176:
ingrained into
Lebanese society, with the most common forms of tobacco smoking in Lebanon being cigarettes or waterpipe smoking, which is gaining popularity, particularly among females. Relative to a single cigarette, a single waterpipe use episode is associated with similar peak plasma nicotine levels and three times greater peak levels of blood carboxyhemoglobin. The first five minutes of waterpipe smoking produce more than four times the increase in blood carboxyhemoglobin as smoking an entire cigarette. Adult smoking in Lebanon is estimated at 46% for males and 31% for females. Smoking prevalence among the youth is estimated to be among the highest worldwide (65.8% for boys and 54.1% for girls), with waterpipe smoking the major form of smoking (33.9%) followed by cigarette smoking (8.6%). In addition to smoking, urban air pollution measured by concentrations of particulate matter <10 mm in size exceeds the levels set by the WHO (20 mg/m3) in most urban Lebanese cities.
33:. It is at the third stage of its demographic transition characterized by a decline in both fertility and mortality rates. Moreover, Lebanon, like many countries in the Middle East is experiencing an epidemiological transition with an increasingly ageing population suffering from chronic and non-communicable diseases. Mortality related to non-communicable diseases is 404.4 deaths per 100,000 individuals, with an estimate of 45% due to cardiovascular diseases, making them the leading cause of death in Lebanon. Lebanon has health indices that are close to those of more developed countries, with a reported
154:
180:
265:
pregnancies are the most commonly terminated, often in decent conditions but occasionally not. The general consensus of the
Lebanese indicates that most do not support abortion, however a significant urban population is currently vying for its legalization. Most Lebanese prefer the concept of birth then adoption by a sterile family, and this is a frequent occurrence. However, more often than not abortions are forced upon young mothers by family members attempting to preserve family honor.
19:
242:
42:
regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 98.9% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Overall, Lebanon falls between the "bad" and "fair" categories for the right to health because when evaluating the right to reproductive health, the nation is fulfilling only 57.2% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.
1017:
1027:
202:
therapy, means that
Lebanese has somewhat lacking access to psychiatric treatment by Western standards, but still better access than the rest of the Middle East and the Levant. Cultural stigma, however, often prevents sufferers from receiving the proper care they require and more often than not ends badly.
193:
Lebanese. These people are often forced to live in squalid conditions due to a lack of government resources. More often than not, these people are also subject to discrimination in certain aspects of life. This includes medical treatment, to which they have no legal right to according to
Lebanese law.
149:
represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
Lebanon and are also the primary cause of hospital admission. In 2012, it was estimated that 31% of all deaths in Lebanon were due to ischemic heart disease. This high cardiovascular disease incidence can be attributed to several risk factors.
41:
The Human Rights
Measurement Initiative finds that Lebanon is fulfilling 85.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Lebanon achieves 99.1% of what is expected based on its current income. In
221:
and every 6 hours, someone attempts suicide in
Lebanon. Given the seriousness of the issue and the many lives it affects, “Embrace Lifeline”, Lebanon’s first suicide prevention hotline was established in 2016. This falls in line with the “Mental Health and Substance Use-Prevention, Promotion and
192:
In 2015, there were 452,669 registered
Palestinian refugees in the country; more than half live in 12 Palestinian refugee camps. They are ineligible for state social services, including health care. Further adding to the issue is the amount of Syrian refugees, totalling almost one for every four
201:
Lebanon, a society of people generally wrought by war and loss, is currently plagued with mental health issues where a staggering 17% of citizens suffer from some form of non-war related mental illness. Having only three dedicated psychiatric facilities, but frequent access to psychiatrists and
175:
worldwide, with 29.1 as estimated ASR(w) of bladder cancer among males, thus falling second after
Belgium (31.0). Trends in high lung and bladder cancer incidence are largely the product of changing smoking prevalence and patterns of tobacco consumption. Smoking is very prevalent and culturally
264:
The
Lebanese view on unborn children is that they are equivalent to an infant, thus making it difficult for legalization of abortion. However, abortion is rampant among women and frequently performed by the same doctors who call for its prohibition. Underage pregnancies as well as extramarital
170:
incidence in females and the third highest in males, with an age-standardized incidence rate among the world population (ASR(w)) per 100,000 person-years of 30.2% in men and 11% in women. Similarly, it has been reported that Lebanon has one of the highest ASR(w) of
37:
of 80.1 years (81.4 years for women and 78.8 years for men) and an under-five mortality rate of 9.5 per 1,000 live births in 2016. Since the end of the 15-year Lebanese Civil War in 1990, Lebanon’s health indicators have significantly improved.
260:
Women have adequate access to gynecological and other female health facilities in Lebanon, excluding contraceptives. Abortion is illegal except in cases where the pregnant person's life is at risk, under Lebanon's Penal Code of 1943.
401:
Fahs I, Khalife Z, Malaeb D, Iskandarani M, Salameh P. The Prevalence and Awareness of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors among the Lebanese Population: A Prospective Study Comparing Urban to Rural Populations. Cardiol Res Pract
205:
A horrendously troubling statistic by the WHO indicates that 49% of Lebanese are afflicted with some form of war-related trauma. This often includes former combatants, as well as many victims of the combat, suffering from
411:
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Estimated Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2013. Available from:
442:
Saade G, Warren CW, Jones NR, Asma S, Mokdad A. Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC):the case for Lebanon. Prev Med 2008;47(Suppl 1):S15-9.
222:
Treatment-Strategy for Lebanon 2015–2020", launched by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health with the aim of creating a more effective and comprehensive mental health treatment infrastructure in Lebanon.
551:
290:
Pierre-Louis AM, Ayodeji Akala F, Samaha Karam H. Public Health in the Middle East and North Africa: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. Washington D.C: World Bank Institute; 2004.
451:
Saliba NA, El Jam F, El Tayar G, Obeid W, Roumie M. Origin and variability of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) mass concentrations over an Eastern Mediterranean city. Atmos Res 2010;97:106-14.
424:
Salameh P, Khayat G, Waked M. Lower prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking, but a higher risk of waterpipe dependence in Lebanese adult women than in men. Women Health 2012;52:135-50.
29:
is a small middle-income country on the Eastern Mediterranean shore with a population of around 4 million Lebanese citizens, 1.2 million Syrian refugees, and half a million
281:
Sibai AM, Sen K, Baydoun M, Saxena P. Population ageing in Lebanon: current status, future prospects and implications for policy. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:219-25.
615:
214:
are subject to fear of stigma and do not report their victimization, thus preventing them proper medical and psychiatric treatment, and more importantly, justice.
241:
380:
Deek H, Newton P, Inglis S, et al. Heart health in Lebanon and considerations for addressing the burden of cardiovascular disease. Collegian 2015;22:333-9.
569:
549:
489:
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A) Example of smoking culture in Lebanon around 1800s among both the rich and the poor. With the former seemingly about to singe the other's turban
931:
658:
532:
433:
Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:518-23.
906:
234:, founded in 1896 in Lebanon, is considered the first modern mental health hospital in the Middle East. The devastating impact of the
982:
951:
548:
Embrace. Embrace LifeLine - Lebanon's First National Emotional Support and Suicide Prevention Helpline. 2018. Available from:
150:
For example, 42% of the Lebanese people are smokers, 29.4% are obese, 22.8% are diabetic, and 29.8% suffer from hypertension.
992:
153:
741:
1051:
166:
Data from World Health Organization (WHO) Globocan 2012 have shown that in the Arab world, Lebanon has the highest
946:
851:
987:
597:
673:
651:
179:
34:
956:
146:
901:
866:
821:
497:
941:
791:
786:
681:
911:
886:
801:
781:
731:
701:
691:
30:
997:
971:
876:
871:
751:
644:
255:
231:
18:
1026:
616:"Moral Work and the Construction of Abortion Networks: Women's Access to Safe Abortion in Lebanon"
891:
846:
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816:
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235:
521:
916:
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836:
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555:
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World Health Organization (WHO). Lebanon: WHO statistical profile. 2015. Available from:
217:
In addition, it has also been estimated that on average, every 2.5 days, someone dies by
841:
806:
761:
756:
172:
1045:
1020:
311:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Lebanon. 2016. Available from:
1030:
167:
461:
300:
390:
570:"The Tragic Downfall of ʿAṣfūriyyeh (The Lebanon Hospital for the Insane)"
218:
26:
324:
312:
240:
178:
152:
17:
636:
299:
World Health Organization (WHO). Lebanon. 2014. Available from:
211:
207:
640:
51:
Change in Lebanon’s Health Indicators between 1974 and 2016
413:
970:
930:
672:
245:“Embrace Lifeline”, Lebanon’s First Suicide Hotline
112:Maternal mortality ratio (by 100,000 live births)
598:"Bound by taboos, Lebanese women seek abortions"
84:Under-five mortality rate (by 1,000 live births)
592:
590:
652:
62:Value in 1976 (during the Lebanese civil war)
59:Value in 1974 (before the Lebanese civil war)
8:
490:"Addressing mental health needs in Lebanon"
659:
645:
637:
568:Reader, The MIT Press (January 19, 2023).
126:Income (gross domestic product per capita)
484:
482:
49:
516:
514:
274:
157:Lebanon’s Major Causes of Death in 2014
238:led to the hospital's closure in 1982.
538:from the original on October 7, 2013.
351:
349:
347:
345:
325:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative"
7:
14:
522:"Mental Health System in Lebanon"
1025:
1016:
1015:
70:Life expectancy at birth (years)
620:Health and Human Rights Journal
210:. Furthermore, many victims of
983:British Indian Ocean Territory
1:
494:Humanitarian Practice Network
1068:
357:"Lebanon - Rights Tracker"
329:humanrightsmeasurement.org
253:
22:Life expectancy in Lebanon
1011:
732:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
35:life expectancy at birth
993:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
147:Cardiovascular diseases
142:Cardiovascular Diseases
249:
246:
184:
158:
23:
244:
182:
156:
21:
907:United Arab Emirates
574:The MIT Press Reader
31:Palestinian refugees
934:limited recognition
462:"Health in Lebanon"
256:Abortion in Lebanon
232:Asfouriyeh Hospital
52:
604:. 4 February 2014.
554:2019-02-17 at the
402:2017;2017:3530902.
247:
236:Lebanese Civil War
185:
159:
50:
24:
1052:Health in Lebanon
1039:
1038:
976:other territories
361:rightstracker.org
139:
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1059:
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1019:
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988:Christmas Island
674:Sovereign states
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582:
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496:. Archived from
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279:
121:16 (2013 value)
118:104 (1984 value)
53:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1007:
975:
966:
947:Northern Cyprus
933:
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556:Wayback Machine
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48:
12:
11:
5:
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904:
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804:
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769:
764:
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754:
749:
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739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
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669:
667:Health in Asia
666:
664:
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633:
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607:
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560:
541:
510:
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404:
394:
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341:
316:
304:
292:
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273:
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250:Women's Health
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189:
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173:bladder cancer
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143:
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137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
123:
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119:
116:
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109:
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99:
98:Fertility rate
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94:
91:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
67:
66:
65:Value in 2016
63:
60:
57:
47:
44:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
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996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
973:
969:
963:
960:
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957:South Ossetia
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
937:
935:
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
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908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
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873:
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868:
865:
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858:
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848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
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803:
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795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
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758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
675:
671:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
642:
639:
621:
617:
611:
608:
603:
599:
593:
591:
587:
575:
571:
564:
561:
557:
553:
550:
545:
542:
534:
530:
523:
517:
515:
511:
500:on 2018-09-08
499:
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197:Mental Health
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32:
28:
20:
16:
972:Dependencies
902:Turkmenistan
867:Saudi Arabia
811:
624:. Retrieved
622:. 2019-12-09
619:
610:
601:
577:. Retrieved
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502:. Retrieved
498:the original
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469:. Retrieved
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332:. Retrieved
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40:
25:
15:
1031:Asia portal
932:States with
852:Philippines
792:South Korea
787:North Korea
682:Afghanistan
471:22 December
168:lung cancer
912:Uzbekistan
887:Tajikistan
802:Kyrgyzstan
782:Kazakhstan
702:Bangladesh
692:Azerbaijan
626:2023-04-08
579:August 28,
504:2021-02-01
269:References
254:See also:
46:Background
998:Hong Kong
952:Palestine
877:Sri Lanka
872:Singapore
752:Indonesia
56:Indicator
1046:Category
1021:Category
942:Abkhazia
892:Thailand
847:Pakistan
827:Mongolia
822:Maldives
817:Malaysia
717:Cambodia
552:Archived
533:Archived
531:. 2010.
188:Refugees
917:Vietnam
832:Myanmar
812:Lebanon
742:Georgia
697:Bahrain
687:Armenia
226:History
219:suicide
162:Cancers
135:13,000
115:No data
27:Lebanon
962:Taiwan
897:Turkey
862:Russia
797:Kuwait
777:Jordan
767:Israel
727:Cyprus
712:Brunei
707:Bhutan
129:15,000
1003:Macau
922:Yemen
882:Syria
857:Qatar
837:Nepal
772:Japan
747:India
737:Egypt
722:China
536:(PDF)
525:(PDF)
466:UNWRA
366:7 May
334:5 May
132:4,370
107:1.71
79:80.1
842:Oman
807:Laos
762:Iraq
757:Iran
581:2024
473:2015
368:2023
336:2023
230:The
212:rape
208:PTSD
104:4.36
101:4.53
93:9.5
90:56.8
87:58.9
76:34.9
73:67.9
974:and
558:. .
529:WHO
314:. .
302:. .
1048::
618:.
602:DW
600:.
589:^
572:.
527:.
513:^
492:.
481:^
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415:..
392:..
359:.
344:^
327:.
660:e
653:t
646:v
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583:.
507:.
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370:.
338:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
