390:
2388:
899:Early medicine was intimately tied with
291:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
237:(360 BC) who believed that three bowls (
4712:
3959:Legal drinking age in the United States
1402:Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
1245:
907:, with early practitioners often being
826:clarification and stabilization of wine
96:Risk is greater in young people due to
2555:
2553:
2551:
1528:
1526:
1044:, Islamic doctors such as the Persian
3942:List of dry communities by U.S. state
2538:
2536:
2321:"How Many Calories Are in Your Wine?"
1870:"Facts about moderate drinking | CDC"
851:contain 300–700 mg and 100 g FW
674:for their potential health benefits,
595:in the US and used mainly to examine
7:
4748:Health effects of food and nutrition
3455:List of methanol poisoning incidents
2569:, UK NHS news bulletin, October 2008
2448:The Science of the Total Environment
1292:
1290:
960:considered wine a part of a healthy
4176:Alcohol consumption recommendations
4101:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
2940:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001
2928:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
1657:The New England Journal of Medicine
686:which identified it and other such
3900:Alcohol packaging warning messages
3512:Alcohol use among college students
3174:Drunk driving in the United States
3038:. Simon and Schuster. p. 126.
1807:Shuman TC, ed. (October 1, 2005).
1316:10.1146/annurev-nutr-011215-025104
1272:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01578.x
1200:alcohol packaging warning messages
348:Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
14:
4459:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
4439:Index of alcohol-related articles
3882:Administrative License Suspension
3071:10.1161/circulationaha.117.030387
2303:"Wine: How Much Is Good for You?"
2257:Current Pain and Headache Reports
855:contain around 603–1265 mg.
518:provide more. Most wines have an
492:Wine has a long history of being
271:week". On the other hand, a 2020
4715:
4492:
4491:
3893:Alcoholic beverage control state
3689:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
2151:10.1097/00001648-199905000-00004
2099:Guilford JM, Pezzuto JM (2011).
1116:Prohibition in the United States
861:Although anthocyanins are under
4653:Natural phenols and polyphenols
3502:Alcohol in association football
2468:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044
1828:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
723:phenolic compound found in wine
666:Natural phenols and polyphenols
639:Liquor Control Board of Ontario
593:Environmental Protection Agency
3714:List of deaths through alcohol
3532:Epidemiology of binge drinking
3336:Subjective response to alcohol
2905:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.080
2649:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.047
1626:"Alcohol Facts and Statistics"
680:European Food Safety Authority
1:
4199:Sweat alcohol content monitor
3234:Alcoholism in rural Australia
2545:Wine Spectator, November 2008
2348:Archives of Internal Medicine
2195:10.3109/23744235.2015.1113556
1909:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2
1651:Schuckit MA (November 2014).
972:The medical practices of the
964:, and advocated its use as a
281:on the days that they drink.
4122:Adult Children of Alcoholics
3910:Drunk driving law by country
3326:Long-term effects of alcohol
3244:Disease theory of alcoholism
3229:Alcoholism in family systems
3219:Alcohol and Native Americans
2361:10.1001/archinte.161.15.1844
1975:Nature Reviews. Rheumatology
1783:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1588:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1555:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.02.007
1374:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005
1220:assumes a low prevalence of
885:to treat any human disease.
684:Food and Drug Administration
446:– which are used as a
334:has classified alcohol as a
259:, Eubulus has Dionysus say:
3849:International whisk(e)y day
3163:Driving under the influence
2101:"Wine and Health: A Review"
1809:"Alcohol and Heart disease"
1236:to confirm it, as of 2017.
1042:restrictions on all alcohol
889:History of wine in medicine
881:and are not regulated as a
404:, which is associated with
4764:
4365:Christian views on alcohol
3971:List of alcohol laws of US
3249:High-functioning alcoholic
3036:Vintage: The Story of Wine
2319:Hughes L (22 March 2017).
1825:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1706:American Heart Association
1702:"Alcohol and Heart Health"
1303:Annual Review of Nutrition
1209:
982:, the Roman encyclopedist
892:
770:, grapes derived from the
704:
547:In 2008, researchers from
477:
440:phenolic compounds in wine
419:
345:
319:
288:
182:
4738:Health effects of alcohol
4487:
4264:Alcoholic spirits measure
4249:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
3930:Ignition interlock device
3819:Drunken monkey hypothesis
3652:Routes of administration
3281:Alcohol congener analysis
3224:Alcoholism in adolescence
2997:10.1017/S0009838800036600
2824:10.3390/molecules17021571
2618:Gross P (March 1, 2009),
2495:Chemistry Central Journal
2401:Chemistry Central Journal
2269:10.1007/s11916-017-0642-8
2068:World Health Organization
1414:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185
332:World Health Organization
2676:Acta Biochimica Polonica
2597:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489
1780:Robinson J, ed. (2006).
1600:10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155
1123:producers to include an
1023:first epistle to Timothy
986:detailed a long list of
526:Psychological and social
386:The alcohol in wine has
360:associated with several
133:early form of medication
4444:Alcohol and spaceflight
4186:Alcohol server training
4059:Managed alcohol program
3637:Binge drinking devices
3331:Pharmacology of ethanol
2118:10.5344/ajev.2011.11013
2035:10.3945/ajcn.111.021600
1987:10.1038/nrrheum.2012.93
1361:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1198:, prompting the use of
877:, cannot be assigned a
836:Red grapes are high in
818:malolactic fermentation
760:grape diseases such as
627:National Health Service
589:target hazard quotients
362:cardiovascular diseases
143:for treating wounds, a
75:cardiovascular diseases
52:cardiovascular diseases
4049:Alcohol rehabilitation
4017:Alcohol detoxification
3920:Field sobriety testing
3805:Health effects of wine
3773:International Beer Day
3537:Holiday heart syndrome
2738:10.3390/antiox10010069
2689:10.18388/abp.2018_2749
2624:, Nutraceuticals World
2508:10.1186/1752-153X-2-22
2414:10.1186/1752-153X-2-13
1216:The hypothesis of the
1202:in several countries.
1196:fetal alcohol syndrome
1147:
1061:Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1002:, the Roman physician
984:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
949:
939:
508:
501:
364:
268:
194:
32:health effects of wine
27:
4301:Disulfiram-like drugs
3841:Ritual use of alcohol
3810:Wine and food pairing
3795:Apéritif and digestif
3446:Adulterated moonshine
3293:Blood alcohol content
3255:Seeing pink elephants
1669:10.1056/NEJMra1407298
1508:10.1093/annonc/mds337
1467:10.1093/annonc/mds508
1133:
1029:recommended that his
945:
926:
879:dietary content level
491:
480:Apéritif and digestif
355:
342:Cardiovascular system
289:Further information:
192:
22:
4601:Ultra-processed food
4370:Alcohol in the Bible
4357:Religion and alcohol
4323:General anaesthetics
4116:Alcoholics Anonymous
4074:List of mixed drinks
3527:Alcohol intoxication
3442:Adulterated alcohol
2301:(January 26, 2005).
1903:(10152): 1015–1035.
1872:. CDC. 19 April 2022
1075:Risks of consumption
814:lactic acid bacteria
661:Chemical composition
179:Moderate consumption
114:medical associations
4655:(including tannins)
4449:Gateway drug effect
4235:Low-alcohol drinks
4064:Non-alcoholic drink
3999:Temperance movement
3981:Alcohol prohibition
3704:Gilbert Paul Jordan
3694:Dionysian Mysteries
3478:on college campuses
3473:Alcohol advertising
3191:Public intoxication
2985:Classical Quarterly
2460:2005ScTEn.350...28W
2183:Infectious Diseases
1156:high blood pressure
1096:Temperance movement
895:History of medicine
713:dietary supplements
549:Kingston University
401:Helicobacter pylori
373:cardiac arrhythmias
131:includes use as an
83:atrial fibrillation
79:high blood pressure
4680:Pesticide exposure
4281:Addiction medicine
4224:Get Your Sexy Back
4164:Alcohol limitation
4140:Sober living house
4106:Twelve-step groups
4039:Brief intervention
4032:Open-container law
3994:Neo-prohibitionism
3954:Legal drinking age
3760:Alcoholic beverage
3661:Alcohol inhalation
3576:Drinking in public
3554:Blackout Wednesday
3412:Beverage-specific
3129:Alcohol and health
3034:Johnson H (1989).
2962:"Redco Foods, Inc"
2565:2012-10-07 at the
1854:Semele or Dionysus
1822:Johnson H (1989).
1732:Harding G (2005).
1495:Annals of Oncology
1454:Annals of Oncology
1265:(11 Pt 1): 383–9.
1192:mental retardation
1148:
950:
940:
633:produce, with the
502:
484:alcohol and weight
365:
336:Group 1 carcinogen
322:Alcohol and cancer
285:Effect on the body
195:
110:systematic reviews
68:metabolic syndrome
28:
4703:
4702:
4505:
4504:
4427:
4426:
4377:Islam and alcohol
4311:Calcium carbimide
4181:Alcohol education
4069:List of cocktails
4044:Designated driver
4022:Alcohol-free zone
3925:Hip flask defence
3859:
3858:
3800:Hangover remedies
3744:Whiskey Rebellion
3734:Six o'clock swill
3522:Austrian syndrome
3461:Surrogate alcohol
3451:Denatured alcohol
3423:Red wine headache
3064:(15): 1434–1448.
2869:978-1-4398-0713-2
2784:10.1021/jf040087y
2085:978-92-832-1244-7
2074:. 1988. pp.
1839:978-0-671-68702-1
1793:978-0-19-860990-2
1747:978-0-307-34635-3
1736:A Wine Miscellany
1259:Nutrition Reviews
1234:clinical evidence
1106:. Studies of the
1079:The lack of safe
1017:noted wine to be
732:. Differences in
718:Resveratrol is a
559:, which included
520:alcohol by volume
468:tension headaches
422:Red wine headache
295:Alcohol education
116:, people who are
64:diabetes mellitus
56:cognitive decline
4755:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4685:Sawdust exposure
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4495:
4494:
4294:Chlordiazepoxide
4244:Low-alcohol beer
3888:Alcohol monopoly
3870:
3790:Drinking culture
3783:Women in brewing
3666:Vodka eyeballing
3633:Passive drinking
3144:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3073:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2817:(2): 1571–1601.
2802:
2796:
2795:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2392:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2215:
2214:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2059:Alcohol drinking
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1777:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1628:. Archived from
1622:
1616:
1615:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1540:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1352:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1250:
1186:, and long-term
1027:Paul the Apostle
865:and early-stage
494:paired with food
394:Digestive system
161:Ancient Egyptian
155:, and pain from
4763:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4675:Noise pollution
4658:
4636:
4605:
4542:
4536:
4506:
4501:
4483:
4464:Self-medication
4423:
4381:
4351:
4289:Benzodiazepines
4275:
4159:
4145:Sobering center
4130:Sober companion
4111:Al-Anon/Alateen
4003:
3975:
3865:
3855:
3748:
3677:
3617:In vino veritas
3611:Hair of the dog
3429:
3345:Adverse effects
3340:
3309:
3259:
3205:
3149:
3148:Alcohol-related
3139:
3131:
3126:
3096:
3095:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2870:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2778:(22): 6779–86.
2769:
2768:
2764:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2617:
2616:
2605:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2567:Wayback Machine
2558:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2236:on 25 July 2019
2228:
2227:
2218:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1779:
1778:
1755:
1748:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1663:(22): 2109–13.
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1354:
1353:
1332:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1230:epidemiological
1214:
1208:
1180:skin infections
1152:blood disorders
1077:
1031:young colleague
921:
897:
891:
834:
709:
703:
668:
663:
545:
528:
486:
476:
454:which promotes
424:
418:
396:
379:, and elevated
350:
344:
324:
318:
302:
297:
287:
187:
181:
129:history of wine
122:alcoholic drink
17:
12:
11:
5:
4761:
4759:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4641:Phytochemicals
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4539:Health effects
4537:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4479:French paradox
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4335:Sulfonic acids
4332:
4331:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:Standard drink
4266:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4233:
4231:Liquor license
4228:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4096:Temperance bar
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3517:Binge drinking
3514:
3509:
3507:Alcohol powder
3504:
3499:
3497:Alcohol myopia
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3405:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3305:Wine chemistry
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3271:Beer chemistry
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3041:
3026:
2975:
2953:
2918:
2899:(2): 511–515.
2893:Food Chemistry
2883:
2868:
2848:
2797:
2762:
2711:
2662:
2643:(2): 449–457.
2637:Food Chemistry
2627:
2603:
2571:
2547:
2532:
2481:
2454:(1–3): 28–37.
2438:
2384:
2375:
2354:(15): 1844–8.
2334:
2308:
2290:
2247:
2216:
2189:(4): 303–309.
2173:
2144:(3): 214–218.
2124:
2091:
2084:
2049:
2008:
1965:
1940:
1883:
1858:
1845:
1838:
1814:
1799:
1792:
1753:
1746:
1719:
1690:
1643:
1632:on 18 May 2015
1617:
1578:
1549:(6): 487–504.
1522:
1481:
1437:
1388:
1330:
1286:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1218:French paradox
1212:French paradox
1210:Main article:
1207:
1206:French paradox
1204:
1172:muscle atrophy
1136:dairy products
1081:drinking water
1076:
1073:
920:
917:
890:
887:
833:
830:
767:Vitis vinifera
758:North American
705:Main article:
702:
699:
672:basic research
667:
664:
662:
659:
620:secondary data
601:mercury levels
544:
541:
527:
524:
475:
472:
417:
414:
395:
392:
343:
340:
317:
314:
301:
298:
286:
283:
199:binge drinking
180:
177:
137:drinking water
98:binge drinking
44:standard drink
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4760:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4709:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Saturated fat
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Mood disorder
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4328:Nitrous oxide
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Fermented tea
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Sober curious
4133:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Ladies' night
3822:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Rum Rebellion
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Alcohol enema
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Flaming drink
3604:
3602:
3601:Dutch courage
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Drunk walking
3584:
3582:
3581:Drunk dialing
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:Drinking game
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Alcohol abuse
3466:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3435:Social issues
3432:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3372:breast cancer
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Fusel alcohol
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:Drunk driving
3167:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:(1): 158–71.
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:(7): 838–49.
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:Metal in wine
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2111:(4): 471–86.
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2028:(5): 1261–9.
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:(8): 480–92.
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:(3): 807–16.
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:(2): 185–98.
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1367:(3): 382–93.
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:saturated fat
1223:
1222:heart disease
1219:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
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1145:
1144:heart disease
1141:
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933:
929:
925:
919:Early history
918:
916:
914:
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902:
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888:
886:
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880:
876:
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868:
864:
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843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
822:fining agents
819:
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807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:grape disease
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
721:
716:
714:
708:
700:
698:
696:
693:
692:physiological
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
660:
658:
656:
651:
650:wine labeling
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
610:
609:meta analysis
604:
602:
598:
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582:
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574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
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550:
542:
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536:
534:
525:
523:
521:
517:
516:dessert wines
513:
507:
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485:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
415:
413:
411:
410:peptic ulcers
407:
403:
402:
393:
391:
389:
388:anticoagulant
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:heart disease
363:
359:
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315:
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191:
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158:
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150:
146:
145:digestive aid
142:
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119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:United States
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
4690:Sun exposure
4631:
4414:Gin Act 1751
4404:Bratt System
4397:
4393:
4260:Measurement
4194:Breathalyzer
3964:Shoulder tap
3804:
3616:
3490:Beer goggles
3061:
3057:
3035:
3029:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2956:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2858:
2851:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2728:
2725:Antioxidants
2724:
2714:
2682:(1): 13–21.
2679:
2675:
2665:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2587:
2584:EFSA Journal
2583:
2574:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2404:
2400:
2378:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2293:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:the original
2186:
2182:
2176:
2141:
2138:Epidemiology
2137:
2127:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2058:
2052:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1950:
1943:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1853:
1848:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1782:
1735:
1710:. Retrieved
1660:
1656:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1620:
1611:
1594:(1): 83–93.
1591:
1587:
1581:
1546:
1542:
1501:(2): 301–8.
1498:
1494:
1484:
1457:
1453:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1364:
1360:
1306:
1302:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1215:
1188:brain damage
1168:liver damage
1149:
1078:
1018:
1012:
977:
971:
966:disinfectant
951:
946:
905:supernatural
898:
860:
857:
846:
842:anthocyanins
838:anthocyanins
835:
832:Anthocyanins
810:fermentation
799:
765:
748:by fungi or
741:
727:
717:
710:
695:antioxidants
669:
655:insecticides
647:
631:agricultural
624:
617:
605:
553:toxic metals
546:
543:Heavy metals
537:
529:
509:
504:
448:preservative
425:
399:
397:
385:
377:hypertension
366:
325:
303:
277:
269:
263:
262:
250:
247:diluted wine
232:
219:body stature
196:
126:
118:non-drinkers
95:
72:
31:
29:
4394:Beer Street
4345:Homotaurine
4340:Acamprosate
4211:Dry January
4190:Monitoring
4091:Teetotalism
4084:Malt drinks
3874:Alcohol law
3646:Yard of ale
3591:Drunkorexia
3403:intolerance
3196:Rum-running
3058:Circulation
2968:10 November
2590:(2). 2010.
1712:12 December
1564:10447/94503
1228:. Although
1164:infertility
1120:therapeutic
1057:Middle Ages
1055:during the
1053:monasteries
992:Roman wines
979:De Medicina
958:Hippocrates
947:De medicina
928:Hippocrates
824:during the
730:wine grapes
707:Resveratrol
701:Resveratrol
676:resveratrol
512:food energy
474:Food intake
456:dehydration
381:cholesterol
358:blood clots
306:bone tissue
243:wine bottle
157:child birth
42:(up to one
23:A glass of
4732:Categories
4474:Town drunk
4306:Disulfiram
4254:Small beer
4220:Campaigns
4054:Drunk tank
4027:Dry campus
3937:Dry county
3719:Rum ration
3699:Dipsomania
3628:Pantsdrunk
3421:Red wine:
3211:Alcoholism
3201:Wine fraud
2263:(10): 42.
1897:The Lancet
1309:: 425–49.
1240:References
1138:, such as
1100:alcoholism
1071:problems.
1040:contained
1000:Asia Minor
996:gladiators
893:See also:
853:elderberry
802:maceration
791:California
772:Burgundian
762:phylloxera
754:Muscadinia
720:stilbenoid
643:reservoirs
478:See also:
436:grape skin
420:See also:
346:See also:
320:See also:
227:body water
183:See also:
173:alcoholism
141:antiseptic
106:Alcoholism
4584:Trans fat
4554:Chocolate
4409:Dry state
4316:Cyanamide
4150:Sobrietol
3949:Last call
3915:DWI court
3768:Beer mile
3739:Speakeasy
3709:Gin Craze
3641:Beer bong
3596:Dry drunk
3569:Pregaming
3417:Potomania
3399:Tolerance
3389:Pregnancy
3264:Chemistry
3186:Nip joint
3181:Moonshine
2913:0308-8146
2811:Molecules
2731:(1): 69.
2657:0308-8146
2299:Zelman KM
1917:0140-6736
1856:, fr. 93.
1852:Eubulus.
1685:205116954
1176:psoriasis
1104:a disease
952:When the
913:magicians
844:present.
795:Australia
738:rootstock
573:manganese
460:hangovers
438:or other
428:histamine
416:Headaches
406:gastritis
310:fractures
4670:Cannabis
4648:Caffeine
4594:Fructose
4569:Red meat
4497:Category
4398:Gin Lane
4155:Quit lit
4079:Spritzer
4009:Sobriety
3864:Alcohol
3845:Whiskey
3673:Sconcing
3623:Nightcap
3549:Blackout
3379:Cortisol
3276:Congener
3088:26520546
3080:28993373
3021:35645790
3013:11624046
2948:15019969
2878:22593936
2843:22314380
2792:15506816
2757:33430470
2706:73491480
2698:30816367
2563:Archived
2527:18973648
2476:16227070
2433:18578877
2370:11493125
2305:. WebMD.
2285:20870984
2277:28844083
2211:30825790
2203:26585858
2168:10230827
2044:22456655
2003:12292033
1995:22782006
1960:35353467
1935:30146330
1876:24 April
1811:. WebMD.
1677:25427113
1608:29112463
1573:23642930
1517:22910838
1476:23104725
1432:26997174
1383:24582196
1325:25974696
1065:dementia
1050:Catholic
1046:Avicenna
936:diarrhea
932:lethargy
903:and the
901:religion
875:nutrient
867:clinical
849:bilberry
787:New York
779:Bordeaux
688:phenolic
613:European
581:vanadium
561:chromium
514:, while
498:appetite
464:migraine
452:diuretic
444:Sulfites
383:levels.
256:Dionysus
211:genetics
168:Sumerian
153:diarrhea
149:lethargy
48:red wine
25:red wine
4695:Tobacco
4617:Alcohol
4432:Related
4386:History
4171:0-0-1-3
3866:control
3753:General
3729:Shebeen
3682:History
3352:Anxiety
3314:Effects
3288:Ethanol
3137:Alcohol
2834:6268338
2748:7827898
2518:2628338
2456:Bibcode
2424:2443149
2323:. WebMD
2160:3703585
1926:6148333
1423:4803651
1281:9420448
1184:strokes
1140:cheeses
1092:alcohol
1088:cholera
1085:Hamburg
1035:Islamic
1021:In his
909:priests
816:during
808:during
682:and US
597:seafood
432:tannins
330:of the
278:per day
235:Eubulus
36:alcohol
4708:Portal
4622:Coffee
4206:FRAMES
3415:Beer:
3408:Weight
3384:Memory
3367:Cancer
3150:crimes
3086:
3078:
3019:
3011:
3005:638137
3003:
2946:
2911:
2876:
2866:
2841:
2831:
2790:
2755:
2745:
2704:
2696:
2655:
2525:
2515:
2501:: 22.
2474:
2431:
2421:
2407:: 13.
2368:
2327:15 May
2283:
2275:
2240:15 May
2209:
2201:
2166:
2158:
2082:
2042:
2001:
1993:
1958:
1933:
1923:
1915:
1836:
1790:
1744:
1708:. 2016
1683:
1675:
1606:
1571:
1515:
1474:
1430:
1420:
1381:
1323:
1279:
1160:cancer
1125:emetic
1110:- and
1015:Talmud
1008:bowels
974:Romans
954:Greeks
783:Oregon
746:attack
734:clones
577:nickel
565:copper
316:Cancer
252:Semele
215:weight
164:papyri
91:cancer
89:, and
87:stroke
60:stroke
4722:Drink
4663:Other
4610:Drink
4589:Sugar
4564:Honey
4559:Dairy
4469:Spins
4124:(ACA)
4118:(AA):
3884:(ALS)
3764:Beer
3542:Zapoy
3394:Sleep
3362:Brain
3357:Aging
3251:(HFA)
3165:(DUI)
3084:S2CID
3017:S2CID
3001:JSTOR
2702:S2CID
2281:S2CID
2207:S2CID
2156:JSTOR
1999:S2CID
1830:35–46
1681:S2CID
1636:9 May
1539:(PDF)
1069:sinus
1038:Koran
1004:Galen
988:Greek
863:basic
806:yeast
775:Pinot
742:Vitis
506:meal.
434:from
300:Bones
239:kylix
139:, an
4743:Wine
4632:Wine
4574:Salt
4547:Food
4396:and
3564:list
3076:PMID
3009:PMID
2970:2014
2944:PMID
2909:ISSN
2874:PMID
2864:ISBN
2839:PMID
2788:PMID
2753:PMID
2694:PMID
2653:ISSN
2523:PMID
2472:PMID
2429:PMID
2366:PMID
2329:2019
2273:PMID
2242:2019
2199:PMID
2164:PMID
2080:ISBN
2064:Lyon
2040:PMID
1991:PMID
1956:PMID
1931:PMID
1913:ISSN
1878:2022
1834:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1714:2016
1673:PMID
1638:2015
1604:PMID
1569:PMID
1513:PMID
1472:PMID
1428:PMID
1379:PMID
1321:PMID
1277:PMID
1108:long
1067:and
990:and
962:diet
934:and
911:and
883:drug
793:and
785:and
585:zinc
583:and
569:iron
557:ions
482:and
430:and
408:and
326:The
293:and
273:USDA
223:food
217:and
166:and
127:The
112:and
40:wine
30:The
4627:Tea
3485:Sex
3140:use
3066:doi
3062:136
2993:doi
2936:doi
2901:doi
2897:114
2829:PMC
2819:doi
2780:doi
2743:PMC
2733:doi
2684:doi
2645:doi
2641:101
2592:doi
2513:PMC
2503:doi
2464:doi
2452:350
2419:PMC
2409:doi
2356:doi
2352:161
2265:doi
2191:doi
2146:doi
2113:doi
2076:2–3
2030:doi
1983:doi
1921:PMC
1905:doi
1901:392
1665:doi
1661:371
1596:doi
1559:hdl
1551:doi
1503:doi
1462:doi
1418:PMC
1410:doi
1369:doi
1311:doi
1267:doi
998:in
871:FDA
812:or
635:TTB
466:or
254:or
207:sex
203:age
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