Health in Nepal - Knowledge (XXG)

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the municipalities are financed by taxes. Moreover, contributions made by the external donors also go into the provision of health services which are pooled into the public budget. Also, user fees paid as out-of-pocket expenditure when seeking health services in the peripheral levels complement the public funds. Contributions (as premiums) collected from the family members as well as the tax funds provision-financed by the Ministry of Finance (MOF) are the major source of revenues for health insurance in Nepal. Currently, the national HI scheme is in a gradual implementation process. As of 2020, the insurance scheme has a coverage of 58 districts and 563 local levels in the country. Next 19 districts are in pipeline for the expansion. As stated earlier, half of the financing in Nepal is not pooled because it directly comes in the form of out-of-pocket expenditure. Federal Divisible Fund (FDF) has been created for the fund-pooling mechanism. This is based on value added tax (TAX) and excise duties collected from domestic products. The central government gets around 70 percent of fund resources and 50 percent of the royalties collected from natural resource. As for the provincial and local government, financing comes from tax and non-tax revenues from the FDF. Part of the FDF received by the provincial and local government goes into financing the health services and varies based on the amount of budget allocation by each of these levels of government. Regarding the purchasing functions in Nepal, there is an existence of Basic Health Care Package (BHCP). This package consists of preventive care, clinical services, basic inpatient services, delivery services and the listed essential medicines. Nepal is starting to use some innovations on providers payment. Capitation-based payment for outpatient care is being used in public health insurance. Moreover, some other capacitation-based payments are in practice for the public programs such as safe motherhood program, BHCP, and free health care. Likewise, cash incentives is being used for the safe motherhood program as well and service reimbursement is being used by private insurances, Employees Provident Fund (EFP), Social Security Fund (SSF) and Impoverished Citizen's Service. The private health sector in Nepal, has a dominant presence consuming around 60% of the total health expenditure as of 2012. Private sectors dominate in providing curative care while predominantly private not-for profit sector provide preventive services in the Country. The public health system has acknowledged the presence in of the private sector in the country and recognizes that private sectors act a complement to the health system and not a substitute to the public sector.

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clinics, non-governmental organizations and private clinics. The government has provided all vaccines and immunization-related logistics without any cost to hospitals, private institutions, and nursing homes. Nepal has since gained recognition for the success of the program, in relation to its successful coverage of 97% population equally, regardless of wealth, gender and age. However, despite the widespread success of the National Immunisation Program, inequities still exist. Nevertheless, the trends in last past 15 years have shown promising positive changes indicating possibilities of achieving complete immunization coverage. Two more vaccines were introduced between 2014 and 2015 – the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Six districts of Nepal are declared with 99.9% immunization coverage. Nepal achieved polio-free status on 27 March 2014. Neonatal and maternal tetanus was already eliminated in 2005 and Japanese encephalitis is in a controlled state. Nepal is also on track to meet the target of the elimination of measles by 2019. One percent of children in Nepal have not yet received any of the vaccine coverage.

184:, mostly affecting vulnerable women and children in the hills and mountains of the mid and far western regions. Despite the rate of individuals with stunted growth and the number of cases of underweight individuals has decreased, alongside an increase of exclusive breastfeeding in the past seven years, 41% of children under the age of five still suffer from stunted growth, a rate that increases to 60% in the western mountains. A report from DHS 2016, has shown that in Nepal, 36% of children are stunted (below −2 standard deviation), 12% are severely stunted (below −3 standard deviation), 27% of children under 5 are underweight, and 5% are severely underweight. Variation in the percentage of stunted and underweight children under 5 can be compared between urban and rural regions of Nepal, with rural areas being more affected (40% stunted and 31% underweight) than urban areas (32% stunted and 23% underweight). There is positive association between household food consumption scores and lower prevalence of 2712:, geriatric wards will be set up in Mechi Hospital, Janakpur Hospital, Hetauda Hospital and Karnali Province Hospital. The ministry has decided to extend the services in the hospitals having more than 100-bed capacity. Though the government has directed hospitals to give health services to the elderly population from a separate geriatric ward, many hospitals do not have separate wards for the elderly. Bir Hospital has been providing services to patients from its general wards and cabins. “We have not been able to allocate a separate ward for elderly people. We have been admitting them to the general ward or at times to the cabin as per the situation,” said Dr Kedar Century, director at Bir Hospital. Also, the hospital has not been able to spend budget allocated for geriatric services. About 45 patients visit the geriatric OPD daily in the hospital, said Dr Century. The 4876:

available, as well as to set the right financial incentives to providers, to ensure that all individuals have access to effective public health and personal health care”. Health financing is one of the key function of the health system which can enable countries towards the path of universal health coverage by improvement in service coverage and financing protection. There are two related objectives in health financing, i.e. : to raise sufficient funds and to provide financial risk protection to the population. Moreover, in most cases these objectives can only be achieved if the available funds are used efficiently. Thus, efficiency is resource is usually taken as a third objective. As a result, the financing system is often divided conceptually into three inter-related functions – revenue collection, fund pooling, and purchasing/provision of services.

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expenditure (OOP) spending and low proportion of public health spending in its total health expenditures. From 2013 till 2016, Out-of-pocket expenditure as a share of current health expenditure fell from 63 percent to 55 percent. However, Out-of-pocket payment (OOP) is still the principal source of health financing in Nepal. In 2018, out-of-pocket payments stood at almost 50% of the total current health expenditure in Nepal. This figure is slightly higher than the average figure for low-income countries at 43.41% but fairly higher in global terms (around 2.8 times). Also, this figure was well above the 20% limit suggested by the 2010 World Health Report to ensure that financial catastrophe and impoverishment become negligible as a result of accessing health.

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health indicators despite its decade-long armed conflict. Attempts to understand this has provided a number of possible explanations including the fact that in most instances the former rebels did not purposely disrupt delivery of health services; pressure was applied on health workers to attend clinics and provide services in rebel base areas; the conflict created an environment for improved coordination among key actors; and Nepal's public health system adopted approaches that targeted disadvantaged groups and remote areas, particularly community-based approaches for basic service delivery with a functional community support system through female community health volunteers (FCHVs), women's groups and Health Facility Operational Management Committees (HFOMCs).

2237:. The other reason is the reduction in mortality and fertility rates which has shown dramatic increase in the proportion of elderly people in the country. This is seen to have a profound impact on the individuals, families and communities. The increase in the population of elderly has given rise to challenges in both developmental and humanitarian areas in terms of promoting their well-being by meeting their social, emotional, health, financial and developmental needs. Various observations show that the proportion of elderly population is high in Mountain and Hilly regions in comparison to Terai. Similarly, it is noted that the female elderly population is higher than the male elderly population among three ecological regions. 2206: 338: 1959:

infection, Jaundice, Hyperthermia and counseling on breastfeeding for young infants less than 2 months of age. CB-IMCI program has been implemented up to the community level in all the districts of Nepal and it has shown positive results in the management of childhood illnesses. Over the past decade, Nepal has had success in reducing under-five mortality, largely due to the implementation of the CB-IMCI program. Initially, the Control of Diarrheal Diseases (CDD) Program began in 1982; and the Control of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Program was initiated in 1987. The CDD and ARI programs were merged into the CB-IMCI program in 1998.

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months and, thereafter, the introduction of semisolid or solid foods along with continued breast milk until the child is at least age 2. Introducing breast milk substitutes to infants before age 6 months can contribute to breastfeeding failure. Substitutes, such as formula, other kinds of milk and porridge are often watered down and provide too few calories. Furthermore, possible contamination of these substitutes exposes the infant to the risk of illness. Nepal's Breast Milk Substitute Act (2049) of 1992 promotes and protects breastfeeding and regulates the unauthorized or unsolicited sale and distribution of breast milk substitutes.

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has successfully improved coverage of effective interventions to prevent or treat the most important causes of child mortality through a variety of community-based and national campaign approaches. These include high coverage of semiannual vitamin A supplementation and deworming; CB-IMCI; high rates of full child immunization; and moderate coverage of exclusive breastfeeding of children under 6 months. However, in the past few years, the NMR has remained stagnant with it being stated at around 22.2 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015. This compares to a rate of 27.7 in India (2015) and 45.5 in Pakistan (2015).

7315: 2754:. Due to the country's geography, bus accidents mostly happen in the hilly region and along the long-distance route causing 31 percent of fatalities and serious injuries every year. Accidents involving motorcycles, micro-buses, cars etc. highly prevail in the capital city, Kathmandu compared to other cities and lowland areas. The number of Road Traffic Accidents in the capital city was (53.5±14.1) of the number for the entire country. People between 15 and 40 ages are the most affected group followed by those above 50 years and majorities were male making 73 percent of 1989:

cases. Moderately acute and severely acutely malnourished children are more likely to die from common childhood illnesses than those adequately nourished. In addition, malnutrition constitutes a serious threat to young children and is associated with about one-third of child mortality. Major causes of PEM in Nepal is low birth weight of below 2.5 kg due to poor maternal nutrition, inadequate dietary intake, frequent infections, household food insecurity, poor feeding behaviour and poor care & practices leading to an intergenerational cycle of malnutrition.

1595:(186 per 100,000 live births), compared to its neighboring South Asian countries such as India (145), Bhutan (183), Bangladesh (173), Pakistan (140), and Sri Lanka (36). Although, there have been decrease in maternal mortality ratio from 553 per 100,000 live births in 2000 to 183 per 100,000 live births in 2017, the change in trend is still not significant to meet SDG target. In the other hand, there has been some decrease in the neonatal death rate (19 per 1,000 live births) in 2018 compared to 33 per 1,000 live births in 2011, in the country. 2256: 7307: 1260:

for two‐thirds (66%) of the infections and the remaining, more than one‐third (34%) of infections are in females, out of which around 92.2% are in the reproductive age group of 15‐49 years. The male to female sex ratio of total infection decreased from 2.15 in 2006 to 1.95 in 2013 and is projected to be 1.86 by 2020. The epidemic in Nepal is driven by injecting drug users, migrants, sex workers & their clients and MSM. Results from the 2007 Integrated Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Study (IBBS) among IDUs in

196:. Children in a secure food household have the lowest rates of stunting (33%), while children in an insecure food household have the highest rates (49%). Similarly, maternal education has an inverse relationship with childhood stunting. In addition, underweight and stunting issues are also inversely correlated to their equity possessions. Children in the lowest wealth quintile are more stunted (49%) and underweight (33%) than children in the highest quintile (17% stunted and 12% underweight). 2726:

at all ages, with a discreet focus on the most vulnerable population group, which includes the elderly. But sadly, in the context of Nepal, specific and exact data related to geriatric population is lacking behind as this area is not emphasized as much as child and women health. More research and explorations need to be conducted from the public level to get a better scenario of geriatrics to develop effective and equitable health policies for the elderly.

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majority of the oral health problems. Prevalence of cleaning teeth at least once a day was 94.9% , while that of cleaning teeth at least twice a day was measured to be only 9.9%. Use of fluoridated toothpaste was seen among 71.4%. It is also very common among people in the rural area to brush their teeth with the thin bamboo stick which is called "Datiwan" in the local language, sand and ash. And only 3.9% have made a dental visit in the last 6 months.

2221: 542:(2.35%). The chart (Fig 3) shows the burden of disease prevalence in Nepal over a period of time. Diseases like neonatal disorder, lower respiratory tract infection, and diarrhoeal diseases have shown a gradual decrease in prevalence over the period from 1990 to 2017. The reason for this decrease in number is due to the implementation of several health programs by the government with the involvement of other international organizations such as 317: 2252:(NLSS III (2010–2011)) has reported that the percentage of population reporting chronic illness by gender has been the highest at 38 percent in the age group 60 years and above. Of them, women are the worse sufferer with 39.6 percent reporting chronic illness compared to 36.4% for men. This means that the incidence of chronic illness among the elderly population remains quite acute and widespread, and more so for women elderly. 9486: 1793: 1985:

to improve the overall nutritional status of children, women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and all ages through the control of general malnutrition and the prevention and control of micronutrient deficiency disorders having a broader inter and intra sectoral collaboration and coordination, partnership among different stakeholders and high level of awareness and cooperation of population in general.

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isolates included, 64 percent of E. coli isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones and 38 percent were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. Smaller data sets showed MRSA ranging from 2 to 69 percent. K. pneumoniae showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins of 0 to 48 percent, while no resistance to carbapenems was detected.

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Thirty-seven percent of patients are female. The patients admitted to mental hospitals belong primarily to the following two diagnostic groups: Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (34%) and Mood disorders (21%). On average, patients spend 18.85 days in mental hospitals. All of the patients spent less than one year in the mental hospital during the year of assessment.

811:, smoking and menopause. The risk of IHD increases as age increases. Middle-aged adults are mostly affected by IHD. For men, the risk starts to climb at about age 45, and by age 55, the risk becomes double. It continues to increase until, by age 85. For women, the risk of IHD also climbs with age, but the trend begins about 10 years later than in men and especially with the onset of 1687:

initiatives are given to women after institutional delivery ( NPR 3000 in mountains, NPR 2000 in hills and NPR 1000 in Terai districts). similarly, Incentive of NPR 800 is given to women on completion of 4 Antenatal Care visits at 4,6, 8 and 9 months of pregnancy. There is also provision of free institutional delivery, health institutions are paid for providing free delivery care.

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between 2011 and 2016. A similar trend can also be observed for underweight children. These trends demonstrate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target. However, there is still a long way to go to meet the SDG target of reducing stunting to 31% and underweight to 25% among children under 5 by 2017 (National Planning Commission 2015).

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regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 94.6% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Nepal falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 65.5% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.

1218: 7760: 283:, one for every 18,400 persons. In 2000, government funding for health matters was approximately US$ 2.30 per person and approximately 70% of health expenditure came from contributions. Government allocations for health were around 5.1% of the budget for the 2004 fiscal year, and foreign donors provided around 30% of the total budget for health expenditure. 570:, substantial increases have been experienced in developing countries like Nepal. IHD is the number one cause of death in adults from both low and middle-income countries as well as from high-income countries. The incidence of IHD is expected to increase by approximately 29% in women and 48% in men in the developed countries between 1990 and 2020. 6475: 1599: 562:(IHD) is gradually emerging as one of the major health challenges in Nepal. It is the most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks. The rapid change in lifestyle, unhealthy habits (smoking, sedentary lifestyle etc.), and economic development are considered to be responsible for the increase. Despite a decrease in 1691:

maternal health services in the country. Women living under poverty, remote areas and with less education are less likely to access maternal health services. Therefore, the government has to develop and implement the intervention and programme that are more focused toward underserved and marginalized women population

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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets out a universal plan of action to achieve sustainable development in a uniform manner and aspires to realize the human rights of all people. It calls for ensuring that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are met for every component of the society,

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Another study that was done among the elderly of private and government old age homes concluded that the elderly people living in the private old age homes have better health status than the government old age homes despite the minimum amenities available. The elderly in government old homes suffered

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In a study done on geriatric health issues among elderly population of Nepal, it was seen that more than half of elderly population with chronic illness had low adherence to medication. The existence of comorbidities was associated with deteriorating health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among older

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during infancy is crucial for child survival, optimal growth and development throughout life. It has been postulated that 13% of the current under-five mortality rate could be averted by promoting proper breastfeeding practices, which is seemingly the single most cost effective intervention to reduce

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Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (CB-IMCI) program, the Community-Based Newborn Care Program (CB-NCP), the Infant and Young Child Feeding program, a micro-nutrients supplementation program, vitamin A and deworming campaign, and the Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition program.

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The NMR is a serious concern in Nepal, accounting for 76% of the infant mortality rate (IMR) and 58% of the under 5 mortality rate (U5MR) as of 2015, and is one of its challenges going forward. Typically, a history of conflict negatively affects health indicators. However, Nepal made progress in most

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Nepal is also on track to achieve MDG 4, having attained a rate of 35.8 under 5 child deaths per 1000 live births in 2015, down from 162 in 1991 according to national data. Global estimates indicate that the rate has been reduced by 65% from 128 to 48 per 1000 live births between 1991 and 2013. Nepal

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The burden of drug resistance tuberculosis is estimated at 1500 (0.84 to 2.4) cases annually. But only 350 to 450 Multidrug resistance TB are reported yearly. So, in NTP's strategic plan 2016–2021, the main objective is to diagnose 100% of the MDR TB by 2021 and to successfully treat a minimum 75% of

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Dividing the diseases in three common groups of communicable diseases, non- communicable disease (NCD) and injuries (also includes violence, suicides, etc.), a large shift from communicable disease to NCDs can be seen from 1990 to 2017. NCDs has a share of 58.67% of total DALYs lost in 2017 which was

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is located in hilly or mountainous regions. Nepal's rugged terrain and the lack of properly enabling infrastructure make it highly inaccessible, limiting the availability of basic health care in many rural mountain areas. In many villages, the only mode of transportation is by foot. This results in a

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After the promulgation of the constitution in 2015, Nepal moved into a federal government system with three level of government: a federal level, seven provinces and 753 local government. Within these tiers, health services delivered by the Ministry of health and population (MOHP), the provinces and

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The WHO report which was published in 2014 included data from Nepal on antibiotic resistance rates for six combinations of bacterial pathogens and antibiotics. The bacteria were E. coli, S. aureus, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella spp., K. pneumoniae, and N. gonorrhoeae. Out of 140

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Mental health is one of the least focused healthcare segment in Nepal. Less focused in terms of awareness and treatment. Now also most of the people choose to visit traditional healers, if it does not work, a psychiatrist will be the second choice. Very few psychiatrists, and more psychiatric cases,

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Government has introduced this program to improve care and encourage institutional delivery. This program has different provisions that are carried out in present one of the most important program that targeted promoting institutional delivery is transport incentive for institutional delivery, cash

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Safe motherhood means ensuring that all women receive the care they need to be safe and healthy throughout the period of pregnancy, delivery and post delivery .Nepal has been implementing the Safe Motherhood Programme since 1997. Safe Motherhood program consists of various activities and services

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Global Burden of Disease Study shows that diarrhoeal diseases account for 5.91% of total deaths among all age groups of Nepal in 2017. In the same year, the data indicates that diarrhoeal diseases has the highest cause of death of 9.14% in the age group 5–14 years followed by 8.91% deaths in 70+ age

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indicate that the highest prevalence rates have been found among urban IDUs, 6.8% to 34.7% of whom are HIV-positive, depending on location. In terms of absolute numbers, Nepal's 1.5 million to 2 million labor migrants account for the majority of Nepal's HIV-positive population. In one subgroup, 2.8%

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Making up approximately 8.1% of the total estimated population of 40,723, there were about 3,282 children aged 14 years or younger living with HIV in Nepal in 2013. There are 3,385 infections estimated among the population aged 50 years and above (8.3% of the total population). By sex, males account

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in 1990 has allowed the strengthening of local institutions. The 1999 Local Self Governance Act aimed to include devolution of basic services such as health, drinking water, and rural infrastructure but the program has not provided notable public health improvements. Due to a lack of political will,

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As per the WHO, health financing mainly refers to the “function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system... the purpose of health financing is to make funding

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The national surveillance system includes 41 surveillance sites. There are 20 hospitals, 1 outpatient facility, and 20 in-outpatient facilities. The program has grown to include a network of 21 laboratories covering all five regions of the country, and it has now expanded to include eight pathogens

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Even though Nepal's mental health policy was formulated in 1996, there is no mental health legislation as yet. In terms of financing, less than one percent (0.17%) of health care expenditures by the government are directed towards mental health. There is no human right review body to inspect mental

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Two percent of the training for medical doctors is devoted to mental health, and the same percentage is provided for nurses. One Non Government Organization is running a community mental health service in 7 of the 75 districts in the country. In other districts, community mental health services are

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Nepal has introduced a non-contributory social pension scheme since 1994/95 to ensure the social security to the elderly citizens. This system is unique to Asia being the primary universal pension scheme in the region and a model for other developing countries. The primary motive behind this scheme

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The Senior Citizens Acts 2063, Nepal defines the senior citizens (elderly population) as "people who are 60 years and above". About 9% of the total population accounts for 60+ population and the number is projected to be around 20% by 2050. The elderly population has been increasing rapidly and one

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We can say that mode of delivery is significant with initiation of breastfeeding within an hour. This means the practice of exclusive breastfeeding is higher among normal deliveries than C-sections. From analysis of Nepal demographic and health survey, 2011; Two in every three mothers had initiated

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The perspective towards breastfeeding is found to be optimistic, believing to the benefits of breastfeeding were not only for a limited period; is always convenient, healthier and cheaper than formula. Exclusive breastfeeding has always been considered as an ideal food for the baby up to six months

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The National Nutrition Program under the Department of Health Services has set its ultimate goal as "all Nepali people living with adequate nutrition, food safety and food security for adequate physical, mental and social growth and equitable human capital development and survival" with the mission

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The Nepalese Child Health Division of the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), has launched several child survival interventions, including various operational initiatives, to improve the health of children in Nepal. These include the Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI), the Community-Based

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to provide the kind of support that they do for other medical issues because they do not prioritize oral health. Also, several misconceptions are very relevant among people like loosening of teeth is normal with increasing age, and losing some teeth will not kill people. The majority of people only

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National Oral Health 'Pathfinder' Survey 2004 shows prevalence of dental decay in adolescents studying in school is lower, which is 25.6% for 12 to 16 years of age. This can be due to the use of fluoridated toothpaste and awareness in the school going adults. However, periodontal/gum diseases cases

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Disease burden or burden of disease is a concept used to describe the death and loss of health due to diseases, injuries and risk factors. One most common measure used to measure the disease burden is disability adjusted life year (DALY). Developed in 1993, the indicator is a health gap measure and

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In September 2011, ministers of the South East Asian countries met in Jaipur India, recognized antimicrobial resistance as a major global public health issue and expressed commitment for establishment of a coherent, comprehensive and integrated national approach to combat antimicrobial resistance.

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Official data of the Social Welfare Council shows that the total number of old age homes (OAHs) registered as of 2005 was 153. However, most of these homes either do not exist today or operate in very poor condition. At present, about 70 registered old age homes (OAH) are available in the country

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According to an article published in The Lancet in 2014, 23% of the total global burden of disease is attributable to disorders in people aged 60 years and older. Although the proportion of the burden is highest in high-income regions, DALYs per head are 40% higher in low-income and middle-income

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The reason for participants to not practice breastfeeding within an hour were mother's sickness, unable to hold the baby due to suture, baby taken away from mother, and less or no production of breast milk soon after surgery to feed the child. In addition, (as shown in table below) 84.7% of normal

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After six months, a child requires adequate complementary foods for normal growth. Lack of appropriate complementary feeding may lead to malnutrition and frequent illnesses, which in turn may lead to death. However, even with complementary feeding, the child should continue to be breastfed for two

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Despite all of the above-mentioned longstanding efforts of MoHP to improve maternal and neonatal health in Nepal, the progress has been slow and there is much more to improve to achieve the 2030 target. Economic, geographic and socio-cultural disparities are some of the bottlenecks in improving of

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comprehensive abortion services are provided under this program which includes pre and post counselling on abortion methods, post abortion contraceptives methods, termination of pregnancy as national protocol, diagnosis and treatment of reproductive tract infections and follow up for post abortion

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is an indication of intestinal tract infection which is characterized by the passage of loose or liquid stool three or more times a day, or more than a normal passage per day. This disease can be prevented by action of several measures including access to contamination-free water and food sources,

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As of 2007, HIV prevalence among female sex workers and their clients was less than 2% and 1%, respectively, and 3.3% among urban-based MSM. HIV infections are more common among men than women, as well as in urban areas and the far western region of Nepal, where migrant labor is more common. Labor

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Micro-nutrient deficiencies are widespread, with almost half of pregnant women and children under five, as well as 35% of women of reproductive age, being anemic. Only 24% of children consume iron-rich food, 24% of children meet a minimally acceptable diet, and only half of the pregnant women take

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The nutritional status of children in Nepal has improved over the last two decades. Decreasing trends of children having stunted growth and being underweight have been observed since 2001. The percentage of stunted children in Nepal was 14% between 2001 and 2006, 16% between 2006 and 2011, and 12%

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A study done among the elderly patients (N=210) attending psychiatry OPD at a tertiary care hospital manifested that the prevalence of dementia was 11.4% among which Alzheimer's constituted 70.8% of total cases followed by vascular dementia (25%). Significant association of dementia was seen with

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status and the mother's education status were significant factors associated with the introduction of prelacteal feeds. The lower socio-economic groups have less access to the expensive prelacteal feeds such as ghee or honey and therefore exclusive breastfeeding is the only option available. This

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UNICEF and WHO recommended that children be exclusively breastfed (no other liquid, solid food, or plain water) during the first six months of life (WHO/UNICEF, 2002). The nutrition program under the 2004 National Nutrition Policy and Strategy promotes exclusive breastfeeding through the age of 6

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In countries like Nepal where majority of people are living under poverty, access to healthcare, education and awareness programs have been major constraints in improving oral health. High consumption of both smoked and smokeless form of tobacco in the people has been strongly associated with the

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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Nepal is fulfilling 85.7% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Nepal achieves 97.1% of what is expected based on its current income. In

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Government has initiated to provide geriatric care services by formulating certain plans and policies but these have not been quite effective due to lack of resources. Madrid Plan of Action on Aging (2002), Senior Citizen Policy (2002), National Plan of Action on Aging (2005), Senior Citizen Act

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An analysis of the causes of stunted growth in Nepal reveals that around half is rooted in poor maternal nutrition, and the other half in poor infant and young child nutrition. Around a quarter of babies are born with a low birth weight. As per the findings of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey

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DALYs of Nepal has shown to be dropping down since 1990 but it is still high compared to the global average. Fig 1 shows that the 69,623.23 DALYs lost per 100,000 individuals in Nepal in 1990 has decreased to almost half (34,963.12 DALYs) in 2017. This is close to the global average of 32,796.89

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The Nepalese government has developed a National Antimicrobial Resistance Containment Action Plan as part of its ongoing commitment to the Jaipur Declaration to combat the threat of antimicrobial resistance. This Framework will be a starting point for all those who are responsible for action on

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Looking at the data from the old age homes in terms of geriatric health, it is recommended that the government should formulate and regulate policies for elderly to live together with their family, with the provision of incentives and consequences respectively. Since the percentage of geriatric

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Malnutrition remains a serious obstacle to child survival, growth, and development in Nepal. The most common form of malnutrition is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Other common forms of malnutrition are iodine, iron, and vitamin A deficiency. These deficiencies often appear together in many

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The Community-Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (CB-IMCI) program is an integrated package that addresses the management of diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and measles, as well as malnutrition, among children aged 2 months to 5 years. It also includes management of

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In 2002, government funding for healthcare was approximately US$ 2.30 per person. Approximately 70% of health expenditure came from out-of-pocket contributions. Government allocation for health care was approximately 7.45% of the budget in 2021. In 2012, the Nepalese government launched a pilot

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As of now, Nepal has an estimated 241 psychiatrists, as listed in Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal (PAN) website, which is a relatively low number considering the country’s population of over 30 million people. Moreover, the number of psychiatrists per capita is significantly lower than the

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estimations over time have shown that neonatal mortality in Nepal has been decreasing at a slower rate than infant and child mortality. The Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011 has shown 33 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births, which accounts for 61% of under 5 deaths. The major causes of

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The National Immunisation Program is a priority 1 (P1) program in Nepal. Since the inception of the program, it has been universally established and successfully implemented. Immunization services can be obtained for free from EPI clinics in hospitals, other health centers, mobile and outreach

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in Nepal are of inferior quality and fail to reach a large proportion of the population, particularly in rural areas. The poor have limited access to basic health care due to high costs, low availability, lack of health education and conflicting traditional beliefs. Reproductive health care is

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In terms of the network of mental health facilities, there are 18 outpatient mental health facilities, 3-day treatment facilities, and 17 community-based psychiatric inpatient units available in the country. The majority of the mental health service users are treated in outpatient facilities.

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data published in 2012, life expectancy in Nepal is 68. Life expectancy at birth for both sexes increased by 6 years over the year 2010 and 2012. In 2012, healthy expectancy in both sexes was 9-year(s) lower than overall life expectancy at birth. This lost healthy life expectancy represents 9

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As of F.Y. 2020/21, the total budget allocated to fund the health sector health sector was 7.80%, which is significantly below the 15% target set by the Organization for African Unity's 2001 Abuja Declaration. Similar to most low-income countries, Nepal has a high proportion of out-of-pocket

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Road traffic injuries are one of the global health burdens, an eighth leading cause of death worldwide. Globally, approximately 1.25 million lives are cut short every year because of a road traffic injuries. Ranging from 20 to 50 million people become victims of non-fatal injuries, with many

2363:

were the most common diseases. Females suffered more compared to male in general. Prevalence of diseases was common mostly among the residents aged 70–79 years. Some basic facilities such as sick room, routine investigations, and geriatric rehabilitation were also not available. Recreational

1622:

This program is aimed to provide information about danger signs in pregnancy, after delivery and new born care as well as, importance of preparedness for delivery. Program is mainly focused on creating awareness of health facilities, preparedness of funds, transportation, blood donors etc.

1654:

The programme focuses on 11 remote districts of Dhading, Mugu, sindupalchowk, Darchula, Bajura, Solukhumbu, Accham, Bajhang, Humla, Baitadi and Dhankuta. The main objective of this program is early identification and referral of pregnancy related complications by a health professional .

1972:

neonatal death in Nepal are an infection, birth asphyxia, preterm birth, and hypothermia. Given Nepal's existing health service indicators, it becomes clear that strategies to address neonatal mortality in Nepal must consider the fact that 72% of births take place at home (NDHS 2011).

1292:

is one of the leading causes of death globally which is mainly caused by bacterial, viral or parasitic organisms. In addition, the other factors include malnutrition, contaminated water and food sources, animal faeces, and person-to-person transmission due to poor hygienic conditions.

2060:

child mortality in resource-constrained settings such as in Nepal. Childhood malnutrition and growth faltering affects more than half of children under five in developing countries, and usually starts during infancy, possibly due to improper breastfeeding and mixed feeding practices.

2025:

The hospital-based nutrition management and rehabilitation program treats severe malnourished children at Out-patient Therapeutic Program (OTP) centres in Health Facilities. As per requirement, the package is linked with the other nutrition programs such as the Child Nutrition Grant,

2323:

age, occupation and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Among other psychiatric comorbidities, depression (36.7%) was found to be the most common mental illness followed by neurotic, stress related and somatoform disorders (13.8%) and Alcohol dependence syndrome (12.9%).

1675:

The program was launched in 2069/2070 with the aim of reducing hypothermia and infections in newborns and maximize institutional delivery. under this program every child born in an institution is given two sets of clothes and one set of wrapper for newborn and a gown for mother.

2368:

more with endemic diseases than private old age homes. Following the healthy habits and the clean dwelling surroundings of the private old homes had led to their better health compared to government old age homes. Major health problems of elderly living in government OAH were

550:

for maternal and child health, as these diseases are very common among the children. Whereas, there is a remarkable increment in the number of other diseases like Ischemic heart disease (IHD), Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Road injuries, Stroke, and Diabetes.

161:) to implement communication programs encouraging people to engage in healthy behavior such as family planning, contraceptive use, spousal communication, and safe motherhood practices, such as the use of skilled birth attendants during delivery and immediate breastfeeding. 963:

stated that among an estimated 40,000 new TB patients every year, only around 25,000 visit health facilities. According to national TB prevalence survey around 69,000 people developed TB in 2018. In addition, 117,000 people are living with the disease in Nepal.

1241:. DOTS has been found to be 100% effective for tuberculosis control. There are around 4323 TB treatment centers in Nepal. Although introduction of DOTS has already reduced the numbers of deaths, however 5,000 to 7,000 people still continue to die each year. 1574:

Maternal and neonatal health (MNH) is one of the top priorities of the Ministry of Health and Population of Nepal (MoHP). Nepal is also a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which have set ambitious targets for the country to reduce the

154:

limited and difficult to access for women. The United Nation's 2009 human development report highlighted a growing social concern in Nepal in the form of individuals without citizenship being marginalized and denied access to government welfare benefits.

4865:

Antibiotic stewardship programs need to be implemented. Antimicrobial stewardship should be driven by public-private partnership approaches with government legislating, regulating and taking legal action on rationale use of antibiotics based on public

204:

recommended iron supplementation during pregnancy. A contributing factor to deteriorating nutrition is high diarrheal disease morbidity, exacerbated by the lack of access to proper sanitation and the common practice of open defecation (44%) in Nepal.

2217:

regions. The leading contributors to disease burden in older people are cardiovascular diseases (30·3%), malignant neoplasms (15·1%), chronic respiratory diseases (9·5%), musculoskeletal diseases (7·5%), and neurological and mental disorders (6·6%).

1800:

Oral health is an essential prerequisite for a healthy life. Attempting to maintain good oral health in developing countries like Nepal is a challenging task. According to the Annual report of Department of Health Services (2009/10), 392,831 have

2716:

in 2077 (BS) has endorsed a guideline for Geriatrics (Senior Citizens) Health Service Program Implementation. It provides 50 percent discount for senior citizens (aged 60 years+) in certain health services as prescribed by hospital management.

7549: 2730:

health disorders contributing to GBD is higher in low-income countries like Nepal, there is a dire need to address the health issues of elderly to enhance and maintain their health and well-being as they are an integral part of the nation.

1813:, mucosa and other related diseases. The data shows a high prevalence of oral health problems in the population of the country. Many of these diseases in the population are due to poverty and lack of oral health awareness. According to the 624:

conducted a cardiac camp in different parts of Nepal from September 2008 to July 2011. The prevalence of heart disease was found higher in urban areas than rural areas where hypertension claims the major portion. The huge proportion of

1359:

outbreak occurred in Jajarkot and its neighboring districts affecting around thirty thousand people and over five hundred deaths, and it has been endemic for a long time in different parts of Nepal. Viral diarrhoea is mainly caused by

5007:

The health sector of Nepal is heavily dependent on the foreign aid. Nearly about 50% of health budget is made up of international aid and external development partners have been involved in several health policy initiatives in Nepal.

1975:

Therefore, as an urgent step to reduce neonatal mortality, Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) initiated a new program called 'Community-Based Newborn Care Package' (CB-NCP) based on the 2004 National Neonatal Health Strategy.

806:

Incidence of IHD occurs in men between 35 and 45 years age. After the age of 65 the incidence of men and women equalizes, although there is evidence suggesting that more women are being seen with IHD earlier because of increased

5261: 5235: 2086:

As per the study carried out in Paropakar Maternity & Women's Hospital, Thapathali, 2017, the participants of normal delivery had an opportunity to breastfeed within an hour while almost all participants going through

276:

delay of treatment, which can be detrimental to patients in need of immediate medical attention. Most of Nepal's health care facilities are concentrated in urban areas. Rural health facilities often lack adequate funding.

629:

in every camp suggests that Nepal is in daring need of preventive programs of heart disease to prevent the catastrophic effect of IHD in near future. Also, according to this study the proportion of IHD ranges from 0.56%

2176:

The participants assumed that formula-fed babies were more likely to gain weight more quickly than breastfed babies. These might be the major increasing drawbacks for the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in Nepal.

6617: 6543:

Ono K, Rai SK, Chikahira M, et al. Seasonal distribution of enteropathogens detected from diarrheal stool and water samples collected in Kathmandu. Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001;32:520–526.

2971:(AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death. 6562:

A large-scale study of bacterial contamination of drinking water and its public health impact in Nepal. Rai SK, Ono K, Yanagida JI, Ishiyama-Imura S, Kurokawa M, Rai CK Nepal Med Coll J. 2012 Sep; 14(3):234–40.

4862:

The educational system should include modules on antimicrobial resistance and reduce use of antimicrobials in hospitals and at community level as well as its use in agriculture. Promote good husbandry practices

2334:

For the elderly population of 2.1 million (2011 census), only 3 registered geriatric specialists are available. Nepal not only lacks geriatric specialists, but geriatric nurses and caregivers are also lacking.

2979:

antimicrobial resistance. Given the global nature of this issue, the Action Plan emphasizes the importance of Nepal collaborating with international organizations in accordance with the one-health concept.

4850:

Raising awareness of AMR issues among producers and consumers, raising awareness among public and farmers on harmful effects of drugs to their bodies and hazards of development of antimicrobial resistance.

2960:

recommended ratio by the World Health Organization (WHO), which suggests one psychiatrist for every 100,000 people. In contrast, Nepal’s psychiatrist-to-population ratio stands at approximately 1:150,000.

6602:

Detection of diarrheagenic viruses from diarrheal fecal samples collected from children in Kathmandu, Nepal. Kurokawa M, Ono K, Nukina M, Itoh M, Thapa U, Rai SK Nepal Med Coll J. 2004 Jun; 6(1):17–23.

2083:). Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life is the recommended way of feeding infants, followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 years or beyond. 8046: 1818:

tends to be higher in adolescents which is 62.8% for 12 to 13 years and 61% for 15 to 16 years. And the incidence of oral cancer ranges from 1 to 10 cases per 1,000,000 populations in most countries

7558: 2705:

is to promote long established tradition of taking care of elderly by their family. At present, senior citizens above 65 years are entitled to receive Rs 4,000 in monthly social security allowance.

1214:

There are 624 microscopy centers registered whereas the National TB Reference Laboratories, National tuberculosis centre and GENETUP perform culture and drug susceptibility testing service in Nepal.

8183: 1993:(NDHS, 2011), 41 percent of children below 5 years of age are stunted. A survey by NDHS and NMICS also showed that 30% of the children are underweight and 11% of children below 5 years are wasted. 2708:

Currently, there are 12 hospitals with geriatric wards. The government has decided to establish geriatric wards in four more hospitals across the country this fiscal (2077/78). According to the

2692:

This study points out that OAHs seek the attention of government and concerned organizations for bringing the rules, policies and checklist for elderly homes on elderly facilities and welfare.

4884:

In 2018, per capita government expenditure on health was $ 57.85, about 1.7 times higher than that of low-income countries ($ 34.60) but 19 times less than the global average ($ 111.082).

2095:

delivery participants did not feed anything other than breast milk to their babies while 78% of C-sectioned participants fed formula to their babies after they had started breastfeeding.

7669:"Comparative Study between the Practices of Exclusive Breastfeeding After Normal Delivery and Cesarean Delivery in Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu Nepal" 8364: 2956:

Only few number of trained psychologists are working either in private clinic or very few in government hospitals. Most of the psychologists are working within Kathmandu Valley only.

645:

in the European region, African region, Region of the Americas and Eastern Mediterranean death rate is in decreasing trend while in Western Pacific, South East Asia it is increasing.

6553:

Kimura K, Rai SK, Rai G, et al. Study of Cyclospora cayetanensis associated with diarrheal disease in Nepal and Lao DPR. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36:1371–1376.

4859:

There should be strong collaborative research on the development of strategies to minimize antimicrobial resistance either by optimal use of antibiotics or by other novel approaches.

2240:

With the ongoing growth in the geriatric population and insufficient availability of healthcare services in a developing country like Nepal, ageing seems to be a challenging domain.

608:

for the last 16 years, starting from 2002. Death due to IHD is increasing an alarming rate in Nepal from 65.82 to 100.45 death per 100,000 from 2002 to 2017. So, the large number of

5257: 5227: 7976: 7950: 6614:"Diarrhea in under Five Year-Old Children in Nepal: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Based on Demographic and Health Survey Data – Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. accessed 1 Oct 2020" 7193:

Thapa, P.; Aryal, K. K.; Mehata, S.; Vaidya, A.; Jha, B. K.; Dhimal, M.; Pradhan, S.; Dhakal, P.; Pandit, A.; Pandey, A. R.; Bista, B.; Pokhrel, A. U.; Karki, K. B. (2016).

6613: 6453: 620:

are related to our lifestyle like; smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, etc. So, knowledge and awareness regarding these risk factors are important in the prevention of IHD.

7033: 6650: 6844: 6811: 6781: 9096: 2326: 577:(NCDs) are the leading causes of death – two-thirds (66%) of deaths are due to NCDs, with an additional 9% due to injuries. The remaining 25% are due to communicable, 5348: 6252: 8772: 1306:, administration of intravenous fluid in case of severe dehydration or shock, and the continuing supply of nutrient-rich food, especially to malnourished children. 8019:

Nepal, S. "Prevalence of Dementia among Elderly Patients attending Psychiatry OPD of Tertiary Care Hospital and its Association with Socio Demographic Variables".

5528:"Effects of Communication Campaigns on the Health Behavior of Women of Reproductive Age in Nepal, Further Analysis of the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey" 7856: 7293: 6683: 4856:

Users of antimicrobials need to be made aware of harmful effects of unnecessarily prescribed drugs and its effect on increase in problem of antibiotic resistance.

8571: 7455:"Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), New ERA and ICF International, Calverton, Maryland; 2012" 7495: 5370: 1665:

This activity focuses on management of pelvic organ prolapse, screening of cervical cancer along with prevention training and management of obstetric fistula.

6446: 5479: 2347:

In a case study which included three elderly homes in Kathmandu, it was found that over 50% of the residents were diagnosed with at least one health problem.

is necessary to determine the incidence & prevalence of IHD in Nepal and to identify the magnitude of the problem so that timely primary and secondary

8179: 5573: 2213:

Geriatrics is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in older people and the problems specific to ageing.

7932: 7881: 6875: 1379:

The following table shows the prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children in all five development regions of Nepal in the year 2006, 2011 and 2016.

6902: 6407: 5188: 279:

In 2003, Nepal had 10 health centers, 83 hospitals, 700 health posts, and 3,158 "sub-health posts," which serve villages. In addition, there were 1,259

8542: 8228: 7074: 2713: 2709: 7078: 2315:. Moreover, elderly people tend to develop certain kinds of neuro-degenerative diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, among others. 5946: 5637: 8105: 7907: 6005: 1633:

The program is aimed to support emergency referral transport of women from poor, marginalized groups and geographically disadvantaged communities.

9400: 8206: 5054: 2739:

acquiring a disability for the rest of the life as a result of their injury. In Nepal, a road traffic accident rank eighth among killer causes of

8902: 6496: 6924:

Mehata, Suresh; Paudel, Yuba Raj; Dariang, Maureen; Aryal, Krishna Kumar; Lal, Bibek Kumar; Khanal, Mukti Nath; Thomas, Deborah (20 July 2017).

8805: 1298:

hand washes with soap and water, personal hygiene and sanitation, breastfeeding the child for at least six months of life, vaccination against

5725: 5434: 346:

simply the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. One DALY represents a loss of one year of healthy life.

7461: 6220: 6155: 621: 582: 8629: 8356: 1281:

migrants make up 41% of the total known HIV infections in Nepal, followed by clients of sex workers (15.5 percent) and IDUs (10.2 percent).

9127: 6581: 5685: 6067: 8835: 7972: 7946: 5796: 8386:"Organization of mental health services in developing countries: Sixteenth Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Mental Health". 1975. 337: 9375: 2205: 169:

disease morbidity, exacerbated by the lack of access to proper sanitation and the common practice of open defecation (44%) in Nepal.

7389: 5916: 5126: 590: 7784: 7710:"Factors associated with the introduction of prelacteal feeds in Nepal: findings from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011" 358: 9451: 1221:

Microbiologist researcher working at joint laboratory of National Tuberculosis Centre and SAARC TB and HIV/AIDS centre, Bhaktapur.

9420: 7524: 5686:"Shiba Kumar Rai, Kazuko Hirai, Ayako Abe, Yoshimi Ohno 2002 "Infectious Diseases and Malnutrition Status in Nepal: an Overview"" 5659: 75:

Currently health services is divided into four categories -->¹ promotive ² preventive ³ curative ⁴ Rehabilitative health care

6740: 5166: 1302:

and general awareness among the people. Treatment is performed by rehydration with oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution, use of

7026: 6643: 1612:

provided in community level as well as institutional levels. Following are the activities included in safe motherhood program

8883:. Global Network for Health Equity (GNHE) with a grant from International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. 8520: 8484: 8448: 6836: 6803: 6777: 5084: 2071:(including milk expressed or from a wet nurse) for 6 months of life, but allows the infant to receive ORS, drops and syrups ( 515: 9093: 8280: 7141: 7111: 1383:

Observed diarrhea prevalence among children under 5 years old in development regions of Nepal, categorized by survey years.

9461: 8312:

Huang, Ling; Poudyal, Amod K.; Wang, Nanping; Maharjan, Ramesh K.; Adhikary, Krishna P.; Onta, Sharad R. (1 October 2017).

6710: 5340: 1233:

strategies available for tuberculosis control. DOTS is the strategy for improving treatment outcome by giving drugs to the

5855: 5534: 2755: 2740: 921: 158: 8765: 180:

Periods of stagnant economic growth and political instability have contributed to acute food shortages and high rates of

107:

Neonatal mortality decreased from 40.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 19.9 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018.

6522: 6041: 5976: 5886: 4843:

The Nepalese government must strictly implement a national AMR action plan. This should include strategies and policies

294:'s health care issues are largely attributed to its political power and resources being mostly centered in its capital, 8156: 7849: 6675: 9210: 8564: 5748: 5284:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 527: 518:

2017, the eight leading causes of morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) in Nepal are: Neonatal disorders (9.97%),

7257: 6244: 9030: 7486: 6991: 6926:"Trends and Inequalities in Use of Maternal Health Care Services in Nepal: Strategy in the Search for Improvements" 6457: 5468: 5026: 2255: 959:

with TB, out of which 60% are in the productive age group (15–45). Former Director of National Tuberculosis Center

843: 303:

Nepal has failed to achieve complete decentralization, thus limiting its political, social and physical potential.

5404: 2750:

A substantial problem of road traffic accident with fatalities occurs mainly on highways caused by bus crashes in

2249: 1602:

Fig: Trend of maternal mortality ratio in Nepal, Data Source SDG country profiles data on maternal mortality ratio

9415: 9320: 5095: 2064: 1968: 1226: 574: 325: 9456: 7806:

Prince, Martin (2015). "The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice".

5374: 2193:

might be a reason for the reported lower prelacteal feeding practice rates amongst the poorest wealth groups in

9520: 9142: 9120: 6274: 5562: 3014: 2968: 2744: 1996:

In order to address under-nutrition problems in young children, the Government of Nepal (GoN) has implemented:

1592: 1576: 909:, the extent of overcrowding and the general standard of living and health care. Certain groups like refugees, 902: 609: 594: 6867: 648:

Table 1: Comparison of Death per 100,000 due to Ischemic Heart Disease Between Nepal, Global and 6 WHO Region

101:

under the age of five decreased from 61.5 per 1,000 live births in 2005 to 32.2 per 1,000 live births in 2018.

9425: 8258: 7388:

Kc, Ashish; Nelin, Viktoria; Raaijmakers, Hendrikus; Kim, Hyung Joon; Singh, Chahana; Målqvist, Mats (2017).

6898: 6418: 5199: 8534: 8220: 5427:"HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN NEPAL OFFERING COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION TO UNDER-SERVED COMMUNITIES" 865: 563: 559: 519: 165:

recommended iron supplementation during pregnancy. A contributing factor to deteriorating nutrition is high

82: 31: 2263:

Prevalence of chronic diseases in old age is a common phenomenon. Most of the common geriatric diseases in

9370: 9335: 9290: 7947:"Pilot Study on Geriatric Health Issues among Elderly Population of Nepal – Nepal Health Research Council" 7603:

Strand, Tor A.; Shrestha, Prakash S.; Mellander, Lotta; Chandyo, Ram K.; Ulak, Manjeswori (January 2012).

7067: 3026: 1225:

National Tuberculosis control program (NTP) employs directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS). In 1995,

7973:"Pilot Study on Geriatric Health Issues among Elderly Population of Nepal- Nepal Health Research Council" 5938: 5629: 9410: 9260: 9255: 9150: 8399: 8098: 7992: 7900: 6380: 5998: 3020: 2945:

not available, as mental health services are not yet integrated into the general health service system.

937: 613: 110:

Child malnutrition: Stunting 37%, wasting 11%, and underweight 30% among children under the age of five.

5047: 2949:

health facilities and impose sanctions on those facilities that persistently violate patients' rights.

8894: 6765:. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Population. 2018. p. 86. 6492: 9380: 9355: 9270: 9250: 9200: 9170: 9160: 8427: 7171: 5455:

Beine, David. 2001. "Saano Dumre Revisited: Changing Models of Illness in a Village of Central Nepal"

2364:

activities were infrequent and meals were not served according to the health condition of residents.

1806: 808: 8797: 6213:

Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy : a Handbook for National Tuberculosis Control Programmes

2344:

out of which 11 get government grants. There are about 1500 elderly residing in these institutions.

870:

M. Kansaii, M. malmoense, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M. xenopi, M. avium-intracellulare, M. scrofulacum,

9466: 9440: 9345: 9340: 9220: 9113: 8983:

Thapa, Rajshree; Bam, Kiran; Tiwari, Pravin; Sinha, Tirtha Kumar; Dahal, Sagar (22 December 2018).

5717: 5426: 5092: 1580: 92: 9495: 7454: 6990:

Népal. Ministry of health and population. Population division. New ERA. ICF International (2018).

1598: 9360: 9315: 9295: 9285: 9185: 9063:. Policy Planning and Monitoring Division, Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal. pp. 3–5. 8621: 8596: 8514: 8478: 8442: 7831: 7577: 7287: 6091:"The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization" 2701:(2006) and The senior Citizens regulations (2008) are the initiatives taken by Nepal government. 2188:

In some cultures including Nepal there is a preference for the introduction of prelacteal feeds.

1317:

in more than two-thirds of diarrhoeal faeces. A survey done in Kathmandu showed the presence of

1289: 906: 890: 586: 531: 8653:"Microbial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal: Current Trends and Recommendations" 8076: 7605:"Infant feeding practices in Bhaktapur, Nepal: a cross-sectional, health facility-based survey" 6573: 6375:

SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS centre (2009). "Tuberculosis Control SAARC Region update-2009".

6063: 5692: 9385: 9300: 9280: 9165: 9155: 9022: 9004: 8965: 8947: 8743: 8725: 8684: 8335: 8069:"Social Welfare Council | Conscience as witness let us serve with thought, word and deed" 7926: 7875: 7823: 7749: 7731: 7690: 7644: 7626: 7521:"A case-control study on risk factors associated with malnutrition in Dolpa district of Nepal" 7419: 7370: 7226: 6957: 6337: 6226: 6216: 6193: 6151: 6128: 6110: 2220: 1588: 1254: 960: 567: 30:

are provided by both public and private sectors and are generally regarded as failing to meet

8827: 8099:"Prevalence and Management of Geriatric Diseases in Elderly Homes: A Case Study in Kathmandu" 7250:"World Development Indicators [online database]. Washington DC: The World Bank; 2015" 5785: 581:, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Ischemic heart disease (16.4% of total deaths), 9430: 9365: 9330: 9265: 9245: 9235: 9195: 9180: 9175: 9012: 8996: 8955: 8937: 8733: 8715: 8674: 8664: 8387: 8325: 7815: 7739: 7721: 7680: 7634: 7616: 7409: 7401: 7360: 7350: 7216: 7206: 6947: 6937: 6327: 6183: 6118: 6102: 3036: 2417: 2381: 1333: 1303: 8499: 9471: 9390: 9350: 9325: 9240: 9215: 9205: 9190: 9100: 8412: 8005: 7589: 7427: 6393: 5088: 3008: 2234: 1351: 1314: 827: 329:

equivalent year(s) of full health lost through years lived with morbidity and disability.

316: 113: 76: 8314:"Burden of road traffic accidents in Nepal by calculating disability-adjusted life years" 5908: 5115: 141:

There are 125 Hospitals in Nepal according to the data up to 2019. Health care services,

8463: 7776: 9310: 9275: 9230: 9225: 9017: 8960: 8925: 8738: 8703: 8679: 8652: 8180:"Government to establish geriatric wards in four more hospitals this fiscal year, 2020" 7744: 7709: 7639: 7604: 7414: 7365: 7338: 7221: 7194: 6952: 6925: 6123: 6090: 5843: 3031: 2312: 2067:, exclusive breastfeeding is defined as no other food or drink, not even water, except 1238: 944:

Detect 100% of new sputum smear-positive TB cases and cure at least 85% of these cases.

601: 375:

Below is the table showing how the causes of DALYs lost has changed from 1990 to 2019

185: 98: 95:

deceased from 850 out of 100,000 mothers in 1990 to 186 out of 100,000 mothers in 2017.

88: 7819: 7551:

Policy – Mother's Milk Substitutes (Control of Sale and Distribution) Act, 2049 (1992)

6897:

up to date health info and opportunities, Public Health Update Nepal (16 April 2018).

5663: 2765:

The table below shows the trend of fatality per 10000 vehicles between 2005 and 2013.

1355:

are found to be more common in contaminated drinking water of Nepal. In 2009, a large

9514: 9489: 8985:"Implementing Federalism in the Health System of Nepal: Opportunities and Challenges" 8131: 7520: 7133: 7103: 6732: 6479: 6106: 5158: 5101: 2027: 1802: 1584: 1345: 1230: 831: 1792: 947:

Eliminate TB as a public health problem (<1 case per million population) by 2050.

913:

infected, person with physical and psychological stress, nursing home residents and

8207:"Geriatrics (Senior Citizens) Health Service Program Implementation Guideline-2077" 7835: 5527: 2759: 2433: 2425: 2397: 2389: 2352: 2288: 2276: 898: 878: 823: 626: 181: 17: 8622:"Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: 2021" 5081: 8132:"Health Status of Elderly living in Government and Private Old Age Home in Nepal" 8039:"Without specialised care, older adults deprived of basic health care facilities" 9499: 8669: 6706: 6332: 6315: 6314:

Sah, S K; Verma, S C; Bhattarai, R; Bhandari, K; Bhatta, G K (19 October 2016).

6188: 6171: 2404:(18.8%). Similarly, major health problems of elderly living in private OAH were 2068: 1587:(ANC), institutional delivery, Skilled Birth Attendant (SBA)delivery, and three 642: 617: 298:, resulting in the social exclusion of other parts of Nepal. The restoration of 189: 7339:"Understanding effects of armed conflict on health outcomes: the case of Nepal" 5847: 4887:

The key health financing statistics of Nepal is summarised in the table below:

1967:

The Nepal Family Health Survey 1996, Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys, and

7211: 2993: 2405: 2369: 2360: 2284: 1810: 1373: 157:

These problems have led many governmental and non-governmental organizations (

150: 52:--> like traditional healer ,monks , dhami, jhakari, baidya,lama,priest ect 9008: 8951: 8942: 8729: 8339: 7764: 7735: 7694: 7630: 6518: 6341: 6230: 6197: 6114: 5968: 5878: 2099:

Table: Baby fed anything other than breast milk after starting breastfeeding

2015:

f) Deworming of children aged 1 to 5 years and vitamin A capsule distribution

9000: 8895:"Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Nepal | Data" 8720: 8330: 8313: 8150: 7685: 7668: 5839: 2953:

makes a hospital a crowded place, providing quality service is challenging.

2429: 2393: 2356: 2348: 2308: 2292: 2272: 2268: 2189: 2088: 2080: 2056: 1368: 1362: 1328: 1324: 1294: 1277:, India, were infected with HIV, according to the 2006 IBBS among migrants. 1261: 956: 933: 812: 506: 299: 295: 280: 146: 9026: 8969: 8747: 8688: 8391: 7827: 7753: 7648: 7423: 7374: 7355: 7230: 6961: 6942: 6033: 5759: 5749:"Decentralization of Corruption and Local Public Service Delivery in Nepal" 1583:(NMR) to 12 per 1,000 live births, and to achieve coverage of 90% for four 324:

In 2010, the average Nepalese lived to 65.8 years. According to the latest

7726: 7708:

Khanal, Vishnu; Adhikari, Mandira; Sauer, Kay; Zhao, Yun (8 August 2013).

7621: 7405: 7249: 6132: 5824:(Third ed. ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2931:

source: Traffic Accidents Record, Traffic Directorate, Nepal Police, 2013.

2762:

was 129,557, a 29.6 percent of the whole nation in fiscal year 2017/2018.

1217: 8984: 6316:"Surveillance of HIV Infection among Patients with Tuberculosis in Nepal" 3000: 2413: 2409: 2377: 2373: 2304: 2300: 2296: 1339: 925: 905:

of disease in a community may be affected by many factors, including the

886: 835: 578: 539: 166: 130:

program for universal health insurance in five districts of the country.

5396: 1919:

seek treatment when the disease has worsened or causes unbearable pain.

1827:

Table: Distribution of oral hygiene practices among different age groups

1617:

Birth Preparedness Package and community level maternal and newborn care

133:

As of 2014, Nepal's total expenditure on health per capita was US$ 137.

7759: 5786:"Burden of disease: what is it and why is it important for safer food?" 2437: 2401: 2076: 2072: 2051:

Practice of exclusive breastfeeding after Normal delivery and C-section

1356: 1319: 1265: 1234: 929: 914: 838: 635: 631: 193: 142: 8565:"NATIONAL ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE CONTAINMENT ACTION PLAN NEPAL 2016" 5660:"United Methodist Committee on relief; retrieved on 20 September 2011" 5283: 1954:

Community-Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (CB-IMCI)

4235:

Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa

1915: 1274: 547: 535: 6299:

National TB control Centre (29 January 2020). "TB Burden in Nepal".

5610: 5608: 1591:

care (PNC) check-ups by 2030. However, the country still has a high

573:

A total of 182,751 deaths are estimated in Nepal for the year 2017.

7390:"Increased immunization coverage addresses the equity gap in Nepal" 8250: 2751: 2421: 2385: 2325: 2264: 2254: 2219: 2204: 2194: 1791: 1597: 1269: 952: 894: 882: 605: 597:(3.8% of total deaths), were the top five causes of death in 2017 505: 357: 341:

Fig 1: Trend of DALYs lost in Nepal compared to the global average

336: 315: 291: 272: 9105: 7763:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

6478:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5100:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7280:

Nepal fertility, family planning and health survey: (NFHS, 1991)

5222: 5220: 4839:

Prevention and control measures against Antimicrobial resistance

2280: 1910:

The government of Nepal does not advocate for institutions like

523: 9109: 3051:

Table showing Antibiotic resistance in various microorganisms

1911: 910: 543: 104:

Infant mortality decreased from 97.70 in 1990 to 26.7 in 2017.

5315: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 7494:. GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL / National Planning Commission. 2013. 6831: 6829: 5431:

Karuna-Shechen Humanitarian Projects in the Himalayan Region

72:

d.Unani are health care disciplines with particular system

6993:

Nepal demographic and health survey annual report 2018/2019

2233:

of the main reasons behind this is positive development in

8702:

Acharya, Krishna Prasad; Wilson, R. Trevor (24 May 2019).

7667:

Sharma, Kashyap Kumar; Aryal, Rachana (25 November 2017).

7163: 6574:"Understanding Cholera in Nepal | DOVE: Stop Cholera" 4929:

Government health spending% Health spending (GGHE-D%CHE)

3662:

Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Kathmandu

1660:

Prevention and management of Reproductive Health morbidity

85:(HDI) value increased to 0.602 in 2019 from 0.291 in 1975. 8597:"Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance" 6320:

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS

6176:

SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS

6064:"Current cenario of Heart Diseases in Nepal: At a glance" 4853:

Healthcare professionals should be trained on AMR issues.

3757:

Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Kathmandu

2330:

A senior citizen being treated at a hospital in Kathmandu

2021:

h) Hospital-based nutrition management and rehabilitation

5514:

Ensnared by AIDS: Cultural Contexts of HIV/AIDS in Nepal

5341:"Nepal Budget 2078/79 | Highlights from Tax Perspective" 4386:

Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu

6977:

Maternal Health Care in Nepal: Trends and Determinants

2030:(MNP) distribution to young children (6 to 23 months) 968:

Table: Age group distribution of TB patients in Nepal

379:

Table 1: Top 10 causes of DALYS lost in 1990 and 2019

8989:

International Journal of Health Policy and Management

8251:"Nepal | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation" 8068: 2743:

and also eighth among premature cause of death after

1323:

cysts in 43% of the water samples tested. Similarly,

940:" and the targets linked to the end TB strategy are: 8766:"Toolkit on monitoring health systems strengthening" 8651:

Dahal, Ram H.; Chaudhary, Dhiraj K. (31 July 2018).

4130:

Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan

2018:

g) Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM)

9439: 9399: 9141: 6215:(2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 6172:"Health Sector Response to HIV in the SAARC Region" 4946:Out-of-pocket spending %Health spending (OOPS%CHE) 2259:

An elderly woman being examined by health personnel

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The 116:rose from 66 years in 2005 to 71.5 years in 2018. 6705:Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (12 November 2013). 3189:Manmohan medical college and teaching hospital 2032:and food distribution in the food insecure areas 7077:, Department of Health Services. January 2015. 5526:Karki, Yagya B.; Agrawal, Gajanand (May 2008). 5463: 5461: 4475:Tribhuwan University teaching Hospital (TUTH) 4081:National Public Health Laboratory, Kathamandu 4040:National Public Health Laboratory, Kathamandu 3076:National Kidney Center, Vanasthali, Kathmandu 2003:b) Control of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) 8021:Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 3575:National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu 2006:c) Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) 9121: 8926:"NGOs, Foreign Aid, and Development in Nepal" 6979:. Kathmandu,Nepal: DFID Nepal. pp. xiii. 6868:"Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health in Nepal" 5913:neonatologycongress.pediatricsconferences.com 2185:breastfeeding within one hour of childbirth. 1963:Community-Based Newborn Care Program (CB-NCP) 8: 7765:Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC by 2.0) License. 7488:Multi-sector Nutrition Plan 2013–2017 (2023) 7195:"NCBI : Oral hygiene practice in Nepal" 8881:Universal Health Coverage Assessment: Nepal 5883:Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 4880:Key health expenditure information of Nepal 2110:Fed anything other than breast milk to baby 2012:e) Control of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) 1772:PNC visit ( 3 visits per protocol) % 932:and neglected tropical diseases and combat 510:Fig 3: Diseases burden in Nepal (1990–2017) 9128: 9114: 9106: 7292:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7075:Ministry of Health and Population of Nepal 5469:"Reports | Human Development Reports" 3049: 2442: 9016: 8959: 8941: 8737: 8719: 8678: 8668: 8329: 7743: 7725: 7684: 7638: 7620: 7413: 7394:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 7364: 7354: 7220: 7210: 7164:"Oral health : oral health in Nepal" 6951: 6941: 6776:Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal. 6331: 6301:Nepal National TB Prevalence Survey Brief 6187: 6170:Verma, Sharat Chandra (19 October 2016). 6150:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6122: 3988:Vibrio cholarae (Environmental isolate) 1229:recommended DOTS as one of the most cost 42:1.Health care without particular system 8924:Karkee, Rajendra; Comfort, Jude (2016). 6441: 6439: 5557: 5555: 4889: 2767: 2097: 2009:d) Control of Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) 2000:a) Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) 1831: 1699: 1579:(MMR) to 70 per 100,000 live births and 1381: 1216: 966: 650: 377: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8759: 8757: 8205:Update, Public Health (14 March 2021). 6866:Update, Public Health (16 April 2018). 5516:. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point. 5345:NBSM | Audit, Advisory, Taxation, Nepal 5038: 3032:extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) 2758:. The number of registered vehicles in 45:2. Health care with particular system 9033:from the original on 17 September 2021 8905:from the original on 15 September 2021 8838:from the original on 11 September 2021 8808:from the original on 15 September 2021 8778:from the original on 15 September 2021 8632:from the original on 15 September 2021 8512: 8476: 8440: 8408: 8397: 8351: 8349: 8307: 8305: 8231:from the original on 12 September 2018 8186:from the original on 13 September 2021 8159:from the original on 12 September 2021 8079:from the original on 10 September 2019 8001: 7990: 7979:from the original on 12 September 2021 7953:from the original on 12 September 2021 7931:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7924: 7880:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7873: 7787:from the original on 16 September 2021 7585: 7575: 7285: 6905:from the original on 11 September 2021 6878:from the original on 11 September 2021 6713:from the original on 10 September 2021 6584:from the original on 30 September 2020 6389: 6378: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6044:from the original on 26 September 2019 5834: 5832: 5830: 5579:from the original on 18 September 2016 4912:Health Spending US$ per Capita (CHE) 4610:Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu 2339:Health in the context of old age homes 2038:Infant and Young Child Feeding program 1376:was also observed in a type of study. 9092:The State of the World's Midwifery – 8879:Adhikari, Shiva Raj (December 2015). 8577:from the original on 8 September 2020 8462:Psychiatrists' Asssociaion of Nepal. 8367:from the original on 7 September 2018 8261:from the original on 9 September 2018 8152:The Status of Elderly People in Nepal 7862:from the original on 23 November 2018 7662: 7660: 7658: 7544: 7542: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7260:from the original on 4 September 2016 7244: 7242: 7240: 7084:from the original on 7 September 2018 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 6847:from the original on 8 September 2021 6814:from the original on 8 September 2021 6784:from the original on 8 September 2021 6743:from the original on 8 September 2021 6360:National Tuberculosis Center (2019). 6028: 6026: 5540:from the original on 13 November 2012 5351:from the original on 8 September 2021 5169:from the original on 8 September 2021 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5132:from the original on 15 November 2011 4891:Health Financing Statistics of Nepal 4847:A nationwide AMR surveillance program 3877:Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu 852:species which causes tuberculosis is 830:: क्षयरोग), the world's most serious 801:Distribution according to age and sex 622:Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center 583:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7: 9074:health and services, Department of. 8859:Budget Speech of Fiscal Year 2020/21 8828:"Global Health Expenditure Database" 8318:Family Medicine and Community Health 8136:Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 7527:from the original on 20 October 2021 7501:from the original on 2 February 2017 7337:Devkota, Bhimsen (1 December 2010). 6686:from the original on 28 October 2020 6620:from the original on 20 October 2021 6255:from the original on 23 October 2020 5728:from the original on 19 January 2021 5485:from the original on 12 January 2012 5077: 5075: 5060:from the original on 7 February 2021 3923:Vibrio cholarae (Clinical isolate) 1716:Neonatal death rate/1000 live birth 889:among person over 5 years of age in 372:only 22.53% in 1990 (refer fig 2) 8704:"Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal" 8464:"Registered Psychiatrists in Nepal" 8049:from the original on 29 August 2019 7714:International Breastfeeding Journal 7609:International Breastfeeding Journal 6499:from the original on 2 October 2020 5949:from the original on 7 October 2019 5858:from the original on 30 August 2021 5616:Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 5599:Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 4713:Mid and far western region, Nepal 1841:Cleaning teeth at least twice a day 1815:Journal of Nepal Dental Association 173:Nutrition of children under 5 years 66:b. Homeopathic health care system 38:current health care system in Nepal 8861:. Government of Nepal. p. 12. 7777:"Medical Definition of Geriatrics" 7673:Advanced Journal of Social Science 7467:from the original on 1 August 2016 5640:from the original on 31 March 2012 5407:from the original on 17 March 2018 5116:"| Human Development Reports" 1838:Cleaning teeth at least once a day 920:The goal 3.3 within the goal 3 of 604:and the leading cause of death in 25: 8111:from the original on 11 July 2019 7913:from the original on 11 July 2019 7318:from the original on 4 March 2016 7174:from the original on 6 April 2019 7144:from the original on 16 July 2020 7114:from the original on 16 July 2020 6011:from the original on 11 July 2019 5919:from the original on 20 July 2019 5802:from the original on 11 July 2021 5437:from the original on 18 June 2018 5264:from the original on 4 March 2016 5238:from the original on 4 March 2016 2964:Antimicrobial resistance in Nepal 2714:Ministry of Health and Population 2710:Ministry of Health and Population 955:, 45% of the total population is 936:, water-borne diseases and other 600:Ischemic Heart Disease is second 362:Fig 2: Burden of disease by cause 63:a. Ayurvedic health care system 9494: 9485: 9484: 7758: 7039:from the original on 8 July 2021 6656:from the original on 8 July 2021 6525:from the original on 14 May 2019 6473: 6245:"Tuberculosis Control Programme" 6070:from the original on 8 June 2017 5979:from the original on 14 May 2019 5889:from the original on 14 May 2019 5228:"Nepal: WHO Statistical Profile" 4963:Priority to health (GGHE-D%GGE) 4871:Health financing system in Nepal 2987:National AMR surveillance system 2444:Health status of elderly in OAH 1847:Dental visits (within 6 months) 434:Respiratory infections & TB 398:Respiratory infections & TB 69:c.Allopathic health care system 8545:from the original on 3 May 2020 8357:"Annual Accidental Description" 7006:from the original on 6 May 2021 6737:country-profiles.unstatshub.org 6676:"Sustainable Development Goals" 6146:Cheesbrough, Monica, "Part 2", 5866:– via ourworldindata.org. 5163:country-profiles.unstatshub.org 1730:Proportion of 4 ANC visit (%) 1313:A study showed the presence of 585:(COPD) (9.8% of total deaths), 9452:British Indian Ocean Territory 5999:"NEPAL BURDEN OF DISEASE 2017" 5373:. My Republica. Archived from 2756:disability-adjusted life years 2741:disability-adjusted life years 917:have high risk to develop TB. 534:(3.42%), Road injury (3.56%), 516:Global Burden of Disease Study 1: 8657:The Open Microbiology Journal 7820:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61347-7 7254:World Development Indicators 6975:Aryal, Krishna Kumar (2019). 6930:BioMed Research International 6495:. World Health Organization. 5316:"Nepal - HRMI Rights Tracker" 924:states "end the epidemics of 922:Sustainable Development Goals 412:Maternal and neonatal causes 409:Maternal and neonatal causes 28:Health care services in Nepal 6456:. March 2008. Archived from 6107:10.1016/0041-3879(91)90017-m 6034:"GBD Compare | IHME Viz Hub" 5012:Structure of heath financing 2250:Nepal Living Standard Survey 1980:National Nutritional Program 1570:Maternal and neonatal health 1237:under direct observation of 881:is the most common cause of 593:(5.1% of total deaths), and 591:Lower respiratory infections 486:Chronic respiratory illness 423:Chronic respiratory illness 8670:10.2174/1874285801812010230 6837:"Safe Motherhood Programme" 6804:"Safe Motherhood Programme" 6333:10.3126/saarctb.v12i1.15939 6275:"TB prevalence survey soon" 6189:10.3126/saarctb.v12i1.15934 6089:Kochi, Arata (March 1991). 5533:. Macro International Inc. 2747:and Communicable Diseases. 2091:were not offered to do so. 1744:Institutional delivery (%) 1273:of migrants returning from 528:Lower respiratory infection 9537: 8930:Frontiers in Public Health 8535:"Antimicrobial resistance" 8519:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 8483:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 8447:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 8361:traffic.nepalpolice.gov.np 8130:Chalise, Hom Nath (2019). 5634:www.ruralpovertyportal.org 5563:"Nepal: Nutrition Profile" 5288:humanrightsmeasurement.org 5189:"Annual_Report_FY_2071_72" 5048:"Human Development Report" 5027:Gender inequality in Nepal 4712: 4609: 4607:Streprococcus pneumoniae 4474: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4234: 4132: 4129: 4126: 3822:Alka Hospital, Jawalakhel 3661: 3371: 3277: 3274: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3078: 3075: 3072: 2244:Geriatric health disorders 1809:, 62,747 and 113,819 have 1681:Aama and Newborn Programme 1649:Rural Ultrasound Programme 1252: 467:Musculoskeletal disorders 137:Health care infrastructure 50:Without particular system 9480: 8498:Sharma, Subhash Chandra. 8225:World Health Organization 7212:10.1186/s12903-016-0294-9 7068:"Annual Report 2013/2014" 6778:"Safe Motherhood Program" 5793:World Health Organization 5401:World Health Organization 5096:Federal Research Division 5087:26 September 2007 at the 4777: 4774: 4715: 4709: 4642: 4639: 4612: 4606: 4539: 4536: 4477: 4471: 4315: 4312: 4237: 4231: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4042: 4039: 4036: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3846: 3843: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3726: 3723: 3664: 3658: 3623: 3620: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3536: 3533: 3490: 3487: 3436: 3433: 3374: 3368: 2745:Non-Communicable Diseases 2147: 2120: 1969:World Health Organization 1331:causing bacteria such as 1227:World Health Organization 834:problem is an infectious 575:Non-communicable diseases 442:Nutritional deficiencies 9201:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9099:13 November 2011 at the 9076:Annual Report-FY 2019/20 8943:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00177 8500:"Mental Health in Nepal" 8428:"Mental Health Services" 8178:Himalayan News Service. 7282:. Kathmandu Nepal. 1993. 6899:"Safemotherhood Program" 5969:"Nepal: Country Profile" 5747:Raj Panta, Krishna PhD. 5630:"Ruralpovertyportal.org" 4775:haemophilus influenzae 4472:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3844:Salmonella Paratyphi A 3059:Study area at hospital 3015:Streptococcus pneumoniae 2969:Antimicrobial Resistance 1805:/toothache, 73,309 have 1628:Emergency referral funds 1593:Maternal Mortality Ratio 1577:Maternal Mortality Ratio 868:Mycobacteria which are: 610:epidemiological research 595:Intracerebral hemorrhage 589:(5.6% of total deaths), 453:Cardiovascular diseases 401:Cardiovascular diseases 320:Life expectancy in Nepal 267:Geographical constraints 9462:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9001:10.15171/ijhpm.2018.121 8721:10.3389/fmed.2019.00105 8331:10.15212/fmch.2017.0111 8281:"opennepal/datasources" 8221:"Road traffic injuries" 7686:10.21467/ajss.1.1.40-52 6447:"Health Profile: Nepal" 5939:"Road traffic injuries" 5820:Skolnik, R. L. (2016). 4999:Health financing trends 1936:Child health programmes 1607:Safe motherhood program 1581:Neonatal Mortality Rate 856:, TB is also caused by 841:caused by the bacillus 672:South East Asia Region 669:Western Pacific Region 520:Ischaemic Heart Disease 489:Unintentional injuries 475:Unintentional injuries 367:Disease burden by cause 125:Health care expenditure 83:Human Development Index 32:international standards 8407:Cite journal requires 8392:10.1037/e409862004-001 8000:Cite journal requires 7356:10.1186/1752-1505-4-20 6999:. Ministry of health. 6733:"SDG Country Profiles" 6408:"annual health report" 6388:Cite journal requires 6364:. Government of Nepal. 6303:. Government of Nepal. 5718:"HEALTH PROFILE NEPAL" 5159:"SDG Country Profiles" 3434:Shigella dysenteriae 3042:methicillin resistant 3027:Haemophilus influenzae 2734:Road traffic accidents 2696:Government initiatives 2331: 2260: 2224: 2210: 2209:An old lady from Nepal 1844:Fluoridated toothpaste 1797: 1638:Safe abortion services 1603: 1222: 893:. In addition, 80% of 678:Eastern Mediterranean 675:Region of the America 564:Ischemic Heart Disease 560:Ischemic Heart Disease 555:Ischemic heart disease 511: 363: 342: 321: 59:With particular system 9094:Nepal Country Profile 9059:Health, Ministry of. 8708:Frontiers in Medicine 7727:10.1186/1746-4358-8-9 7622:10.1186/1746-4358-7-1 7406:10.2471/BLT.16.178327 6038:vizhub.healthdata.org 5973:vizhub.healthdata.org 5722:World Life Expectancy 5512:Beine, David. 2003. 5082:Nepal country profile 3044:Staphylococcus aureus 3021:Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2329: 2258: 2223: 2208: 1795: 1670:Nyano Jhola Programme 1601: 1585:Antenatal care visits 1220: 961:Dr. Kedar Narsingh KC 938:communicable diseases 907:density of population 848:Although most common 509: 361: 340: 319: 9376:United Arab Emirates 8257:. 9 September 2015. 8149:Aryal, Gokarna Raj. 6943:10.1155/2017/5079234 6872:Public Health Update 6493:"Diarrhoeal disease" 5879:"GBD Compare: Nepal" 4980:GDP US$ per capita 2992:of interest, namely 2028:Micronutrient powder 1807:periodontal diseases 1796:Oral Health Check up 1268:, and East and West 891:low-income countries 864:and occasionally by 287:Political influences 9403:limited recognition 9078:. pp. 357–360. 7430:on 5 September 2017 7343:Conflict and Health 6707:"our world in data" 6578:www.stopcholera.org 6424:on 7 September 2018 5848:"Burden of Disease" 5846:(25 January 2016). 5765:on 2 September 2018 5205:on 7 September 2018 5093:Library of Congress 4892: 3754:Shigella flexnari 3659:Shigella flexnari 3369:Shigella flexneri 3052: 2785:Fatality per 10000 2769: 2460:High blood pressure 2445: 2105:Methods of delivery 2100: 1388:Development regions 1384: 1366:but a few cases of 1285:Diarrhoeal diseases 969: 568:developed countries 500:Digestive diseases 497:Digestive diseases 431:Enteric infections 380: 18:Healthcare in Nepal 8899:data.worldbank.org 8798:"Health financing" 8255:www.healthdata.org 7564:on 2 February 2017 5377:on 9 November 2012 4890: 3819:Salmonella typhi 3050: 2768: 2443: 2332: 2261: 2225: 2211: 2148:Cesarean delivery 2098: 1835:Age Groups (years) 1798: 1604: 1382: 1290:Diarrhoeal disease 1223: 967: 587:Diarrheal diseases 532:Diarrhoeal disease 512: 378: 364: 343: 322: 9508: 9507: 9445:other territories 8043:kathmandupost.com 7814:(9967): 549–562. 6463:on 17 August 2008 6279:kathmandupost.com 6222:978-92-4-068385-3 6211:Piot, A. (2008). 6157:978-0-511-54347-0 5852:Our World in Data 5822:Global health 101 5756:Nepal Rastra Bank 5320:rightstracker.org 5258:"Gapminder Tools" 5098:(November 2005). 4996: 4995: 4836: 4835: 4537:Klebsiella spp. 4078:Vibrio cholarae 4037:Vibrio cholarae 3874:Salmonella spp. 3724:Shigella sonnei 3621:Salmonella spp. 3534:shigella sonnei 3488:Shigella boydii 2928: 2927: 2690: 2689: 2515:Urinary disorders 2174: 2173: 1908: 1907: 1785: 1784: 1758:SBA delivery (%) 1567: 1566: 1422:No.of respondents 1416:No.of respondents 1410:No.of respondents 1255:HIV/AIDS in Nepal 1212: 1211: 798: 797: 602:burden of disease 514:According to the 504: 503: 456:Mental disorders 420:Other infections 264: 263: 53: 16:(Redirected from 9528: 9498: 9488: 9487: 9457:Christmas Island 9143:Sovereign states 9130: 9123: 9116: 9107: 9080: 9079: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9056: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9020: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8963: 8945: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8876: 8863: 8862: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8777: 8770: 8761: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8723: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8682: 8672: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8569: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8518: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8482: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8446: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8426:Gupta, Nishant. 8423: 8417: 8416: 8410: 8405: 8403: 8395: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8353: 8344: 8343: 8333: 8309: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8285: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8104:. Ageing Nepal. 8103: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7886: 7885: 7879: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7854: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7773: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7747: 7729: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7664: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7624: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7563: 7557:. Archived from 7556: 7546: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7500: 7493: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7459: 7451: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7426:. Archived from 7417: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7368: 7358: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7246: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7214: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7072: 7064: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7038: 7031: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7005: 6998: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6945: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6655: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6451: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6423: 6417:. Archived from 6412: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6357: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6191: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6126: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5836: 5825: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5801: 5790: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5758:. Archived from 5753: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5697: 5691:. Archived from 5690: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5666:on 24 March 2012 5662:. Archived from 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5567: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5473: 5465: 5456: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5371:"Health for all" 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5312: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5198:. Archived from 5193: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5155: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5043: 4893: 4805:Chloramphenicol 4743:Chloramphenicol 4678:Chloramphenicol 4070:Chloramphenicol 4029:Chloramphenicol 3972:Chloramphenicol 3915:Chloramphenicol 3858:Chloramphenicol 3643:Chloramphenicol 3073:E. coli(ESBL)* 3053: 2770: 2559:Loss of appetite 2446: 2418:loss of appetite 2382:loss of appetite 2201:GERIATRIC HEALTH 2121:Normal delivery 2101: 2033: 1832: 1700: 1385: 1334:Escherichia coli 1304:zinc supplements 970: 928:, tuberculosis, 663:European Region 651: 381: 207: 206: 51: 21: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9521:Health in Nepal 9511: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9476: 9444: 9435: 9416:Northern Cyprus 9402: 9395: 9137: 9134: 9101:Wayback Machine 9089: 9084: 9083: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9057: 9046: 9036: 9034: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8877: 8866: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8811: 8809: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8650: 8649: 8645: 8635: 8633: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8548: 8546: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8511: 8504: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8475: 8468: 8466: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8439: 8432: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8406: 8396: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8355: 8354: 8347: 8311: 8310: 8303: 8293: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8160: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8018: 8017: 8013: 7999: 7989: 7982: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7901:"Archived copy" 7899: 7898: 7889: 7872: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7850:"Archived copy" 7848: 7847: 7843: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7666: 7665: 7656: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7584: 7574: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7248: 7247: 7238: 7199:BMC Oral Health 7192: 7191: 7187: 7177: 7175: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7108:www.jnda.com.np 7102: 7101: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7027:"annual report" 7024: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6841:www.mohp.gov.np 6835: 6834: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6808:www.mohp.gov.np 6802: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6644:"Annual Report" 6641: 6640: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6474: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6387: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6358: 6349: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6223: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6032: 6031: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5844:Ritchie, Hannah 5838: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5698:on 2 April 2012 5695: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5157: 5156: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5089:Wayback Machine 5080: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5023: 5014: 5001: 4882: 4873: 4841: 4710:S. pneumoniae 4640:K. pneumoniae 4087:Nalidixic acid 4005:Nalidixic acid 3991:Kathmandu City 3940:Nalidixic acid 3926:Kathmandu City 3883:Nalidixic acid 3850:Nalidixic acid 3828:Nalidixic acid 3730:Nalidixic acid 3627:Nalidixic acid 3605:Nalidixic acid 3572:Shigella spp. 3548:Nalidixic acid 3502:Nalidixic acid 3440:Nalidixic acid 3386:Nalidixic acid 3186:E. coli(ESBL) 3170:Nitrofurantoin 3122:Nalidixic acid 3062:No of isolates 3056:Microorganisms 3009:Vibrio cholerae 2989: 2966: 2938: 2782:Total Vehicles 2736: 2723: 2698: 2341: 2246: 2235:life expectancy 2230: 2203: 2053: 2047:years or more. 2040: 2031: 1982: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1925: 1790: 1609: 1572: 1352:Vibrio cholerae 1315:enteropathogens 1287: 1257: 1251: 854:M. tuberculosis 821: 666:African Region 557: 335: 314: 312:Life expectancy 309: 289: 269: 175: 139: 127: 114:Life expectancy 77:Health services 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9534: 9532: 9524: 9523: 9513: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9492: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9407: 9405: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9136:Health in Asia 9135: 9133: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9088: 9087:External links 9085: 9082: 9081: 9066: 9044: 8995:(4): 195–198. 8975: 8916: 8886: 8864: 8849: 8819: 8789: 8753: 8694: 8663:(1): 230–242. 8643: 8613: 8588: 8556: 8526: 8490: 8454: 8418: 8409:|journal= 8378: 8345: 8324:(3): 179–187. 8301: 8290:. 6 March 2018 8272: 8242: 8212: 8197: 8170: 8141: 8122: 8090: 8060: 8030: 8011: 8002:|journal= 7964: 7938: 7887: 7841: 7798: 7768: 7700: 7654: 7595: 7586:|website= 7538: 7512: 7478: 7441: 7400:(4): 261–269. 7380: 7329: 7299: 7271: 7236: 7185: 7155: 7125: 7095: 7050: 7017: 6982: 6967: 6916: 6889: 6858: 6825: 6795: 6768: 6754: 6724: 6697: 6680:sdg.npc.gov.np 6667: 6631: 6605: 6595: 6565: 6555: 6546: 6536: 6510: 6484: 6435: 6399: 6390:|journal= 6367: 6347: 6306: 6291: 6266: 6236: 6221: 6203: 6162: 6156: 6138: 6081: 6055: 6022: 5990: 5960: 5930: 5900: 5869: 5826: 5813: 5776: 5739: 5709: 5677: 5651: 5621: 5604: 5590: 5551: 5518: 5505: 5496: 5457: 5448: 5418: 5388: 5362: 5332: 5300: 5275: 5249: 5216: 5180: 5143: 5107: 5071: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4829:Ciprofloxacin 4826: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797:Cotrimoxazole 4794: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727:Cotrimoxazole 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4702:Cotrimoxazole 4699: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670:Ciprofloxacin 4667: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4616:Cotrimoxazole 4614: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567:Ciprofloxacin 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559:Cotrimoxazole 4556: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4521:Cotrimoxazole 4518: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4489:Ciprofloxacin 4486: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4456:Ciprofloxacin 4453: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416:Cotrimoxazole 4413: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4281:Ciprofloxacin 4278: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168:Ciprofloxacin 4165: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144:Cotrimoxazole 4141: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4095:Cotrimoxazole 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4062:Ciprofloxacin 4059: 4058: 4055: 4054:Cotrimoxazole 4051: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013:Cotrimoxazole 4010: 4009: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980:Ciprofloxacin 3977: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3948:Cotrimoxazole 3945: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3907:Cotrimoxazole 3904: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3891:Ciprofloxacin 3888: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3866:Ciprofloxacin 3863: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3795:Ciprofloxacin 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787:Cotrimoxazole 3784: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3746:Ciprofloxacin 3743: 3742: 3739: 3738:Cotrimoxazole 3735: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700:Ciprofloxacin 3697: 3696: 3693: 3692:Cotrimoxazole 3689: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3651:Cotrimoxazole 3648: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3613:Ciprofloxacin 3610: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3589:Cotrimoxazole 3586: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3564:Ciprofloxacin 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556:Cotrimoxazole 3553: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3494:Cotrimoxazole 3492: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464:Ciprofloxacin 3461: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3448:Cotrimoxazole 3445: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402:Ciprofloxacin 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394:Cotrimoxazole 3391: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345:Cotrimoxazole 3342: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305:Ciprofloxacin 3302: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3275:E.coli (MDR) 3272: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3251:Ciprofloxacin 3248: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3162:Cotrimoxazole 3159: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146:Ciprofloxacin 3143: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3068:Resistance(%) 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 2988: 2985: 2965: 2962: 2937: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2735: 2732: 2722: 2719: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2340: 2337: 2313:heart problems 2245: 2242: 2229: 2226: 2202: 2199: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2052: 2049: 2039: 2036: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1981: 1978: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1924: 1921: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1684: 1683: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1619: 1608: 1605: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1286: 1283: 1253:Main article: 1250: 1247: 1239:health workers 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183:Not mentioned 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 949: 948: 945: 885:due to single 820: 817: 796: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 767: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 738: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 680: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 556: 553: 502: 501: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 484: 480: 479: 476: 473: 469: 468: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 451: 447: 446: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 429: 425: 424: 421: 418: 414: 413: 410: 407: 403: 402: 399: 396: 392: 391: 388: 385: 350:Trend analysis 334: 333:Disease burden 331: 313: 310: 308: 305: 288: 285: 271:Much of rural 268: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 174: 171: 138: 135: 126: 123: 118: 117: 111: 108: 105: 102: 96: 89:Mortality rate 86: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9533: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9491: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9442: 9438: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9426:South Ossetia 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9131: 9126: 9124: 9119: 9117: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9086: 9077: 9070: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8917: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8887: 8882: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8853: 8850: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8820: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8695: 8690: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8644: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8573: 8566: 8560: 8557: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8522: 8516: 8501: 8494: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8465: 8458: 8455: 8450: 8444: 8429: 8422: 8419: 8414: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8379: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8289: 8282: 8276: 8273: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8243: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8208: 8201: 8198: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8171: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8145: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8123: 8107: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8012: 8007: 7994: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7909: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7858: 7851: 7845: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7799: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7596: 7591: 7579: 7560: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7482: 7479: 7463: 7456: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7330: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7186: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7018: 7002: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6917: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6890: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6859: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6769: 6764: 6763:Annual Report 6758: 6755: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6725: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6698: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6599: 6596: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6566: 6559: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6540: 6537: 6524: 6520: 6519:"GBD Compare" 6514: 6511: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6480:public domain 6459: 6455: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6395: 6382: 6371: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6292: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6082: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6007: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5870: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5777: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102:public domain 5097: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4821:Tetracycline 4820: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4759:Erythromycin 4758: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4694:Tetracycline 4693: 4692: 4688: 4686:Erythromycin 4685: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4624:Erythromycin 4623: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4583:Levofloxacin 4582: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4497:Levofloxacin 4496: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4432:Tetracycline 4431: 4430: 4426: 4424:Erythromycin 4423: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4351:Erythromycin 4350: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4273:Tetracycline 4272: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4249:Erythromycin 4248: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4176:Erythromycin 4175: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4111:Erythromycin 4110: 4109: 4105: 4103:Furazolidone 4102: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4021:Erythromycin 4020: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3956:Erythromycin 3955: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3803:Azithromycin 3802: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3779:Tetracycline 3778: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3708:Azithromycin 3707: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3684:Tetracycline 3683: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3337:Levofloxacin 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936:Mental health 2935: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2636:Teeth problem 2635: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2482:Chest problem 2481: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2471:Heart disease 2470: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2452:Government(%) 2451: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2181:after birth. 2178: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2063:According to 2061: 2058: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2035: 2029: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1962: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:dental caries 1794: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1346:Campylobacter 1342: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1248: 1246: 1245:those cases. 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1167:65 and above 1166: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 990: 988: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 972: 971: 965: 962: 958: 954: 946: 943: 942: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 875: 871: 867: 866:opportunistic 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:Mycobacterium 847: 845: 844:Mycobacterium 840: 837: 833: 832:public health 829: 825: 818: 816: 814: 810: 804: 802: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 739: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 710: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 681: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 652: 649: 646: 644: 639: 637: 634:) to 15.12% ( 633: 628: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 566:mortality in 565: 561: 554: 552: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 508: 499: 496: 493: 492: 488: 485: 482: 481: 477: 474: 471: 470: 466: 463: 460: 459: 455: 452: 449: 448: 444: 441: 438: 437: 433: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 416: 415: 411: 408: 405: 404: 400: 397: 394: 393: 389: 386: 383: 382: 376: 373: 369: 368: 360: 356: 352: 351: 347: 339: 332: 330: 327: 318: 311: 307:Health status 306: 304: 301: 297: 293: 286: 284: 282: 277: 274: 266: 259: 256: 253: 250: 249: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 217: 214: 211: 209: 208: 205: 201: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 172: 170: 168: 162: 160: 155: 152: 148: 144: 136: 134: 131: 124: 122: 115: 112: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 79: 78: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 60: 55: 54: 46: 43: 40: 39: 35: 33: 29: 19: 9441:Dependencies 9371:Turkmenistan 9336:Saudi Arabia 9305: 9075: 9069: 9060: 9035:. Retrieved 8992: 8988: 8978: 8933: 8929: 8919: 8909:15 September 8907:. Retrieved 8898: 8889: 8880: 8858: 8852: 8842:15 September 8840:. Retrieved 8832:apps.who.int 8831: 8822: 8812:15 September 8810:. Retrieved 8801: 8792: 8780:. Retrieved 8764:WHO (2008). 8711: 8707: 8697: 8660: 8656: 8646: 8636:15 September 8634:. Retrieved 8625: 8616: 8606:15 September 8604:. Retrieved 8600: 8591: 8579:. Retrieved 8559: 8549:15 September 8547:. Retrieved 8538: 8529: 8505:11 September 8503:. Retrieved 8493: 8469:11 September 8467:. Retrieved 8457: 8433:23 September 8431:. Retrieved 8421: 8400:cite journal 8381: 8369:. Retrieved 8360: 8321: 8317: 8292:. Retrieved 8287: 8275: 8263:. Retrieved 8254: 8245: 8233:. Retrieved 8224: 8215: 8200: 8190:13 September 8188:. Retrieved 8173: 8163:12 September 8161:. Retrieved 8151: 8144: 8135: 8125: 8115:19 September 8113:. Retrieved 8093: 8083:19 September 8081:. Retrieved 8072: 8063: 8051:. Retrieved 8042: 8033: 8024: 8020: 8014: 7993:cite journal 7983:12 September 7981:. Retrieved 7967: 7957:12 September 7955:. Retrieved 7941: 7917:19 September 7915:. Retrieved 7866:13 September 7864:. Retrieved 7844: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7789:. Retrieved 7780: 7771: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7679:(1): 40–52. 7676: 7672: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7568:11 September 7566:. Retrieved 7559:the original 7550: 7531:11 September 7529:. Retrieved 7515: 7505:11 September 7503:. Retrieved 7487: 7481: 7469:. Retrieved 7432:. Retrieved 7428:the original 7397: 7393: 7383: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7320:. Retrieved 7311: 7302: 7279: 7274: 7262:. Retrieved 7253: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7178:16 September 7176:. Retrieved 7167: 7158: 7148:17 September 7146:. Retrieved 7137: 7128: 7118:17 September 7116:. Retrieved 7107: 7098: 7086:. Retrieved 7043:11 September 7041:. Retrieved 7020: 7008:. Retrieved 6992: 6985: 6976: 6970: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6909:11 September 6907:. Retrieved 6892: 6882:11 September 6880:. 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Retrieved 5123:hdr.undp.org 5122: 5110: 5099: 5064:11 September 5062:. Retrieved 5041: 5015: 5006: 5002: 4886: 4883: 4874: 4842: 4767:Ceftriaxone 4599:Tigecycline 4529:Tigecycline 4481:Ceftazidime 4327:Cloxacillin 4297:Cloxacillin 4224:Teicoplanin 4200:Clindamycin 3811:Ceftazidime 3716:Ceftazidime 3426:Ceftriaxone 3410:Ceftazidime 3353:Tigecycline 3321:Ceftazidime 3259:Tigecycline 3227:Ceftriaxone 3219:Ceftazidime 3154:Doxycycline 3130:Norfloxacin 3098:Ceftriaxone 3090:Ceftazidime 3065:Antibiotics 3043: 3035: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2786: 2764: 2760:Bagmati Zone 2749: 2737: 2728: 2724: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2625:Stomach ache 2592:Constipation 2436:(23.9%) and 2434:stomach ache 2426:constipation 2400:(33.3%) and 2398:stomach ache 2390:constipation 2366: 2353:hypertension 2346: 2342: 2333: 2321: 2317: 2289:eye problems 2277:hypertension 2262: 2247: 2239: 2231: 2215: 2212: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2093: 2085: 2062: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2024: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1945:Immunization 1939: 1930: 1926: 1923:Child health 1909: 1890: 1871: 1852: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1799: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1644:management. 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1573: 1425:Prevalence% 1378: 1367: 1361: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1318: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1288: 1279: 1258: 1243: 1224: 1213: 950: 919: 915:impoverished 899:tuberculosis 879:Tuberculosis 877: 874:M. chelonei. 873: 869: 862:M. africanum 861: 857: 853: 849: 842: 824:Tuberculosis 822: 819:Tuberculosis 805: 800: 799: 647: 640: 638:) in Nepal. 627:hypertension 599: 572: 558: 513: 464:Others NCDs 374: 370: 366: 365: 355:DALYs lost. 353: 349: 348: 344: 323: 290: 278: 270: 251:Underweight 215:Rural areas 212:Urban areas 202: 198: 182:malnutrition 179: 176: 163: 156: 140: 132: 128: 119: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 58: 56: 49: 47: 44: 41: 37: 36: 27: 26: 9500:Asia portal 9401:States with 9321:Philippines 9261:South Korea 9256:North Korea 9151:Afghanistan 8802:www.who.int 8626:www.who.int 8601:www.who.int 8539:www.who.int 8371:9 September 8294:9 September 8265:9 September 8235:9 September 7781:MedicineNet 7471:4 September 7434:9 September 7322:6 September 7264:6 September 7168:dentistryiq 7010:9 September 6717:8 September 6415:dohs.gov.np 6249:mohp.gov.np 5943:www.who.int 5544:14 November 5381:14 November 5268:9 September 5209:7 September 5196:dohs.gov.np 5173:8 September 4813:Gentamicin 4789:Penicillin 4781:Ampicillin 4751:Gentamicin 4735:Penicillin 4719:Ampicillin 4662:Gentamicin 4654:Ampicillin 4646:Penicillin 4632:Cefotaxime 4591:Penicillin 4575:Gentamicin 4543:Cefotaxime 4513:Gentamicin 4464:Vancomycin 4440:Gentamicin 4408:Cephalexin 4392:Penicillin 4375:Vancomycin 4367:Cefazoline 4359:Cephalexin 4343:Ampicillin 4335:Amoxicilin 4319:Penicillin 4305:Vancomycin 4265:Amoxicilin 4257:Ampicillin 4241:Penicillin 4232:S. aureus 4216:Vancomycin 4160:Gentamicin 4152:Cephalexin 4136:Penicillin 4127:S. aureus 4119:Ampicillin 4046:Ampicillin 3997:Ampicillin 3964:Cefotaxime 3932:Ampicillin 3899:Ampicillin 3836:Ampicillin 3771:Ampicillin 3763:Amoxicilin 3676:Ampicillin 3668:Amoxicilin 3635:Ampicillin 3597:mecillinam 3581:Ampicillin 3540:Ampicillin 3526:Cefotaxime 3518:Gentamicin 3510:Ampicillin 3472:Gentamicin 3456:Ampicillin 3378:Ampicillin 3297:Cephalexin 3289:Amoxicilin 3281:Ampicillin 3243:Cephalexin 3203:Amoxicilin 3195:Ampicillin 3082:Cefotaxime 2779:Fatalities 2658:Ear problem 2647:Eye problem 2455:Private(%) 1788:Oral health 1522:Far-western 1499:Mid-western 1419:Prevalence% 1413:Prevalence% 981:Female (%) 618:risk factor 478:Other NCDs 190:underweight 9381:Uzbekistan 9356:Tajikistan 9271:Kyrgyzstan 9251:Kazakhstan 9171:Bangladesh 9161:Azerbaijan 9037:20 October 8782:20 October 8581:20 October 8073:swc.org.np 7808:The Lancet 7791:20 October 7615:(1): 1–8. 7205:(1): 105. 7088:24 January 6101:(1): 1–6. 5840:Roser, Max 5732:20 October 5033:References 4400:Oxacillin 4192:Oxacillin 4184:Cefoxitin 3480:Ofloxacin 3418:Ofloxacin 3329:Aztreonam 3235:Aztreonam 3138:Ofloxacin 3114:Cefalexin 3034:producing 2995:Salmonella 2776:Accidents 2721:Conclusion 2537:Joint ache 2406:joint pain 2370:joint pain 2361:infections 2285:infections 2228:Background 2069:breastmilk 1811:oral ulcer 1589:Post Natal 1374:Adenovirus 975:Age Group 643:WHO region 614:prevention 445:Neoplasms 281:physicians 167:diarrhoeal 151:sanitation 93:childbirth 9467:Hong Kong 9421:Palestine 9346:Sri Lanka 9341:Singapore 9221:Indonesia 9009:2322-5939 8952:2296-2565 8730:2296-858X 8515:cite news 8479:cite news 8443:cite news 8340:2305-6983 8053:28 August 7736:1746-4358 7695:2581-3358 7631:1746-4358 7588:ignored ( 7578:cite book 7312:Gapminder 7288:cite book 6624:1 October 6467:25 August 6342:2091-0959 6231:781292812 6198:2091-0959 6115:0041-3879 5570:usaid.gov 4866:interest. 4551:Cefepime 4505:Imipenem 4448:Amikacin 4289:Amikacin 4208:Amikacin 3361:Colistin 3313:Cefixime 3267:Colistin 3211:Cefixime 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