478:(HITECH), Affordable Care Act, 5010 (electronic exchanges), ICD-10). An important change to the revenue cycle is the international classification of diseases (ICD) codes from 9 to 10. ICD-9 codes are set up to use three to five alphanumeric codes that represent 4,000 different types of procedures, while ICD-10 uses three to seven alphanumeric codes increasing procedural codes to 70,000. ICD-9 was outdated because there were more procedures than codes available, and to document for procedures without an ICD-9 code, unspecified codes were utilized which did not fully capture the procedures or the work involved in turn affecting reimbursement. Hence, ICD-10 was introduced to simplify the procedures with unknown codes and unify the standards closer to world standards (ICD-11). One of the main parts of Revenue Cycle HIT is charge capture, it utilizes codes to capture costs for reimbursements from different payers, such as CMS.
423:, advised rapid adoption of electronic patient records, electronic medication ordering, with computer- and internet-based information systems to support clinical decisions. However, many system implementations have experienced costly failures. Furthermore, there is evidence that CPOE may actually contribute to some types of adverse events and other medical errors. For example, the period immediately following CPOE implementation resulted in significant increases in reported adverse drug events in at least one study, and evidence of other errors have been reported. Collectively, these reported adverse events describe phenomena related to the disruption of the
115:(FCC) kicked off the FDASIA workgroup of the HITPC to provide stakeholder input into a report on a risk-based regulatory framework that promotes safety and innovation and reduces regulatory duplication, consistent with section 618 of FDASIA. This provision permitted the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to form a workgroup in order to obtain broad stakeholder input from across the health care, IT, patients and innovation spectrum. The FDA, ONC, and FCC actively participated in these discussions with stakeholders from across the health care, IT, patients and innovation spectrum.
248:(HITECH) was the incentive that included over $ 20 billion for the implementation of HIT alone, and provided further indication of the growing consensus regarding the potential salutary effect of HIT. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act has set aside $ 2 billion which will go towards programs developed by the National Coordinator and Secretary to help healthcare providers implement HIT and provide technical assistance through various regional centers. The other $ 17 billion in incentives comes from
161:(HIP) and security has been a big concern for patients and providers. Studies in Europe evaluating electronic health information poses a threat to electronic medical records and exchange of personal information. Moreover, software's traceability features allow the hospitals to collect detailed information about the preparations dispensed, creating a database of every treatment that can be used for research purposes.
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drugs, to preventive care, and to tests and procedures. Recurring alerts remind clinicians of intervals for preventive care and track referrals and test results. Clinical guidelines for disease management have a demonstrated benefit when accessible within the electronic record during the process of treating the patient. Advances in
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physician order entry, can reduce total medication error rates by 80%, and adverse (serious with harm to patient) errors by 55%. A 2004 survey by found that 16% of US clinics, hospitals and medical practices are expected to be utilizing CPOE within 2 years. In addition to electronic prescribing, a standardized
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refers to the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. Health informatics describes the use and sharing of information within the healthcare industry with contributions from computer science, mathematics, and psychology. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods
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medication errors, competing systems of barcoding and electronic prescribing have slowed adoption of this technology by doctors and hospitals in the United States, due to concern with interoperability and compliance with future national standards. Such concerns are not inconsequential; standards for
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While electronic health records have potentially many advantages in terms of providing efficient and safe care, recent reports have brought to light some challenges with implementing electronic health records. The most immediate barriers for widespread adoption of this technology have been the high
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Healthcare information technology can also result in iatrogenesis if design and engineering are substandard, as illustrated in a 14-part detailed analysis done at the
University of Sydney. Numerous examples of bias introduced by artificial intelligence (AI) have been cited as the use of AI-assisted
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Although the electronic health record (EHR), previously known as the electronic medical record (EMR), is frequently cited in the literature, there is no consensus about the definition. However, there is consensus that EMRs can reduce several types of errors, including those related to prescription
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funding for those who adopt HIT before 2015. Healthcare providers who implement electronic records can receive up to $ 44,000 over four years in
Medicare funding and $ 63,750 over six years in Medicaid funding. The sooner that healthcare providers adopt the system, the more funding they receive.
180:
is a broad concept that deals with a species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or
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Prescribing errors are the largest identified source of preventable errors in hospitals. A 2006 report by the
Institute of Medicine estimated that a hospitalized patient is exposed to a medication error each day of his or her stay. Computerized provider order entry (CPOE), also called computerized
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disrupted workflow and was less desirable to use, even though the main goal of EHR is improving coordination of care. The problem was seen that exchanges did not address the needs of end users, e.g. simplicity, user-friendly interface, and speed of systems. The same finding was seen in an earlier
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system for dispensing drugs could prevent a quarter of drug errors. Consumer information about the risks of the drugs and improved drug packaging (clear labels, avoiding similar drug names and dosage reminders) are other error-proofing measures. Despite ample evidence of the potential to reduce
228:
The
Institute of Medicine's (2001) call for the use of electronic prescribing systems in all healthcare organizations by 2010 heightened the urgency to accelerate United States hospitals' adoption of CPOE systems. In 2004, President Bush signed an Executive Order titled the President's Health
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utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. For HIT, technology represents computers and communications attributes that can be networked to build systems for moving health information. Informatics is yet another integral aspect of
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for searches. One systematic review of the literature found that searching and analyzing notes and text that would otherwise be inaccessible for review could be accessed through increasing collaboration between software developers and end-users of natural language processing tools within EHRs.
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and widespread adoption of interoperable electronic health records promise access to a patient's records at any health care site. A 2005 report noted that medical practices in the United States are encountering barriers to adopting an EHR system, such as training, costs and complexity, but the
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International health system performance comparisons are important for understanding health system complexities and finding better opportunities, which can be done through health information technology. It gives policy makers the chance to compare and contrast the systems through established
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conflict with regulations in many US states. And, aside from regulatory concerns, for the small-practice physician, utilizing CPOE requires a major change in practice work flow and an additional investment of time. Many physicians are not full-time hospital staff; entering orders for their
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Good
Informatics Practices-GIP is aligned with FDA risk-based regulatory framework for health information technology. GIP development began in 2004 developing risk-based IT technical guidance. Today the GIP peer-review and published modules are widely used as a tool for educating Health IT
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Ammenwerth, E., Talmon, J., Ash, J. S., Bates, D. W., Beuscart-Zephir, M. C., Duhamel, A., Elkin, P. L., Gardner, R. M., & Geissbuhler, A. (2006). Impact of CPOE on mortality rates – contradictory findings, important messages." Methods Inf Med, 45(6):
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Technology may introduce new sources of error. Technologically induced errors are significant and increasingly more evident in care delivery systems. Terms to describe this new area of error production include the label technological
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Handwritten reports or notes, manual order entry, non-standard abbreviations and poor legibility lead to substantial errors and injuries, according to the
Institute of Medicine (2000) report. The follow-up IOM (2004) report,
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356:(NPfIT), the NHS component of which is known as the "Connecting for Health Programme". However, recent surveys have shown physicians' deficiencies in understanding the patient safety features of the NPfIT-approved software.
265:, where hospitals inflate their billings to Medicare. Given that healthcare providers have not reached the deadline (2015) for adopting electronic health records, it is unclear what effects this policy will have long term.
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244:, signed into law in 2009 under the Obama administration, has provided approximately $ 19 billion in incentives for hospitals to shift from paper to electronic medical records. Meaningful Use, as a part of the 2009
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Bradley, V. M., Steltenkamp, C. L., & Hite, K. B. (2006). Evaluation of reported medication errors before and after implementation of computerized practitioner order entry. Journal
Healthc Inf Manag, 20(4):
108:
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Perera, Gihan; Holbrook, Anne; Thabane, Lehana; Foster, Gary; Willison, Donald J. (February 2011). "Views on health information sharing and privacy from primary care practices using electronic medical records".
245:
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Information
Technology Plan, which established a ten-year plan to develop and implement electronic medical record systems across the US to improve the efficiency and safety of care. According to a study by
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Jha, A. K., Doolan, D., Grandt, D., Scott, T. & Bates, D. W. (2008). The use of health information technology in seven nations. International
Journal of Medical Informatics, corrected proof in-press.
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Moore, An'nita & Fisher, Kathleen (2012, March). Healthcare
Information Technology and Medical-Surgical Nurse: The Emergence of a New Care Partnership. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 30(3),157-163.
1539:, Ash, J. S., Guappone, K. P., & Dykstra, R. H. (2007). In reply to: "e-Iatrogenesis: The most critical consequence of CPOE and other HIT. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.
157:(EMRs) is still scarce now but is increasing in Canada, American and British primary care. Healthcare information in EMRs are important sources for clinical, research, and policy questions. Health
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of the United Kingdom has placed emphasis on introducing computers into healthcare. As of 2005, one of the largest projects for a national EHR is by the National Health Service (NHS) in the
153:, health information sharing between patients and providers helps to improve diagnosis, promotes self care, and patients also know more information about their health. The use of electronic
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Winslow, Ford; Asher, Anette; Fouskarinis, Steven; Fulop, Gabor; Gomez, Damian; Ghopeh, Oscar; Jacobson, Andrew; Kim, John; Speake, Linda; Vilicich, Mark; Asher, Howard (February 2011),
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2016:. Health IT Policy and Politics: A Primer on Moving Policy Into Action. Featured Session, American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium (2009). Available as a webinar at
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A main problem in HIT adoption is mainly seen by physicians, an important stakeholder to the process of EHR. The Thorn et al. article, elicited that emergency physicians noticed that
172:(HIT) is "the application of information processing involving both computer hardware and software that deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and use of health care information,
83:
monitors. Based on a 2008 report on a small series of studies conducted at four sites that provide ambulatory care – three U.S. medical centers and one in the Netherlands, the use of
203:. Informatics underlies the academic investigation and practitioner application of computing and communications technology to healthcare, health education, and biomedical research.
100:
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Milstein, Julia A. & Bates, David W. (2010, March–April). Paperless healthcare: Progress and challenges of an IT-enabled healthcare system. Business Horizons, 53(2), 119–130.
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348:. The goal of the NHS is to have 60,000,000 patients with a centralized electronic health record by 2010. The plan involves a gradual roll-out commencing May 2006, providing
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include not only computers but also clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems. Medical informatics, nursing informatics,
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Fadahunsi, Kayode Philip; Akinlua, James Tosin; O’Connor, Siobhan; Wark, Petra A; Gallagher, Joseph; Carroll, Christopher; Majeed, Azeem; O’Donoghue, John (March 2019).
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1998:
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233:, the US healthcare system could save more than $ 81 billion annually, reduce adverse healthcare events and improve the quality of care if it were to widely adopt
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Bates, DW; Leape, LL; Cullen, DJ; Laird, N; Petersen, LA; Teich, JM; Burdick, E; Hickey, M; Kleefield, S; Shea, B; Vander Vliet, M; Seger, DL (21 October 1998).
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initial cost of implementing the new technology and the time required for doctors to train and adapt to the new system. There have also been suspected cases of
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are subdisciplines that inform health informatics from different disciplinary perspectives. The processes and people of concern or study are the main variables.
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CPOE and automated drug dispensing were identified as a cause of error by 84% of over 500 health care facilities participating in a surveillance system by the
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296:(CPOE). They further defined applications for dispensing to include bar-coding at medication dispensing (BarD), robot for medication dispensing (ROBOT), and
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Furukawa M. F., Raghu T. S., Spaulding T. J., Vinze A. (2008). "Adoption Of Health Information Technology For Medication Safety In U.S. Hospitals, 2006".
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One approach to reducing the costs and promoting wider use is to develop open standards related to EHRs. In 2014 there was widespread interest in a new
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In a 2008 study about the adoption of technology in the United States, Furukawa, and colleagues classified applications for prescribing to include
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prescriber and staff inexperience may lead to a false sense of security; that when technology suggests a course of action, errors are avoided.
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1040:"Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success"
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2026:"That's nice, but what does IT do? Evaluating the impact of bar coded medication administration by measuring changes in the process of care"
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1455:"Medication Errors Harming Millions, Report Says. Extensive National Study Finds Widespread, Costly Mistakes in Giving and Taking Medicine"
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shortcut or default selections can override non-standard medication regimens for elderly or underweight patients, resulting in toxic doses.
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evaluation of health care based on value enabled by the collection of de-identified price and quality information that can be compared
87:(EHRs) was viewed as the most promising tool for improving the overall quality, safety and efficiency of the health delivery system.
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Mettler T (2016). "Anticipating mismatches of HIT investments: Developing a viability-fit model for e-health services".
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Interoperable HIT will improve individual patient care, but it will also bring many public health benefits including:
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Snedaker, Susan, Leading Healthcare IT: Managing to Succeed, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 2017.
276:(FHIR), which is designed to be open, extensible, and easier to implement, benefiting from modern web technologies.
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1383:"Effect of Computerized Physician Order Entry and a Team Intervention on Prevention of Serious Medication Errors"
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Holden Richard J., Brown Roger L., Alper Samuel J., Scanlon Matthew C., Patel Neal R., Karsh Ben-Tzion (2011).
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required for optimizing the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine.
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2118:"It ain't necessarily so: The electronic health record and the unlikely prospect of reducing healthcare costs"
694:"Systematic review: Impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care"
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The HIMSS Revenue Cycle Improvement Task Force was formed to prepare for the IT changes in the U.S. (e.g. the
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637:"Protocol for a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of information quality frameworks in eHealth"
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1275:"Using Natural Language Processing to Measure and Improve Quality of Diabetes Care: A Systematic Review"
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Those who do not adopt electronic health record systems before 2015 do not receive any federal funding.
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indicators from health information technology, as inaccurate comparisons can lead to adverse policies.
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Hikmet, N. "Physicians' Resistance toward Healthcare Information Technologies: A Dual-Factor Model".
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1951:"The extent and importance of unintended consequences related to computerized provider order entry"
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for the process and e-iatrogenic for the individual error. The sources for these errors include:
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103:(FDASIA) working group for a risk-based regulatory framework for health information technology.
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2017:
1917:"Health system performance comparison: an agenda for policy, information and research (2012)"
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1160:"Patient safety features of clinical computer systems: questionnaire survey of GP views"
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Kawamoto, Kensaku; Houlihan, Caitlin A; Balas, E Andrew; Lobach, David F (2 Apr 2005).
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1645:"Role of Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in Facilitating Medication Errors"
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Brailer, D. (2004). The decade of health information technology. HHS Report, July, 21.
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Ash J. S., Sittig D. F., Poon E. G., Guappone K., Campbell E., Dykstra R. H. (2007).
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resulting from poorly implemented or inadequately planned technological innovation.
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1767:"e-Iatrogenesis: The most critical unintended consequence of CPOE and other HIT"
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1215:"Emergency Physicians' Perspectives on Their Use of Health Information Exchange"
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1095:"Medical groups' adoption of electronic health records and information systems"
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1711:"Technological iatrogenesis: New risks force heightened management awareness"
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1561:"Computerized Physician Order entry and medication errors: finding a balance"
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754:"Chapter 1 - Executive Summary: A framework for trusted information systems"
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Bates D.W. (2005). "Physicians and ambulatory electronic health records".
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300:(ADM). They defined applications for administration to include electronic
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68:
1966:
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C J Morris; B S P Savelyich; A J Avery; J A Cantrill; A Sheikh (2005).
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Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Costs and Improve Quality?
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Daniel, Jodi G; Patel, Bakul Patel; Quinn, Matthew (5 September 2013).
574:
538:
182:
76:
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hospitalized patients means taking time away from scheduled patients.
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adoption rate continues to rise (see chart to right). Since 2002, the
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52:
1501:
Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century
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Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century
1479:"Computerized Physician Order Entry: Coming to a Hospital Near You"
1348:
3284:
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2309:
775:
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Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act
735:"The path toward a risk-based regulatory framework for health IT"
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2773:
2440:
2183:
763:, Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)
1504:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Archived from
269:
1881:"The Future of Revenue Cycle: Preparing for Near-Term Change"
1825:"Computer Related Errors: What Every Pharmacist Should Know"
3477:
2173:
2769:
2018:
https://knowledge.amia.org/amia-55142-a2009a-1.626575?qr=1
368:
and physician resistance to its use, Bhattacherjee et al.
2341:
American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics
741:. Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (US).
414:
Technological innovations, opportunities, and challenges
176:, and knowledge for communication and decision making".
27:
Information technology applied to health and health care
1955:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
1774:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
457:
irrelevant or frequent warnings can interrupt work flow
99:(HITPC) accepted and approved recommendations from the
101:
Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act
692:
Chaudhry B, Wang J, Wu S, et al. (16 May 2006).
1856:"A Study of An Enterprise Health Information System"
1273:
Turchin, Alexander; Florez Builes, Luisa F. (2021).
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
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1374:
1019:How EMR software can help prevent medical mistakes
610:Software programs for pharmacy workflow management
1488:J. Scott Litton, Physicians Practice, March 2012.
916:"The Ups and Downs of Electronic Medical Records"
109:Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT
2421:List of medical and health informatics journals
2176:at US Department of Health & Human Services
1686:"Doctors' Journal Says Computing Is No Panacea"
1093:Gans D, Kralewski J, Hammons T, Dowd B (2005).
2591:Participative decision-making in organizations
2030:International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics
862:"When Healthcare and Computer Science Collide"
774:Asher, Howard; Bourne, Phil (19 August 2009),
476:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
3493:
2785:
2452:
2195:
385:Computerized provider (physician) order entry
91:Risk-based regulatory framework for health IT
8:
2083:International Journal of Medical Informatics
2072:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1997:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
994:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
901:"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"
794:International Journal of Medical Informatics
150:International Journal of Medical Informatics
1830:. United States Pharmacopia. Archived from
1643:Ross Koppel; Cohen, A; et al. (2005).
3782:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3527:
3500:
3486:
3478:
2863:
2813:
2792:
2778:
2770:
2459:
2445:
2437:
2202:
2188:
2180:
1888:HIMSS Revenue Cycle Improvement Task Force
1428:. The Leapfrog Group. 2004. Archived from
1279:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1213:Thorn, S.; Carter, M.; Bailey, J. (2014).
600:Picture archiving and communication system
274:Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources
4123:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2133:
2049:
1974:
1793:
1660:
1576:
1398:
1306:
1257:
1183:
1063:
1017:American College of Physicians Observer:
709:
668:
324:US medical groups' adoption of EHR (2005)
147:According to an article published in the
2346:American Medical Informatics Association
1330:
1328:
1326:
1139:Delivering the National Programme for IT
711:10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00125
529:Computer security § Medical systems
319:
4317:Health information technology companies
2381:American College of Medical Informatics
834:(in European Spanish). 23 February 2017
627:
565:List of open source healthcare software
371:One opportunity for EHRs is to utilize
306:bar-coding at medication administration
3002:Nursing credentials and certifications
2065:
1990:
1709:Patrick Palmieri; et al. (2007).
1423:"Hospital Quality & Safety Survey"
987:
832:Cluster Salud, La Industria de la vida
242:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
2234:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
1718:Journal of Healthcare Risk Management
544:European Institute for Health Records
514:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
482:International comparisons through HIT
65:secure exchange of health information
63:across computerized systems and the
7:
4261:
4022:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3448:
3290:Nursing Interventions Classification
1028:by Jerome H. Carter (September 2004)
935:"Setting Healthcare Interop On Fire"
308:(BarA or BCMA). Other types include
4271:
3460:
4158:Medical Scientist Training Program
2611:Health information on the Internet
1921:World Health Organization | Europe
1335:The Institute of Medicine (2006).
777:LSIT Global Institute public debut
524:Clinical documentation improvement
391:Computerized physician order entry
294:computerized physician order entry
25:
4327:Electronic health record software
1565:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
1231:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.09.024
1164:Quality and Safety in Health Care
866:University of Illinois at Chicago
380:Clinical point of care technology
302:medication administration records
113:Federal Communications Commission
4290:
4280:
4270:
4260:
4251:
4250:
3459:
3447:
3436:
3435:
914:Freudenheim, Milt (2012-10-08).
497:
105:The Food and Drug Administration
4291:
3300:Nursing Outcomes Classification
3295:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
2967:Associate of Science in Nursing
2744:Open-source healthcare software
2619:Health information on Knowledge
761:Good Informatics Practice (GIP)
4148:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3582:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2972:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
2095:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.10.002
1498:Institute of Medicine (2001).
1337:"Preventing Medication Errors"
806:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.11.005
316:Electronic health record (EHR)
129:early detection of infectious
1:
3194:Psychiatric and mental health
2282:Health information management
2267:health information technology
2174:Health Information Technology
298:automated dispensing machines
235:health information technology
170:Health information technology
61:health information management
37:Health information technology
4128:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3895:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2987:Master of Science in Nursing
2257:Translational bioinformatics
1765:Weiner; et al. (2007).
1453:Kaufman, Marc (2005-07-21).
1341:The National Academies Press
1219:Annals of Emergency Medicine
605:Radiology information system
218:translational bioinformatics
216:, pharmacy informatics, and
2561:Doctor–patient relationship
2468:Telemedicine and telehealth
2287:Consumer health informatics
2042:10.1016/j.ergon.2011.02.007
1137:NHS Connecting for Health:
1056:10.1136/bmj.38398.500764.8F
698:Annals of Internal Medicine
653:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024722
555:Hospital information system
534:Consumer health informatics
452:United States Pharmacopoeia
373:natural language processing
361:health information exchange
310:Health information exchange
4343:
2982:Doctor of Nursing Practice
2596:Patient Activation Measure
2334:Professional organizations
1684:Lohr, Steve (2005-03-09).
462:healthcare increases. See
431:Technological iatrogenesis
388:
364:article with the focus on
327:
286:electronic medical records
97:Health IT Policy Committee
29:
4246:
3431:
3139:Women's Health Care Nurse
2874:Clinical nurse specialist
2668:Remote patient monitoring
2376:International Association
2305:Continuity of Care Record
2277:Public health informatics
2135:10.1377/hlthaff.25.4.1079
1614:10.1377/hlthaff.24.5.1180
1578:10.1016/j.jbi.2005.05.003
1291:10.1177/19322968211000831
1111:10.1377/hlthaff.24.5.1323
890:Retrieved on July 8, 2006
354:National Programme for IT
352:in England access to the
290:clinical decision support
214:public health informatics
199:, and the engineering of
191:refers to the science of
85:electronic health records
4082:Transplantation medicine
3973:Clinical neurophysiology
3890:Obstetric anesthesiology
3810:Interventional radiology
3570:Digestive system surgery
3318:International Nurses Day
2834:Licensed practical nurse
2624:Online patient education
2528:Electronic health record
2397:Electronic health record
1823:Santell, John P (2004).
1662:10.1001/jama.293.10.1197
1400:10.1001/jama.280.15.1311
1176:10.1136/qshc.2004.011866
1148:Retrieved August 4, 2006
974:10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.865
933:Dan Munro (2014-03-30).
330:Electronic health record
210:Health informatics tools
165:Concepts and definitions
3953:Intensive care medicine
3927:Mass gathering medicine
3772:Maternal–fetal medicine
2997:Nurse Licensure Compact
2225:Medical image computing
1730:10.1002/jhrm.5600270405
1044:British Medical Journal
585:Patient tracking system
425:complex adaptive system
342:National Health Service
95:September 4, 2013 the
3545:Cardiothoracic surgery
2749:Patient opinion leader
2601:Shared decision-making
2538:Personal health record
2297:Medical classification
2262:Translational medicine
595:Information technology
590:Personal health record
403:electronic prescribing
325:
197:information processing
49:information technology
4196:Personalized medicine
4055:Reproductive medicine
3980:Occupational medicine
3934:Evolutionary medicine
3229:Travel health nursing
2829:Clinical nurse leader
2581:Knowledge translation
2548:Patient participation
2412:Personalized medicine
2251:Computational biology
323:
136:improved tracking of
4216:Traditional medicine
4176:Alternative medicine
4043:Addiction psychiatry
3857:Transfusion medicine
3852:Medical microbiology
3767:Gynecologic oncology
3619:Reproductive surgery
3054:Correctional nursing
2754:Research participant
2357:(to merge from 2020)
2355:Australasian College
2245:Behavior informatics
4238:History of medicine
4221:Veterinary medicine
4028:Preventive medicine
3880:Adolescent medicine
3722:Infectious diseases
3388:Republic of Ireland
3164:Occupational health
3154:Nursing informatics
2930:Psych/mental health
2475:Background concepts
2366:European Federation
2229:imaging informatics
1967:10.1197/jamia.m2373
1897:on 14 December 2013
1786:10.1197/jamia.M2338
1459:The Washington Post
828:"La dosis adecuada"
560:Imaging informatics
280:Types of technology
201:information systems
159:information privacy
133:around the country;
4186:Molecular oncology
4143:Doctor of Medicine
4133:Master of Medicine
4050:Radiation oncology
3922:Emergency medicine
3875:Addiction medicine
3842:Clinical chemistry
3837:Clinical pathology
3629:Transplant surgery
3587:Orthopedic surgery
3565:Colorectal surgery
3252:Nursing assessment
3114:Legal consultation
2977:Diploma in Nursing
2962:Nightingale Pledge
2889:Nurse practitioner
2728:Telerehabilitation
2482:Health informatics
2416:precision medicine
2407:Remote manipulator
2371:Indian Association
2351:Australian Society
2211:Health informatics
1690:The New York Times
1484:2012-07-05 at the
1144:2006-08-10 at the
1024:2008-08-30 at the
868:. 9 September 2014
337:health informatics
326:
263:fraudulent billing
205:Health informatics
195:, the practice of
32:Health informatics
4304:
4303:
4138:Master of Surgery
4102:
4101:
4087:Tropical medicine
4033:Prison healthcare
3948:Hospital medicine
3912:Disaster medicine
3902:Aviation medicine
3717:Hospital medicine
3624:Surgical oncology
3609:Pediatric surgery
3603:
3550:Endocrine surgery
3475:
3474:
3262:Nursing care plan
3257:Nursing diagnosis
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2910:Adult-gerontology
2898:NPs by population
2879:Nurse anesthetist
2859:Advanced practice
2767:
2766:
2703:Teleophthalmology
2693:Telemental health
2678:Tele-epidemiology
2523:De-identification
2495:Telecommunication
2434:
2433:
2361:Brazilian Society
2156:978-1-4987-7409-3
2116:Sidrov J (2006).
1655:(10): 1197–1203.
1535:Campbell, E. M.,
1393:(15): 1311–1316.
1358:978-0-309-10147-9
1050:(7494): 765–774.
886:RAND Healthcare:
470:Revenue Cycle HIT
350:general practices
131:disease outbreaks
45:health technology
16:(Redirected from
4334:
4294:
4293:
4284:
4274:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4254:
4253:
3958:Medical genetics
3943:General practice
3820:Nuclear medicine
3695:Gastroenterology
3651:Vascular surgery
3601:
3528:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3463:
3462:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3438:
3129:Medical-surgical
3032:Specialties and
2992:Board of nursing
2864:
2839:Registered nurse
2814:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2576:Health education
2461:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2239:Neuroinformatics
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2147:
2137:
2128:(4): 1079–1085.
2106:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2053:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1978:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1923:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1890:. Archived from
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1858:. Archived from
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1740:. Archived from
1715:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1608:(5): 1180–1189.
1597:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1559:Bates D (2005).
1556:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1489:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1187:
1155:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1105:(5): 1323–1333.
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1035:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
993:
985:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
930:
924:
923:
911:
905:
904:
897:
891:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
858:
852:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
824:
818:
817:
788:
782:
781:
771:
765:
764:
758:
749:
743:
742:
730:
724:
723:
713:
689:
683:
682:
672:
632:
615:Computer science
507:
502:
501:
500:
464:Algorithmic bias
272:draft standard,
21:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4242:
4231:Chief physician
4164:
4109:
4098:
4092:Travel medicine
4077:Sports medicine
4060:Sexual medicine
4000:Palliative care
3995:Pain management
3939:Family medicine
3917:Diving medicine
3863:
3791:
3753:
3746:
3662:
3655:
3614:Plastic surgery
3560:General surgery
3540:Cardiac surgery
3521:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3476:
3471:
3427:
3304:
3277:
3276:Classification
3271:
3244:Nursing process
3238:
3079:Faith community
3044:Ambulatory care
3035:
3033:
3026:
2952:
2950:
2934:
2893:
2853:
2849:Nurse scientist
2809:
2803:
2798:
2768:
2763:
2759:Virtual patient
2732:
2688:Teledermatology
2638:
2605:
2542:
2499:
2470:
2465:
2435:
2430:
2385:
2329:
2291:
2213:
2208:
2165:
2115:
2080:
2064:
2023:
2008:, Peddicord D,
1989:
1948:
1945:
1943:Further reading
1940:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1486:Wayback Machine
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1259:10.1.1.101.9714
1251:
1250:
1246:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1146:Wayback Machine
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1026:Wayback Machine
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
986:
959:
958:
954:
945:
943:
932:
931:
927:
913:
912:
908:
899:
898:
894:
885:
881:
871:
869:
860:
859:
855:
850:
846:
837:
835:
826:
825:
821:
790:
789:
785:
773:
772:
768:
756:
751:
750:
746:
732:
731:
727:
691:
690:
686:
634:
633:
629:
624:
619:
570:Medical imaging
505:Medicine portal
503:
498:
496:
493:
484:
472:
433:
416:
407:Medicare Part D
393:
387:
382:
332:
318:
282:
226:
171:
167:
155:medical records
138:chronic disease
122:professionals.
93:
47:, particularly
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4322:Patient safety
4319:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4258:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4169:Related topics
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:Medical school
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Sleep medicine
4069:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3885:Anesthesiology
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:Neuroradiology
3812:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:Obstetrics and
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3634:Trauma surgery
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3597:Otolaryngology
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3523:subspecialties
3513:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3408:United Kingdom
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3267:Nursing theory
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Perianesthesia
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Nurse registry
3009:
3007:Nursing school
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Women's health
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
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2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:Graduate nurse
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Telepsychiatry
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Tele-audiology
2670:
2665:
2663:Remote therapy
2660:
2658:Remote surgery
2655:
2649:
2647:
2645:subspecialties
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2634:PubMed Central
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:Admission note
2509:
2507:
2505:Medical record
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2409:
2404:
2402:Health Level 7
2399:
2393:
2391:
2390:Other concepts
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2218:Subdisciplines
2215:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2163:External links
2161:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2122:Health Affairs
2113:
2110:
2107:
2089:(1): 104–115.
2078:
2036:(4): 370–379.
2021:
2003:
1961:(4): 415–423.
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1908:
1872:
1847:
1815:
1780:(3): 387–388.
1757:
1701:
1676:
1635:
1602:Health Affairs
1592:
1571:(4): 250–261.
1551:
1541:
1528:
1518:
1490:
1471:
1461:. pp. A08
1445:
1414:
1370:
1357:
1349:10.17226/11623
1322:
1285:(3): 553–560.
1265:
1244:
1225:(3): 329–337.
1205:
1170:(3): 164–168.
1150:
1130:
1099:Health Affairs
1085:
1030:
1010:
1001:
968:(3): 865–875.
962:Health Affairs
952:
925:
920:New York Times
906:
892:
879:
853:
844:
819:
783:
766:
744:
739:Health IT Buzz
725:
704:(10): 742–52.
684:
647:(3): e024722.
626:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:Patient safety
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
519:Bioinformatics
516:
510:
509:
508:
492:
489:
483:
480:
471:
468:
459:
458:
455:
448:
445:
432:
429:
415:
412:
389:Main article:
386:
383:
381:
378:
346:United Kingdom
328:Main article:
317:
314:
281:
278:
225:
224:Implementation
222:
169:
166:
163:
145:
144:
141:
134:
92:
89:
59:. It supports
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4339:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4269:
4267:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Public health
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Allied health
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
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4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
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4113:
4111:
4105:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
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4058:
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4015:
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4008:
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3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Oral medicine
3988:
3986:
3985:Ophthalmology
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
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3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Cytopathology
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3787:Urogynecology
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Endocrinology
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
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3627:
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3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
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3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3418:United States
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Public health
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Perioperative
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Critical care
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Nurse midwife
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Student nurse
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:Roles to play
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Teleradiology
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Telepathology
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Teledentistry
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2643:Telemedicine
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
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2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Decision aids
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
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2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
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2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
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2347:
2344:
2342:
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2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
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2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:in healthcare
2252:
2249:
2247:in healthcare
2246:
2243:
2241:in healthcare
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1927:on 2020-07-15
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1862:on 2016-04-17
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1837:on 2008-11-20
1833:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1747:on 2008-12-17
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
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1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:Sittig, D. F.
1532:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1508:on 2007-06-26
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1435:on 2006-09-03
1431:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
997:
991:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
953:
942:
941:
936:
929:
926:
921:
917:
910:
907:
902:
896:
893:
889:
883:
880:
867:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
833:
829:
823:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:(2): 94–101.
799:
795:
787:
784:
779:
778:
770:
767:
762:
755:
748:
745:
740:
736:
729:
726:
721:
717:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
685:
680:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
628:
621:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
506:
495:
490:
488:
481:
479:
477:
469:
467:
465:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
442:
441:
439:
430:
428:
426:
422:
413:
411:
408:
404:
399:
392:
384:
379:
377:
374:
369:
367:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
331:
322:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
179:
175:
164:
162:
160:
156:
152:
151:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
127:
126:
123:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:, applied to
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
19:
18:Healthcare IT
4206:Rural health
4191:Nanomedicine
3742:Rheumatology
3673: /
3592:Hand surgery
3577:Neurosurgery
3464:
3453:
3440:
3393:South Africa
3199:Private duty
2867:APNs by role
2713:Telepharmacy
2487:
2272:Telemedicine
2266:
2125:
2121:
2086:
2082:
2068:cite journal
2033:
2029:
2014:Shortliffe E
1993:cite journal
1958:
1954:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1920:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1887:
1875:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
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1465:2006-07-21
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