348:
for pedestrians, 36% for passengers (all vehicles), 27% for drivers (all vehicles) and 4% for cyclists. Regarding intentional injuries, both homicides and self-harm rates have been dropping in
Tajikistan since the 1990s. According to the UN Office on Drug and Crime, intentional homicides in Tajikistan dropped from over 8 per 100,000 people in 1996–1998 to less than 1.5 per 100,000 people in 2012–2013; for comparison, the average in lower middle income nations was 5.2 per 100,000 people in 2012. Since 1990, the annual mortality rate from self-harm and interpersonal violence in Tajikistan has decreased by 18.6% to 8.7 per 100,000 people; for comparison, the annual mortality rate from self-harm and interpersonal violence in nearby Kazakhstan was 50.7 per 100,000 people. Self-harm and interpersonal violence affects adolescent to middle-aged men in Tajikistan the most.
403:
support are accessible through the network of NGOs and at local AIDS centers. Provision of condoms and distribution of information materials were the services most frequently reported by MSM. Overall, 89% IBBS respondents mentioned receiving condoms within the last 12 months and knowing where to get an HIV test. The country concept note for 2018–2020 GFATM funding envisaged financial allocations to civil society organizations for increasing access and engagement of KPs in seeking prevention packages, linkage to care, adherence to treatment, decreasing stigma and discrimination, providing legal support services, etc. However, MSM are not defined as a key population in the
National Program to Fight the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2017–2020.
391:
among key populations (KP): people who inject drugs (13.5% HIV prevalence), sex workers (3.5% HIV prevalence), men who have sex with men (MSM, HIV prevalence of 2%). However, there are signs of a shift of the epidemic to the general population. It is estimated that around 60% of people living with HIV are undiagnosed. Although same-sex route of HIV transmission is not reported from
Tajikistan, there are assumptions that male-to-male transmissions are being reported as "heterosexual" or "unknown", as homosexuality is highly stigmatized in Tajikistan. The recently reported increase in sexual transmission among men could point to the hidden nature of MSM epidemic in Tajikistan.
238:
218:
293:
357:
was 81.1 per 100,000 people, which does not reflect how many mental disorders may not be diagnosed and treated, and there were only 14.8 mental health workers per 100,000 people. Among types of mental health conditions, the leading contributors to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2012 were unipolar depressive disorders, followed by anxiety disorders and drug use disorders. Substance abuse is one of the major behavioral risk factors contributing to years lived with disabilities (YLDs).
98:
255:
population), 3rd neonatal disorders (accounting for 3,655.69 DALYs per 100,000 population), 4th other non-communicable (accounting for 2,556.68 DALYs per 100,000 population), and 5th unintentional injuries (accounting for 2,123.43 DALYs per 100,000 population). The global scale in 2016, cardiovascular disease ranked 1st, diarrheal/lower respiratory infections/other infections ranked 2nd neoplasm ranked 3rd ,Other non- communicable diseases ranked 4th and neonatal disorders ranked 5th
280:
1717:
214:
declined for men and plateaued for women during the period following independence and civil war. Life expectancy began to rise again for both groups in the late 1990s, reaching 66 for men and 73 for women by 2014. The total fertility rate was increasing between 1960 and 1970, reaching a peak of 6.9 children per woman. After this time, fertility began to decline, reaching 3.4 children per woman by 2016.
1727:
419:. About 10% of children under 5 suffer from acute malnutrition and 26% suffer from chronic malnutrition. Most people need to spend 70–80% of their household income on food, but many cannot afford it. Those in rural areas are affected most by hunger. Additionally, due to recurrent natural disasters, deforestation, soil erosion, and droughts, just 24% of the rural population is food secure.
306:"In Tajikistan, over 40 percent of the population does not have access to clean water, and only 20 percent consume water from a central water supply system. Up to 60 percent of intestinal diseases in Tajikistan are water-borne, which accounts for 16 percent of deaths in children under 5 years of age. In 2010, Tajikistan experienced the first wild polio outbreak since 2002’.
183:
330:
times higher than in western Europe. Cardiovascular diseases comprise 38% of all deaths in
Tajikistan, compared to 8% for cancers, 4% for respiratory diseases, 1% for diabetes and 11% for other NCDs. From 1990 to 2013, the three leading causes of death from NCDs in Tajikistan have remained the same: ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and COPD.
30:
179:. The necessity of importing all pharmaceuticals has created an acute shortage of some critical items. The shortage of facilities, materials, and personnel is especially serious in rural areas. A presidential program doubled the wages of health workers in 2005. In 2003 a constitutional amendment eliminated the right to free health care for all citizens.
314:
care the lack of a functioning referral system the lack of means of transport especially in rural areas, and inadequate access to emergency obstetric care (EOC). The leading factors are also regional disparities in human resource capacity, inadequate education and skills of health workers, combined with the lack of essential materials and equipment.
89:
amongst the adult population, the country achieves 97.5% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Tajikistan falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 40.8% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.
399:
HIV and other STIs. Overall, 79% of respondents reported using condom during the last anal sexual intercourse and 16% of MSM mentioned having symptoms of STIs during the last year. Coverage of MSM with HIV testing remains low: only 39% of MSM reported having an HIV test within the last 12 months and having received the result.
394:
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan has had a rapid and significant rise in seasonal migration, affecting all aspects of Tajik society. The majority of Tajik labor migrants travel for work to
Russian Federation. It is believed, that up to 2,000,000 Tajik citizens live and work abroad,
390:
According to UNAIDS, 14,000 people are estimated to live with HIV in
Tajikistan, with the HIV prevalence among adult population (15–49 years old) reaching 0.3%. In 2016, Tajikistan registered 1,300 new HIV infections. Since 2010, new HIV infections have increased by 23%. HIV epidemic is concentrated
313:
In
Tajikistan, only about 33 percent of women of reproductive age use modern contraceptive methods, and nearly one in five home deliveries are not attended by a skilled birth attendant. In Tajikistan, "maternal mortality is conditioned by poor quality of services in antenatal delivery and postnatal
309:
In its
Millennium Development Goals Progress Report: Tajikistan, the United Nations notes that maternal health is "one of the important areas of public health and is closely connected with the status of the family its material security living conditions, and family relationships. Official statistics
347:
In 2012, injuries were responsible for 8% of deaths. The majority of injuries causing disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were unintentional and related to road accidents. In 2013, State
Automobile Inspectorate of Ministry of Internal Affairs, categorized deaths by road in Tajikistan to be 33%
398:
The population size estimate (PSE) of MSM in
Tajikistan points at 13,400. HIV prevalence among MSM is 2% and it remained unchanged in the recent years. According to the most recent integrated biobehavioral survey (IBBS) among MSM (2017), sexual behavior of MSM bears significant risks for acquiring
356:
Mental health remains a challenge in Tajikistan. The country did not have a stand-alone mental health policy or plan as of 2014, although some mental health legislation around instructions, rules and standards was adopted in 2002. In 2014, the prevalence of treated cases of severe mental disorder
305:
According to the World Health Organization, in Tajikistan, most child deaths are caused by diseases that are "readily preventable or treatable with proven, cost-effective and quality delivered interventions. Infectious diseases are responsible for the vast majority of under-five deaths globally."
275:
set for the region for 2015 there has been some progress made towards reducing child deaths. The number of under-five deaths in Tajikistan declined from 108 deaths per live birth in 1990 to 45 in 2015. The annual rate of reduction was 3.5%. Infant mortality rates have decreased from 85 deaths per
213:
The figure entitled "Population Growth and Crude Death and Birth Rates for Tajikistan between 1950 and 2015" shows the trends in life expectancy at birth (left axis) and total fertility rate (right axis). Life expectancy increased steadily between 1960 and the late 1980s. However, life expectancy
88:
finds that Tajikistan is fulfilling 78.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Tajikistan achieves 96.2% of what is expected based on its current income. In regards to the right to health
402:
Over the past 13 years, HIV prevention work has been implemented in Tajikistan with the support of GFATM; funding has also been available from US government and UN agencies. Prevention work is implemented with the involvement of civil society and NGOs. HIV prevention services, as well as care and
333:
The main risk factors for NCD deaths in Tajikistan are dietary risks, high blood pressure and high body mass index. An estimated 40% of the population in Tajikistan is overweight and 9% is obese. The traditional diet in Tajikistan tends to be high in fat, salt, and sugar, and low in antioxidants.
329:
According to the World Health Organization, NCDs are estimated to account for 62 percent of total deaths in Tajikistan. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and the largest contributor to the gap in mortality between central Asia and industrialized countries, with rates about five
245:
In 1990, the leading cause of death were communicable diseases (predominantly diarrhea and lower respiratory infections). By 2013, the leading causes of death were non-communicable diseases (predominantly stroke and ischemic heart disease). The leading health risk factor in Tajikistan is dietary
378:
Although reliable HIV statistics are not available, in 2005 the United Nations estimated that Tajikistan had approximately 5,000 people living with HIV/AIDS. Beginning in 2003, the incidence of new cases has increased more sharply each year. It is estimated that about 60 percent of HIV cases are
386:
The first human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) case was registered in Tajikistan in 1991. According to the official statistics, as of January 1, 2016, there were 7,709 registered HIV cases in the country, 68.4% of which were among men. Most of the new HIV cases (87.1%) in 2015 were detected among
369:
trafficked through the country has caused a rapid increase in narcotics addiction, which has become a major health issue. In 2006, the number of addicts was estimated at between 60,000 and 100,000, two-thirds of whom are younger than 30 years of age. In 2013, the officially registered domestic
254:
The top ranked causes of Disability Adjusted Life Years lost for Tajikistan citizens as of 2016 for all ages and sexes was diarrheal/lower respiratory infections/other (accounting for 5,421.22 DALYs per 100,000 population), 2nd cardiovascular disease (accounting for 3,943.96 DALYs per 100,000
939:
1278:"Sherkhonov, T; Kasianchuk, M; Khuvaydo, S; Rahmatjonov, U. HIV, HCV and syphilis prevalence among MSM in Tajikistan are stabilized // Abstract Book : 22nd International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2018), Amsterdam, Netherlands, July 23–28, 2018. — P. 815"
326:(NCDs) are declining in the WHO European region, they are stagnating in Tajikistan. Tajikistan is currently not on target to meet the 2012 World Health Assembly’s target of a 25% reduction in premature death from NCDs by 2025 for member states.
383:, where the flow of narcotics is heavy and poverty is endemic. The 2015 UNAIDS estimates are that Tajikistan has over 16,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, who are mostly adult men over age 15, and 6,000 orphans due to AIDS aged 0–17.
271:(Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) . The under-five mortality rate (Figure 1) in 2015 was 45 for every thousand live births and while, these reductions fell short of the
370:
consumption of drugs was relatively low at 7,470 addicts, but the UNODC and Red Cross estimate that up to 1.2% of the population or 100,000 people are regular opiates users. No substantial drug treatment programs are in place.
283:
Figure 1: Under-five Mortality Rate in Tajikistan and Caucasus & Central Asia, 1990-2015 : United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015,
928:
81:. Because the health care system has deteriorated badly and receives insufficient funding and because sanitation and water supply systems are in declining condition, Tajikistan has a high risk of epidemic disease.
221:
Crude Birth/Death Rate: Number of births or deaths over a given period divided by the person-years lived by the population over that period. It is expressed as average annual number of births or deaths per 1,000
296:
Figure 2: Infant and Neonatal Mortality Rates in Tajikistan, 1990 and 2015. Data Source: United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015.
234:(left axis). Population growth has risen steadily since 1950. During this same period the crude death rate has slowly decline while the crude birth rate has declined more rapidly and with more variability.
195:
The years following independence (achieved in 1991) were associated with significant deterioration of the population’s health status. This was driven by a rise in both communicable and
226:
The figure entitled "Trends in Life Expectancy at Birth and Total Fertility Rate in Tajikistan between 1960 and 2014" shows the population growth (right axis) and
1180:"Olimova, S; Bosc, I. Labour Migration from Tajikistan / International Organization for Migration in Cooperation with the Sharq Scientific Research Center, 2003"
1253:"Касянчук М. и др. Аналитический отчёт о результатах дозорного эпиднадзора второго поколения «Мужчины имеющие секс с мужчинами в Республике Таджикистан» (2015)"
210:
characterized by increasing life expectancy, declining fertility, and the leading causes of death transitioning from communicable to non-communicable disease.
1034:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision. New York, United Nations, 2013.
988:
310:
from the Ministry of Health show that maternal mortality has decreased significantly, from more than 110 per 100,000 live births in 1995 to 44 in 2012.
864:
395:
primarily in Russian Federation. Such levels of migration to Russia (high prevalence country) may result in increased numbers of HIV in Tajikistan.
1203:
658:
276:
1,000 live births in 1990 to 39 in 2015 and the neonatal mortality rate decreased from 32 deaths per 1,000 live births to 21 in 2015 (Figure 2).
1631:
729:
65:
republics. In the post-Soviet era, life expectancy has decreased because of poor nutrition, polluted water supplies, and increased incidence of
1358:
1162:
85:
62:
1606:
900:
380:
1115:
Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR) Report, 2014.
1682:
521:
415:
remains a serious issue in Tajikistan. Over a third of its population is malnourished, and children have either stunted growth or
175:
Many Russian doctors left Tajikistan after 1991, leaving the country with the lowest ratio of doctors to population in the former
1651:
1331:
1044:
1277:
1013:
State Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Ministry of Health & ICF International, 2013.
241:
Figure shows the trends in life expectancy at birth (left axis) and total fertility rate (right axis) between 1960 and 2014.
1692:
1751:
1197:"Khodjamurodov, G; Rechel, B. Tajikistan : Health System Review // Health System in Transition, 2010, 12 (2), 156 p."
929:"Better noncommunicable disease outcomes: challenges and opportunities for health systems. Tajikistan country assessment"
765:
272:
237:
823:"United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015"
1441:
553:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
379:
drug-related. Since the late 1990s, HIV occurrence has increased rapidly in areas such as the autonomous province of
387:
adults (19 years of age and older), with 35.8% of all new HIV cases being attributable to those in 30–39 age group.
436:
203:
462:
1646:
1551:
560:
532:
196:
42:
1687:
1179:
795:
1373:
1351:
1152:
National Program to Fight the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2017-2020
323:
101:
1656:
991:. Copenhagen: World Health Organization on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
853:
46:
1601:
1566:
1521:
207:
45:
European region, including the lowest total health expenditure per capita. Tajikistan is ranked 129th as
1641:
1491:
1486:
1381:
1196:
643:
596:
97:
1022:
World Bank Development Indicators, derived based on the data from WHO’s World Health Statistics, 2012.
1611:
1501:
1481:
1431:
1401:
1391:
1697:
1671:
1576:
1571:
1451:
1344:
529:
217:
1726:
1591:
1546:
1526:
1516:
1416:
1128:
292:
854:"A Decade of Tracking Progress for Maternal, Newborn and Child Survival : The 2015 Report"
50:
1616:
1531:
1511:
1396:
1386:
1661:
1596:
1561:
1496:
1476:
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1426:
1411:
1406:
231:
227:
1252:
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889:
822:
298:
285:
1702:
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1471:
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1436:
1421:
525:
41:
is influenced by the former Soviet legacy. It is ranked as the poorest country within the
1293:
GFATM Funding Request Tailored to Material Change, Tajikistan 2012-2020 (UNDP Tajikistan)
1045:"Population: 8 207 834 • Income group: Low • Gross national income per capita: US$ 990"
17:
1541:
1506:
1461:
1456:
518:
58:
1745:
1720:
538:
966:
279:
268:
176:
74:
1730:
683:
890:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals: Tajikistan Progress Report 2010"
264:
54:
1071:
UN Office on Drug and Crime’s Intentional Homicide Statistics database, 2012.
145:
Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1,000 population, 2016)
1303:
1106:
WHO-AIMS Report on Mental Health System in the Republic of Tajikistan, 2009.
708:
366:
757:
182:
967:"NCD country profile: 2014 Tajikistan. Geneva: World Health Organization"
617:
29:
466:
416:
78:
70:
66:
787:
552:
412:
1228:"Касянчук М. Оценка численности МСМ в Республике Таджикистан (2015)"
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487:
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278:
236:
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and declining access to health services, especially for the poor.
96:
1336:
1000:
998:
987:
Figueras J; McKee M; Cain J; Lessof S; et al., eds. (2004).
537:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1163:"HIV Program Review in Tajikistan : Evaluation Report 2014"
1340:
1332:
The State of the World's Midwifery - Tajikistan Country Profile
644:"Health Systems in Transition: Tajikistan Health System Review"
49:
of 188 countries, with an Index of 0.627 in 2016. In 2016, the
588:
129:
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $ , 2013)
709:"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, GBD Compare"
989:"Health systems in transition: learning from experience"
848:
846:
299:
http://www.unicef.org/media/files/IGME_Report_Final2.pdf
286:
http://www.unicef.org/media/files/IGME_Report_Final2.pdf
1030:
1028:
186:
The biggest hospital in Central Asia is in Tajikistan.
153:
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $ , 2014)
267:
has some of the highest child mortality rates in the
1670:
1630:
1372:
651:
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
161:
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2014)
365:Since the late 1990s, the high volume of illegal
1081:
1079:
1077:
923:
921:
1097:WHO Mental Health Atlas Country Profile, 2014.
57:health indicators such as infant and maternal
1352:
817:
815:
813:
788:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals"
8:
1359:
1345:
1337:
137:Life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2016)
737:The Global Burden of Disease Study, 2010
181:
109:
28:
961:
959:
428:
768:from the original on 26 September 2019
1123:
1121:
906:from the original on February 2, 2017
870:from the original on 23 February 2019
7:
664:from the original on 2 February 2017
583:
581:
579:
577:
514:
512:
510:
508:
488:"Health-related SDGs - IHME Viz Hub"
61:are among the highest of the former
86:Human Rights Measurement Initiative
589:"Tajikistan - HRMI Rights Tracker"
463:"| Human Development Reports"
25:
642:Khodjamurodov and Rachel (2010).
202:Tajikistan is in the midst of an
33:A diagnostic center in Tajikistan
1725:
1716:
1715:
1209:from the original on 2017-02-02
1085:Global Burden of Disease, 2013.
945:from the original on 2016-10-06
798:from the original on 4 May 2007
599:from the original on 2022-03-24
563:from the original on 2022-03-08
1683:British Indian Ocean Territory
1004:Global Burden of Disease, 2013
322:Although, mortality rates for
250:Disability-adjusted life years
1:
758:"GBD Compare - IHME Viz Hub"
273:Millennium Development Goals
411:Due to widespread poverty,
301:. Accessed October 3, 2016.
1768:
557:humanrightsmeasurement.org
519:Tajikistan country profile
288:. Accessed October 3, 2016
204:epidemiological transition
1711:
730:"GBD PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN"
533:Federal Research Division
324:non-communicable diseases
259:Child and maternal health
197:non-communicable diseases
1432:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
318:Noncommunicable diseases
102:Life expectancy at birth
39:Tajikistan health system
18:Healthcare in Tajikistan
1693:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
437:"Tajikistan HiT (2016)"
338:Other health conditions
121:Total population (2016)
47:Human Development Index
302:
289:
265:Republic of Tajikistan
242:
223:
208:demographic transition
187:
105:
34:
861:Countdown2015mnch.org
762:Vizhub.healthdata.org
492:Vizhub.healthdata.org
295:
282:
240:
220:
185:
171:Health infrastructure
100:
32:
1752:Health in Tajikistan
1607:United Arab Emirates
1308:World Food Programme
1634:limited recognition
684:"Tajikistan - Data"
530:Library of Congress
53:value was 56. In
688:Data.worldbank.org
618:"WHO - Tajikistan"
524:2005-02-26 at the
443:. 22 February 2019
303:
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188:
106:
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1676:other territories
1257:Donbas-SocProject
1232:Donbas-SocProject
593:rightstracker.org
168:
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16:(Redirected from
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1374:Sovereign states
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535:(January 2007).
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465:. Archived from
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381:Gorno–Badakhshan
232:crude birth rate
228:crude death rate
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1567:Saudi Arabia
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1304:"Tajikistan"
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1052:Euro.who.int
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1632:States with
1552:Philippines
1492:South Korea
1487:North Korea
1382:Afghanistan
1262:10 December
1237:10 December
1138:22 February
1057:22 February
874:22 February
802:22 February
772:22 February
693:22 February
627:22 February
497:22 February
447:22 February
222:population.
1612:Uzbekistan
1587:Tajikistan
1502:Kyrgyzstan
1482:Kazakhstan
1402:Bangladesh
1392:Azerbaijan
1213:2016-10-05
1133:Unaids.org
949:2016-10-05
910:October 3,
835:October 3,
830:Unicef.org
603:2022-03-28
567:2022-03-28
473:2018-09-09
423:References
124:8,735,000
93:Statistics
55:Tajikistan
1698:Hong Kong
1652:Palestine
1577:Sri Lanka
1572:Singapore
1452:Indonesia
742:5 October
714:5 October
668:5 October
367:narcotics
113:Indicator
51:SDG Index
1746:Category
1721:Category
1642:Abkhazia
1592:Thailand
1547:Pakistan
1527:Mongolia
1522:Maldives
1517:Malaysia
1417:Cambodia
1313:14 March
1204:Archived
940:Archived
938:. 2014.
901:Archived
865:Archived
796:Archived
766:Archived
659:Archived
597:Archived
561:Archived
522:Archived
374:HIV/AIDS
343:Injuries
1617:Vietnam
1532:Myanmar
1512:Lebanon
1442:Georgia
1397:Bahrain
1387:Armenia
976:. 2014.
974:Who.int
897:Undp.tj
622:Who.int
246:risks.
148:156/91
79:typhoid
71:malaria
67:cholera
1662:Taiwan
1597:Turkey
1562:Russia
1497:Kuwait
1477:Jordan
1467:Israel
1427:Cyprus
1412:Brunei
1407:Bhutan
792:Un.org
417:wasted
413:famine
407:Famine
140:69/73
77:, and
63:Soviet
1703:Macau
1622:Yemen
1582:Syria
1557:Qatar
1537:Nepal
1472:Japan
1447:India
1437:Egypt
1422:China
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647:(PDF)
116:Rate
1542:Oman
1507:Laos
1462:Iraq
1457:Iran
1315:2019
1264:2019
1239:2019
1140:2019
1059:2019
912:2016
876:2019
837:2016
804:2019
774:2019
744:2016
716:2016
695:2019
670:2016
629:2019
499:2019
449:2019
263:The
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