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focus on the 'policy implementation gap'. Recognizing the diversity of stakeholders and complexity of health systems is crucial to ensure that evidence-based guidelines are tested with requisite humility and without a rigid adherence to models dominated by a limited number of disciplines. Healthcare services often implement
Quality Improvement Initiatives to overcome this policy implementation gap. Although many of these initiatives deliver improved healthcare, a large proportion fail to be sustained. Numerous tools and frameworks have been created to respond to this challenge and increase improvement longevity. One tool highlighted the need for these tools to respond to user preferences and settings to optimize impact.
527:
447:, GPs are paid for each patient on their "list", usually with adjustments for factors such as age and gender. According to OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), "these systems are used in Italy (with some fees), in all four countries of the United Kingdom (with some fees and allowances for specific services), Austria (with fees for specific services), Denmark (one third of income with remainder fee for service), Ireland (since 1989), the Netherlands (fee-for-service for privately insured patients and public employees) and Sweden (from 1994). Capitation payments have become more frequent in "managed care" environments in the United States."
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strengthening. HPSR focuses on low- and middle-income countries and draws on the relativist social science paradigm which recognises that all phenomena are constructed through human behaviour and interpretation. In using this approach, HPSR offers insight into health systems by generating a complex understanding of context in order to enhance health policy learning. HPSR calls for greater involvement of local actors, including policy makers, civil society and researchers, in decisions that are made around funding health policy research and health systems strengthening.
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2279:. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data.
958:, in its annual survey, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", compares the performance of the health systems in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and the United States. Its 2007 study found that, although the United States system is the most expensive, it consistently underperforms compared to the other countries. A major difference between the United States and the other countries in the study is that the United States is the only country without
371:, which may or may not also involve the use of commercial and non-commercial insurers. Essentially the wealthier users pay proportionately more into the system to cover the needs of the poorer users who therefore contribute proportionately less. There are usually caps on the contributions of the wealthy and minimum payments that must be made by the insured (often in the form of a minimum contribution, similar to a deductible in commercial insurance models).
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publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services. It includes, for example, a mother caring for a sick child at home; private providers; behaviour change programmes; vector-control campaigns; health insurance organizations; occupational health and safety legislation. It includes inter-sectoral action by health staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education, a well-known determinant of better health.
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complex conditions and is particularly influential in health services research in developing countries. Importantly, recent developments also highlight the need to integrate environmental sustainability into these frameworks, suggesting its inclusion as a guiding principle to enhance the environmental responsiveness of health systems.
75:
institutions, or other organized bodies, aimed at the meticulous provision of healthcare services tailored to the specific needs of their respective populations. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the process of healthcare planning is frequently characterized as an evolutionary progression rather than a revolutionary transformation.
359:, policy exclusions, and total coverage limits. They will also severely restrict or refuse coverage of pre-existing conditions. Many government systems also have co-payment arrangements but express exclusions are rare or limited because of political pressure. The larger insurance systems may also negotiate fees with providers.
91:(WHO), the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system, healthcare systems' goals are good health for the citizens, responsiveness to the expectations of the population, and fair means of funding operations. Progress towards them depends on how systems carry out four vital functions:
470:
for the government. According to OECD, "Salary arrangements allow funders to control primary care costs directly; however, they may lead to under-provision of services (to ease workloads), excessive referrals to secondary providers and lack of attention to the preferences of patients." There has been
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Through the calculation of the comprehensive cost of healthcare expenditures, it becomes feasible to construct a standard financial framework, which may involve mechanisms like monthly premiums or annual taxes. This ensures the availability of funds to cover the healthcare benefits delineated in the
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concluded that all types of health care finance "are compatible with" an efficient health system. The study also found no relationship between financing and cost control. Another study examining single payer and multi payer systems in OECD countries found that single payer systems have significantly
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development using standard definitions, indicators and measures. In response to a series of papers published in 2012 by members of the World Health
Organization's Task Force on Developing Health Systems Guidance, researchers from the Future Health Systems consortium argue that there is insufficient
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According to OECD, "capitation systems allow funders to control the overall level of primary health expenditures, and the allocation of funding among GPs is determined by patient registrations". However, under this approach, GPs may register too many patients and under-serve them, select the better
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The Lancet Global Health
Commission's 2018 framework builds upon earlier models by emphasizing system foundations, processes, and outcomes, guided by principles of efficiency, resilience, equity, and people-centeredness. This comprehensive approach addresses challenges associated with chronic and
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in health care. Increasingly, information and communication technologies are being utilised to improve health systems in developing countries through: the standardisation of health information; computer-aided diagnosis and treatment monitoring; informing population groups on health and treatment.
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A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities. A health system is, therefore, more than the pyramid of
854:
Health Policy and
Systems Research (HPSR) is an emerging multidisciplinary field that challenges 'disciplinary capture' by dominant health research traditions, arguing that these traditions generate premature and inappropriately narrow definitions that impede rather than enhance health systems
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Quality frameworks are essential tools for understanding and improving health systems. They help define, prioritize, and implement health system goals and functions. Among the key frameworks is the World Health
Organization's building blocks model, which enhances health quality by focusing on
74:
In certain nations, the orchestration of health system planning is decentralized, with various stakeholders in the market assuming responsibilities. In contrast, in other regions, a collaborative endeavor exists among governmental entities, labor unions, philanthropic organizations, religious
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Many forms of social insurance systems control their costs by using the bargaining power of the community they are intended to serve to control costs in the health care delivery system. They may attempt to do so by, for example, negotiating drug prices directly with pharmaceutical companies,
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costs for healthcare practitioners are estimated to represent between 65% and 80% of renewable health system expenditures. There are three ways to pay medical practitioners: fee for service, capitation, and salary. There has been growing interest in blending elements of these systems.
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As with other social institutional structures, health systems are likely to reflect the history, culture and economics of the states in which they evolve. These peculiarities bedevil and complicate international comparisons and preclude any universal standard of performance.
2713:; Gage, Anna D.; Arsenault, Catherine; Jordan, Keely; Leslie, Hannah H.; Roder-DeWan, Sanam; Adeyi, Olusoji; Barker, Pierre; Daelmans, Bernadette; Doubova, Svetlana V.; English, Mike; García-Elorrio, Ezequiel; Guanais, Frederico; Gureje, Oye; Hirschhorn, Lisa R. (2018).
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where change does not necessarily follow rigid management models. In complex systems path dependency, emergent properties and other non-linear patterns are seen, which can lead to the development of inappropriate guidelines for developing responsive health systems.
756:. In 2006, according to the World Health Organization, at least 171 million people worldwide had diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that by 2030, this number will double. A controversial aspect of public health is the control of
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program, or from private insurance companies. It may be obtained on a group basis (e.g., by a firm to cover its employees) or purchased by individual consumers. In each case premiums or taxes protect the insured from high or unexpected health care expenses.
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had collected more than one billion dollars from 29 member countries, including several from Africa, through an air ticket solidarity levy to expand access to care and treatment for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in 94 countries.
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943:(WHO, 2000), are good health, responsiveness to the expectations of the population, and fair financial contribution. There have been several debates around the results of this WHO exercise, and especially based on the country
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594: – deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition and use of information in health and biomedicine. Necessary tools for proper health information coding and management include
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Central negotiations (as in Japan, Germany, Canada and in France) or hybrid model (such as in
Australia, France's sector 2, and New Zealand) where GPs can charge extra fees on top of standardized patient reimbursement
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An increasing number of tools and guidelines are being published by international agencies and development partners to assist health system decision-makers to monitor and assess health systems strengthening including
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system. Having this scope in mind, it is essential to have a clear, and unrestricted, vision of national health systems that might generate further progress in global health. The elaboration and the selection of
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over doctors, coupled with the principle of "money following the patient" may moderate some of these risks. Aside from selection, these problems are likely to be less marked than under salary-type arrangements.'
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Often health system has been defined with a reductionist perspective. Some authors have developed arguments to expand the concept of health systems, indicating additional dimensions that should be considered:
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elements like financing, workforce, information, medical products, governance, and service delivery. This model influences global health evaluation and contributes to indicator development and research.
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to promote health. Vaccinations are voluntary in some countries and mandatory in some countries. Some governments pay all or part of the costs for vaccines in a national vaccination schedule.
2941:"What makes a sustainability tool valuable, practical and useful in real-world healthcare practice? A mixed-methods study on the development of the Long Term Success Tool in Northwest London"
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payment system, where they are compensated for providing value to patients. In this system, providers are given incentives to close gaps in care and provide better quality care for patients.
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services, but also "other enabling functions, such as stewardship, financing, and resource generation, including what is probably the most complex of all challenges, the health workforce."
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as there are nations. Implicitly, nations must design and develop health systems in accordance with their needs and resources, although common elements in virtually all health systems are
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Since 2000, more and more initiatives have been taken at the international and national levels in order to strengthen national health systems as the core components of the
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Sound information plays an increasingly critical role in the delivery of modern health care and efficiency of health systems. Health informatics – the intersection of
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analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people, or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a
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insurance agreement. Typically, the administration of these benefits is overseen by a government agency, a nonprofit health fund, or a commercial corporation.
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In addition to these traditional health care financing methods, some lower income countries and development partners are also implementing non-traditional or
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748:, is making many health managers and policy makers re-examine their healthcare delivery practices. An important health issue facing the world currently is
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3171:"OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Non-Medical Determinants of Health, Body weight, Overweight or obese population, self-reported and measured, Total population"
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95:, resource generation, financing, and stewardship. Other dimensions for the evaluation of health systems include quality, efficiency, acceptability, and
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Today, most governments recognize the importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence of disease, disability, the effects of ageing and
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Health systems can vary substantially from country to country, and in the last few years, comparisons have been made on an international basis. The
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2461:. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart
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Click the table tab at the source to get 3 lists (one after another) of amounts by country: "Total", "Government/compulsory", and "Voluntary".
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729:, although public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine. For example, most countries have a
3204:"OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Non-Medical Determinants of Health, Body weight, Obese population, self-reported and measured, Total population"
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in the populations, and the responsiveness and fair financing of health care services. The goals for health systems, according to the WHO's
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by Gary
Claxton, Institution for Health Care Research and Policy, Georgetown University, on behalf of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation
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Health systems must also be defined in terms of their functions, including the direct provision of services, whether they are medical or
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512:"Voluntary": Voluntary health insurance and private funds such as households' out-of-pocket payments, NGOs and private corporations.
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adopted by government, private sector business and other groups in areas such as personal healthcare delivery and financing,
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Physicians and hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants vs Health Care
Spending in 2008 for OECD Countries. The data source is
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Health systems should include not only the institutional or supply side of the health system but also the population;
99:. They have also been described in the United States as "the five C's": Cost, Coverage, Consistency, Complexity, and
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1936:"Everybody's business. Strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes : WHO's framework for action"
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Remarks by Johns
Hopkins University President William Brody: "Health Care '08: What's Promised/What's Possible?"
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2027:"A COMPARISON OF HOSPITAL CAPACITIES BETWEEN SINGLE-PAYER AND MULTIPAYER HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS AMONG OECD NATIONS"
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Health systems should not be expressed in terms of their components only, but also of their interrelationships;
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3323:"Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care"
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They are represented by columns starting at zero. They are not stacked. The 2 are combined to get the total.
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Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: a handbook of indicators and their measurement strategies
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Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: a handbook of indicators and their measurement strategies
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Many commercial health insurers control their costs by restricting the benefits provided, by such means as
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Handler A, Issel M, Turnock B. A conceptual framework to measure performance of the public health system.
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costs. Social systems sometimes feature contributions related to earnings as part of a system to deliver
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Health systems must be seen in terms of their goals, which include not only health improvement, but also
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Sheikh, Kabir; Lucy Gilson; Irene Akua
Agyepong; Kara Hanson; Freddie Ssengooba; Sara Bennett (2011).
1966:
1886:"The global health system: strengthening national health systems as the next step for global progress"
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At the source you can run your cursor over the columns to get the year and the total for that country.
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Bennet, Sara; Irene Akua Agyepong; Kabir Sheikh; Kara Hanson; Freddie Ssengooba; Lucy Gilson (2011).
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Gilson, Lucy; Kara Hanson; Kabir Sheikh; Irene Akua Agyepong; Freddie Ssengooba; Sara Bennet (2011).
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2554:"Understanding pathways for scaling up health services through the lens of complex adaptive systems"
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mechanisms for scaling up delivery and sustainability of health care, such as micro-contributions,
130:, responsiveness to legitimate expectations, respect of dignity, and fair financing, among others;
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2878:"Exploring health systems research and its influence on policy processes in low income countries"
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that pays for medical expenses. It is sometimes used more broadly to include insurance covering
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Kolehamainen-Aiken RL (1997). "Decentralization and human resources: implications and impact".
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Chart comparing 2008 health care spending (left) vs. life expectancy (right) in OECD countries
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2715:"High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution"
2313:"Information And Communications Technology For Future Health Systems In Developing Countries"
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produces an annual study of public perceptions of healthcare services across 30 countries.
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Most countries' systems feature a mix of all five models. One study based on data from the
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Implementing Planned Markets in Health Care: Balancing Social and Economic Responsibility
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In recent years, providers have been switching from fee-for-service payment models to a
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risks and refer on patients who could have been treated by the GP directly. Freedom of
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There is a wide variety of health systems around the world, with as many histories and
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campaign, called for intensified global commitment to safeguard antibiotics and other
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Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on
419:(GPs) based on the service. They are even more widely used for specialists working in
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3552:. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 (Older data). Retrieved 15 May 2013.
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2788:"Health systems and environmental sustainability: updating frameworks for a new era"
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linked to it, insofar as it appeared to depend mostly on the choice of the retained
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Percentage of overweight or obese population in 2010. Data source: OECD's iLibrary,
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3056:"Building the Field of Health Policy and Systems Research: Social Science Matters"
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2998:"Building the Field of Health Policy and Systems Research: Framing the Questions"
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3114:"Building the Field of Health Policy and Systems Research: An Agenda for Action"
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Republic of Guinea Introduces Air Solidarity Levy to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria.
1693:"Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems"
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also collects comparative statistics, and has published brief country profiles.
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around the world according to criteria of the overall level and distribution of
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of the health systems performance. Like most social systems, health systems are
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Lennox, Laura; Doyle, Cathal; Reed, Julie E.; Bell, Derek (1 September 2017).
2072:"Markets, Information Asymmetry And Health Care: Towards New Social Contracts"
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537:). For example: 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022.
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509:"Government/compulsory": Government spending and compulsory health insurance.
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2226:"What is Value-Based Care and How to Make the Transition - Measures Manager"
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The management of any health system is typically directed through a set of
2419:"European Union Public Health Information System – Smoking Behaviors page"
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is another major concern, leading to the reemergence of diseases such as
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3495:"Mental health replaces Covid as the top health concern among Americans"
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Direct comparisons of health statistics across nations are complex. The
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Padget, Michael; Peters, Michael A.; Brunn, Matthias; Kringos, Dionne;
2002:
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714:
577:
554:. For example: $ 6,319 for Canada in 2022. $ 12,555 for the US in 2022.
464:
In several OECD countries, general practitioners (GPs) are employed on
387:
3709:
research and other resources on health systems in developing countries
3699:
1708:
877:
Percentage of obese population in 2010. Data source: OECD's iLibrary,
4870:
3877:
2366:
1506:
Comparison of the health care systems in Canada and the United States
1288:
1018:
936:
493:
Health spending as percent of gross domestic product (GDP) by country
466:
53:
2863:
Handbook on monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health.
2497:"Complexity, leadership, and management in healthcare organisations"
196:
There are generally five primary methods of funding health systems:
3565:"Variations in Amenable Mortality—Trends in 16 High-Income Nations"
970:
makes comparisons between both national health care systems in the
363:
negotiating standard fees with the medical profession, or reducing
320:
less hospital beds per 100,000 people than in multi payer systems.
5032:
2444:
Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier
2363:"European Union Public Health Information System – HIV/Aides page"
912:
872:
858:
795:
719:
713:
619:
542:
525:
323:
The term health insurance is generally used to describe a form of
177:
2393:"European Union Public Health Information System – Diabetes page"
1799:
World Health Report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance.
974:
and specific areas of health care such as diabetes or hepatitis.
4964:
4215:
3238:
World Health Report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance
2257:
1967:"Regional Overview of Social Health Insurance in South-East Asia
963:
941:
World Health Report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance
801:
502:
400:
316:
4219:
3722:
3618:"Measuring the Health of Nations: Updating an Earlier Analysis"
1834:"Gaps in the continuity of care and progress on patient safety"
3718:
897:
List of countries by health expenditure covered by government
5158:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
2194:"Health-Care Systems: Lessons from the Reform Experience"
878:
864:
497:
List of countries by total health expenditure per capita
3349:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1460:
5387:
1879:
1877:
1738:
1736:
48:
of people, institutions, and resources that delivers
3325:. The Commonwealth Fund. 15 May 2007. Archived from
5276:
5235:
5122:
5111:
5048:
4973:
4889:
4817:
4722:
4527:
4253:
4149:
4065:
4012:
3976:
3920:
3865:
3819:
3417:"OECD Health Data 2009 – Frequently Requested Data"
2610:"Better Guidance Is Welcome, but without Blinders"
625:The use of health information lies at the root of
27:Organization of people, institutions and resources
2495:Wilson, Tim; Plsek, Paul E. (29 September 2001).
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
733:, supporting public health programs in providing
3521:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | Data"
3353:"OECD Health Data 2008: How Does Canada Compare"
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2003:"Health Care Financing, Efficiency, and Equity."
760:, linked to cancer and other chronic illnesses.
3550:CIA – The World Factbook: Infant Mortality Rate
800:Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich
152:
3253:Health Systems Performance: Overall Framework.
2603:
2601:
1531:List of countries by health insurance coverage
616:hospital administration and clinical functions
4231:
3734:
3411:
3409:
1005:Preventable deaths per 100,000 people in 2007
8:
3382:
3380:
3275:"Assessment of the World Health Report 2000"
2552:Paina, Ligia; David Peters (5 August 2011).
1776:magazine article: "Getting there from here."
2133:Geneva, 30 June 2011. Accessed 5 July 2011.
1832:Cook, R. I.; Render, M.; Woods, D. (2000).
893:List of countries by quality of health care
687:). Public health is typically divided into
5193:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5119:
4238:
4224:
4216:
3741:
3727:
3719:
982:
604:information and communication technologies
550:. Public and private spending. US dollars
5153:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
5143:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
3695:World Health Organization: Health Systems
3290:
3139:
3129:
3081:
3071:
3023:
3013:
2972:
2903:
2893:
2746:
2635:
2625:
2569:
2528:
2146:. Buckingham: Open University Press 1995.
1911:
1901:
1857:
1793:
1791:
1716:
752:. Another major public health concern is
2192:Elizabeth Docteur; Howard Oxley (2003).
821:are indeed both highly dependent on the
232:
5394:
5198:Health departments in the United States
3715:, a list of latest publications by OECD
3700:HRC/Eldis Health Systems Resource Guide
3443:"The Euro Consumer Diabetes Index 2008"
3388:"Updated statistics from a 2009 report"
1683:
1042:% of government revenue spent on health
905:Health care prices in the United States
183:Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital
5203:Council on Education for Public Health
3569:Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
3423:from the original on 24 September 2015
2158:Human Resources for Health Development
426:There are two ways to set fee levels:
5261:Professional degrees of public health
5168:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
4086:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
2290:"Records Management Code of Practice"
2206:from the original on 22 December 2015
2051:How Private Insurance Works: A Primer
2015:, March 2008. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1948:from the original on 28 December 2021
7:
5358:
5251:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
3561:"Mortality amenable to health care"
3531:from the original on 2 February 2021
3501:from the original on 14 October 2022
2013:National Bureau of Economic Research
1754:from the original on 25 January 2021
1047:% of health costs paid by government
335:needs. It may be provided through a
204:to the state, county or municipality
142:World Health Organization definition
5370:
4519:Workers' right to access the toilet
4360:Human right to water and sanitation
2671:Organization, World Health (2010).
2608:Peters, David; Sara Bennet (2012).
1797:World Health Organization. (2000).
505:charts below to see the breakdown:
333:long-term nursing or custodial care
150:defines health systems as follows:
4161:reform debate in the United States
3475:from the original on 12 April 2016
3449:from the original on 22 April 2016
3235:World Health Organization. (2000)
2262:Health resources - Health spending
2025:Bengali, Shawn M (13 April 2021).
1516:Cultural competence in health care
782:medicines for future generations.
25:
4792:Commercial determinants of health
4188:(Category Health care by country)
3217:from the original on 2 April 2019
3184:from the original on 2 April 2019
2483:American Journal of Public Health
1034:Healthcare costs as a percent of
93:provision of health care services
5397:
5369:
5357:
5346:
5345:
4375:National public health institute
4200:
4199:
3469:"Euro Hepatitis Care Index 2012"
3155:
3097:
3039:
1471:
1466:
1027:Per capita expenditure on health
718:A child being immunized against
548:Total healthcare cost per person
471:movement away from this system.
386:. For example, as of June 2011,
4772:Open-source healthcare software
4514:Sociology of health and illness
3628:(1). Commonwealth Fund: 58–71.
3581:10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.08.002
3575:(1). Commonwealth Fund: 47–52.
2826:from the original on 3 May 2024
2763:from the original on 3 May 2024
2691:from the original on 3 May 2024
2329:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.033
2088:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.034
1491:Catholic Church and health care
5133:Caribbean Public Health Agency
4945:Sexually transmitted infection
4842:Statistical hypothesis testing
4603:Occupational safety and health
4504:Sexual and reproductive health
4417:Occupational safety and health
3897:Academic health science centre
3471:. Health Consumer Powerhouse.
3445:. Health Consumer Powerhouse.
2876:Hyder, A; et al. (2007).
2070:Bloom, G; et al. (2008).
1616:Occupational safety and health
901:Health care systems by country
806:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018
711:are also important subfields.
1:
4787:Social determinants of health
4134:Health information management
4119:health information technology
3857:Health information management
3292:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03139-1
2731:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3
2677:. World Health Organization.
1651:Social determinants of health
570:Health information management
56:needs of target populations.
4847:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
4608:Human factors and ergonomics
4109:Translational bioinformatics
3131:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001081
3073:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001079
3015:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001073
2627:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001188
2421:. Euphix.org. Archived from
2395:. Euphix.org. Archived from
1903:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000089
746:long-term care and treatment
740:The rapid emergence of many
430:By individual practitioners.
5028:Good manufacturing practice
4832:Randomized controlled trial
4139:Consumer health informatics
3250:World Health Organization.
2957:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014417
2844:World Health Organization.
2317:Social Science and Medicine
2076:Social Science and Medicine
1990:. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
1641:Publicly funded health care
1511:Consumer-driven health care
656:Disease management (health)
620:human resources information
384:financial transaction taxes
380:public-private partnerships
5481:
5098:Theory of planned behavior
5023:Good agricultural practice
4928:Public health surveillance
4820:epidemiological statistics
4464:Public health intervention
3390:. Oecd.org. Archived from
2558:Health Policy and Planning
972:Euro health consumer index
968:Health Consumer Powerhouse
890:
789:
786:Health systems performance
641:
602:, and computers and other
563:
531:Health spending by country
490:
445:capitation payment systems
163:
5341:
5220:World Toilet Organization
5215:World Health Organization
4782:Public health informatics
4489:Right to rest and leisure
4318:Globalization and disease
4195:
4129:Public health informatics
4042:Electronic health records
3912:Supervised injection site
3852:Allied health professions
3756:
3680:Resources in your library
3213:. OECD's iLibrary. 2013.
3180:. OECD's iLibrary. 2013.
2719:The Lancet. Global Health
2142:Saltman RB, Von Otter C.
1978:World Health Organization
1661:Timeline of global health
1611:National health insurance
1496:Clinical Health Promotion
933:ranking of health systems
923:World Health Organization
887:International comparisons
772:World Health Organization
631:evidence-based management
612:patients' medical records
304:Private health insurance
295:National Health Insurance
243:
240:
208:national health insurance
174:National health insurance
148:World Health Organization
105:continuity of health care
89:World Health Organization
61:organizational structures
5266:Schools of public health
5058:Diffusion of innovations
4757:Health impact assessment
4469:Public health laboratory
4365:Management of depression
3497:. ITIJ. 5 October 2022.
2851:Geneva, WHO Press, 2010.
2513:10.1136/bmj.323.7315.746
2129:12 November 2011 at the
2056:21 December 2008 at the
2008:24 February 2012 at the
1986:3 September 2012 at the
1972:24 February 2007 at the
1850:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.791
1818:11 February 2009 at the
1646:Single-payer health care
1621:Philosophy of healthcare
1591:Health services research
928:World Health Report 2000
831:complex adaptive systems
792:Health services research
166:Single-payer health care
5450:Public health education
5329:Social hygiene movement
5256:Doctor of Public Health
5088:Social cognitive theory
4890:Infectious and epidemic
4672:Fecal–oral transmission
4077:Medical image computing
4027:Artificial intelligence
3634:10.1377/hlthaff.27.1.58
3263:Accessed 15 March 2011.
2895:10.1186/1471-2458-7-309
2866:Geneva, WHO Press, 2009
2804:10.1136/bmj-2023-076957
2485:, 2001, 91(8): 1235–39.
1750:. Liverpool-ha.org.uk.
744:, which require costly
365:unnecessary health care
187:National Health Service
5324:Germ theory of disease
5103:Transtheoretical model
4114:Translational medicine
1571:Health human resources
1486:Acronyms in healthcare
918:
882:
881:, retrieved 2013-12-13
868:
867:, retrieved 2013-12-12
819:performance indicators
809:
722:
670:health human resources
610:processed may include
555:
538:
535:Gross domestic product
219:out-of-pocket payments
193:
157:
5455:Universal health care
5208:Public Health Service
5093:Social norms approach
5083:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
4529:Preventive healthcare
4422:Pharmaceutical policy
4271:Chief Medical Officer
4103:Computational biology
4004:Universal precautions
3713:OECD: Health policies
3705:2 August 2005 at the
3616:Nolte, Ellen (2008).
3563:Nolte, Ellen (2011).
2571:10.1093/heapol/czr054
2449:11 March 2022 at the
2267:12 April 2020 at the
1671:Universal health care
1536:Health administration
960:universal health care
916:
879:http://stats.oecd.org
876:
865:http://stats.oecd.org
862:
799:
776:World Health Day 2011
764:Antibiotic resistance
717:
652:Health administration
627:evidence-based policy
600:medical terminologies
560:Information resources
546:
529:
417:general practitioners
369:universal health care
212:voluntary or private
181:
170:Universal health care
52:services to meet the
5284:Sara Josephine Baker
5183:Public Health Agency
5068:Health communication
4933:Disease surveillance
4899:Asymptomatic carrier
4881:Statistical software
4569:Preventive nutrition
4397:Medical anthropology
4286:Environmental health
4097:Behavior informatics
3259:17 June 2012 at the
3241:. Geneva, WHO Press.
2468:5 March 2022 at the
2369:.org. Archived from
1666:Two-tier health care
1546:Health care provider
909:Healthcare in Europe
823:conceptual framework
566:Health care delivery
376:innovative financing
5435:Health care quality
5294:Carl Rogers Darnall
5289:Samuel Jay Crumbine
5063:Health belief model
4916:Notifiable diseases
4852:Regression analysis
4687:Waterborne diseases
4276:Cultural competence
4081:imaging informatics
3989:Cultural competence
3207:(Online Statistics)
3174:(Online Statistics)
2725:(11): e1196–e1252.
2453:. May 26, 2017. By
2292:. NHS England. 2023
2277:10.1787/8643de7e-en
1781:28 May 2014 at the
1656:Socialized medicine
1631:Primary health care
709:occupational health
596:clinical guidelines
584:information science
460:Salary arrangements
399:In most countries,
382:, and market-based
235:
160:Financial resources
5440:Health care brands
4892:disease prevention
4827:Case–control study
4499:Security of person
4348:Health care reform
4067:Health informatics
3842:Healthcare science
3648:on 11 January 2012
3595:on 5 February 2012
3525:data.worldbank.org
3285:(9241): 1598–601.
3273:Navarro V (2000).
2860:Dal Poz MR et al.
1746:Health care system
1551:Health care reform
919:
883:
869:
810:
731:vaccination policy
723:
662:policies and plans
574:Health informatics
556:
539:
533:. Percent of GDP (
290:Multiple Providers
234:Healthcare models
233:
194:
65:primary healthcare
38:health care system
18:Healthcare systems
5385:
5384:
5337:
5336:
5247:Higher education
5078:Positive deviance
5073:Health psychology
5049:Health behavioral
4976:safety management
4950:Social distancing
4724:Population health
4704:Smoking cessation
4652:Pharmacovigilance
4623:Injury prevention
4591:Infection control
4509:Social psychology
4459:Prisoners' rights
4402:Medical sociology
4370:Public health law
4266:Biological hazard
4213:
4212:
3977:Skills / training
3901:Teaching hospital
3666:Library resources
2882:BMC Public Health
2786:(30 April 2024).
2784:Kruk, Margaret E.
2711:Kruk, Margaret E.
2684:978-92-4-156405-2
2507:(7315): 746–749.
2459:Our World in Data
2323:(10): 2122–2132.
2311:Lucas, H (2008).
2082:(10): 2076–2087.
2032:. Washington, D.C
1844:(7237): 791–794.
1709:10.1159/000370197
1457:
1456:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
1001:
993:
956:Commonwealth Fund
727:health inequities
681:population health
415:arrangements pay
313:
312:
107:is a major goal.
87:According to the
42:healthcare system
16:(Redirected from
5472:
5425:Health economics
5402:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5373:
5372:
5361:
5360:
5349:
5348:
5243:Health education
5120:
4974:Food hygiene and
4955:Tropical disease
4767:Infant mortality
4742:Community health
4618:Controlled Drugs
4554:Health promotion
4484:Right to housing
4328:Health economics
4240:
4233:
4226:
4217:
4203:
4202:
4091:Neuroinformatics
4032:Connected health
3743:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3644:. Archived from
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3591:. Archived from
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3358:. Archived from
3357:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3329:on 29 March 2009
3319:
3313:
3312:
3294:
3270:
3264:
3248:
3242:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3027:
3017:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2916:. Archived from
2907:
2897:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2750:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2648:. Archived from
2639:
2629:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2582:. Archived from
2573:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2425:on 1 August 2011
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2343:on 27 April 2021
2339:. Archived from
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2228:. Archived from
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2102:on 27 April 2021
2098:. Archived from
2067:
2061:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2000:Glied, Sherry A.
1997:
1991:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1884:Frenk J (2010).
1881:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1822:7 September 2007
1810:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1691:White F (2015).
1688:
1601:Hospital network
1586:Health promotion
1576:Health insurance
1561:Health economics
1501:Community health
1475:
1470:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1004:
998:Infant mortality
996:
989:
983:
825:adopted for the
742:chronic diseases
481:value-based care
475:Value-based care
337:social insurance
236:
214:health insurance
189:hospital in the
21:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5460:Health sciences
5410:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5333:
5304:Margaret Sanger
5272:
5231:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5050:
5044:
5016:Safety scandals
4975:
4969:
4891:
4885:
4819:
4813:
4809:Social medicine
4802:Race and health
4737:Child mortality
4718:
4677:Open defecation
4559:Human nutrition
4549:Family planning
4537:Behavior change
4523:
4479:Right to health
4392:Maternal health
4382:Health politics
4333:Health literacy
4249:
4244:
4214:
4209:
4191:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4061:
4008:
3972:
3948:Overutilization
3916:
3907:Pharmacy school
3873:Assisted living
3861:
3815:
3752:
3747:
3707:Wayback Machine
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3394:on 5 March 2010
3386:
3385:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3261:Wayback Machine
3249:
3245:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3124:(8): e1001081.
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3066:(8): e1001079.
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3008:(8): e1001073.
2995:
2994:
2990:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2859:
2855:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2620:(3): e1001188.
2607:
2606:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2470:Wayback Machine
2451:Wayback Machine
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2399:on 26 July 2011
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2373:on 26 July 2011
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2269:Wayback Machine
2256:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2131:Wayback Machine
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2058:Wayback Machine
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:Wayback Machine
1998:
1994:
1988:Wayback Machine
1974:Wayback Machine
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1896:(1): e1000089.
1883:
1882:
1875:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1820:Wayback Machine
1811:
1807:
1796:
1789:
1785:26 January 2009
1783:Wayback Machine
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1697:Med Princ Pract
1690:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1526:Genetic testing
1481:
1461:OECD.org - OECD
1021:per 1000 people
1013:per 1000 people
991:Life expectancy
911:
889:
884:
870:
848:human resources
794:
788:
758:tobacco smoking
697:health services
666:pharmaceuticals
658:
642:Main articles:
640:
606:. The kinds of
580:
564:Main articles:
562:
557:
540:
499:
489:
477:
462:
453:consumer choice
441:
421:ambulatory care
413:Fee-for-service
410:
408:Fee-for-service
397:
273:Beveridge Model
268:Single provider
176:
162:
144:
113:
101:Chronic Illness
85:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5355:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5117:
5112:Organizations,
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4818:Biological and
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4777:Multimorbidity
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4714:Vector control
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:School hygiene
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Sanitary sewer
4679:
4674:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4640:Patient safety
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Harm reduction
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4168:United Kingdom
4165:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Digital health
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:3D bioprinting
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Bedside manner
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3893:Medical school
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3697:
3690:
3689:External links
3687:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3622:Health Affairs
3606:
3554:
3542:
3512:
3486:
3460:
3434:
3405:
3376:
3365:on 31 May 2013
3340:
3314:
3265:
3243:
3228:
3211:stats.oecd.org
3195:
3178:stats.oecd.org
3162:
3104:
3046:
2988:
2951:(9): e014417.
2931:
2920:on 30 May 2013
2868:
2853:
2837:
2774:
2702:
2683:
2663:
2652:on 30 May 2013
2597:
2586:on 30 May 2013
2564:(5): 365–373.
2544:
2487:
2474:
2436:
2410:
2384:
2354:
2303:
2281:
2243:
2232:on 13 May 2019
2217:
2167:
2148:
2135:
2113:
2062:
2043:
2017:
1992:
1959:
1927:
1873:
1824:
1805:
1787:
1765:
1732:
1703:(2): 103–116.
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1002:
994:
987:
888:
885:
871:
857:
787:
784:
639:
636:
561:
558:
541:
524:
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
488:
485:
476:
473:
461:
458:
440:
437:
436:
435:
431:
409:
406:
396:
395:Payment models
393:
311:
310:
305:
302:
300:Bismarck model
297:
292:
286:
285:
283:
281:
279:
277:Semashko model
270:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
249:
246:
245:
244:Non-universal
242:
239:
231:
230:
221:
216:
210:
205:
191:United Kingdom
161:
158:
143:
140:
139:
138:
131:
124:
121:
112:
109:
84:
81:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5477:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Health policy
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5391:
5378:
5377:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Joseph Lister
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Health Canada
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:Organizations
5121:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Vaccine trial
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Relative risk
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Health equity
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:Health system
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Global health
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Biostatistics
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Right to food
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4407:Mental health
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Housing First
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Health system
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:Health policy
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4247:Public health
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4206:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:United States
4154:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:in healthcare
4104:
4101:
4099:in healthcare
4098:
4095:
4093:in healthcare
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
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4057:Telemedicine
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5116:and history
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4581:Food safety
4183:New Zealand
3938:End-of-life
3820:Professions
3750:Health care
3599:10 February
2798:: e076957.
1541:Health care
804:countries.
608:health data
501:Expand the
357:coinsurance
353:co-payments
349:deductibles
111:Definitions
50:health care
5414:Categories
5129:Caribbean
5006:Processing
4940:Quarantine
4862:Student's
4662:Sanitation
4296:History of
4150:By country
4014:Technology
3953:Palliative
3781:Philosophy
3771:Guidelines
3505:14 October
2210:22 January
2164:(1): 1–14.
1774:New Yorker
1678:References
1011:Physicians
978:Ipsos MORI
949:indicators
891:See also:
827:evaluation
790:See also:
774:, for its
705:behavioral
703:, social,
638:Management
592:healthcare
491:See also:
439:Capitation
329:disability
241:Universal
164:See also:
71:measures.
5309:John Snow
5236:Education
5226:Full list
5114:education
5038:ISO 22000
4991:Chemistry
4904:Epidemics
4857:ROC curve
4667:Emergency
4447:Radiation
4427:Pollution
4411:Ministers
4308:Euthenics
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3994:Diagnosis
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3791:Providers
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3761:Economics
3652:8 January
3369:9 January
2965:2044-6055
2812:1756-1833
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2455:Max Roser
2120:UNITAID.
1952:4 October
1054:Australia
1029:(USD PPP)
925:, in its
598:, formal
325:insurance
228:charities
224:donations
5404:Medicine
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4628:Medicine
4542:Theories
4313:Genomics
4291:Eugenics
4281:Deviance
4261:Auxology
4205:Category
3883:Hospital
3866:Settings
3837:Pharmacy
3827:Medicine
3776:Industry
3703:Archived
3642:18180480
3589:21917350
3535:3 August
3529:Archived
3499:Archived
3479:29 April
3473:Archived
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3257:Archived
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2403:6 August
2377:6 August
2337:18343005
2265:Archived
2201:Archived
2199:. OECD.
2127:Archived
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2054:Archived
2006:Archived
1984:Archived
1970:Archived
1943:Archived
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1890:PLOS Med
1868:10720370
1816:Archived
1779:Archived
1758:6 August
1752:Archived
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1606:Medicine
1479:See also
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750:HIV/AIDS
685:pandemic
588:medicine
487:Spending
467:salaries
202:taxation
200:general
103:. Also,
5364:Commons
5277:History
5174:Canada
5149:Europe
4633:Nursing
4613:Hygiene
4576:Hygiene
4301:Liberal
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1859:1117777
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1187:Germany
1122:Finland
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578:eHealth
388:UNITAID
5445:Health
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5164:India
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2335:
2260:Data.
2236:13 May
2106:26 May
2094:
2036:5 July
1980:. And
1920:
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1866:
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1429:78.74
1410:3,051
1376:3,432
1357:Sweden
1342:3,248
1308:4,885
1289:Norway
1274:2,750
1240:2,771
1206:3,724
1172:3,679
1153:France
1140:3,008
1107:3,844
1088:Canada
1073:3,353
1019:Nurses
962:. The
937:health
907:, and
770:. The
707:, and
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654:, and
618:, and
576:, and
434:rates.
172:, and
128:equity
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5189:U.S.
5033:HACCP
4982:Food
4874:-test
4866:-test
4452:Light
4437:Water
3968:Total
3928:Acute
3363:(PDF)
3356:(PDF)
3305:S2CID
2204:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1453:45.1
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