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portion of the mission declared to be over. The lead scientist for the experiment, Tilman Spohn, said that, "Mars and our heroic mole remain incompatible." The science team determined that the soil properties at the landing location were too different from what the instrument had been designed for. The team attempted many different remedies over several years to get the mole burrowing, but ultimately the attempts did not reach the target depth. The friction between the soil and the probe was not enough for the mole to hammer itself deeper.
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255:. One of the instruments, a burrowing probe nicknamed "the mole", was designed to penetrate 5 m (16 ft) below Mars' surface. In March 2019, the mole burrowed a few centimeters, but then became unable to make progress due to various factors. In the following year further attempts were made to resolve the issues, with little net progress. On January 14, 2021, it was announced that efforts to drill into the martian surface using the device had been terminated.
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so the scoop was re-positioned to press down on the soil near the probe. Unfortunately, this caused the probe to back out again due to unusual soil properties and low atmospheric pressure. As the probe bounced, loose soil filled the area beneath it and lifted the probe halfway out again. In
January 2020, the team used the pinning method again, but once again the probe ejected after the scoop was repositioned.
302:. Information from the HP heat flow package was expected to reveal whether Mars and Earth formed from the same material, and determine how active the interior of Mars is today. Additional science goals included determining the thickness of Mars' crust, the composition of its mantle, and thermal characteristics of the interior, such as the temperature gradient and heat flux.
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Instead, the team used the robotic scoop to pin the probe against the edge of its hole. This method appeared successful initially, as the probe continued to dig for two weeks, until it was flush with the surface. At this time, the exposed top of the probe was too small for the scoop to press against,
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material is a thermal conductor, like metal, the pulse will decay quickly. The mole is first allowed to cool down for two days, then it is heated to about 10 °C (50 °F) over 24 hours. Temperature sensors within the tether measure how rapidly this happens, which tells scientists the thermal
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The mole is described as a "self-hammering nail" and was designed to burrow below the
Martian surface while trailing a tether with embedded heaters and temperature sensors. The goal was to measure the thermal properties of Mars' interior, and thus reveal unique information about the planet's geologic
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The mole did achieve complete burial; the top of the mole is 2 to 3 centimetres below the
Martian surface (with the mole itself being about 40 centimetres in length, the depth was thus about 43 centimetres). To be able to produce useful thermal measurements, the minimum required depth was specified
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Final attempts to get the probe deeper took place on 9 January 2021; after they proved unsuccessful, the decision was made to stop attempting to dig deeper. On
January 14, 2021, NASA announced that, as the final attempt to bury the "mole" had failed, the team had given up, with the heat probe
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The HP mole was originally expected to take about 40 days to reach 5 m (16 ft) deep, but ultimately achieved only a few centimeters after more than a year of effort. As the mole burrows, it generates vibrations that SEIS can detect, which were hoped to yield information about the
Martian
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The burrowing mole is a pointed cylinder with a smooth outer surface approximately 35 cm (14 in) in length and 3.5 cm (1.4 in) in diameter. It contains a heater to determine thermal conductivity during descent, and it trails a tether equipped with precise heat sensors placed at
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In late August 2020, a test indicated positive results. The scoop applied a downward force to the sand which covered the mole while hammering strokes were performed. This test resulted in a few millimeters of progress, and ultimately buried the instrument. In
October 2020, the top of the mole was
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In July 2020, it was revealed that the mole was bouncing in place, underneath the scoop, suggesting insufficient friction to continue digging. A proposed solution was to fill the hole with sand in order to distribute pressure from the robotic scoop, thereby increasing friction. This procedure was
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In March 2019, the HP began burrowing into the surface sand, but became stalled after several centimeters by what was initially suspected to be a large rock. Further analysis and testing with a replica model on Earth suggested the problem may be due to insufficient friction. In June 2019, more
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Although unsuccessful, the mole's operations did teach the mission team a lot about the soil at the
Insight site, about conducting excavation/drilling on Mars, and about operating the lander's robotic arm. The mole-rescue effort used the arm in ways that were unplanned before the mission. The
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In
February 2020, the team reevaluated the risks of pushing the back cap of the mole directly using the robotic scoop, and determined the procedure to be acceptable. The procedure progressed slowly due to the requirement to reposition the scoop after each
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A technique was implemented using the lander's robotic arm to press on the soil near the probe to increase soil friction. Ultimately, this method was not able to generate enough downward force, since the HP probe was at the limit of the arm's range.
486:) and a cammed roller that periodically loads a spring connected to a rod that functions as a hammer. After release from the cam, the hammer accelerates downwards to hit the outer casing and cause its penetration through the
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Engineering analysis of the mole after the initial problem concluded that the bottom of the mole was about 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) deep into
Martian ground, with a bit of its top still inside the HP support
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892:. (PDF) Jerzy Grygorczuk1, Łukasz Wiśniewski1, Bartosz Kędziora1, Maciej Borys, Rafał Przybyła1, Tomasz Kuciński1, Maciej Ossowski, Wojciech Konior, Olaf Krömer, Tilman Spohn, Marta Tokarz and Mateusz Białek.
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of progress. In June 2020, the top of the mole reached the regolith surface. The mole entered the surface at an angle of 30 degrees from vertical, but this angle may decrease if a greater depth is reached.
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The mole penetrator unit is designed to be placed near the lander in an area about 3-m long and 2-m wide. The total mass of the system is approximately 3 kg (6.6 lb) and it consumes a maximum of
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below the surface of Mars, and a decision was made to scrape two more scoops of regolith and tamp it down with the robotic scoop. Hammering operations were scheduled to continue in
January 2021.
490:. Meanwhile, a suppressor mass travels upwards and its kinetic energy is compensated by gravitational potential and compression of a brake spring and wire helix on the opposite side of the mole.
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1307:(PDF) T. Spohn, M. Grott L. Richter, J. Knollenberg, S.E. Smrekar, and the HP3 instrument team. Ground-based Geophysics on the Moon (2010). Lunar and Planetary Institute, conference 2010.
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Kopp, Emanuel; Mueller, Nils; Grott, Matthias; Walter, Ingo; Knollenberg, Jörg; Hanschke, Frank; Kessler, Ernst; Meyer, Hans-Georg (1 September 2016). Strojnik, Marija (ed.).
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flyby spacecraft, and the observations helped to trigger a scientific revolution in knowledge about Mars. The Mariner 6 & 7 infrared radiometer results showed that the
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evidence for this was revealed when the support structure was lifted off of the HP mole. The Martian regolith appeared to be compressed, leaving a gap around the probe.
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HP components after lifting the support structure away from the mole. This image shows a region of compressed regolith around the Mole penetrometer.
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In principle, every 50 cm (20 in) the probe puts out a pulse of heat and its sensors measure how the heat pulse changes with time. If the
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and whether the core is liquid or solid. The vibrations generated by the mole were monitored by SEIS to learn about the local subsurface.
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1295:. Krause, C.; Izzo, M.; Re, E.; Mehls, C.; Richter, L.; Coste, P. EGU General Assembly 2009, held 19–24 April 2009 in Vienna, Austria.
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The initial success of the pinning technique is depicted in this time lapse video, which shows the probe burrowing into the regolith.
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HP was conceived by Gromov V. V. et al. in 1997, and first flown as the PLUTO instrument on the failed 2003
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conductivity of the soil. Together, these measurements yield the rate of heat flowing from the interior.
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HP before launch. Left to right: mole, science tether, support structure, and engineering tether.
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for measuring surface temperatures, contributed by DLR and based on the MARA radiometer for the
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Grott, M.; Spohn, T.; Banerdt, W. B.; Smrekar, S.; Hudson, T. L.; et al. (October 2011).
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1736:"NASA's Insight Mars lander rescue operation makes progress saving 'stuck' probe | TESLARATI"
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Grott, M.; et al. (July 2017). "The MASCOT Radiometer MARA for the Hayabusa 2 Mission".
947:. 26th Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Meeting. 4 October 2012. Monrovia, California.
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The detector was protected by a removable cover during landing. The cover also serves as a
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Chdse, S. C. (1 March 1969). "Infrared radiometer for the 1969 mariner mission to Mars".
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10 cm (3.9 in) intervals to measure the temperature profile of the subsurface.
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lander that features instruments to study the heat flow and other thermal properties of
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1844:"HP3-RAD: a compact radiometer design with on-site calibration for in-situ exploration"
752:
Infrared radiometers were sent to Mars in 1969 as one of four major instruments on the
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Mars lander mission. HP evolved further and it was proposed in 2001 for a mission to
1305:
Measuring heat flow on the Moon — The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP3.
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1711:"Mars InSight mission: The Mole is 'in' and the 'finishing touches' are 'in sight'"
1143:. Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science. 6–8 March 2013. Washington, D.C.
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Measuring Heat Flow on Mars: The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package on GEMS
371:(TLM) optical length meter for measuring the deployed length of the science tether
262:(DLR). The hammering mechanism inside the mole was designed by the Polish company
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lander, in 2010 for a mission to the Moon, and in 2011 it was proposed to NASA's
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HP mole at the surface of Mars, with the lander scoop pressing on its back cap.
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Animation of HP being deployed to the surface by InSight's robotic arm (IDA).
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The Principal Investigator is Tilman Spohn from the German Aerospace Center.
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831:"NASA Uses InSight's Robotic Arm to Push Heat Probe Into Mars - ExtremeTech"
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Together with the seismometer, the mission will estimate the size of Mars'
1078:"NASAs Proposed 'InSight' Lander would Peer to the Center of Mars in 2016"
451:
Mars lander, known at that time as GEMS (Geophysical Monitoring Station).
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1422:"A Strategy to Get the Mars Insight Lander Back in the Drilling Business"
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1607:"A 'Mole' Isn't Digging Mars: NASA Engineers Are Trying To Find Out Why"
1257:
In Proc. of 7th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium. 1997.
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HP is seen after backing about halfway out of the hole it had burrowed.
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A heat flow and physical properties package for the surface of Mercury
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Insight lander using its scoop to push on the back cap of the HP mole.
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2377:
2288:
2283:
2278:
1255:
The mobile penetrometer, a "mole" for sub-surface soil investigation.
316:(HP3-RAD) mounted to the landing platform, also contributed by DLR.
1474:"Here's How NASA Might Rescue InSight's Extremely Stuck Heat Probe"
749:
for the instrument, supporting on-site calibration of the HP3-RAD.
482:
For displacement, the mole uses a motor and a gearbox (provided by
7467:
5819:
3235:
3171:
2677:
416:
327:
280:
1004:. EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011. 2–7 October 2011. Nantes, France.
4699:
4079:
3056:
2682:
2360:
2113:
475:
252:
150:
45:
4935:
4382:
4090:
4044:
2215:
1988:
1137:
InSight: A Geophysical Mission to a Terrestrial Planet Interior
351:(ET) to communicate between the support structure to the lander
338:
The HP heat flow probe is made up of the following subsystems:
298:
The mission goal was to understand the origin and diversity of
195:
1789:"RIP: Mars digger bites the dust after 2 years on red planet"
857:"RIP: Mars digger bites the dust after 2 years on red planet"
689:
The mole, after being covered with sand by the robotic scoop
455:
was launched on 5 May 2018 and landed on 26 November 2018.
1984:
1581:"Mars InSight's Mole Has Partially Backed Out of Its Hole"
806:"Mars lander to launch from California on Atlas 5 in 2016"
1684:"InSight mole making slow progress into Martian surface"
1529:"NASA Mars lander may be able to save its stuck 'mole'"
590:) continued to operate until the end of December 2022.
406:
for determining orientation and direction of the mole.
7603:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
1025:"New Insight on Mars Expected From new NASA Mission"
6020:
5809:
5323:
5178:
4946:
4675:
4620:
4395:
4207:
4101:
4007:
3984:
3963:
3932:
3901:
3866:
3857:
3777:
3767:
3725:
3693:
3686:
3677:
3651:
3635:
3626:
3553:
3537:
3528:
3462:
3428:
3419:
3377:
3368:
3295:
3286:
3164:
3123:
3114:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3042:
3035:
2907:
2761:
2754:
2701:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2332:
2247:
2163:
2134:
2105:
2024:
1975:Hammering Mechanism for the HP3 Experiment onboard
1896:"Infrared Spectrometer and the Exploration of Mars"
1343:"NASA's InSight Prepares to Take Mars' Temperature"
742:. HP3-RAD has a mass of 120 g (4.2 oz).
225:
212:
201:
182:
174:
161:
156:
145:
137:
132:
104:
96:
88:
78:
62:
51:
41:
1632:"InSight to try to push mole into Martian surface"
1503:"Success! NASA Confirms the Mole is Working Again"
1129:
1127:
894:European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium
365:for measuring thermal properties of the regolith.
312:In addition to the mole, HP includes an infrared
2242:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
1851:Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXIV
1814:"NASA InSight's 'Mole' Ends Its Journey on Mars"
1100:
1098:
890:Hammering Mechanism for HP3 Experiment (InSight)
36:Artist's impression of HP on the surface of Mars
18:Scientific instrument of the InSight Mars lander
1318:"Instruments Deployment - SEIS / Mars InSight"
595:Efforts of HP to penetrate the Martian surface
4056:
2227:
2000:
933:
931:
929:
927:
439:as part of the Humboldt payload on board the
8:
1816:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 14 January 2021
1763:"InSight's 'Mole' is Now Completely buried!"
1265:
1263:
1181:
1179:
701:Mars InSight Lander - "Mole" - Final Efforts
379:(HP3-RAD) for measuring surface temperature.
270:under contract and in cooperation with DLR.
21:
1152:
1150:
730:detectors to measure three spectral bands:
4943:
4932:
4392:
4379:
4098:
4087:
4063:
4049:
4041:
3863:
3774:
3690:
3683:
3632:
3534:
3425:
3374:
3292:
3120:
3091:
3084:
3039:
2758:
2519:
2510:
2234:
2220:
2212:
2046:Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment
2007:
1993:
1985:
1890:
1888:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
30:
22:Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package
20:
2054:(flyby relay ('bent pipe' communication))
2040:Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure
2034:Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package
799:
797:
528:Animation of HP mole burrowing into Mars.
239:Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package
760:is composed mostly of carbon dioxide (CO
7610:
1555:"Mars InSight's 'Mole' Is Moving Again"
793:
600:
990:
988:
2142:Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1496:
1494:
941:InSight – Geophysical Mission to Mars
780:, an infrared instrument on the 2003
266:and the Space Research Centre of the
7:
1448:"NASA's InSight Uncovers the 'Mole'"
1272:. Tilman Spohn, Karsten Seiferlin.
332:Diagram showing the components of HP
245:) is a science payload on board the
4025:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
1395:"Mars Insight's "Mole" Hits a Snag"
1276:49(14-15):1571-1577 December 2001.
804:Clark, Stephen (19 December 2013).
1553:Greicius, Tony (17 October 2019).
1472:Dvorsky, George (3 October 2019).
1393:Dickinson, David (11 March 2019).
1134:Banerdt, W. Bruce (7 March 2013).
397:active thermal conductivity sensor
391:for burrowing beneath the surface
14:
4883:Martian meteorites found on Earth
2061:Temperature and Winds for InSight
562:performed in early August 2020.
7649:
7637:
7625:
7613:
2096:
2090:
2084:
1787:Dunn, Marcia (14 January 2021).
1709:Spohn, Tilman (10 August 2020).
1420:Dickinson, David (3 July 2019).
855:Dunn, Marcia (14 January 2021).
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
616:
603:
521:
509:
3994:International Lunar Observatory
2805:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
2057:Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite
1761:Gough, Evan (16 October 2020).
1605:Palca, Joe (29 November 2019).
1501:Gough, Evan (18 October 2019).
1107:"Surface Operations | Timeline"
586:) and the weather instruments (
1023:Agle, D. C. (20 August 2012).
907:"Polish Kret will fly to Mars"
764:), and revealed trace amounts
345:(SS) a housing that includes:
321:
1:
3940:High Resolution Stereo Camera
1659:"The InSight mission logbook"
1657:Spohn, Tilman (3 June 2020).
1282:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00094-0
385:(BEE) electronic control unit
2077:Instrument Deployment System
1076:Kremer, Ken (2 March 2012).
766:water on the surface of Mars
716:The HP includes an infrared
574:as at least 3 metres deep.
479:s while the mole is active.
2871:Radiation Budget Instrument
2066:Pressure Sensor & Inlet
1274:Planetary and Space Science
712:HP3-RAD Infrared Radiometer
7698:
4302:Mare Australe (South Pole)
3197:Infrared Space Observatory
1585:NASA's InSight Mars Lander
1373:NASA's InSight Mars Lander
1111:NASA's InSight Mars Lander
1056:NASA's InSight Mars Lander
972:NASA's InSight Mars Lander
968:"Heat Probe | Instruments"
938:Banerdt, W. Bruce (2012).
268:Polish Academy of Sciences
6370:Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)
4942:
4931:
4665:Classical albedo features
4391:
4378:
4097:
4086:
2082:
1900:American Chemical Society
1428:. AAS Sky Publishing, LLC
1401:. AAS Sky Publishing, LLC
1208:10.1007/s11214-016-0272-1
100:Landing: 26 November 2018
92:2 years on Mars (planned)
29:
6375:Eagle (Meridiani Planum)
4844:Meteorites found on Mars
4307:Mare Boreum (North Pole)
4020:Inertial Stellar Compass
3385:Raman Laser Spectrometer
2176:Deep Space Network (DSN)
1162:Solar System Exploration
4015:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3274:Venus Emissivity Mapper
782:Mars Exploration Rovers
754:Mariner 6 and Mariner 7
260:German Aerospace Center
258:HP was provided by the
141:3 kg (6.6 lb)
56:German Aerospace Center
7682:Spacecraft instruments
4432:Concentric crater fill
1027:. NASA. Archived from
726:mission. HP3-RAD uses
422:
333:
295:
4575:Swiss cheese features
4030:Plasma Wave Subsystem
3141:Multispectral Scanner
2465:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2269:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2201:Mars InSight Roadshow
1230:"HP3 heat flow probe"
1188:Space Science Reviews
1012:. EPSC-DPS2011-379-1.
582:), radio experiment (
437:European Space Agency
420:
369:Tether length monitor
331:
294:HP overview animation
293:
6007:Angustus Labyrinthus
4605:discovery chronology
4550:Scalloped topography
4504:Lineated valley fill
2998:Mars Climate Orbiter
2640:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
1369:"Surface Operations"
1253:Gromov V.V. et al.:
383:Back end electronics
72:thermal conductivity
5962:Deuteronilus Mensae
5285:Syrtis Major Planum
5101:Syrtis Major Planum
4650:Observation history
4510:Lobate debris apron
3955:Mars Orbiter Camera
2191:Exploration of Mars
1942:10.1364/AO.8.000639
1934:1969ApOpt...8..639C
1863:2016SPIE.9973E..0TK
1426:Sky & Telescope
1399:Sky & Telescope
1322:www.seis-insight.eu
1200:2017SSRv..208..413G
1158:"InSight: In Depth"
1010:2011epsc.conf..379G
835:www.extremetech.com
536:Penetration efforts
377:Infrared radiometer
300:terrestrial planets
67:infrared radiometer
26:
7388:Teisserenc de Bort
6012:Noctis Labyrinthus
5992:Nilokeras Scopulus
4317:Margaritifer Sinus
3933:Imagers/telescopes
3081:Spectrophotometers
2119:Elysium quadrangle
1871:10.1117/12.2236190
1742:. 4 September 2020
1638:. 21 February 2020
1349:. 13 February 2019
758:atmosphere of Mars
747:calibration target
423:
349:Engineering tether
334:
296:
190:2018-05-05UTC11:05
83:Geophysics of Mars
7601:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
6040:Tithoniae Catenae
5977:Protonilus Mensae
5972:Nilosyrtis Mensae
5862:Hephaestus Fossae
5230:Eridania Planitia
5200:Amazonis Planitia
5190:Acidalia Planitia
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4888:Balsaltic Breccia
4590:Upper plains unit
4580:Terrain softening
4540:Ring mold craters
4515:North Polar Basin
4437:Dark slope streak
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4199:Vastitas Borealis
4139:Hyperboreae Undae
4038:
4037:
3975:Rosalind Franklin
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3884:Rosalind Franklin
3859:Mass spectrometer
3853:
3852:
3789:Rosalind Franklin
3763:
3762:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3622:
3621:
3530:Triaxial fluxgate
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3389:Rosalind Franklin
3364:
3363:
3288:UV-visible (UVVS)
3282:
3281:
3178:Rosalind Franklin
3116:Visible-IR (VIRS)
3110:
3109:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3031:
3030:
2750:
2749:
2562:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
2209:
2208:
2171:Discovery Program
1740:www.teslarati.com
1052:"Goals | Science"
911:Science in Poland
459:Mole penetrometer
447:as a payload for
445:Discovery Program
435:, in 2009 to the
389:Mole penetrometer
361:with 14 platinum
343:Support Structure
291:
235:
234:
186:5 May 2018, 11:05
146:Power consumption
7689:
7654:
7653:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7630:
7629:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7609:
5927:Tithonium Fossae
5837:Ceraunius Fossae
5453:Tithonium Chasma
5260:Meridiani Planum
5225:Elysium Planitia
5205:Arcadia Planitia
5163:Ceraunius Tholus
4984:Apollinaris Mons
4944:
4933:
4864:Meridiani Planum
4530:Outflow channels
4520:Ocean hypothesis
4393:
4380:
4099:
4088:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4042:
3876:(Europa Clipper)
3864:
3825:(on ExoMars TGO)
3775:
3769:Neutral particle
3691:
3684:
3633:
3535:
3521:(Europa Clipper)
3426:
3375:
3293:
3121:
3092:
3085:
3040:
3036:Ultraviolet (UV)
2759:
2755:Infrared-visible
2520:
2511:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2150:(Launch Vehicle)
2124:Elysium Planitia
2100:
2094:
2088:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1962:
1961:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1848:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:Associated Press
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1751:
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1747:
1732:
1726:
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1723:
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1700:
1699:
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1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1654:
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1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1527:Kooser, Amanda.
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1194:(1–4): 413–431.
1183:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
992:
983:
982:
980:
978:
964:
949:
948:
946:
935:
922:
921:
919:
917:
903:
897:
887:
872:
871:
869:
867:
861:Associated Press
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
801:
741:
737:
733:
703:(9 January 2021)
698:
686:
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662:
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638:
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513:
478:
322:
292:
193:
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128:
125:
123:
121:
119:
117:
115:
113:
97:Began operations
89:Mission duration
34:
27:
25:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7672:Geology of Mars
7662:
7661:
7660:
7648:
7638:
7636:
7624:
7614:
7612:
7604:
7602:
7589:
6025:
6016:
5917:Tantalus Fossae
5902:Olympica Fossae
5892:Memnonia Fossae
5882:Mareotis Fossae
5872:Labeatis Fossae
5842:Cerberus Fossae
5832:Amenthes Fossae
5818:
5805:
5438:Juventae Chasma
5418:Hydraotes Chaos
5373:Coprates Chasma
5328:
5319:
5290:Utopia Planitia
5270:Planum Australe
5250:Isidis Planitia
5240:Hesperia Planum
5235:Hellas Planitia
5220:Daedalia Planum
5215:Chryse Planitia
5210:Argyre Planitia
5181:
5174:
5111:Tartarus Montes
5106:Tartarus Colles
5086:Nereidum Montes
5019:Charitum Montes
5014:Centauri Montes
4989:Ariadnes Colles
4969:Acidalia Colles
4962:
4955:
4951:
4938:
4919:
4859:Mackinac Island
4678:
4671:
4616:
4595:Valley networks
4489:Inverted relief
4464:Fretted terrain
4398:
4387:
4366:
4342:Phoenicis Lacus
4203:
4169:Sinus Meridiani
4154:Planum Australe
4093:
4082:
4069:
4039:
4034:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3959:
3928:
3889:
3849:
3759:
3721:
3679:
3665:
3660:Cassini–Huygens
3647:
3618:
3562:Cassini–Huygens
3549:
3524:
3458:
3407:
3360:
3308:Mariner 6 and 7
3278:
3224:Mariner 6 and 7
3160:
3106:
3088:Long wavelength
3068:
3027:
2956:Mariner 6 and 7
2903:
2832:MESSR and VTIR
2746:
2716:Electra (radio)
2710:Cassini-Huygens
2697:
2500:
2350:Cassini–Huygens
2328:
2256:Cassini–Huygens
2243:
2240:
2210:
2205:
2159:
2130:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2020:
2013:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1919:
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1904:
1902:
1894:
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1841:
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1807:
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1630:
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1615:
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1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
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1579:mars.nasa.gov.
1578:
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1223:
1185:
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1177:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1105:mars.nasa.gov.
1104:
1103:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1050:mars.nasa.gov.
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1031:on 29 June 2017
1022:
1021:
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829:
828:
824:
814:
812:
810:Spaceflight Now
803:
802:
795:
790:
774:
763:
740:7.8–9.6 μm
739:
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473:
461:
415:
336:
335:
324:
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279:
189:
187:
157:Host spacecraft
110:
70:
63:Instrument type
37:
23:
19:
12:
11:
5:
7695:
7693:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7664:
7663:
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7622:
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7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6718:Jarry-Desloges
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6569:Columbia Hills
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6547:Apollo 1 Hills
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6405:Matijevic Hill
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6045:Tractus Catena
6042:
6037:
6035:Artynia Catena
6031:
6029:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5987:Claritas Rupes
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5957:Cydonia Mensae
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5937:Ulysses Fossae
5934:
5932:Tractus Fossae
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5912:Sirenum Fossae
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5887:Medusae Fossae
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5857:Elysium Fossae
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5460:List of valles
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Hydaspis Chaos
5410:
5405:
5403:Gorgonum Chaos
5400:
5395:
5393:Galaxias Chaos
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5368:Chasma Boreale
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Atlantis Chaos
5350:
5348:Aromatum Chaos
5345:
5343:Arsia Chasmata
5340:
5334:
5332:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5310:Pityusa Patera
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5168:Uranius Tholus
5165:
5160:
5150:
5148:Ulysses Tholus
5145:
5143:Tyrrhenus Mons
5140:
5138:Tharsis Tholus
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5116:Tharsis Montes
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Phlegra Montes
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5061:Hadriacus Mons
5058:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5044:Hecates Tholus
5041:
5036:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5004:Avernus Colles
5001:
4999:Ausonia Montes
4996:
4994:Astapus Colles
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4959:list by height
4956:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4874:Shelter Island
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4715:Jake Matijevic
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Bathurst Inlet
4683:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4555:Seasonal flows
4552:
4547:
4545:Rootless cones
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:Mare Tyrrhenum
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:Mare Acidalium
4294:
4289:
4287:Ismenius Lacus
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:Terra Cimmeria
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Aspledon Undae
4111:
4105:
4103:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4084:
4083:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3867:Interplanetary
3861:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3781:
3779:
3778:Interplanetary
3772:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3726:Interplanetary
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3652:Interplanetary
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3555:
3554:Interplanetary
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3463:Interplanetary
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3392:
3381:
3379:
3378:Interplanetary
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3296:Interplanetary
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3253:Europa Clipper
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3165:Interplanetary
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3095:Interplanetary
3089:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2908:Interplanetary
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2703:
2702:Interplanetary
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2361:ExoMars lander
2358:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2135:Launch related
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1969:External links
1967:
1964:
1963:
1922:Applied Optics
1912:
1884:
1827:
1805:
1779:
1767:Universe Today
1753:
1727:
1701:
1675:
1649:
1623:
1597:
1571:
1545:
1519:
1507:Universe Today
1490:
1464:
1439:
1412:
1385:
1360:
1334:
1309:
1297:
1293:HP3 on ExoMars
1285:
1259:
1246:
1221:
1175:
1146:
1123:
1094:
1082:Universe Today
1068:
1042:
1015:
984:
950:
923:
898:
873:
847:
822:
792:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
773:
770:
761:
713:
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706:
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691:
688:
681:
679:
676:
669:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
645:
643:
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633:
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622:
615:
613:
609:
602:
599:
598:
594:
593:
592:
537:
534:
527:
520:
519:
515:
508:
507:
506:
505:
504:
460:
457:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
407:
398:
386:
380:
374:
373:
372:
366:
355:Science tether
352:
326:
325:
319:
318:
278:
275:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
214:
210:
209:
203:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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7694:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
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7667:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7645:
7635:
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7607:
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7548:
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7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
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7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
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7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6586:Sleepy Hollow
6584:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:Olympus Rupes
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Ausonia Mensa
5945:
5943:
5942:Aeolis Mensae
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Mangala Fossa
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:Icaria Fossae
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:Ganges Chasma
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Candor Chasma
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Peneus Patera
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Planum Boreum
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Icaria Planum
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:Uranius group
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Hellas Montes
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Galaxius Mons
5054:
5052:
5051:Erebus Montes
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Biblis Tholus
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4930:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Oileán Ruaidh
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Barnacle Bill
4773:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Ore resources
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Chaos terrain
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Brain terrain
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Sinus Sabaeus
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:Planum Boreum
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Olympia Undae
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Eridania Lake
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:Venus Express
3803:ASPERA-4 (on
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:ASPERA-3 (on
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:Ion detectors
3685:
3682:
3676:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3613:Venus Express
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2853:(Terra, Aqua)
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:DMSP 5D-2/F16
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:Venus Express
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:Radio science
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:Mars Cube One
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1689:
1688:SpaceNews.com
1685:
1679:
1676:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1636:SpaceNews.com
1633:
1627:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1000:
999:
991:
989:
985:
973:
969:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
951:
943:
942:
934:
932:
930:
928:
924:
912:
908:
902:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
874:
862:
858:
851:
848:
836:
832:
826:
823:
811:
807:
800:
798:
794:
787:
783:
779:
776:
775:
771:
769:
767:
759:
755:
750:
748:
743:
736:16–19 μm
729:
725:
724:
719:
711:
697:
692:
685:
680:
673:
668:
661:
656:
649:
644:
637:
632:
625:
619:
614:
606:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
578:seismometer (
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
550:
546:
542:
535:
524:
512:
503:
499:
496:
491:
489:
485:
480:
477:
469:
465:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
419:
412:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
370:
367:
364:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
330:
317:
315:
310:
308:
303:
301:
276:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
164:
160:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
33:
28:
16:
7644:Solar System
7283:Schiaparelli
7228:Robert Sharp
7068:Orson Welles
6365:Du Martheray
6255:Chryse Alien
6250:Chincoteague
6090:Arkhangelsky
6002:Rupes Tenuis
5967:Ganges Mensa
5922:Tempe Fossae
5852:Cyane Fossae
5847:Coloe Fossae
5525:Green Valley
5448:Ophir Chasma
5443:Melas Chasma
5408:Hebes Chasma
5378:Echus Chasma
5358:Aureum Chaos
5315:Siloe Patera
5300:Orcus Patera
5280:Syria Planum
5255:Lunae Planum
5195:Aeolis Palus
5158:Uranius Mons
5091:Olympus Mons
5076:Libya Montes
5071:Jovis Tholus
5039:Albor Tholus
5034:Elysium Mons
5024:Echus Montes
4979:Anseris Mons
4903:Shergottites
4893:Chassignites
4849:Block Island
4787:
4767:
4742:
4687:
4352:Syrtis Major
4189:Terra Sabaea
4144:Ogygis Undae
4119:Arabia Terra
4109:Abalos Undae
3985:Astronomical
3974:
3971:MicrOmega-IR
3921:
3914:
3911:(on InSight)
3902:Seismometers
3883:
3842:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3797:Mars Express
3795:
3788:
3752:
3658:
3628:Helium vapor
3611:
3604:
3597:
3560:
3506:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3421:Magnetometer
3400:Perseverance
3399:
3388:
3353:
3346:
3319:
3312:
3228:
3206:
3202:
3177:
3020:
3013:
2989:
2982:
2960:
2933:
2917:Schiaparelli
2915:
2914:COMARS+ (on
2829:Kanopus-V-IK
2739:
2731:
2720:
2708:
2493:
2486:
2474:
2457:
2450:
2438:
2431:
2426:Mars Express
2424:
2382:
2365:
2348:
2341:
2261:
2254:
2181:Mars landing
2106:Landing site
2069:Magnetometer
2033:
2015:
1976:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:
1854:
1850:
1818:. Retrieved
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1746:17 September
1744:. Retrieved
1739:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1690:. 5 May 2020
1687:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1273:
1254:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1191:
1187:
1166:. Retrieved
1161:
1136:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1018:
997:
975:. Retrieved
971:
940:
914:. Retrieved
910:
901:
893:
864:. Retrieved
860:
850:
838:. Retrieved
834:
825:
813:. Retrieved
809:
751:
744:
732:8–14 μm
721:
715:
623:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
551:
547:
543:
539:
502:subsurface.
500:
492:
481:
470:
466:
462:
452:
448:
426:
424:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
368:
354:
348:
342:
337:
311:
304:
297:
272:
257:
246:
242:
238:
236:
165:
122:/instruments
52:Manufacturer
15:
7500:Vinogradsky
7458:Tycho Brahe
7408:Tikhonravov
7343:Spallanzani
7273:Santa Maria
7233:Roddenberry
6452:Flaugergues
5982:Sacra Mensa
5952:Capri Mensa
5897:Nili Fossae
5428:Ister Chaos
5295:Eden Patera
5265:Oxia Planum
5081:Mount Sharp
4854:Heat Shield
4810:Pot of Gold
4760:Last Chance
4743:Opportunity
4645:Volcanology
4479:Groundwater
4457:Nili Patera
4447:Dune fields
4427:Composition
4337:Phaethontis
4292:Lunae Palus
4209:Quadrangles
4179:Tempe Terra
4174:Siton Undae
4164:Quadrangles
4092:Cartography
3987:instruments
3964:Microscopes
2630:Meteor-M2-1
2619:Meteor-3M-1
2156:(2nd stage)
2144:(Launchpad)
1905:26 December
1720:7 September
1642:25 February
1616:29 November
1405:1 September
1327:26 December
1116:24 December
1061:3 September
815:20 December
555:1.5 cm
413:Development
213:Launch site
183:Launch date
170:Mars lander
7666:Categories
7565:Wislicenus
7520:Von Kármán
7495:Vinogradov
7488:Cape Verde
7323:Sklodowska
7278:Schaeberle
7258:Rutherford
7218:Richardson
7163:Ptolemaeus
7098:Perepelkin
7013:Montevallo
7008:Molesworth
6978:Milankovic
6953:McLaughlin
6903:Magelhaens
6828:Le Verrier
6653:Hipparchus
6447:Flammarion
6380:Eberswalde
6275:Copernicus
6190:Bonneville
6170:Boeddicker
6130:Barabashov
5907:Oti Fossae
5824:labyrinthi
5737:Shalbatana
5540:Her Desher
5433:Ius Chasma
5423:Iani Chaos
5388:Eos Chasma
5338:Aram Chaos
4937:Topography
4800:Home Plate
4795:Adirondack
4755:El Capitan
4730:Rocknest 3
4700:Coronation
4535:Polar caps
4499:Lava tubes
4412:Carbonates
4332:Oxia Palus
3694:Near-Earth
3636:Near-Earth
3606:Pioneer 11
3538:Near-Earth
3476:Pioneer 10
3429:Near-Earth
3314:Mariner 10
3124:Near-Earth
3043:Near-Earth
2996:PMIRR (on
2984:Pioneer 10
2962:Mariner 10
2884:Sentinel-3
2762:Near-Earth
2653:Sentinel-3
2624:MTVZA-GYa
2587:Kanopus-ST
2536:Sentinel-6
2523:Near-Earth
2506:Radiometer
2356:Europa-UVS
2196:Mars flyby
1928:(3): 639.
1857:: 99730T.
1820:15 January
1798:14 January
1772:19 October
1590:28 October
1564:19 October
1538:14 October
1512:19 October
1234:DLR Portal
1168:2 February
866:14 January
788:References
728:thermopile
718:radiometer
611:structure.
357:(TEM-P) a
314:radiometer
217:Vandenberg
162:Spacecraft
133:Properties
7620:Astronomy
7433:Trouvelot
7173:Quenisset
7153:Priestley
7123:Pickering
7093:Penticton
7083:Pangboche
7048:Nicholson
6983:Millochau
6873:Lomonosov
6703:Ibragimov
6638:Helmholtz
6623:Heaviside
6613:Hargraves
6537:Grindavik
6422:Escalante
6412:Endurance
6400:Endeavour
6395:Emma Dean
6390:Ejriksson
6315:Danielson
6295:Crommelin
6205:Burroughs
6185:Bonestell
6165:Bianchini
6145:Becquerel
6110:Bakhuysen
6095:Arrhenius
6075:Antoniadi
5732:Scamander
5630:Marineris
5550:Huo Hsing
5530:Harmakhis
5485:Athabasca
5383:Eos Chaos
4974:Alba Mons
4953:volcanoes
4948:Mountains
4898:Nakhlites
4768:Sojourner
4688:Curiosity
4635:Hesperian
4630:Amazonian
4565:Spherules
4442:Dichotomy
4362:Thaumasia
4072:Geography
3999:MoonLIGHT
3837:Mariner 2
3817:Curiosity
3743:Mariner 2
3680:detectors
3599:MESSENGER
3578:Mariner 2
3490:Voyager 1
3348:Voyager 1
3321:MESSENGER
3230:MESSENGER
3215:(on Juno)
3203:Voyager 1
3146:SCIAMACHY
3015:Voyager 1
2978:2M No.522
2973:2M No.521
2894:Suomi NPP
2722:Mariner 2
2627:Meteor-M2
2614:, MOS-1b)
2515:Microwave
2488:Voyager 1
2446:Pioneer 7
2433:MESSENGER
2390:Mariner 2
2186:Marsquake
1950:1559-128X
1879:125699932
1715:DLR Blogs
1663:DLR Blogs
1483:4 October
1457:31 August
1432:31 August
1216:118245538
723:Hayabusa2
464:history.
404:tiltmeter
264:Astronika
231:2018-042A
227:COSPAR ID
7550:Williams
7540:Weinbaum
7510:Vishniac
7483:Victoria
7448:Trumpler
7423:Tombaugh
7418:Timbuktu
7303:Sharonov
7298:Semeykin
7213:Reynolds
7203:Renaudot
7193:Rayleigh
7128:Playfair
7118:Phillips
7103:Peridier
7073:Oudemans
6993:Miyamoto
6943:Masursky
6853:Llanesco
6848:Liu Hsin
6813:Lampland
6798:Kunowsky
6648:Herschel
6633:Heinlein
6517:Gledhill
6482:Galdakao
6467:Fournier
6437:Fesenkov
6355:Douglass
6350:Dinorwic
6310:Da Vinci
6270:Columbus
6265:Coblentz
6215:Campbell
6195:Brashear
5692:Patapsco
5520:Granicus
5182:plateaus
5121:Ascraeus
4835:Monolith
4725:Rocknest
4705:Goulburn
4679:observed
4640:Noachian
4612:Yardangs
4474:Glaciers
4399:features
4322:Memnonia
4272:Eridania
4257:Coprates
4252:Cebrenia
4227:Amenthes
4222:Amazonis
4124:Cerberus
3916:Viking 1
3835:SPS (on
3785:ADRON-RM
3771:detector
3738:ASPERA-4
3733:ASPERA-3
3678:Particle
3441:QuakeSat
3241:E-THEMIS
3004:Venera 9
2846:Meteor-2
2824:ADEOS II
2636:Nimbus 7
2582:GPM Core
2549:ADEOS II
2482:Venera 9
2470:Sakigake
2384:Magellan
2343:Akatsuki
2294:Venera 4
2263:Magellan
1958:20072273
1452:NASA/JPL
1378:13 April
1353:13 April
1347:NASA/JPL
1087:27 March
977:13 April
840:22 March
778:Mini-TES
772:See also
488:regolith
428:Beagle 2
359:flex PCB
277:Overview
175:Operator
120:/mission
118:/insight
79:Function
42:Operator
7677:InSight
7656:Science
7632:Geology
7606:Portals
7555:Winslow
7535:Wegener
7530:Wallace
7463:Tyndall
7453:Tugaske
7428:Tooting
7328:Slipher
7288:Schmidt
7253:Russell
7223:Ritchey
7158:Proctor
7133:Pollack
7088:Pasteur
7058:Nipigon
7053:Niesten
6988:Mitchel
6963:Mellish
6958:McMurdo
6948:Maunder
6928:Mariner
6923:Maraldi
6918:Mandora
6908:Maggini
6858:Lockyer
6818:Lassell
6803:Lambert
6783:Korolev
6763:Kinkora
6713:Janssen
6693:Huygens
6673:Huggins
6628:Heimdal
6618:Hartwig
6598:Haldane
6574:Husband
6557:Grissom
6552:Chaffee
6507:Gilbert
6477:Freedom
6462:Fontana
6442:Firsoff
6427:Eudoxus
6360:Dromore
6340:Denning
6290:Crivitz
6245:Chapais
6235:Cerulli
6225:Cassini
6200:Briault
6160:Bernard
6135:Barnard
6125:Bamberg
6120:Baltisk
6105:Bacolor
6080:Arandas
6055:Agassiz
6027:craters
6022:Catenae
5799:Warrego
5722:Sabrina
5662:Naktong
5625:Mangala
5605:Maʼadim
5555:Hypanis
5510:Enipeus
5500:Buvinda
5490:Auqakuh
5330:valleys
5325:Canyons
5180:Plains,
5126:Pavonis
5029:Elysium
4820:Big Joe
4816:Viking
4735:Tintina
4622:History
4570:Surface
4484:Gullies
4469:Geysers
4397:Surface
4385:Geology
4357:Tharsis
4327:Noachis
4282:Iapygia
4267:Elysium
4262:Diacria
4237:Arcadia
4194:Tharsis
4129:Cydonia
4102:Regions
4076:geology
3844:Ulysses
3754:Ulysses
3715:Proba-2
3701:DEMETER
3452:Proba-2
3443:1 and 2
3395:SHERLOC
3185:MA-MISS
3062:Proba-2
2968:Mars 96
2951:Luna 13
2938:InSight
2924:Diviner
2898:NOAA-21
2882:SLSTR (
2807:NOAA-20
2798:AVNIR-2
2741:Rosetta
2693:Zond-PP
2642:Sich-1M
2617:MTVZA (
2577:Envisat
2556:Shizuku
2554:AMSR2 (
2534:AMR-C (
2373:InSight
2367:Galileo
2164:Related
2154:Centaur
2148:Atlas V
2112:Planet
2063:(TWINS)
2026:Payload
2017:InSight
1977:InSight
1930:Bibcode
1859:Bibcode
1611:NPR.org
1478:Gizmodo
1196:Bibcode
1035:16 July
1006:Bibcode
896:; 2016.
624:Insight
474:2
453:InSight
449:InSight
441:ExoMars
433:Mercury
248:InSight
206:Atlas V
188: (
167:InSight
106:Website
7570:Wright
7525:Vostok
7505:Virrat
7473:Vernal
7413:Tikhov
7383:Taytay
7378:Tarsus
7363:Stoney
7358:Stokes
7348:Srīpur
7313:Sinton
7293:Secchi
7268:Saheki
7248:Rudaux
7243:Rossby
7143:Porter
7113:Pettit
7108:Persbo
7078:Palana
7038:Newton
7033:Nereus
7028:Nansen
7023:Müller
7018:Moreux
7003:Mojave
6998:Mohawk
6968:Mendel
6898:Mädler
6883:Lowell
6833:Li Fan
6808:Lamont
6793:Kuiper
6773:Knobel
6768:Kipini
6758:Kepler
6753:Keeler
6748:Kaiser
6728:Jezero
6708:Inuvik
6688:Huxley
6683:Hutton
6678:Hussey
6663:Holmes
6658:Holden
6608:Halley
6593:Hadley
6579:McCool
6432:Fenagh
6417:Erebus
6335:Dejnev
6325:Davies
6320:Darwin
6230:Caxias
6210:Burton
6140:Beagle
6115:Baldet
6100:Asimov
6065:Airy-0
5815:mensae
5811:Fossae
5762:Tinjar
5727:Samara
5702:Rahway
5687:Paraná
5677:Nirgal
5667:Nanedi
5652:Mawrth
5647:Maumee
5620:Mamers
5600:Louros
5560:Iberus
5535:Hebrus
5515:Frento
5495:Bahram
5480:Asopus
4826:Other
4788:Spirit
4750:Bounce
4710:Hottah
4655:Canals
4585:Tholus
4277:Hellas
4247:Casius
4242:Argyre
4232:Arabia
4217:Aeolis
3977:rover)
3945:HiRISE
3886:rover)
3874:MASPEX
3830:Nozomi
3791:rover)
3573:Magsat
3568:FIELDS
3515:ICEMAG
3470:FIELDS
3391:rover)
3337:SPICAV
3332:SPICAM
3269:SPICAV
3264:SPICAM
3201:IRIS (
3051:EURECA
2877:GCOM-C
2875:SGLI (
2865:EURECA
2858:JERS-1
2648:Seasat
2601:MOPITT
2547:AMSR (
2544:(AQUA)
2542:AMSR-E
2440:Nozomi
2378:Kaguya
2324:WISDOM
2289:MARSIS
2284:SHARAD
2279:SELENE
2274:REASON
2048:(RISE)
2042:(SEIS)
1956:
1948:
1877:
1668:4 June
1239:4 June
1214:
1164:. NASA
627:'s
401:STATIL
220:SLC-3E
202:Rocket
194:
74:sensor
7585:Zunil
7580:Zumba
7560:Wirtz
7545:Wells
7515:Vogel
7468:Udzha
7403:Thira
7398:Thila
7393:Terby
7373:Suzhi
7368:Suess
7353:Steno
7338:South
7333:Smith
7318:Sitka
7263:Sagan
7208:Reuyl
7183:Radau
7168:Puńsk
7148:Porth
7138:Poona
7043:Nhill
6938:Martz
6933:Marth
6888:Lyell
6878:Louth
6868:Lohse
6843:Lipik
6838:Liais
6788:Kufra
6743:Jones
6733:Jezža
6723:Jeans
6668:Hooke
6643:Henry
6562:White
6542:Gusev
6532:Green
6527:Graff
6497:Garni
6492:Galle
6457:Focas
6385:Eddie
6345:Dilly
6330:Dawes
6305:Curie
6300:Cruls
6285:Crewe
6280:Corby
6260:Clark
6240:Chafe
6220:Canso
6070:Aniak
6050:Adams
5820:rupes
5794:Verde
5789:Vedra
5777:Uzboi
5772:Tyras
5757:Tinia
5752:Tader
5747:Stura
5742:Simud
5717:Sabis
5712:Reull
5697:Peace
5682:Padus
5672:Niger
5657:Minio
5642:Marte
5635:Labes
5595:Licus
5590:Lethe
5585:Ladon
5580:Labou
5575:Kasei
5570:Ituxi
5565:Indus
5475:Arnus
5465:Apsus
5131:Arsia
4908:Other
4790:rover
4770:rover
4745:rover
4690:rover
4677:Rocks
4600:Water
4506:(LVF)
4494:Lakes
4452:Hagal
4422:Color
3950:LORRI
3823:FREND
3643:Swarm
3545:Swarm
3402:rover
3370:Raman
3327:NOMAD
3303:Alice
3259:Ralph
3236:MERIS
3213:JIRAM
3180:rover
3172:AKARI
3049:ORI (
2890:VIIRS
2863:ORI (
2856:OPS (
2851:MODIS
2836:MOS-1
2822:GLI (
2803:CERES
2793:AVNIR
2782:Terra
2774:ASTER
2769:AVHRR
2688:WSF-M
2678:SSMIS
2673:SSM/I
2612:MOS-1
2610:MSR (
2605:Terra
2592:MIRAS
2248:Radar
1981:(PDF)
1875:S2CID
1847:(PDF)
1694:7 May
1212:S2CID
1141:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
945:(PDF)
916:5 May
588:TWINS
495:crust
484:Maxon
395:TEM-A
151:watts
114:.nasa
58:(DLR)
7575:Yuty
7478:Very
7443:Trud
7438:Troy
7308:Sibu
7238:Ross
7198:Redi
7188:Rahe
7178:Rabe
7063:Onon
6913:Main
6893:Lyot
6778:Koga
6738:Joly
6698:Iazu
6603:Hale
6522:Gold
6512:Gill
6502:Gasa
6487:Gale
6472:Fram
6180:Bond
6155:Belz
6150:Beer
6085:Argo
6060:Airy
5707:Ravi
5615:Maja
5545:Hrad
5470:Ares
4913:List
4830:Face
4805:Mimi
4780:Yogi
4720:Link
4659:list
4560:Soil
4080:Mars
4074:and
4008:Misc
3909:SEIS
3880:MOMA
3815:(on
3710:DSLP
3708:and
3706:TPMU
3519:PIMS
3517:and
3508:Juno
3447:SGVM
3436:GOES
3251:(on
3249:SUDA
3245:MISE
3205:and
3190:ISEM
3156:TRMM
3136:MOMS
3131:CASE
3057:LYRA
2946:IRIS
2936:(on
2926:(on
2818:ERSS
2813:ERBS
2788:AIRS
2778:MISR
2733:Juno
2683:TRMM
2668:SMOS
2663:SMMR
2658:SMAP
2597:MISR
2572:ERSS
2530:AQUA
2410:6, 7
2114:Mars
2036:(HP)
1954:PMID
1946:ISSN
1907:2018
1855:9973
1822:2021
1800:2021
1774:2020
1748:2020
1722:2020
1696:2020
1670:2020
1644:2020
1618:2019
1592:2019
1566:2019
1559:NASA
1540:2019
1533:CNET
1514:2019
1485:2019
1459:2019
1434:2019
1407:2019
1380:2020
1355:2020
1329:2018
1241:2020
1170:2018
1118:2018
1089:2012
1063:2019
1037:2018
979:2020
918:2018
868:2021
842:2020
817:2013
738:and
584:RISE
580:SEIS
476:watt
363:RTDs
307:core
253:Mars
237:The
178:NASA
138:Mass
124:/hp3
116:.gov
112:mars
46:NASA
24:(HP)
6973:Mie
6863:Lod
6823:Lau
6175:Bok
5782:ULM
5767:Tiu
5610:Mad
5505:Dao
4078:of
3813:DAN
3748:SPS
3503:MAG
3342:UVS
3151:TES
3102:ISO
2934:HP3
2928:LRO
2728:MWR
2072:PAE
1938:doi
1867:doi
1278:doi
1204:doi
1192:208
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196:UTC
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