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round-headed windows recessed in an arcade, with ashlar impost band and keystones, rising from a basement articulated by brick pilasters set on pedestals in the applied parapet, the first floor sill course broken forward over bases; panelled zones below second floor sills defined by sections of ashlar string course between the pilasters. There is an ashlar bed mould to main entablature with projecting ashlar eaves cornice. The centrepiece has a channelled ashlar ground floor with large rounded archway, the keystone angled out as bracket to support two storey tripartite ashlar bow window with panelled aprons, divided by consoles on second floor; the main entablature is broken forward over the bow. The range along the street is the front range of a quadrangular plan, of which the interior faces of the courtyard have an arcaded treatment.
1819:
761:
736:
965:
1956:
2118:
1337:
1384:
1422:
800:
2131:
1633:
2013:
417:
1793:
1767:
1698:
748:
1646:
787:
1836:
1529:
1491:
838:
1806:
1780:
1409:
1285:
1104:
1044:
2039:
2026:
1594:
1246:
901:
723:
1891:
1620:
1555:
36:
1503:
180:
169:
1741:
1568:
914:
1685:
1017:
1864:
476:
1607:
1516:
1194:
1233:
978:
889:
710:
1672:
1160:
1078:
1272:
1943:
1435:
1173:
2078:
637:
2800:
2105:
316:
2065:
1324:
926:
102:
529:
1542:
1754:
1371:
952:
1974:
1478:
1091:
877:
864:
437:
2052:
1396:
1298:
1220:
1207:
1134:
991:
939:
851:
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697:
2092:
1987:
1930:
1904:
1581:
1259:
1117:
1004:
2000:
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1030:
812:
774:
1878:
1659:
1311:
1147:
1847:
1917:
595:, which over time would replace the currencies of its member states. Although the United Kingdom decided to opted out of the European currency project, the Birmingham Mint attempted to win a contract to produce coin planchets for the new Euros, which consisted of eight denominations. To showcase the mint's striking ability and production quality, a series of
525:
the
Birmingham Mint, the Royal Mint agreed to offer a third of Royal Mint's overseas contracts. Despite this, the Birmingham Mint's work was greatly diminished and was required to compete for new contracts. This decision was to have an enormous effect on the future of the Birmingham Mint, and marked the start of the mint's gradual decline.
613:
Mint's poor financial performance. Despite recording an operating profit of £5.2 million in 2001; compared with the Royal Mint's record loss in the same period of £6.5 million, the loss in business from overseas contracts proved too great, and in 2003 the mint was forced into administration under the purview of
345:
in London. Having had experience in the die-making process, and noting a lack of any competition, Heaton made a decision to purchase the necessary equipment in hopes of taking over the contracts left in the wake of the Soho Mint's demise. A few weeks later on 29 April, the auction was held on-site in
607:
By the early 2000s another financial blow was a dispute with the Royal Mint over an agreement regarding historic rights to profits on overseas contracts. The
Birmingham Mint alleged the two parties had had an unwritten agreement since the 1960s that they obtain one-third of all orders the Royal Mint
299:
and tools used in the various
Birmingham trades of the time, such as metal working. Over the years Heaton's sons John (b.1781), William (b. 1784), George (b. 1789), Ralph II (b. 1794), and Reuben (b. 1796) gradually joined their father in the family business. In 1817 Heaton's fourth son Ralph Heaton
612:
against the
Treasury for £5.4 million in damages. Two years prior to the court case, owner 3i sold the mint to former chief executive Roland Vernon, who submitted a memorandum to Parliament suggesting the rights to mint British coins be put out to tender for private companies, pointing to the Royal
599:
were struck for all eight of the Euro's denominated coins. Similar to legal tender Euros, these coins featured the same reverse design, mass, dimensions, and metal composition, however, the obverse was pressed with the
Birmingham Mint's logo. Sixty-five sets of these coins were sent to mints across
524:
reconsidered its position on the potential commercial aspect of its operations. Up until this point, with a few exceptions for friendly countries, the Royal Mint had maintained a policy of not minting coins for foreign powers due to its position as a governmental entity. To not significantly damage
408:
for the project's duration, while periodically making trips back to
England. Upon reaching the French mint, Heaton II found it in a state of disrepair with broken coin presses and rusting milling machines which he later sold for scrap. Replacement machinery was soon ordered from the Paris Mint, and
366:
proved unable to effectively supply the coinage needed for the burgeoning colonies. A reason for this was the inability of the Royal Mint to alternate between metals during production, meaning copper coins were passed over for the more lucrative silver and gold. Fortunately for the
Birmingham Mint,
432:
Upon Heaton II's death in 1862, responsibility for the company fell to his eldest son, Ralph Heaton III, who had worked alongside his father for over twenty years, and was already well-versed in the business of coin making. It was around this time that the mint began a phase-out of its cumbersome
511:
opened in 1889, and was equipped with 90 lever coining presses imported from
Birmingham. With the ability to produce 2.7 million coins per day, it was the largest mint in the world. To oversee day-to-day operations and train Chinese workers, the chief of the Birmingham Mint Operative Department,
433:
noisy screw press in favour of more modern lever presses which could produce better quality strikes at a greater speed. These lever operated presses used at the mint were developed within the mint's own workshops, and so led to opportunities in supplying foreign countries with minting equipment.
350:
presses, which he installed on Bath/Shadwell street. Now with the tools needed to start minting coins, all that was required was government permission. Unlike the government-owned Royal Mint, which was generally forbidden from producing coins for foreign powers, private mints could be granted a
659:
Built to encompass a rectangular yard, the works have a symmetrical formal elevation to the street, in an
Italianate red brick style. A long range on 3 storeys of 2:5:1:5:2 bays, the end pairs and broader pedimented centre break forward, along with hipped slate roofs. The ground floor has
424:
As overseas orders continued to increase, particularly for India, the mint added a new lever press and further equipment, filling the
Shadwell Street premises to capacity. So as to accommodate their increased business, in 1860 the firm bought a 1-acre (0.40 ha) plot on
460:, namely the silver 1 Mu, 5 Mu, 1 Mat and 1 Kyat coins. To provide for these coins, 1,200 dies featuring the dynasty's peacock emblem were produced in Birmingham. Over the next few years the mint continued to receive large orders for coinage including 40 million for
557:. Harman was later brought to court and Birmingham Mint director William Ernest Bromet was ordered to give testimony on the mint's involvement. In 1931 Harman was found guilty of breaching the Coinage Act and fined £5. The Mint was ruled to have not been liable.
399:
In October 1852, the mint was presented with a new opportunity outside that of simply supplying coinage. Neighbouring France were in the process of a major re-coining effort, and requested help in operating and re-equipping one of their minting facilities, in
2160:
Various dates are given on the founding of the mint including the year Ralph Heaton I established his business (1794). The year Ralph Heaton II established his business (1817) and the year the business started producing coins (1850).
536:
Now having to contend with the Royal Mint as competition, the Birmingham Mint looked to expand its interests outside of normal coin production. One such contract came in the form of a commission by businessman and self-appointed King
254:
to begin its own coin production. Over the subsequent decades the mint won contracts to mint national currencies, and built minting facilities worldwide so that at its height the Birmingham Mint's capacity surpassed that of even the
553:. A total of 50,000 of each denomination were minted and delivered for use on the island. Subsequently, the legality of coins as a form of legal tender were called into question when they were accused of contravening the
367:
this left a gap in the market which, when coupled with void left by the defunct Soho Mint, offered the promise of a steady supply of business. The first order received by the mint came in the form of tokens for Britain's
346:
the closed Soho Mint. Although no information regarding the bidding process was recorded, documentation from the time shows that Heaton was successful in his bidding and purchased four steam-powered screw presses and six
300:
II (1794–1862) established a new company within the premises of his father's business, which by then had relocated to nearby Shadwell Street. Like his father, Heaton II focused mainly on producing brass fittings in the
486:
In 1887 the Birmingham Mint was once again contacted by a foreign nation, this time representatives of the Chinese government, requesting help in the construction and operation of a new modernised minting facility in
668:
The Birmingham Mint was best known for its coin production, however, throughout its history it also manufactured machinery and other numismatic-related products such as planchets, tokens, medals, and casino chips.
2481:
2341:
2979:
409:
new equipment imported for Birmingham. When all was done Heaton II had spent a total of £3,700 on refurbishment. The Marseille Mint produced over 101 million coins, consisting of 1, 2, 5 and
2964:
2746:
413:
pieces, and after five years of production Heaton II's involvement in France's recoinage was complete. The mint facility was sold off for £1,080 or 27,000 francs.
2959:
2974:
677:
The mint worked with many nations to produce coins and planchets, often minting them in the Birmingham Mint itself or in one of the mints constructed overseas.
2489:
379:
in London, which was experiencing high demand, was forced to outsource the minting of its domestic copper to the Birmingham Mint by requesting planchets for
604:
deemed them illegal counterfeits and ordered their destruction. Apart from helping to supply planchets, this was the mint's only involvement in the Euro.
283:
The history of the Birmingham Mint can be traced back as far as 1794, when local engineer and businessman Ralph Heaton (1755-1832) established his brass
2739:
266:
over foreign contracts led to a slump in sales, cumulating in the mint's eventual closure in 2003 ending its almost 200-year history. According to
2984:
429:
and constructed a three-storey red brick factory which opened two years later. The new building housed eleven screws presses and one lever press.
2575:
2695:
352:
2969:
2732:
804:
550:
383:
57:
2135:
2684:
2262:
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of metals, however as a former apprentice die-maker, Heaton II also worked to produce dies. By 1847, Heaton II's business was renamed
2845:
2652:
2633:
2610:
79:
2840:
2679:
766:
546:
507:. Unlike these regions, Canton was under increased Western influence with foreign merchants dealing primarily in silver. The new
380:
608:
received from outside Europe. The Royal Mint disputed this claim, and on 12 June 2002 the Birmingham Mint filed a claim in the
371:, which had previous made orders from the Soho Mint. After this, a substantial order from Chile saw over nine million copper
2314:
652:. It was constructed in 1860 after the mint's former residence on Shadwell Street was outgrown. The building was designated
2929:
2669:
617:. It was later acquired by JFT Law & Co., Ltd., and its assets retained by liquidators Stirchley Machine Tools, Ltd.
2371:
359:, who in turn vouched for Heaton's good character. Subsequently, permission was given and the new venture could begin.
50:
44:
250:
Beginning life in 1817 as a family-run brass fittings maker, the company later purchased equipment from the defunct
2625:
231:. Formerly the world's largest privately owned mint, the company produced coins for many foreign nations including
580:. The new amalgamated mint was initially renamed the IMI Birmingham Mint, however, it was subsequently renamed to
368:
61:
2432:
1625:
728:
2181:
2784:
2779:
621:
416:
386:
362:
As the British Empire continued its global expansion into new territories across Asia, the government-owned
2278:
1835:
1798:
957:
577:
600:
Europe, and a few sample pouches were made up for mint salesmen. Upon hearing of these sample coins, the
2227:
1829:
918:
881:
609:
292:
2883:
565:
202:
2774:
2565:
1811:
492:
356:
2924:
1677:
1225:
970:
740:
601:
538:
504:
338:
168:
2512:
179:
2934:
2855:
2850:
1785:
1521:
573:
569:
541:
who in 1929 requested coins with his likeness be minted for use on his privately owned island of
325:
270:, however, as of 2021 a revived mint continues to operate, albeit with little business activity.
2566:"Front Range of the Birmingham Mint Facing Icknield Street, and Buildings Around the Courtyard"
545:. Two coins were made for Harman, namely the Puffin and Half Puffin, which were based upon the
2893:
2824:
2648:
2629:
2606:
2258:
1856:
1772:
1729:
1495:
869:
779:
649:
461:
375:
and half centavos produced; this was the mint's first striking of circulating coins. Soon the
296:
2819:
2769:
2675:
2570:
2336:
1961:
1948:
1824:
1427:
1251:
792:
554:
475:
469:
449:
393:
572:(formerly known as King's Norton Mint). Under restructuring plans, the minting facility in
2814:
2185:
1992:
1839:
653:
645:
426:
267:
116:
404:. To oversee the endeavour himself, Heaton II gathered a few of his workers and moved to
295:
Heaton had already gained a reputation as a capable inventor who worked to manufacturer
2914:
2799:
1183:
1178:
1122:
588:
456:
in 1865 by early November, a mint was in operation producing four denominations of the
244:
624:, in 2003 the mint became a museum and in 2011 the remainder of the mint relocated to
2953:
2110:
715:
625:
596:
389:
101:
2070:
2018:
1851:
1126:
931:
457:
120:
2453:
436:
17:
2537:
2909:
2789:
2206:
1547:
1388:
508:
479:
308:
when Ralph III joined his father. A few years later in 1853 the business became
2919:
2755:
1868:
1863:
1733:
1508:
636:
521:
376:
363:
342:
315:
288:
263:
256:
224:
197:
162:
112:
2710:
2697:
2363:
2306:
341:, dies, and most notably coin presses of a similar type to those used at the
2888:
2395:
2283:
1746:
1703:
1638:
1573:
1376:
753:
512:
Edward Wyon, remained in China for a few years before returning to England.
488:
405:
401:
330:
251:
495:
to introduce new machining techniques into China had failed, with mints in
312:
when his other son George also joined. This name was retained until 1889.
2542:
2458:
2083:
1979:
1651:
1483:
1165:
1096:
983:
453:
347:
528:
2057:
1965:
1690:
1534:
1401:
1342:
1303:
1212:
1139:
1083:
996:
944:
856:
843:
830:
702:
644:
The purpose-built 19th century Birmingham Mint building is situated on
561:
500:
465:
445:
410:
372:
301:
284:
228:
2097:
1935:
1909:
1759:
1612:
1586:
1440:
1414:
1329:
1316:
1290:
1264:
1238:
1199:
1152:
1109:
1049:
1022:
1009:
584:
when it was sold in 2000 to venture capital firm 3i for £18 million.
232:
2123:
2044:
2031:
2005:
1922:
1599:
1470:
1277:
1035:
906:
894:
817:
635:
576:
closed and operations merged with the plant on Icknield Street in
542:
527:
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474:
435:
334:
314:
240:
236:
2724:
2414:
1896:
1883:
1664:
1560:
614:
592:
2728:
560:
In 1991, the Birmingham Mint was purchased by engineering firm
29:
2645:
The Mint A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948
444:
The first of these orders for minting equipment came from
503:
being unable to supplant the well established local cast
440:
Romanian 10 Bani proof copper coin marked "Heaton" (1867)
448:
where the British continued to gain dominance over the
223:
was a coining mint and metal-working company based in
2980:
Buildings and structures in Birmingham, West Midlands
329:
for the selling of assets from the recently defunct
2902:
2871:
2864:
2833:
2807:
2762:
196:
188:
157:
142:
134:
126:
108:
640:Present day mint building built on Icknield Street
2680:"Details from listed building database (1076314)"
323:On 1 April 1850. an auction was announced in the
192:coins, tokens, medal, casino chips, metal fixings
2538:"Birmingham Mint leaves base for Kidderminster"
468:, and over 90 million for the recently formed
2740:
2411:Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General
2364:"The Occasion of the Closing of The IMI Mint"
8:
2965:Companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
2257:. Manchester University Press. p. 193.
94:
2603:A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint
591:was increasing plans for the launch of the
2868:
2747:
2733:
2725:
2399:. No. 66208. 22 May 1998. p. 28.
1715:
1354:
1061:
680:
178:
167:
100:
93:
262:By the early 2000s disagreement with the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
415:
351:special license. Heaton II wrote to his
43:This article includes a list of general
2173:
2153:
319:Birmingham Mint founder Ralph Heaton II
287:on the now-demolished Slaney Street in
2960:British companies established in 1850
2482:"The Rise and Fall of a Private Mint"
2426:
2424:
2374:from the original on 30 December 2020
2317:from the original on 6 September 2008
7:
2975:History of Birmingham, West Midlands
2513:"Birmingham Mint to become a Museum"
2492:from the original on 20 October 2020
805:Imperial British East Africa Company
2670:A site on attractions in Birmingham
2433:"Coinmaker sues Treasury for £5.4m"
2136:United States of the Ionian Islands
452:. Arriving at the royal capital of
2685:National Heritage List for England
2578:from the original on 12 March 2021
2511:Haddleton, Marie (5 August 2015).
648:in the North-West of Birmingham's
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2337:"Martin Coles Harman (1885-1954)"
27:Coin maker in Birmingham, England
2798:
2431:Armstrong, Paul (24 July 2002).
2129:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2076:
2063:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
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1845:
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912:
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862:
849:
836:
823:
810:
798:
785:
772:
767:Democratic Republic of the Congo
759:
746:
734:
721:
708:
695:
34:
2622:A New History of the Royal Mint
2279:"The Birmingham Mint (Limited)"
520:In 1923, the U.K. government's
2985:1850 establishments in England
2647:. Cambridge University Press.
291:. Against the backdrop of the
1:
2253:Barrie M., Ratcliffe (1986).
2182:"The Birmingham Mint Limited"
1830:India – Company rule in India
333:. Included in the sale were
2970:Mints of the United Kingdom
2454:"Birmingham Mint goes bust"
2255:Great Britain and Her World
2207:"Meredith of Herefordshire"
491:. Previous attempts by the
3001:
2626:Cambridge University Press
628:, just outside Birmingham
587:Around the same time, the
564:who also owned the nearby
532:Puffin coin minted in 1929
2796:
1454:Province of New Brunswick
1445:Province of Canada Quebec
247:during the 19th century.
99:
2601:Sweeny, James O (1981).
2393:"Birmingham Mint Sold".
2785:Great Recoinage of 1816
2780:Great Recoinage of 1696
2620:Challis, C. E. (1992).
2228:"Peacock coin of Burma"
622:Birmingham City Council
64:more precise citations.
1799:Emirate of Afghanistan
958:South African Republic
641:
533:
516:20th century - present
483:
441:
421:
320:
919:Sultanate of Zanzibar
882:Portuguese Mozambique
639:
531:
478:
439:
419:
318:
293:Industrial Revolution
2775:The Great Debasement
2711:52.48833°N 1.91667°W
2643:Craig, John (2011).
2488:. 1 September 2017.
1812:Federation of Malaya
1451:Prince Edward Island
493:Empress Dowager Cixi
420:Mint building - 1862
306:Ralph Heaton and Son
176:United Kingdom
2925:Royal Canadian Mint
2707: /
2417:. 1990. p. 15.
1678:Trinidad and Tobago
1023:Uganda Protectorate
971:Straits Settlements
741:British West Africa
729:British East Africa
602:European Commission
582:The Birmingham Mint
539:Martin Coles Harman
96:
2884:King's Norton Mint
2856:Warden of the Mint
2851:Master of the Mint
2716:52.48833; -1.91667
2234:. 21 February 2018
2003:
1720:Asia & Oceania
1522:Dominican Republic
1457:Dominion of Canada
895:Sultanate of Egypt
642:
534:
484:
442:
422:
326:Birmingham Gazette
321:
243:, and much of the
203:King's Norton Mint
18:Heaton's Mint
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2903:Historic branches
2894:Mints of Scotland
2825:Royal Mint Museum
2517:The Hockley Flyer
2144:
2143:
2045:Republic of China
1857:Pudukkottai State
1773:British Hong Kong
1730:Aden Protectorate
1712:
1711:
1496:Colony of Jamaica
1351:
1350:
1058:
1057:
870:Portuguese Angola
780:Dominion of Ghana
754:British Mauritius
650:Jewellery Quarter
620:With the help of
464:, 50 million for
462:British Hong Kong
394:quarter farthings
369:Australian colony
279:18th-19th century
217:
216:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2992:
2869:
2820:Royal Mint Court
2802:
2770:Trial of the Pyx
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2689:
2676:Historic England
2658:
2639:
2616:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2571:Historic England
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
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2502:
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2287:. 2 October 1912
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2250:
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2030:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1962:Konbaung dynasty
1960:
1958:
1957:
1949:Kingdom of Hejaz
1947:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1850:
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656:on 8 July 1982.
555:Coinage Act 1870
470:Kingdom of Italy
450:Konbaung dynasty
339:milling machines
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664:Mint operations
654:Grade II Listed
646:Icknield Street
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489:Canton province
427:Icknield Street
357:Richard Spooner
310:Heaton and Sons
281:
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268:Companies House
221:Birmingham Mint
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138:Ralph Heaton II
95:Birmingham Mint
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56:Please help to
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2756:The Royal Mint
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2664:External links
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2605:. The Mint.
2602:
2580:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2541:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2486:Coins Weekly
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2410:
2405:
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2376:. Retrieved
2367:
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2346:. Retrieved
2340:
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2319:. Retrieved
2310:
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2289:. Retrieved
2282:
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2236:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2176:
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2071:Saudi Arabia
2019:North Borneo
1852:Indore State
1626:Newfoundland
932:Sierra Leone
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158:Headquarters
121:Metalworking
91:
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70:October 2021
67:
48:
2930:Mumbai Mint
2910:Sydney Mint
2790:Decimal Day
2714: /
2496:22 December
2466:22 December
2438:22 December
2378:23 December
2348:29 December
2321:9 September
2291:21 December
2212:21 December
1548:El Salvador
1448:Nova Scotia
509:Canton Mint
480:Canton Mint
384:halfpennies
62:introducing
2954:Categories
2920:Perth Mint
2702:01°55′00″W
2699:52°29′18″N
2169:References
2086:(Thailand)
2032:Qing China
1869:Travancore
1509:Costa Rica
610:High Court
551:Half Penny
522:Royal Mint
505:cash coins
482:circa 1900
377:Royal Mint
364:Royal Mint
343:Royal Mint
289:Birmingham
264:Royal Mint
257:Royal Mint
225:Birmingham
163:Birmingham
113:Metallurgy
45:references
2889:Soho Mint
2834:Positions
2396:The Times
2284:The Times
1840:Hyderabad
1747:Australia
1704:Venezuela
1639:Nicaragua
1574:Guatemala
1377:Argentina
406:Marseille
402:Marseille
387:farthings
331:Soho Mint
252:Soho Mint
2872:Domestic
2576:Archived
2543:BBC News
2490:Archived
2459:BBC News
2372:Archived
2315:Archived
2191:17 March
1980:Malaysia
1652:Paraguay
1484:Colombia
1359:Americas
1186:– Tokens
1166:Guernsey
1097:Bulgaria
984:Tanzania
566:IMI Mint
454:Mandalay
373:centavos
348:planchet
189:Products
109:Industry
2594:Sources
2582:4 March
2550:4 March
2522:4 March
2238:5 March
2058:Sarawak
1966:Myanmar
1691:Uruguay
1535:Ecuador
1402:Bolivia
1343:Tuscany
1304:Romania
1226:Ireland
1213:Iceland
1140:Finland
1084:Belgium
1038:, Tarim
997:Tunisia
945:Somalia
857:Nigeria
844:Morocco
831:Liberia
703:Algeria
578:Hockley
562:IMI plc
501:Nanjing
466:Romania
411:centime
381:pennies
302:foundry
285:foundry
274:History
229:England
207: (
148: (
143:Defunct
135:Founder
127:Founded
117:Minting
58:improve
2808:Places
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1330:Serbia
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1317:Russia
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1265:Latvia
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1239:Jersey
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1200:Greece
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1153:France
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1066:Europe
1050:Zambia
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1010:Uganda
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685:Africa
574:Witton
570:Witton
335:lathes
233:France
165:
47:, but
2148:Notes
2006:Nepal
1923:Japan
1600:Haiti
1471:Chile
1278:Malta
1036:Yemen
818:Kenya
673:Coins
543:Lundy
497:Zhili
446:Burma
241:China
237:Italy
2649:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2584:2021
2552:2021
2524:2021
2498:2020
2468:2020
2440:2020
2415:HMSO
2380:2020
2350:2020
2323:2019
2293:2020
2259:ISBN
2240:2021
2214:2020
2193:2021
2084:Siam
1897:Iraq
1884:Iran
1665:Peru
1561:Fiji
615:KPMG
593:Euro
549:and
499:and
458:kyat
392:and
219:The
209:1932
150:2003
146:2003
130:1817
568:in
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