Catholic Church and health care

135:"while generally complementary... sometimes tangled in border disputes." Similarly in modern times, the moral stance of the Church against contraception and abortion has been a source of controversy. The Church, while being a major provider of health care to HIV AIDS sufferers, and of orphanages for unwanted children, has been criticised for opposing condom use. Due to Catholics' belief in the sanctity of life from conception, IVF, which leads to the destruction of many embryos, surrogacy, which relies on IVF, and embryonic stem-cell research, which necessitates the destruction of embryos, are among other areas of controversy for the Church in the provision of health care. 1133: 983: 2575: 2794:, the Church's teaching, which states that every human life is sacred from conception until natural death, and that the vulnerable should be protected, therefore finds that this technology, which leads to the death of many embryos for each successful pregnancy, to be an abuse of power at the cost of the weakest. However, Catholics have been active in developing alternative treatments for infertility and especially addressing its root causes, which, in addition to causing infertility or risk of miscarriage, are likely to have other consequences on health, such as 2668:(UNFPA) has argued that "comprehensive condom programming is a key institutional priority ... because condoms ... are recognized as the only currently available and effective way to prevent HIV – and other sexually transmitted infections – among sexually active people". A 2014 report by The U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child called on the Church to "overcome all the barriers and taboos surrounding adolescent sexuality that hinder their access to sexual and reproductive information, including on family planning and contraceptives". 147: 998: 654: 2696: 31: 188: 337: 2554: 265: 940: 419:

It supplied food to the population during famine and distributed food to the poor. This welfare system the church funded through collecting taxes on a large scale and possessing large farmlands and estates. It was common for monks and clerics to practice medicine and medical students in northern European universities often took minor Holy orders. Mediaeval hospitals had a strongly Christian ethos and were, in the words of historian of medicine

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scholarly medical tradition maintained itself in the more stable East, but in the West, scholarship virtually disappeared outside of the Church, where monks were aware of a dwindling range of medical texts.." The legacy of this early period was, in the words of Porter, that "Christianity planted the hospital: the well-endowed establishments of the Levant and the scattered houses of the West shared a common religious ethos of charity.".

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the Lord loved, the Church also developed a healing mission". Pagan religions seldom offered help to the sick, but the early Christians were willing to nurse the sick and take food to them. Notably during the smallpox epidemic of 165–180 AD and the measles outbreak of around 250 AD, "In nursing the sick and dying, regardless of religion, the Christians won friends and sympathisers", wrote historian

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that they would have power over disease (Mark 16:18) Like the other works of Christian charity, the care of the sick was from the beginning a sacred duty for each of the faithful, but it devolved in a special way upon the bishops, presbyters, and deacons. The same ministrations that brought relief to the poor naturally included provision for the sick who were visited in their homes.

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of all admissions, and around 14.5% of hospital expenses (c. 98.6 billion dollars). Compared to the public system, the church provided greater financial assistance or free care to poor patients, and was a leading provider of various low-profit health services such as breast cancer screenings, nutrition programs, trauma, and care of the elderly.

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world and run more than 5,000 hospitals, 18,000 dispensaries and 9,000 orphanages, many involved in AIDS-related activities." UNAIDS co-operates closely with the Church on critical issues such as the elimination of new HIV infections in children and keeping their mothers alive, as well as increasing access to antiretroviral medication.

695:, the Popes were often patrons of the study of anatomy and Catholic artists such as Michelangelo advanced knowledge of the field through such studies as sketching cadavers to improve his portraits of the crucifixion. It is often wrongly asserted that the papacy banned dissection during the period, though in fact the directive of 602:

walls", wrote Porter, "the Christian ethos was all pervasive". From just 12 beds in 1288, the Sta Maria Nuova in Florence "gradually expanded by 1500 to a medical staff of ten doctors, a pharmacist, and several assistants, including female surgeons", and was boasted of as the "first hospital among Christians".

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The nation is the better for policies and funding arrangements that encourage public and private providers of healthcare, including the Churches. The public may need to be patient with Church authorities as they discern appropriate moral responses to new technologies. This is a small price to pay for

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Catholic Church also supported the government vaccination program by transforming their churches into vaccination sites. Health Secretary Francisco T. Duque affirmed the church's support by saying, ‘we are happy with the CBCP's offer to have churches as vaccination hubs if needed. Churches really can

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is today the largest non-government provider grouping of health, community and aged care services in Australia. These do not operate for profit and range across the full spectrum of health services, representing about 10% of the health sector and employing 35,000 people. Catholic organisations in New

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in the slums of Calcutta in 1948 to work among "the poorest of the poor". Initially founding a school, she then gathered other sisters who "rescued new-born babies abandoned on rubbish heaps; they sought out the sick; they took in lepers, the unemployed, and the mentally ill". Teresa achieved fame in

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The early Christian outlook on sickness drew on various traditions, including Eastern asceticism and Jewish healing traditions, while the New Testament wrote of Jesus and his Apostles as healers. Porter wrote: "While suffering and disease could appear as chastisement of the wicked or a trial of those

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Small hospitals for pilgrims sprung up in the West during the early Middle Ages, but by the latter part of the period had grown more substantial, with hospitals founded for lepers, pilgrims, the sick, aged and poor. Milan, Siena, Paris and Florence had numerous and large hospitals. "Within hospitals

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arose as a group of individuals associated with an Amalfitan hospital in Jerusalem, which was built to provide care for poor, sick or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. Following the capture of the city by Crusaders, the order became a military as well as infirmarian order. The Knights of St John of

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likened the Catholic Church in its activities during the Middle Ages to an early version of a welfare state: "It conducted hospitals for the old and orphanages for the young; hospices for the sick of all ages; places for the lepers; and hostels or inns where pilgrims could buy a cheap bed and meal".

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Christ Himself gave His followers the example of caring for the sick by the numerous miracles He wrought to heal various forms of disease including the most loathsome, leprosy. He also charged His Apostles in explicit terms to heal the sick (Luke 10:9) and promised to those who should believe in Him

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in America in 1919. The church has been an active campaigner in that cause ever since. In the abortion debate in America, the church has sought to retain the right not to perform abortions in its health care facilities. In 2012, the church operated 12.6% of hospitals in the US, accounting for 15.6%

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Healing shrines were established and different saints came to be invoked for every body part in the hope of miraculous cures. Some of the shrines remain to the present day, and were in the Middle Ages great centres for pilgrims, complete with relics and souvenirs. St Luke or St Michael were invoked

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Hospitality was considered an obligation of Christian charity and bishops' houses and the valetudinaria of wealthier Christians were used to tend the sick. Deacons were assigned the task of distributing alms, and in Rome by 250 AD the Church had developed an extensive charitable outreach, with

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In early March 2020, in the United States, Catholic churches practiced avoiding hugs and handshakes as a precautionary measure against spreading the virus. According to Reverend Jeffery Ott of Our Lady of Lourdes in Atlanta, Georgia, the church had to omit the sharing of wine in the chalice during

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wrote that "without realizing it, Darwin and Mendel laid the groundwork for all of life sciences in the twentieth century. Darwin saw that all living things are connected, that ultimately they trace their ancestry to a single, common source; Mendel's work provided the mechanism to explain how that

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when she approved a therapeutic, direct abortion to save a patient's life, and in Germany a case of two hospitals turning away and refusing to examine or treat a rape victim led to new guidelines from the country's bishops stating that hospitals could provide emergency contraception to victims of

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in 2013, UNAIDS wrote that the Church "provides support to millions of people living with HIV around the world" and that "Statistics from the Vatican in 2012 indicated that Catholic Church-related organizations provide approximately a quarter of all HIV treatment, care, and support throughout the

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Encyclical Letter on the Regulation of Birth in 1968, which outlined opposition to "artificial birth control" on the basis that it would open a "wide and easy road ... towards conjugal infidelity and the general lowering of morality". In response to the subsequent AIDS epidemic which emerged

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In 2017, controversy arose when an Associated Press report, which the Vatican criticized, stated that Bambino Gesu (Baby Jesus) Pediatric Hospital, a cornerstone of Italy's health care system and administered by the Holy See, put children at risk between 2008 and 2015 and turned its attention to

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In keeping with the Benedictine rule that the care of the sick be placed above all other duties, monasteries were the key medical care providers prior to 1300. Most monasteries offered shelter for pilgrims and an infirmary for sick monks, while separate hospitals were founded for the public. The

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and other procedures, Catholic health facilities will not provide most or any such services. In public debates, particularly among Western nations like the United States, this has raised questions over insurance public/private financial co-operation and government interference and regulation of

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The Catholic Church's opposition to abortion has also restricted its hospitals' treatment of miscarriages. In cases where evacuation of the miscarriage from the uterus is medically indicated, doctors have been prohibited from carrying it out while a fetal heartbeat is still present, "in effect

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Catholic medical facilities in the United States have refused treatment which runs counter to their beliefs. Contraception is a treatment that is not provided, and some Catholic health care providers have refused to treat complications caused by contraceptives. Those seeking treatment within a

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In April 2020, the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches set up a coronavirus fund to address the health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a response to Pope Francis' invitation to "not abandon the suffering, especially the poorest, in facing the global crisis caused by the

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The Catholic Church is the largest private provider of health care in the United States of America. During the 1990s, the church provided about one in six hospital beds in America, at around 566 hospitals, many established by nuns. The church has carried a disproportionate number of poor and

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by the sixth century was accompanied by a series of violent invasions, and precipitated the collapse of cities and civic institutions of learning, along with their links to the learning of classical Greece and Rome. For the next thousand years, medical knowledge would change very little.." A

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Catholic religious institutes, notably those for women, developed many hospitals throughout Europe and its empires. Ancient orders like the Dominicans and Carmelites have long lived in religious communities that work in ministries such as education and care of the sick. The Portuguese Saint

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For I was hungry and you fed me, thirsty and you gave me drink. I was a stranger and you received me in your homes. Naked and you clothed me. I was sick and you took care of me, in prison and you visited me ... hatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for

798:. The Brno Monastery was a centre of scholarship, with an extensive library and tradition of scientific research. Observing the processes of pollination at his monastery in modern Czechoslovakia, Mendel studied and developed theories pertaining to the field of science now called 810:'s theories suggested a mechanism for improvement of species over generations, Mendel's observations provided explanation for how a new species itself could emerge. Though Darwin and Mendel never collaborated, they were aware of each other's work (Darwin read a paper by 726:

In modern times, the Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of health care in the world. Catholic religious have been responsible for founding and running networks of hospitals across the world where medical research continues to be advanced. In 2013,

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Catholicism has grown rapidly in Africa over the last two centuries. As in all other continents, Catholic missionaries established health care centres across the continent – though limitations on Catholic institutions remain in place for much of Muslim North Africa.

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arrived in 1885 and have since established public and private hospitals, retirement living and residential aged care, community care and comprehensive palliative care in New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and the Northern Territory. The

220:, said that "The Church, adhering to the mandate of Jesus, 'Euntes docete et curate infirmos' (Mt 10:6-8, Go, preach and heal the sick), during the course of her history, which by now has lasted two millennia, has always attended to the sick and the suffering." 287:

medicine developed solid foundations over seven centuries, creating, Porter wrote, "the ideal of a union of science, philosophy and practical medicine in the learned physician...". But Greek and Roman religion did not preach of a duty to tend to the sick.

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wealthy converts supporting the poor. It is believed that the first church hospitals were constructed in the East, and only later in the Latin West. An early hospital may have been built at Constantinople during the age of Constantine by St. Zoticus.

910:, who opened and operated some of the first general hospitals in the United States, instituting cleanliness standards which influenced the development of America's modern hospital system, and famously taking her nuns to Hawaii to work with Saint 255:

The Benedictine rule, which led the profusion of medieval hospitals founded by the Church, requires that "the care of the sick is to be placed above and before every other duty, as if indeed Christ were being directly served by waiting on them".

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While the prioritization of charity and healing by early Christians created the hospital, their spiritual emphasis tended to imply "the subordination of medicine to religion and doctor to priest". "Physic and faith", wrote historian of medicine

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wrote that Fabiola founded a hospital and "assembled all the sick from the streets and highways" and "personally tended the unhappy and impoverished victims of hunger and disease... washed the pus from sores that others could not even behold"

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had decreed that a hospital should be attached to each cathedral and monastery. Following his death, the hospitals again declined, but by the tenth century monasteries were the leading providers of hospital work – among them the Benedictine

590:, Archbishop Raimund founded an institution for translations, which employed a number of Jewish translators to communicate the works of Arabian medicine. Influenced by the rediscovery of Aristotelian thought, churchmen like the Dominican 1009:

French, Portuguese, British and Irish missionaries brought Catholicism to Oceania and built hospitals and care centres across the region. The church remains not only a key provider of health care in predominantly Catholic nations like

60:, whom the Church holds as its founder, instructed his followers to heal the sick. The early Christians were noted for tending the sick and infirm, and Christian emphasis on practical charity gave rise to the development of systematic 755:

Catholic scientists in Europe (many of them clergymen) made a number of important discoveries which aided the development of modern science and medicine. Catholic women were also among the first female professors of medicine, as with

641:, a pioneer of biological field research. Porter wrote that, "The great age of hospital building from around 1200 coincided with the flourishing of universities in Italy, Spain, France and England, sustained by the new wealth of the 356:

as the patron saints of medicine and were celebrated for their healing powers.." Said to have lived in the late third century AD and to have performed a miraculous first leg transplant on a patient, and later martyred under the

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The Spanish and Portuguese Empires were largely responsible for spreading the Catholic faith and its philosophy regarding health care to South and Central America, where the church established substantial hospital networks.

688:. Roy Porter wrote that "after centuries where the Church had taught mankind to renounce worldly goods, for the sake of eternity, Renaissance man showed an insatiable curiosity for the materiality of the here and now...". 1025:, in 1857 as a free hospital for the poor. The Sisters went on to found hospitals, hospices, research institutes and aged care facilities in Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania. At St Vincent's they trained leading surgeon 629:. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of enquiry and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including 235:, Jesus called on followers to worship God (Rpm 12:1-2) through care for our neighbor: the sick, hungry and poor. Such teachings formed the foundation of Catholic Church involvement in hospitals and health care. 64:

and hospitals. The influential Benedictine rule holds that "the care of the sick is to be placed above and before every other duty, as if indeed Christ were being directly served by waiting on them". During the

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services in the world. It has around 18,000 clinics, 16,000 homes for the elderly and those with special needs, and 5,500 hospitals, with 65 percent of them located in developing countries. In 2010, the Church's

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From the 14th century, the European Renaissance saw a revival of interest in Classical learning in Western Europe, coupled with and fuelled by the spread of new inventions like the printing press. The

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for the first time. As Catholicism became a global religion, the Catholic orders and religious and lay people established health care centres around the world. Women's religious institutes such as the

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wrote that the Catholic Church has around 18,000 clinics, 16,000 homes for the elderly and those with special needs, and 5,500 hospitals – with 65 per cent of them located in developing countries.

958:, Catholic missionaries, notably the Jesuits, introduced the modern sciences to India, China and Japan. Church is a major provider of health care services – especially in Catholic nations like 536:, the Franciscans were notable for tending the sick. The apparent impotence of medical knowledge against the disease prompted critical examination. Medical scientists came to divide among anti- 3866: 5247: 37:

and other Sisters of St Francis with the daughters of leper patients, at the Kakaʻako Branch Hospital, Hawaii, 1886. The Catholic Church established many of the world's modern hospitals.

6662: 304:, was a physician. Christian emphasis on practical charity was to give rise to the development of systematic nursing and hospitals after the end of the persecution of the early church. 5277: 4007: 2685: 1017:

As restrictions were lifted by British authorities on the practice of Catholicism in colonial Australia, Catholic religious institutes founded many of Australia's hospitals. Irish

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Benedictine order was noted for setting up hospitals and infirmaries in their monasteries, growing medical herbs and becoming the chief medical care givers of their districts. The

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the 1960s and began to establish convents around the world. By the time of her death in 1997, the religious institute she founded had more than 450 centres in over 100 countries.

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said that the Church had no objection to anatomy studies, provided the bodies belonged to an executed criminal, and was given a religious burial once examinations were completed.

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as a protector against plague. St Roch is venerated as one who provided care to plague suffers, only to fall sick himself and be "healed by an angel". Through the devastating

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Catholic facility may be unaware of these restrictions or unaware that their health provider is connected with the Catholic Church until seeking treatment for such an issue.

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to care for the sick and afflicted. The order built hospitals across Europe and its growing empires. In 1898, John was declared patron of the dying and of all hospitals by

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of nurses, was a reformed gambler and soldier who became a nurse and then director of Romes's Hospital of St. James, the hospital for incurables. In 1584 he founded the

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delaying care until fetal heart tones cease, the pregnant woman becomes ill, or the patient is transported to a non–Catholic-owned facility for the procedure."

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is the Church's main international aid and development body and operates in over 200 countries and territories and co-operates closely with the United Nations.

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A number of controversies have arisen over the application of these treatments in Catholic hospitals, or the lack thereof; for instance, in the United States,

423:, "religious foundations through and through"; ecclesiastical regulations were passed to govern medicine, partly to prevent clergymen profiting from medicine. 4668:"Chicago area woman files complaint after being denied critical health care because of religious objections « American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois" 5530: 3104: 2154: 768:. The Jesuit order, created during the Reformation, contributed a number of distinguished medical scientists. In the field of bacteriology it was the Jesuit 6199: 5942: 5480: 2900: 2860: 2487: 1470: 5884: 6855: 5787: 4613: 3897: 993:

and became an early leader in AIDS treatment. It remains among many leading medical research centres established by the Catholic Church around the world.

361:, Cosmas and Damian appear in the heraldry of barber-surgeon companies.." Notable contributors to the medical sciences of those early centuries include 6682: 5600: 1555: 5195: 2497: 1647: 1048: 828: 4386: 4057: 3960: 2400: 389:, who sentenced him to death for his Christianity. Since the Middle Ages, Pantaleon has been considered a patron saint of physicians and midwives. 6767: 5861: 4692: 3873: 296:

in the mid-1st century and early Christians from the outset went about tending the sick and infirm. Their priests were often also physicians. St

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Zealand remain heavily involved in community activities including education, health services, chaplaincy to prisons, rest homes, and hospitals,

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arrived in Auckland in 1850 and were the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand; they began work in health care and education.

684:(1466–1536) was interested in medicine and influential in reviving Greek as a language of learning, and the study of the pre-Christian works of 5095: 5090: 6799: 6747: 5379: 4885: 4863: 4279: 2770:

creative diversity which delivers healthcare of the highest standard with a special character cherished by many citizens, not just Catholics.

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Hospitals in Melbourne and Sydney. Jointly the group operates four public hospitals; seven private hospitals and 10 aged care facilities.

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and Catholic scientists (many of them clergymen) made a number of important discoveries which aided the development of modern science and

4011: 6777: 6607: 5515: 4327: 4032: 2779: 2149: 1677: 168:, whom the church holds as its founder, placed a particular emphasis on care for the sick and outcast, such as lepers. According to the 2671:

In Africa today, the church is heavily engaged in providing care to AIDS sufferers amidst the AIDS epidemic. Following the election of

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said that the Church manages 26% of the world's health care facilities. The Church's involvement in health care has ancient origins.

6419: 6021: 5668: 5502: 4953: 3608: 2567: 2517: 2445: 2430: 2129: 1196: 3644: 6933: 6481: 6234: 6179: 6044: 5779: 5775: 5520: 5305: 5252: 2608: 2460: 2361: 2144: 1935: 1756: 1672: 1350: 1307: 1167: 1022: 986: 4230: 69:, monasteries and convents were the key medical centres of Europe and the Church developed an early version of a welfare state. 6284: 6259: 6224: 6219: 6184: 6064: 5663: 5547: 5137: 5100: 4983: 4963: 4919: 2527: 2159: 1178: 1132: 1018: 341: 4625: 982: 7008: 6880: 6592: 6279: 6249: 6229: 6169: 5959: 5675: 5213: 5205: 5117: 4978: 4958: 2665: 2522: 1787: 1580: 1263: 1174: 1146: 903: 517: 4718: 4255: 512:. Hildegard was well known for her healing powers involving practical application of tinctures, herbs, and precious stones. 504:, is among the most distinguished of Medieval Catholic women scientists. Other than theological works, Hildegard also wrote 3982: 3573: 867:

to assist the impoverished elderly of the streets of France in the mid-nineteenth century. It too spread around the world.

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to "offer hospitality to the needy aged" arrived in Melbourne in 1884 and now operate four aged care homes in Australia.

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clinic. In the 21st century, with more and more lay people involved in management, the sisters began collaborating with

107:(1602–1680) first proposed that living beings enter and exist in the blood (a precursor of germ theory). The Augustinian 6835: 6806: 6789: 6697: 6309: 6274: 6264: 5842: 5823: 5685: 5436: 5349: 3009: 2749: 2649: 2465: 2440: 2370: 1832: 1330: 899: 4424:"COVID-19 vaccination program: the Catholic Church's all-time support to the government when it is for the common good" 500:. Monasteries of this era were diligent in the study of medicine, and often too were convents. Hildegard of Bingen, a 5595: 5463: 5332: 3793:"THE HEALTH CARE DEBATE: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH; Catholic Leaders' Dilemma: Abortion vs. Universal Care - New York Times" 2795: 2557: 2492: 2482: 2395: 2093: 1720: 1637: 1570: 1411: 485: 6845: 3547: 6762: 6560: 6214: 5866: 5832: 5791: 4438: 3105:"Catholic hospitals comprise one quarter of world's healthcare, council reports :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)" 2757: 2547: 2380: 1069: 860: 748: 672:, became popular in art in the early 17th century, connected with fears of plague and the encouragement of nursing. 146: 4201: 157:. St Matthew, one of the authors of the New Testament, wrote that Jesus wanted his followers to care for the sick. 6952: 6898: 6569: 6519: 6209: 6164: 5272: 4641: 2904: 2864: 2847: 2390: 2366: 1613: 1345: 1083: 700: 578:

Non-military orders of brothers also took up the service of the infirm. By the 15th century, the brothers of the

790:, an Austrian scientist and Augustinian friar, began experimenting with peas around 1856. Mendel had joined the 6982: 6918: 6840: 6811: 6431: 6426: 6304: 6204: 6189: 6174: 6016: 5837: 5727: 5645: 5469: 5446: 5397: 5070: 3024: 2912: 2872: 2537: 2285: 2088: 2000: 1897: 1725: 1652: 1460: 1283: 1116: 997: 579: 396: 284: 161: 4154: 653: 794:

Augustinian Monastery in 1843, but also trained as a scientist at the Olmutz Philosophical Institute and the

6903: 6535: 6496: 6463: 5909: 5889: 5757: 5635: 5585: 5364: 5165: 5105: 4901: 2956: 2637: 1985: 1770: 1494: 1137: 970: 864: 614: 583: 177: 6972: 6913: 6908: 6542: 6348: 6269: 6194: 6074: 5752: 5640: 5580: 5257: 5145: 4367:"Catholic Church Looks to Lead Conversation on Combating HIV/AIDS | PBS NewsHour | May 27, 2011" 2762: 2598: 2212: 1479: 677: 280: 184:, Jesus identified so strongly with the sick and afflicted that he equated serving them with serving him: 96: 4133: 3968: 6677: 6504: 5929: 5710: 5575: 5421: 5127: 5065: 5024: 5009: 4114: 4061: 3744: 2976: 1945: 1792: 1701: 1642: 1632: 1560: 1541: 1527: 1268: 1229: 1219: 923: 765: 626: 497: 457:, taught medicine at one such school. Petrus of Spain (1210–1277) was a physician who wrote the popular 366: 173: 74: 5160: 4366: 625:

began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into

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Other famous physicians and medical researchers of the Middle Ages include the Abbot of Monte Cassino

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be alternative sites to areas that lack facility, especially those in hard-to-reach municipalities'.

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In a 2013 presentation to its twenty-seventh international conference in 2013, the President of the

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in Dublin in 1831. Her congregation went on to found schools and hospitals across the globe. Saint

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The Health Care Debate: The Catholic Church; Catholic Leaders' Dilema: Abortion vs. Universal Care

609:, the oldest medical school in Western Europe – among the important churchmen to teach there were 17: 6890: 6707: 5565: 5557: 5300: 5001: 4968: 4825: 3812: 3797: 3070: 2996: 2960: 2952: 2832: 2180: 2053: 1710: 1575: 1550: 1532: 1273: 1241: 1234: 1201: 990: 836: 781: 769: 757: 681: 630: 378: 374: 358: 239: 116: 104: 92: 4423: 1920: 336: 4280:

UNAIDS requests Pope Benedict XVI for support in efforts to stop new HIV infections in children

187: 6850: 6086: 5411: 5291: 5058: 5014: 4881: 4859: 4596: 3942: 3891: 3604: 2888: 2063: 1817: 1622: 1599: 1522: 1418: 1367: 1184: 1002: 947: 915: 906:, established around 1727. The Sisters of Saint Francis of Syracuse, New York, produced Saint 848: 692: 622: 610: 606: 521: 454: 349: 301: 293: 264: 70: 4878:

The Greatest Benefit to Mankind - a Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present

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German bishops agree Catholic hospitals can prescribe emergency contraception to rape victims

4036: 99:, Renaissance popes were often patrons of the study of anatomy, and Catholic artists such as 6712: 6486: 6448: 6406: 6334: 6329: 6296: 6103: 6036: 5999: 5994: 5974: 5969: 5894: 5747: 5737: 5697: 5228: 5046: 5029: 4586: 4578: 3932: 3924: 3062: 3019: 3014: 2356: 2315: 2305: 2295: 2083: 1970: 1930: 1807: 1715: 1627: 1512: 1335: 1251: 1189: 1041: 1034: 955: 939: 852: 642: 560: 552: 415: 309: 217: 120: 84: 6947: 6830: 6687: 6652: 6458: 6453: 6378: 6373: 6314: 6239: 5989: 5919: 5451: 5392: 4942: 4086: 3596: 2880: 2835:, was criticized for not performing a hysterectomy as part of a gender affirming surgery. 2455: 2300: 2232: 2227: 2118: 1975: 1892: 1822: 1592: 1503: 1288: 1124: 772:(1671) who first proposed that living beings enter and exist in the blood (a precursor of 662: 638: 556: 489: 382: 42: 4517: 1014:

but also in predominantly Protestant and secular nations like Australia and New Zealand.

3648: 2709:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1107: 6865: 6794: 6642: 6577: 6363: 6353: 6339: 6324: 6004: 5899: 5783: 5762: 5296: 5175: 5150: 5122: 5053: 4591: 4566: 4008:"St Vincent's Hospital, history and tradition, sesquicentenary – sth.stvincents.com.au" 3937: 3912: 2331: 2310: 2273: 2263: 2190: 2185: 2098: 2026: 1849: 1812: 1797: 1682: 1657: 1587: 1401: 1256: 1088: 1052: 807: 696: 533: 443: 879: 6997: 6757: 6717: 6602: 6524: 6509: 6358: 6319: 6125: 6009: 5806: 5475: 5190: 4234: 3074: 2948: 2924: 2920: 2803: 2659: 2326: 2268: 2258: 2031: 2015: 1871: 1866: 1735: 1730: 966: 911: 907: 832: 787: 777: 761: 710: 637:, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint 591: 571: 462: 325: 268: 195: 169: 124: 108: 34: 3377:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011; pp 214-215.

582:

were providing care across Europe, and by the sixteenth century the Spanish-founded

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had set up about 200 hospitals in the Americas. In Catholic Spain amidst the early

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health facilities. Writing in 2012, the Australian human rights lawyer and Jesuit

784:

made important advances in relation to refraction of light and the retinal image.

706: 348:

Several early Christian healers are honoured as Saints in the Catholic tradition.

4259: 3737: 3053:

Agnew, John (12 February 2010). "Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church".

954:

During the Middle Ages, Arab medicine was influential on Europe. During Europe's

528:

for various ailments, and a host of saints for individuals conditions, including

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and model of Catholic humanitarianism for his mission to the lepers of Molokai.

887: 824: 815: 773: 645:. ... The Universities extended the work of Salerno in medical education". 618: 595: 587: 438: 381:(480) emphasised medicine as an aid to the provision of hospitality. The martyr 66: 46: 6967: 4439:"No hugs, handshakes as U.S. churches take new precautions against coronavirus" 2990: 2593: 922:

uninsured patients at its facilities and the American bishops first called for

680:

brought refugee scholars from the Greek East to the West. The Catholic scholar

546:

orders established several new traditions of Catholic medical care. The famous

392: 6622: 6617: 6441: 6368: 5984: 5904: 5535: 4873: 4804: 4567:"When there's a heartbeat: miscarriage management in Catholic-owned hospitals" 4107: 3066: 3034: 2986: 2932: 2222: 1950: 1940: 1692: 1667: 1436: 1011: 844: 529: 420: 370: 362: 321: 181: 132: 4582: 4399: 3715: 3693: 3671: 3514: 3492: 3453: 3416: 3333: 3311: 3170: 898:

Catholic hospitals were established in the modern United States prior to the

480:, and was among the most distinguished of Medieval Catholic women scientists. 6727: 6722: 6692: 6388: 6151: 6135: 6120: 5964: 5854: 5732: 5722: 5590: 5369: 4179: 3029: 2884: 2827:

Conscience clause in medicine in the United States § Catholic doctrine

2791: 2247: 1687: 1604: 1565: 1484: 566: 353: 317: 154: 4693:"Catholic Hospital Refuses To Allow Woman With Dislodged IUD To Be Treated" 4600: 4315: 3946: 1063:

and established schools, convents and charitable institutions. The English

563:

established hospitals around the Mediterranean and through Germanic lands.

426: 739: 402:

The administration of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires split and the

6875: 6702: 5801: 5170: 2351: 2058: 2046: 1911: 1423: 1315: 799: 714: 430: 386: 112: 78: 6672: 5952: 5510: 5384: 5327: 4209: 4134:"Biography – Mary Helen MacKillop – Australian Dictionary of Biography" 3150:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011

2928: 2799: 2134: 2041: 2036: 1887: 1396: 1073: 103:

advanced knowledge of the field through sketching cadavers. The Jesuit

61: 4645: 4316:

Comprehensive Condom Programming: A Strategic Response to HIV and AIDS

6825: 6130: 6115: 6059: 6026: 4902:

Pontifical Council for Health Care Workers (For Health Pastoral Care)

2908: 2868: 2850:, one of the four writers of the Gospels, was said to be a physician. 4466:"Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services" 4328:

U.N. committee presses Vatican on child abuse, some church teaching

4158: 1005:

famously established a mission among the lepers of Molokai, Hawaii.

6923: 6091: 6055: 4911: 2916: 2876: 2842: 2811:

Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services

1857: 1827: 1489: 996: 981: 950:, India. Catholic women have been heavily involved as care givers. 938: 878: 738: 705: 685: 652: 565: 537: 467: 433:

was a medieval pope and physician who wrote popular medical texts.

425: 391: 335: 263: 186: 145: 88: 29: 4744:"Woman claims doctor refused to remove IUD for religious reasons" 3672:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God" 6096: 5815: 1157: 1030: 791: 127:

opened and operated some of the first modern general hospitals.

87:(1206–1280) was a pioneer of biological field research and is a 4915: 613:, later (1058–1085) Archbishop of Salerno, and the influential 214:

Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers

52:

Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers

3454:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem" 2787: 2689: 3760:"'Pope's hospital' put children at risk as it chased profits" 713:, Augustinian Friar and scientist, who developed theories on 3435: 3433: 3385: 3383: 352:, brothers from Cilicia in Asia Minor, supplanted the pagan 4155:"LCMHealthcare - the best lipo suction and breast implants" 4120:

see final para....SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH OF THE SACRED HEART

3913:"Justice and health care: When "ordinary" is extraordinary" 3092:

Earthly Mission - The Catholic Church and World Development

2943:

Various Catholic saints are considered patrons of nursing:

4233:. New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference. Archived from 2780:

a member of a hospital ethics committee was excommunicated

806:, and is considered the father of modern genetics. Where 2809:

In 2016, a woman was refused treatment according to the "

914:

in the care of lepers. St Damien himself is considered a

524:, offering care after plague struck at Camerino in 1523. 3474: 3472: 3470: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3086: 3084: 598:

made significant advances in the observation of nature.

27:

Relationship between the Catholic Church and health care

3846:"Obama Risks $ 100 Billion If Catholic Hospitals Close" 3791:

GUSTAV NIEBUHRPublished: August 25, 1994 (1994-08-25).

3261: 3259: 3257: 3244: 3242: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 2686:

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church

3548:"Mother Marianne becomes an American saint - CNN.com" 1051:

was founded in Australia by Australia's first Saint,

476:

dictating to a scribe. Hildegarde is recognised as a

172:, he and his Apostles went about curing the sick and 4475:. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2009 3834:; by Gustav Niebuhr, New York Times, 25 August 1994. 324:

which "had the dimensions of a city". In the West,

6889: 6746: 6559: 6495: 6405: 6295: 6146: 6035: 5928: 5875: 5800: 5771: 5696: 5621: 5556: 5501: 5420: 5315: 5290: 5204: 5136: 5081: 5000: 4977: 2817:, although she was bleeding, cramping and in pain. 764:who held a chair of medicine and philosophy at the 871:profit after losing money and expanding services. 437:After a period of decline, the Holy Roman Emperor 4330:; Cindy Wooden; Catholic News Service; 5 Feb 2014 2891:is also considered a patron saint of physicians. 886:was the largest hospital in colonial America, in 4518:"Negotiating Catholic healthcare moral dilemmas" 4342:"AIDS and the Catholic Church - Pavement Pieces" 4258:. Sisters of St Joseph Whanganui. Archived from 4202:"Nation must respond to looming dementia crisis" 4083:"The Institute of Sisters of Mercy of Australia" 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3005:Catholic Health Association of the United States 4389:; UNAIDS Press Statement; Geneva, 14 March 2013 4387:UNAIDS congratulates newly elected Pope Francis 3762:. Associated Press. 3 July 2017. Archived from 3694:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Camillus de Lellis" 2863:for physicians, the most important of whom are 2767: 617:, a monk who produced superior translations of 248: 205: 4035:. Sisters of Mercy New Zealand. Archived from 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 802:. Mendel published his results in 1866 in the 271:founded a hospital at Rome around 400 AD. 4927: 4657:Pope Paul VI Institute, retrieved 19 May 2015 4626:"Church teaching on in vitro fertilization", 4460: 4458: 3592: 3590: 2616: 8: 4010:. Exwwwsvh.stvincents.com.au. Archived from 3515:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Albertus Magnus" 3312:"Catholic Encyclopedia: History of Medicine" 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 847:to tend to the plague-stricken. Irishwoman 3817:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3493:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Robert Grosseteste" 804:Journal of the Brno Natural History Society 574:was a pioneer of biological field research. 540:, anti-Arabists and positive Hippocratics. 508:a text on the natural sciences, as well as 6856:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 5797: 5312: 4997: 4934: 4920: 4912: 4565:Freedman LR, Landy U, Steinauer J (2008). 3967:. London. 6 September 1997. Archived from 2623: 2609: 1378: 1131: 1102: 1021:arrived in Sydney in 1838 and established 73:evolved into a well integrated network of 45:is the largest non-government provider of 4907:Global Pandemic and Universal Brotherhood 4590: 3936: 3716:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Sisters of Mercy" 3403:Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age 4719:"Civil rights charges hit city hospital" 4293:"CATHOLIC LIBRARY: Humanae Vitae (1968)" 3107:. Catholic News Agency. 10 February 2010 1638:Outside the Church there is no salvation 1059:in 1867. MacKillop travelled throughout 829:Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God 520:monks sought a revival of the ideals of 95:(1466–1536) helped revive knowledge of 4400:"Coronavirus - Tag List - Vatican News" 3045: 1755: 1700: 1612: 1540: 1502: 1469: 1435: 1381: 1145: 1123: 328:founded a hospital at Rome around 400. 4231:"Catholic Church in NZ: Living Justly" 3896:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3889: 3810: 3631: 3619: 3572:. CatholicHerald.co.uk. Archived from 3534: 3478: 3439: 3389: 3365: 3353: 3334:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Pantaleon" 3286: 3265: 3248: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 1471:Realms beyond the States of the Church 814:which extensively referenced Mendel). 320:built a famous hospital at Cæsarea in 151:St Matthew the Evangelist and an Angel 4536: 4534: 4282:; UNAIDS Feature Story; 11 April 2012 3714:Austin, Mary Stanislas (1911-10-01). 3570:"What the Church has given the world" 1065:Sisters of the Little Company of Mary 659:Saint Sebastian Tended by Saint Irene 7: 4855:A Short History of Nearly Everything 4344:. Journalism.nyu.edu. Archived from 4256:"Sisters Of St Joseph - The Journey" 4180:"Little Sisters of the Poor Oceania" 2750:the Catholic Church opposes abortion 2543: 989:, Australia, was established by the 751:who specialise in care for the aged. 453:– 12 May 1003), known to history as 300:, credited as one of the authors of 3983:"Sisters of Charity Health Service" 2563: 946:caring for sick and poor in former 4318:; www.unfpa.org; web 16 March 2014 3739:"Little Sisters of the Poor" 3171:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Hospitals" 3094:; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p.40 2935:(14th-century saint from France). 621:and investigated Arab literature. 551:Jerusalem were later known as the 344:, one of Europe's oldest hospitals 111:(1822–1884) developed theories on 25: 18:Healthcare and the Catholic Church 3417:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Roch" 3405:(New York: Doubleday, 2001), 155. 3310:Senfelder, Leopold (1911-10-01). 3169:James Joseph Walsh (1910-06-01). 2923:(3rd-century saint from France), 6978: 6977: 6966: 6934:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 6482:Criticism of the Catholic Church 3491:Urquhart, Francis (1910-06-01). 2989: 2907:, the physician and disciple of 2867:, the physician and disciple of 2831:In 2019, a Catholic hospital in 2694: 2592: 2573: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2533: 2532: 1936:Catechism of the Catholic Church 1106: 385:was said to be physician to the 342:Santa Maria della Scala Hospital 141:euntes docete et curate infirmos 5101:First seven ecumenical councils 4182:. Littlesistersofthepoor.org.au 4109:"Sisters of Saint Joseph" 3844:Edward Morrissey (2012-02-29). 3692:Campbell, Thomas (1908-11-01). 3452:Moeller, Charles (1910-06-01). 3332:Löffler, Klemens (1911-02-01). 2883:, a 4th-century physician from 760:the 11th century physician and 5676:Separation of church and state 4717:Maloney, Andrew (2016-08-25). 4546:American Civil Liberties Union 4498:American Civil Liberties Union 4340:Stahl, Brittany (2008-12-14). 4060:. 16 July 2011. Archived from 4033:"Sisters of Mercy New Zealand" 3603:; Angus & Robertson, 1973 3513:Kennedy, Daniel (1907-03-01). 3415:Cleary, Gregory (1912-02-01). 2875:, 3rd-century physicians from 2666:United Nations Population Fund 1264:History of the Catholic Church 722:Development of modern medicine 176:. According to the Parable of 1: 4828:. Saints.SQPN.com. 2013-04-17 4786:. Saints.SQPN.com. 2013-04-17 4085:. 6 July 2011. Archived from 3985:. 6 July 2011. Archived from 3929:10.1080/00243639.2015.1123891 2915:(3rd-century physicians from 1029:and opened Australia's first 1023:St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney 987:St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney 904:Charity Hospital, New Orleans 666: 447: 232:Parable of the Good Samaritan 200:Parable of the Good Samaritan 3736:Kelly, Blanche Mary (1911). 3010:Catholic Medical Association 2650:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS 969:of Calcutta established the 900:American War of Independence 404:demise of the Western Empire 164:urges concern for the sick. 91:within the Catholic Church; 3568:Gray, Freddy (2011-05-06). 2796:polycystic ovarian syndrome 2664:from the 1980s onward, the 1721:Infallibility of the Church 292:emerged into this world as 7025: 6973:Catholic Church portal 4437:McKay, Rich (2020-03-09). 2824: 2683: 2647: 2599:Catholic Church portal 1070:Little Sisters of the Poor 861:Little Sisters of the Poor 749:Little Sisters of the Poor 605:Clergy were active at the 198:(1880) illustrates Jesus' 6961: 6899:Aid to the Church in Need 6520:Vatican Television Center 6165:Eastern Catholic Churches 4949: 4767:Catholic hospital lawsuit 4742:Hope, Leah (2016-08-22). 3067:10.1080/14650040903420388 2905:Saint Luke the Evangelist 2865:Saint Luke the Evangelist 2848:Saint Luke the Evangelist 2703:This section needs to be 1084:Catholic Health Australia 902:. The first was probably 776:). In the development of 496:and the Bishop of Rennes 488:, the Abbot of Reichenau 6841:Communion and Liberation 6305:Eastern Catholic liturgy 5470:Mystici Corporis Christi 5398:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 4583:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126730 3025:Philosophy of healthcare 2927:(7th-century saint from 2913:Saints Cosmas and Damian 2873:Saints Cosmas and Damian 2286:Eastern Catholic liturgy 2089:Eastern Catholic liturgy 1898:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 1284:Four Marks of the Church 747:(1792–1879) founded the 580:Order of the Holy Spirit 461:medical text and became 397:Saint Benedict of Nursia 229:and stories such as the 223:In orations such as his 162:Catholic social teaching 5656:Philosophy of canon law 5586:Mariology of the saints 5166:Investiture Controversy 4784:"patrons of physicians" 4630:, retrieved 19 May 2015 4616:/ AP, February 21, 2013 4058:"Brothers in Australia" 2957:Catherine of Alexandria 2638:Caritas Internationalis 2580:Vatican City portal 2006:Philosophy of canon law 1726:Mystical Body of Christ 971:Missionaries of Charity 865:Rule of Saint Augustine 615:Constantine of Carthage 584:Order of St John of God 178:the Sheep and the Goats 6909:Catholic Charities USA 6543:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 6531:Vatican Polyglot Press 5581:Mariology of the popes 5219:Protestant Reformation 4723:chicagolawbulletin.com 4136:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au 2859:There are a number of 2851: 2772: 1006: 994: 951: 891: 827:(d. 1550) founded the 752: 718: 701:University of Tübingen 678:Fall of Constantinople 673: 575: 481: 434: 399: 345: 272: 253: 210: 203: 158: 97:ancient Greek medicine 38: 7009:Religion and medicine 6663:Good Shepherd Sisters 6505:Holy See Press Office 5743:Doctors of the Church 5576:Immaculate Conception 5531:Anointing of the Sick 5066:History of the papacy 4805:"patrons of surgeons" 4628:Catholic World Report 4118:. Vol. 8. 1910. 4115:Catholic Encyclopedia 3917:The Linacre Quarterly 3911:McTavish, J. (2016). 3745:Catholic Encyclopedia 2977:Raphael the Archangel 2846: 2825:Further information: 2648:Further information: 2155:Anointing of the Sick 1946:Apostolic exhortation 1643:Infused righteousness 1561:Immaculate Conception 1269:History of the papacy 1000: 985: 942: 924:universal health care 882: 766:University of Bologna 742: 709: 656: 627:medieval universities 569: 471: 429: 395: 367:Clement of Alexandria 339: 267: 244:Catholic Encyclopedia 190: 174:anointing of the sick 149: 125:Sisters of St Francis 75:medieval universities 33: 7004:Catholic health care 6536:L'Osservatore Romano 6474:Role in civilisation 6200:Croatian and Serbian 5948:Episcopal conference 5910:St. Peter's Basilica 5268:Sexual abuse scandal 5224:Catholic Reformation 4542:"Health Care Denied" 4494:"Health Care Denied" 2813:" for her dislodged 2498:the Age of Discovery 2488:Sex and gender roles 2478:Role in civilization 2471:in the United States 2114:Liturgy of the Hours 1648:Invincible ignorance 1518:Crucifixion of Jesus 1326:College of Cardinals 1294:Apostolic succession 1138:St. Peter's Basilica 1057:Julian Tenison Woods 1049:Sisters of St Joseph 835:. The Italian Saint 812:Wilhelm Olbers Focke 796:University of Vienna 635:University of Oxford 502:doctor of the church 478:doctor of the church 459:Treasury of the Poor 373:and the learned St. 365:(born 160 AD), 340:Panorama of Siena's 180:, which is found in 6871:Neocatechumenal Way 6836:Charismatic Renewal 6550:Annuario Pontificio 6148:Particular churches 5824:Ecumenical councils 5596:Perpetual virginity 5431:Communitas perfecta 5375:Sermon on the Mount 4826:"patrons of nurses" 3971:on 5 December 2011. 3965:The Daily Telegraph 3766:on 5 September 2017 3634:, pp. 474–476. 3537:, pp. 168–170. 3442:, pp. 112–113. 3392:, pp. 110–112. 3090:Calderisi, Robert. 2969:Margaret of Antioch 2739:Contemporary issues 2511:Links and resources 1571:Perpetual virginity 1542:Blessed Virgin Mary 1429:Divinum illud munus 1331:Ecumenical councils 1274:Ecumenical councils 594:and the Franciscan 548:Knights Hospitaller 494:Hildegard of Bingen 474:Hildegard of Bingen 298:Luke the Evangelist 226:Sermon on the Mount 139:Theological basis: 6708:Premonstratensians 5091:Ante-Nicene period 4969:Lists of Catholics 4769:Kristine Solomon, 4571:Am J Public Health 4404:www.vaticannews.va 3848:. The Fiscal Times 3798:The New York Times 2997:Catholicism portal 2961:Catherine of Siena 2953:Camillus of Lellis 2852: 2833:Eureka, California 2054:Christian humanism 1951:Epistula Encyclica 1711:College of Bishops 1419:Consubstantialitas 1242:Early Christianity 1078:Saint Jeanne Jugan 1019:Sisters of Charity 1007: 995: 991:Sisters of Charity 952: 892: 837:Camillus de Lellis 782:Christoph Scheiner 770:Athanasius Kircher 758:Trotula of Salerno 753: 719: 717:for the first time 682:Desiderius Erasmus 674: 631:Robert Grosseteste 576: 498:Marbodus of Angers 482: 435: 400: 379:Benedict of Nursia 375:Isidore of Seville 359:Emperor Diocletian 346: 273: 240:James Joseph Walsh 204: 192:The Good Samaritan 159: 117:Sisters of Charity 105:Athanasius Kircher 93:Desiderius Erasmus 39: 6991: 6990: 6401: 6400: 5794: 5617: 5616: 5309: 5286: 5285: 5278:COVID-19 pandemic 5248:French Revolution 5238:Thirty Years' War 5146:Islamic conquests 5059:Apostolic fathers 4994: 4887:978-0-0021-5173-3 4880:. HarperCollins. 4865:978-0-5529-9704-1 4807:. Saints.SQPN.com 4297:www.newadvent.org 3651:on March 26, 2012 3601:The Ascent of Man 3550:. Edition.cnn.com 3401:Maddocks, Fiona. 3356:, pp. 82–83. 3236:, pp. 84–86. 2903:for surgeons are 2889:Archangel Raphael 2724: 2723: 2633: 2632: 2474: 2064:Neo-scholasticism 1840: 1839: 1818:Seven deadly sins 1741:Perfect community 1623:Baptism of desire 1523:Harrowing of Hell 1072:, who follow the 1003:Damien of Molokai 948:Madras Presidency 916:martyr of charity 912:Damien of Molokai 849:Catherine McAuley 743:The French Saint 693:Renaissance Italy 623:Cathedral schools 607:School of Salerno 522:Francis of Assisi 455:Pope Sylvester II 350:Cosmas and Damian 302:The New Testament 242:, writing in the 71:Cathedral schools 16:(Redirected from 7016: 6981: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6713:Redemptoristines 6561:Religious orders 6487:Anti-Catholicism 6437:Church buildings 6297:Catholic liturgy 6037:Consecrated life 5895:Apostolic Palace 5862:Synod of Bishops 5798: 5774: 5380:Ten Commandments 5313: 5295: 5196:Age of Discovery 5030:Great Commission 4998: 4982: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4913: 4891: 4869: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4780: 4774: 4773:, March 26, 2019 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4697:Church and State 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674:. 23 August 2016 4664: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4644:. Archived from 4638: 4632: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4470: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4208:. Archived from 4200:Abraham, Gavin. 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4157:. Archived from 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4132:Thorpe, Osmund. 4129: 4123: 4122: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3989:on April 2, 2010 3979: 3973: 3972: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3872:. 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Archived from 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3290: 3284: 3269: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3166: 3151: 3148: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3050: 3020:Islamic medicine 3015:Chinese medicine 2999: 2994: 2993: 2973:Martín de Porres 2735:Holy Communion. 2719: 2716: 2710: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2597: 2596: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2468: 2386:Relations with: 2357:Anti-Catholicism 1971:Cardinal Virtues 1931:Athanasian Creed 1808:Hypostatic union 1716:Deposit of faith 1628:Baptism of blood 1513:Passion of Jesus 1379: 1346:Eastern Churches 1336:Episcopal polity 1164: 1135: 1110: 1103: 1042:Sisters of Mercy 1035:Sisters of Mercy 956:Age of Discovery 884:Hospicio Cabañas 853:Sisters of Mercy 729:Robert Calderisi 671: 668: 643:High Middle Ages 639:Albert the Great 561:Teutonic Knights 553:Knights of Malta 492:, the Abbess St 452: 449: 416:Geoffrey Blainey 387:Emperor Galerius 310:Geoffrey Blainey 218:Zygmunt Zimowski 121:Sisters of Mercy 85:Albert the Great 21: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7013: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6965: 6957: 6936: 6919:Relief Services 6885: 6831:Catholic Action 6821:Military orders 6758:Confraternities 6750:of the faithful 6749: 6742: 6564: 6555: 6491: 6397: 6291: 6150: 6142: 6075:Prior, Prioress 6031: 5924: 5920:Vatican Museums 5871: 5804: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5692: 5646:Social teaching 5613: 5552: 5497: 5452:One true church 5416: 5393:Sixtine Vulgate 5389:Official Bible 5303: 5299: 5294: 5282: 5200: 5132: 5077: 5047:Petrine primacy 4990: 4986: 4981: 4973: 4945: 4943:Catholic Church 4940: 4898: 4888: 4872: 4866: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4831: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4771:Yahoo Lifestyle 4765: 4761: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4672:www.aclu-il.org 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4520:. 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Newadvent.org 3168: 3167: 3154: 3149: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3082: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3043: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2941: 2897: 2881:Saint Pantaleon 2857: 2841: 2829: 2823: 2802:conditions and 2746: 2741: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2652: 2646: 2629: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2512: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2420: 2419:Societal issues 2412: 2411: 2410: 2346: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2322: 2291: 2281: 2280: 2254: 2228:Post-Vatican II 2218: 2207: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2171: 2125: 2119:Liturgical year 2078: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2021: 2001:Social teaching 1986:Catholic ethics 1965: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1921:Apostles' Creed 1893:Sixtine Vulgate 1852: 1842: 1841: 1823:Beatific vision 1757:Other teachings 1678:Moral influence 1504:Paschal mystery 1376: 1375: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1310: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1289:One true church 1214: 1206: 1156: 1141: 1125:Catholic Church 1101: 980: 944:Salesian sister 937: 877: 839:, considered a 819:could happen". 737: 724: 699:of 1482 to the 669: 663:Jan van Bijlert 657:The subject of 651: 557:Knights Templar 510:Causae et Curae 490:Walafrid Strabo 450: 413: 383:Saint Pantaleon 278: 262: 144: 43:Catholic Church 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7022: 7020: 7012: 7011: 7006: 6996: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6975: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6937: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6866:Legion of Mary 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6795:Lay Carmelites 6792: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6754: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6643:Conceptionists 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6578:Assumptionists 6574: 6572: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6411: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6280:Syro-Malankara 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6230:Italo-Albanian 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6048: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5939: 5937: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5900:Lateran Treaty 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5826: 5821: 5812: 5810: 5795: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5636:Moral theology 5633: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5319: 5317: 5310: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5221: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5151:Pope Gregory I 5148: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5123:Biblical canon 5120: 5118:Late antiquity 5115: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5054:Church fathers 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4988:Ecclesiastical 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4896:External links 4894: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4864: 4858:. Black Swan. 4844: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4817: 4796: 4775: 4759: 4734: 4709: 4684: 4659: 4633: 4618: 4606: 4577:(10): 1774–8. 4557: 4530: 4509: 4485: 4454: 4429: 4415: 4391: 4379: 4358: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4284: 4272: 4247: 4222: 4206:www.cha.org.au 4192: 4171: 4146: 4124: 4099: 4074: 4049: 4024: 3999: 3974: 3952: 3903: 3858: 3836: 3824: 3776: 3751: 3728: 3706: 3684: 3662: 3636: 3624: 3622:, p. 474. 3612: 3586: 3560: 3539: 3527: 3505: 3483: 3481:, p. 113. 3466: 3444: 3429: 3407: 3394: 3379: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3324: 3291: 3289:, p. 111. 3270: 3253: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3200:, p. 112. 3183: 3152: 3126: 3117: 3096: 3080: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2984: 2981: 2940: 2937: 2896: 2893: 2856: 2853: 2840: 2837: 2822: 2819: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2722: 2721: 2715:September 2021 2702: 2700: 2693: 2681: 2678: 2645: 2642: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2570: 2560: 2550: 2540: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2191:Biblical canon 2188: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099:Divine Liturgy 2096: 2091: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2029: 2027:Augustinianism 2019: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1882: 1881: 1880:Official Bible 1877: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1813:Predestination 1810: 1805: 1800: 1798:Amillennialism 1795: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1683:Sanctification 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1658:Means of grace 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1140:, Vatican City 1136: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1100: 1097: 1089:social justice 1053:Mary MacKillop 979: 976: 936: 933: 876: 873: 808:Charles Darwin 736: 733: 723: 720: 697:Pope Sixtus IV 650: 647: 534:Bubonic Plague 444:Abbey of Cluny 412: 409: 377:(d. 636). 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5777: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591:Mother of God 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:People of God 5474: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5464:Infallibility 5462: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5340:Body and soul 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5243:Enlightenment 5241: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5214:Protestantism 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191:Scholasticism 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:Schism (1378) 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Schism (1054) 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4710: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4648:on 2015-05-10 4647: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4348:on 2013-06-03 4347: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4262:on 2010-05-25 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4237:on 2010-05-25 4236: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4212:on 2017-09-05 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4161:on 2016-01-12 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4089:on 2011-07-06 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4064:on 2011-07-16 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4039:on 2010-05-25 4038: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4014:on 2012-03-21 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3879:on 2016-08-27 3875: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3732: 3729: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3609:0-563-17064-6 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3576:on 2015-09-23 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3368:, p. 90. 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3268:, p. 88. 3267: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3251:, p. 87. 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3224:, p. 86. 3223: 3218: 3215: 3212:, p. 82. 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3172: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:Saint Alexius 2946: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:Saint Foillan 2922: 2921:Saint Quentin 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901:patron saints 2894: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861:patron saints 2854: 2849: 2845: 2839:Patron saints 2838: 2836: 2834: 2828: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2804:endometriosis 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2763:Frank Brennan 2759: 2758:contraception 2755: 2751: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2706: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2660:Humanae Vitae 2656: 2651: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2446:Homosexuality 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2406:Protestantism 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345:Miscellaneous 2342: 2341: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2213:Latin liturgy 2211: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032:Scholasticism 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2016:Virtue ethics 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1872:New Testament 1870: 1868: 1867:Old Testament 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736:People of God 1734: 1732: 1731:Papal primacy 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1653:Justification 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1004: 999: 992: 988: 984: 977: 975: 972: 968: 967:Mother Teresa 963: 961: 957: 949: 945: 941: 934: 932: 928: 925: 919: 917: 913: 909: 908:Marianne Cope 905: 901: 896: 889: 885: 881: 874: 872: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833:Pope Leo XIII 830: 826: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:Gregor Mendel 785: 783: 779: 778:ophthalmology 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:Dorotea Bucca 759: 750: 746: 741: 734: 732: 730: 721: 716: 712: 711:Gregor Mendel 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 664: 660: 655: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 599: 597: 593: 592:Albert Magnus 589: 585: 581: 573: 572:Albert Magnus 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 549: 545: 541: 539: 535: 531: 525: 523: 519: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 479: 475: 470: 466: 464: 463:Pope John XXI 460: 456: 445: 440: 432: 428: 424: 422: 417: 410: 408: 405: 398: 394: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 351: 343: 338: 334: 331: 327: 326:Saint Fabiola 323: 319: 313: 311: 305: 303: 299: 295: 294:a Jewish sect 291: 286: 282: 281:Ancient Greek 275: 270: 269:Saint Fabiola 266: 259: 257: 252: 247: 245: 241: 238:According to 236: 234: 233: 228: 227: 221: 219: 215: 209: 202:told in Luke. 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 170:New Testament 167: 163: 156: 152: 148: 142: 138: 136: 134: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 109:Gregor Mendel 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 59: 55: 53: 48: 44: 36: 35:Marianne Cope 32: 19: 6953:Universities 6942: 6785:Third orders 6748:Associations 6738:Visitandines 6733:Trinitarians 6683:Mercedarians 6668:Hieronymites 6613:Camaldoleses 6598:Benedictines 6588:Augustinians 6548: 6541: 6534: 6515:Vatican News 6469:Distinctions 6275:Syro-Malabar 6160:Latin Church 6082:Grand master 5980:Metropolitan 5877:Vatican City 5772:Organisation 5651:Philosophers 5516:Confirmation 5493:In canon law 5487:Subsistit in 5485: 5481:Three states 5468: 5429: 5422:Ecclesiology 5404:Nova Vulgata 5402: 5360:Original sin 5355:Nicene Creed 5345:Divine grace 5304: 5186:Universities 5156:Papal States 5083:Great Church 5025:Resurrection 5002:Early Church 4877: 4853: 4850:Bryson, Bill 4843:Bibliography 4830:. Retrieved 4820: 4809:. Retrieved 4799: 4788:. Retrieved 4778: 4770: 4762: 4751:. Retrieved 4748:ABC7 Chicago 4747: 4737: 4726:. Retrieved 4722: 4712: 4701:. Retrieved 4699:. 2016-08-25 4696: 4687: 4676:. Retrieved 4671: 4662: 4650:. Retrieved 4646:the original 4642:"Popepaulvi" 4636: 4627: 4621: 4609: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4549:. Retrieved 4545: 4522:. Retrieved 4512: 4501:. Retrieved 4497: 4488: 4477:. Retrieved 4472: 4446:. Retrieved 4442: 4432: 4418: 4407:. Retrieved 4403: 4394: 4382: 4371:. Retrieved 4361: 4350:. Retrieved 4346:the original 4335: 4323: 4311: 4300:. Retrieved 4296: 4287: 4275: 4264:. Retrieved 4260:the original 4250: 4239:. Retrieved 4235:the original 4225: 4214:. Retrieved 4210:the original 4205: 4195: 4184:. Retrieved 4174: 4163:. Retrieved 4159:the original 4149: 4138:. Retrieved 4127: 4119: 4113: 4102: 4091:. Retrieved 4087:the original 4077: 4066:. Retrieved 4062:the original 4052: 4041:. Retrieved 4037:the original 4027: 4016:. Retrieved 4012:the original 4002: 3991:. Retrieved 3987:the original 3977: 3969:the original 3964: 3955: 3923:(1): 26–34. 3920: 3916: 3906: 3881:. Retrieved 3874:the original 3861: 3850:. Retrieved 3839: 3831: 3827: 3802:. Retrieved 3796: 3768:. Retrieved 3764:the original 3754: 3743: 3731: 3720:. Retrieved 3709: 3698:. Retrieved 3687: 3676:. Retrieved 3665: 3655:February 23, 3653:. Retrieved 3649:the original 3639: 3627: 3615: 3600: 3578:. Retrieved 3574:the original 3563: 3552:. Retrieved 3542: 3530: 3519:. Retrieved 3508: 3497:. Retrieved 3486: 3458:. Retrieved 3447: 3421:. Retrieved 3410: 3402: 3397: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3338:. Retrieved 3327: 3316:. Retrieved 3229: 3217: 3205: 3175:. Retrieved 3124:Matthew 10:8 3120: 3109:. Retrieved 3099: 3091: 3061:(1): 39–61. 3058: 3054: 3048: 2945:Saint Agatha 2942: 2898: 2858: 2830: 2808: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2747: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2712: 2704: 2673:Pope Francis 2670: 2658: 2655:Pope Paul VI 2653: 2634: 2461:Nazi Germany 2451:Sexual abuse 2435: 2385: 2243:Anglican Use 2238:Use of Sarum 2150:Confirmation 2109:Holy Qurbono 2104:Holy Qurbana 2020: 2011:Philosophers 1926:Nicene Creed 1904:Nova Vulgata 1902: 1803:Original sin 1747:Subsistit in 1745: 1702:Ecclesiology 1673:Satisfaction 1633:Divine grace 1528:Resurrection 1459: 1452: 1445: 1382: 1341:Latin Church 1308:Organisation 1230:Resurrection 1093:human rights 1082: 1046: 1039: 1027:Victor Chang 1016: 1008: 964: 953: 929: 920: 897: 893: 875:The Americas 869: 859:founded the 857:Jeanne Jugan 851:founded the 841:patron saint 821: 803: 786: 754: 745:Jeanne Jugan 725: 690: 675: 670: 1620s 604: 600: 577: 542: 526: 514: 509: 505: 483: 458: 436: 414: 401: 347: 330:Saint Jerome 314: 306: 290:Christianity 279: 254: 249: 243: 237: 230: 224: 222: 211: 206: 191: 166:Jesus Christ 160: 150: 140: 129: 101:Michelangelo 83: 58:Jesus Christ 56: 40: 6943:Health care 6929:Pax Christi 6881:Schoenstatt 6846:Sant'Egidio 6678:Legionaries 6658:Franciscans 6633:Cistercians 6628:Carthusians 6583:Annonciades 6442:Altarpieces 6335:West Syriac 6330:East Syriac 6310:Alexandrian 5934:Holy orders 5915:Swiss Guard 5855:Dicasteries 5850:Roman Curia 5748:Evangelists 5706:Holy Family 5641:Personalism 5631:Natural law 5609:Josephology 5543:Holy orders 5181:Inquisition 5138:Middle Ages 5128:Monasticism 5096:Constantine 5020:Crucifixion 4874:Porter, Roy 3632:Bryson 2004 3620:Bryson 2004 3535:Porter 1997 3479:Porter 1997 3440:Porter 1997 3390:Porter 1997 3366:Porter 1997 3354:Porter 1997 3287:Porter 1997 3266:Porter 1997 3249:Porter 1997 3234:Porter 1997 3222:Porter 1997 3210:Porter 1997 3198:Porter 1997 3055:Geopolitics 2965:John of God 2821:Transgender 2786:As regards 2727:pandemic." 2657:issued the 2568:WikiProject 2436:Health care 2381:Monasticism 2316:East Syriac 2306:West Syriac 2296:Alexandrian 2165:Holy orders 1996:Probabilism 1991:Personalism 1981:Natural law 1793:Apologetics 1766:Josephology 1454:Ex Cathedra 1321:Roman Curia 1279:Magisterium 1225:Crucifixion 1061:Australasia 965:The famous 960:Philippines 888:Guadalajara 825:John of God 816:Bill Bryson 774:germ theory 649:Renaissance 619:Hippocrates 596:Roger Bacon 588:Reconquista 439:Charlemagne 411:Middle Ages 153:, 1661, by 67:Middle Ages 47:health care 6998:Categories 6698:Oratorians 6653:Dominicans 6623:Carmelites 6618:Camillians 6566:institutes 6379:Tridentine 6315:Antiochian 6235:Macedonian 6180:Belarusian 6070:Provincial 5985:Archbishop 5905:Roman Rota 5867:Properties 5792:By country 5788:Precedence 5753:Confessors 5733:Archangels 5723:Patriarchs 5623:Philosophy 5601:Veneration 5566:Assumption 5536:Last rites 5503:Sacraments 5447:Four marks 5258:Vatican II 5206:Modern era 5042:Succession 4832:2013-10-03 4811:2013-10-03 4790:2013-10-03 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