Pyramid of Djoser - Knowledge (XXG)

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16 cu). This was built from a core of limestone blocks arranged in horizontal beds and bound with yellow or red clay. A 2.6 m (9 ft; 5 cu) thick casing of fine white Tura limestone was applied to the core arranged in the same horizontal manner. The outer blocks were inclined to ~82° and the top of the mastaba likely had a slightly convex shape. A second casing of fine white limestone was applied to this which increased the mastaba's base length to 71.5 m (235 ft; 136 cu) square (M2). The casing was 4.2 m (14 ft; 8 cu) thick at the base and 3.4 m (11 ft; 6.5 cu) thick at the peak, which was 0.65 m (2 ft; 1 cu) lower than the initial mastaba height. The outer blocks of this second coat also had a steeper incline at ~76°. The mastaba was then extended 8.4 m (28 ft; 16 cu) east to cover a series of eleven shafts 33 m (108 ft; 63 cu) deep that ended in passages that led west to the burial chambers of members of Djoser's family. This extension was built from locally sourced limestone rubble and cased by 1.5 m (5 ft; 3 cu) thick limestone coating that formed an extension of M2. The mastaba had a new, rectangular ground plan 71.5 m (235 ft; 136 cu) by 79.5 m (261 ft; 152 cu). At this stage the mastaba still peaked at 8.4 m (28 ft; 16 cu) in height, too short to be seen from outside the 10.5 m (34 ft; 20 cu) high enclosure wall.

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never the intended final form and that it was planned to be a pyramid from the outset. The conversion (P1) encased the mastaba (M3) extending its length by 5.76 m (19 ft; 11 cu) on each axis giving it a base length of 85.5 m (281 ft; 163 cu) by 77 m (253 ft; 147 cu). The alteration from mastaba to pyramid came with a shift in construction. The builders used larger and better quality, roughly dressed limestone blocks – but instead of horizontal beds, they built successive inclined accretion layers 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) thick. These leaned on each other from opposite ends providing greater stability preventing a collapse. The whole was then cased in fine white limestone with a layer of packing in between. This phase of the pyramid had four steps that rose to a height of 42 m (138 ft; 80 cu). The decision was then made to expand the pyramid north and west from four to six steps (P1') which was then finished with a final layer of limestone casing (P2) that gave the pyramid its final form. On completion the step pyramid had a base length of 109 m (358 ft; 208 cu) by 121 m (397 ft; 231 cu) that rose to a height of 60–62.5 m (197–205 ft; 115–119 cu) and occupied a volume of 330,400 m (11,670,000 cu ft).

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and the first instance of the mass use of limestone in construction, replacing mudbrick which had been the staple building material prior. This shift to limestone – a hard, dense material compared to mudbrick – presented novel challenges to the architects, though they kept to earlier tradition, copying architectonic elements and carving them into the stone. For example, the Egyptians hand-carved 1,680 9 m (30 ft; 17 cu)-tall niches out of the limestone enclosure wall. In earlier projects, this element was built with wooden planks, ropes, and poles hung with reed mats. In a modern context, the same element would be built by laying out the blocks to form the recesses.

1046: 813:, a French architect who reconstructed key portions of the complex. The complex covers 15 ha (37 acres) and is about 2.5 times as large as the Old Kingdom town of Hierakonpolis. Several features of the complex differ from those of later Old Kingdom pyramids. The pyramid temple is situated at the north side of the pyramid, whereas in later pyramids it is on the east side. Also, the Djoser complex is built on a north–south axis, whereas later complexes utilize an east–west axis. Furthermore, the Djoser complex has one niched enclosure wall, whereas later pyramids have two enclosure walls with the outside one being smooth and the inside one sometimes niched. 785: 457: 228: 822:

shape, oriented on the north–south axis. The trench resembles a 𓉔 (hieroglyph h) which represents the floorplan of a house. It is decorated with niches which are suggested by Nabil Swelim to have hosted the spirits of members of the king's court, there to serve the king in his afterlife. In parts, the trench doubles into two with distinct entries. These make accessing the enclosure wall more difficult, indicating its function as a safe-guard. Miroslav Verner suspects that a single entrance was built at the south-east corner granting access to the area.

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which predate Djoser. These would have served Djoser's visceral needs in the afterlife. An extensive network of underground galleries was located to the north, west and south of the central burial chamber and crude horizontal magazines were carved into these. Shafts I–V were used for the burials of royal family members; shafts VI–XI were used as symbolic tombs for the grave goods of royal ancestors from dynasties I–II. More than 40,000 vessels, bowls and vases made of various kinds of stone were found in these galleries. Royal names such as of kings

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pyramid throughout the Third Dynasty, as the king wished to go north to become one of the eternal stars in the North Sky that never set. In the Fourth Dynasty, when there was a religious shift to an emphasis on rebirth and eternity achieved through the sun, the temple was moved to the east side of the pyramid, where the sun rises, so that through association the king may be reborn every day.

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pyramid form, which did not survive beyond the 3rd Dynasty, is unknown, but it has been suggested that it may be a monumental symbol of the crown, especially the royal mortuary cult, since seven small step pyramids (that were not tombs) were built in the provinces. Another well accepted theory is that it facilitated the king's ascension to join the eternal North Star.

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entrance to the 28 m shaft was built on the north side of the pyramid, a trend that would remain throughout the Old Kingdom. The sides of the underground passages are limestone inlaid with blue faience tile to replicate reed matting. These "palace façade" walls are further decorated by panels decorated in low relief that show the king participating in the

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granite. He found interesting evidence of limestone blocks with five pointed stars in low relief that were likely on the ceiling, indicating the first occurrence of what would become a tradition. The king sought to associate himself with the eternal North Stars that never set so as to ensure his rebirth and eternity.

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The northern (funerary/mortuary) temple was on the north side of the pyramid and faced the north stars, which the king wished to join in eternity. This structure provided a place in which the daily rituals and offerings to the dead could be performed, and was the cult center for the king. To the east

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The crowning feature of the complex is the Step Pyramid which rises from the Saqqara plateau in six steps to a height between 60 m (200 ft; 110 cu) and 62.5 m (205 ft; 119.3 cu). This element was revised repeatedly in construction, going through a series of developmental

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at a regular interval of 4.1 m (13 ft) adorned with 1,680 hand-carved niches 9 m (30 ft) tall. Fourteen of these bastions were larger than the rest. These hosted false double-doors, while a fifteenth situated in the south-east corner of the east façade held the real entrance. The

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Before the enclosure wall, Djoser's pyramid complex is surrounded by a trench dug into the underlying rock. At 750 m (2,460 ft; 1,430 cu) long and 40 m (130 ft; 76 cu) wide, the trench is the largest structure of this kind in the Memphis necropolis. It is rectangular in

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Under the step pyramid is a labyrinth of tunneled chambers and galleries that total nearly 6 km in length and connect to a central shaft 7 m square and 28 m deep. These spaces provide room for the king's burial, the burial of family members, and the storage of goods and offerings. The

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The social implications of such a large and carefully sculpted stone structure are staggering. The process of building such a structure would be far more labor-intensive than previous monuments of mud-brick. This suggests that the state, and therefore the royal government, had a new level of control

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court. Between the twelfth and thirteenth alcove is a "transverse vestibule" with a passage flanked by eight 5 m (16 ft) tall columns and cross-walls leading to a sanctuary. Lauer believes this chamber contained a statue of Djoser on a pedestal that bore his name and Imhotep's titles. The

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The entrance colonnade led from the enclosure wall to the south court of the complex. It comprises two distinct passageways oriented approximately east–west. The first is a narrow 1.05 m (3.4 ft) wide by 6 m (20 ft) long corridor cut into the enclosure walls bastion. The ceiling

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Egyptologists are split on the motivations behind the conception of the pyramidal form that the mastaba was converted into. Lauer believed that the alteration was made to have the tomb visible from Memphis. The fact of the mastaba's square plan led Rainer Stadelmann, however, to suggest that it was

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festival complex, north and south pavilions, south tomb and court, western mounds, mortuary temple, and the crowning feature of it all, the step pyramid with its substructure. The complex was a landmark achievement for Egyptian architecture. It was the advent of the pyramidal form of the royal tomb

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walls rising to 6 m (20 ft). Three sides were extended and built out to create eight shallow steps rising at an angle of 49°. This would have been an elongated step pyramid if the remaining side had not been left uncovered. In another parallel to Djoser's complex, to complete this mastaba

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The burial chamber was a vault constructed of four courses of well-dressed granite. It had one opening, which was sealed with a 3.5 ton block after the burial. No body was recovered as the tomb had been extensively robbed. Lauer believes that a burial chamber of alabaster existed before the one of

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statue, in order to benefit from daily ceremonies like the opening of the mouth, a ceremony that allowed him to breathe and eat, and the burning of incense. He witnessed these ceremonies through two small eye holes cut in the north wall of the serdab. This temple appeared on the north side of the

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On the east side of the pyramid, eleven shafts 32 m deep were constructed and annexed to horizontal tunnels for royal family members. These were incorporated into the pre-existing substructure as it expanded eastward. In the storerooms along here over 40,000 stone vessels were found, many of

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The Heb-sed court is rectangular and parallel to the South Courtyard. It was meant to provide a space in which the king could perform the Heb-sed ritual in the afterlife. Flanking the east and west sides of the court are the remains of two groups of chapels, many of which are dummy buildings, of

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Current evidence suggests that the south tomb was finished before the pyramid. The symbolic king's inner palace, decorated in blue faience, is much more complete than that of the pyramid. Three chambers of this substructure are decorated in blue faience to imitate reed-mat facades, just like the

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The south tomb has been likened to the satellite pyramids of later dynasties, and has been proposed to house the ka in the afterlife. Another proposal is that it may have held the canopic jar with the king's organs, but this does not follow later trends where the canopic jar is found in the same

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Much of the rock for the pyramid was likely quarried from the construction of the great trench. It is widely accepted that ramps would have been used to raise heavy stone to construct the pyramid, and many plausible models have been suggested. For transport, apparatuses like rollers were used in

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In the early stages (M1 to M3) the structure had the form of a mastaba before alterations (P1 to P2) were made to create its step pyramidal form. In the first stage (M1), the mastaba had a square plan 63 m (207 ft; 120 cu) in length that rose to a height of 8.4 m (28 ft;

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with the design and construction of the complex. This is based on the presence of his statue in the funerary complex of Djoser, his title of "overseer of sculptors and painters", and a comment made by the 3rd century BC historian Manetho claiming Imhotep was the "inventor of building in stone".

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Djoser's Step Pyramid complex included several structures pivotal to its function in both life and the afterlife. A pyramid was not simply a grave in ancient Egypt. Its purpose was to facilitate a successful afterlife for the king so that he could be eternally reborn. The symbolism of the step

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The substructure of the south tomb is entered through a tunnel-like corridor with a staircase that descends about 30 m before opening up into the pink granite burial chamber. The staircase then continues east and leads to a gallery that imitates the blue chambers below the step pyramid.

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The complex is enclosed by a wall 10.5 m (34 ft) high that stretched for over 1.6 km (0.99 mi). This wall was built from a thick core of masonry that was encased with Tura limestone, wholly on the outside but partially on the inside. The external façade of the wall had a

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The pyramid went through several revisions and redevelopments of the original plan. The pyramid originally stood 62.5 m (205 ft) tall, with a base of 109 m × 121 m (358 ft × 397 ft) and was clad in polished white limestone. The

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visitors more than a thousand years later. Djoser's step pyramid is astounding in its departure from previous architecture. It sets several important precedents, perhaps the most important of which is its status as the first monumental structure made of stone.

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festival complex, 4) 'T' temple, 5) south court, 6) south pavilion, 7) north pavilion, 8) mortuary temple, 9) western mounds, 10) colonnaded entrance, 11) north court, 12) north galleries, 13) step tombs, 14) serdab, and 15) north

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festival and indicated its duration as being half a lunar month. The remaining doors are known as false doors, and were meant for the king's use in the afterlife. They functioned as portals through which the king's

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Although the plan of Djoser's pyramid complex is different from later complexes, many elements persist and the step pyramid sets the stage for later pyramids of the 4th, 5th, and 6th Dynasties, including the

363:). He is believed to have ruled for 19 years or, if the 19 years were biennial taxation years, 38 years. He reigned long enough to allow the grandiose plan for his pyramid to be realized in his lifetime. 958: 911:

blocks here were carved into the shape of tree trunks. This is followed by a wider corridor flanked by 40 limestone columns, arranged in pairs, that fronted projecting walls, which formed

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Comparison of approximate profiles of the Pyramid of Djoser with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available. In

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were incised on the pots. It is now thought that Djoser once restored the original tombs of the ancestors, and then sealed the grave goods in the galleries in an attempt to save them.

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three different architectural styles. At the north and south ends there are three chapels with flat roofs and no columns. The remaining chapels on the west side are decorated with

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of reeds. Jean-Philippe Lauer suggests that the wall was modelled after the "White Walls" of Memphis, though Verner notes that the presence of so many doors renders this unlikely.

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tombs, such as those found directly north of the complex and at Abydos. Alan Spencer compares the design to the panelled construction of the palace façade, which imitates bound

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Djoser is best known for his innovative tomb, which dominates the Saqqara landscape. In this tomb he is referred to by his Horus name Netjerikhet; Djoser is a name given by

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torso and base of this statue were found in the entrance colonnade. The west wall of the entrance colonnade has the form of an open door which leads into the south court.

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There is direct evidence for some of these stages, though others remain hypothetical in nature as confirming or disproving them would require dismantling the pyramid.

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phases that culminated in its step pyramidal form. These phases are traditionally labelled, following Jean-Philippe Lauer's excavations: M1, M2, M3, P1, P1', and P2.

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flanked by leaves. Each of the chapels has a sanctuary accessed by a roofless passage with walls that depict false doors and latches. Some of these buildings have

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The south court is a large court between the south tomb and the pyramid. Within the court are curved stones thought to be territorial markers associated with the

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place as the body. These proposals stem from the fact that the granite burial vault is much too small to have facilitated an actual burial.

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for statues. Egyptologists believe that these buildings were related to the important double coronation of the king during the Heb-sed.

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of resources, both material and human. Also, from this point on, kings of the Old Kingdom are buried in the North, rather than at

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In the foreground are chapels on the west side of the Heb-Sed Court. In the background the step pyramid is visible.

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pyramid. One room is decorated with three finely niche reliefs of the king, one depicting him running the

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Djoser's mortuary complex comprises the great trench, enclosure wall, colonnaded entrance, "T" temple,

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Djoser's Pyramid draws ideas from several precedents. The most relevant precedent is found at

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Lauer, Jean-Philippe (1999). "Saqqara, pyramids of the 3rd Dynasty". In Bard, Kathryn (ed.).

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A History of Ancient Egypt: From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid, John Romer p294-295

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Perspective view, plan and elevation images Djoser's Pyramid Complex taken from a 3d model

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Histoire Monumentale des Pyramides d'Égypte : Les Pyramides á Dégres (IIIe Dynastie)

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2900 BC). The substructure lay in a 4 m (13 ft) deep rectangular pit, and had

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In March 2020, the pyramid was reopened for visitors after a 14-year restoration.

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The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments

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construction made by man as of 1997, although the nearby enclosure wall "

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Elaborate blue faience inlays from the substructure of Djoser's pyramid.

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Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur

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Virtual exploration of the southern entrance of the Step Pyramid

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Relief of Djoser facing the temple of Horus of Behedet (modern

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Complex layout: 1) step pyramid, 2) south tomb and chapel, 3)

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leading to a passage past which lay the colonnaded entrance.

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Sticks, Stones, and Shadows: Building the Egyptian Pyramids

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Buildings and structures completed in the 27th century BC

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Pharaohs, and Pyramids, A Guide Through Old Kingdom Egypt

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Early Egypt: The Rise of Civilization in the Nile Valley

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Early Egypt: The Rise of Civilization in the Nile Valley

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deity. Such statues are present in the monuments of the

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which the heavy stone could be placed and then rolled.

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The corridor is oriented slightly to the south-west.

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The enclosure wall design recalls the appearance of

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surrounded by ceremonial structures and decoration.

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An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

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An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

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Colonnaded corridor leading into the complex proper

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West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. 341:was the first or second king of the 3rd Dynasty ( 2244:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 1831:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 79–101. 2695:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan 2017: 1818:(Phoenix: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2004), 14 952:Entrance colonnade of the step pyramid complex 855:thought the fifteen doors were related to the 485:Developmental phases of Djoser's step pyramid 2447: 2164:(London: British Museum Press, 1993), 98–110. 1468:"Imhotep: A Sage between Fiction and Reality" 994:) in a blue faience chamber of the south tomb 416:complex a niched enclosure wall was erected. 8: 674:330,400 m (11,670,000 cu ft) 888:Entrance corridor facing towards the desert 864:could pass between life and the afterlife. 160:330,400 m (11,667,966 cu ft) 3349: 3279: 3012: 2936: 2548: 2507: 2498: 2454: 2440: 2432: 2391: 1829:Building in Egypt, Pharaonic Stone Masonry 1151: 1149: 876:Enclosure wall of the step pyramid complex 29: 2387:Virtual exploration of the burial chamber 1342:(London: The Herbert Press, 1991), 57–68. 788:Entry hall. Step Pyramid Complex, Saqqara 234: 2310:Siliotti, Alberto; Hawass, Zahi (1997). 2248:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 1446:. Thames and Hudson Limited. p. 7. 1408:. New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 1076:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques 150:121 m (397 ft; 231 cu) by 2295:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2145: 2118: 2106: 2082: 2044: 1993: 1978: 1951: 1930: 1918: 1889:(New York: Grove Press, 1998), 105–139. 1860: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1697: 1673: 1634: 1622: 1610: 1598: 1562: 1521: 1504: 1480: 1279:. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 1260: 1195: 1145: 1092: 930: 900:The bastions with hand-carved recesses 866: 625:62.5 m (205 ft; 119 cu) 431: 3443:Pyramids of the Third Dynasty of Egypt 2005: 1864: 1799: 1550: 1492: 1315:from the original on 23 September 2020 1210: 618:62.5 m (205 ft; 119 cu) 586:121 m (397 ft; 231 cu) 576:85.5 m (281 ft; 163 cu) 571:79.5 m (261 ft; 152 cu) 569:71.5 m (235 ft; 136 cu) 566:71.5 m (235 ft; 136 cu) 142:62.5 m (205 ft; 119 cu) 2130: 2065: 1856: 1787: 1724: 1709: 1685: 1661: 1649: 1583: 621:60 m (197 ft; 115 cu) 614:60 m (197 ft; 115 cu) 608:~6.25 m (21 ft; 12 cu) 606:~7.75 m (25 ft; 15 cu) 601:~7.75 m (25 ft; 15 cu) 584:109 m (358 ft; 208 cu) 581:120 m (394 ft; 229 cu) 579:108 m (354 ft; 206 cu) 204: 194: 184: 176: 167: 152:109 m (358 ft; 208 cu) 7: 2484: 2377:Virtual exploration of the colonnade 2314:. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. 2094: 2029: 574:77 m (253 ft; 147 cu) 563:63 m (207 ft; 120 cu) 1162:. Oxford University Press. p. 1159:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 611:42 m (138 ft; 80 cu) 604:8.4 m (28 ft; 16 cu) 599:8.4 m (28 ft; 16 cu) 596:8.4 m (28 ft; 16 cu) 260:, is an archaeological site in the 25: 2274:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 291:is the central feature of a vast 3433:Former world's tallest buildings 2483: 2333:. London: British Museum Press. 957: 945: 933: 893: 881: 869: 549: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 434: 233: 226: 44:Djoser's step pyramid at Saqqara 38: 796:Temples of the festival complex 3453:Ancient Egyptian step pyramids 2312:Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt 1444:Lives of the Ancient Egyptians 1: 1263:, pp. 108–109 & 461. 1015:North temple and serdab court 408: 353: 342: 107: 2205:. Baltimore: Harmondsworth. 1229:Atlas of Ancient Archaeology 702: 677: 657: 628: 589: 556: 510: 268:, northwest of the ruins of 1700:, pp. 38–39, fig. 7:7. 242:Location within Lower Egypt 27:Archeological site in Egypt 3469: 2348:Verner, Miroslav (2001d). 2018:Siliotti & Hawass 1997 654:0.52 m (1.7 ft) 171:UNESCO World Heritage Site 3377: 2497: 2474:List of Egyptian pyramids 2469: 2420: 2410:World's tallest structure 2407: 2399: 2394: 2354:. New York: Grove Press. 1613:, pp. 110 & 114. 1081:List of Egyptian pyramids 650:0.5 m (1.6 ft) 647:0.38 m (1.2 ft) 644:0.38 m (1.2 ft) 641:0.3 m (0.98 ft) 638:0.3 m (0.98 ft) 635:0.3 m (0.98 ft) 221: 217: 164: 78:29.8712667°N 31.2163944°E 37: 2292:The Art of Ancient Egypt 2032:, p. 142, fig. 6.2. 1907:The Art of Ancient Egypt 1816:Engineering the Pyramids 1442:Wilkinson, Toby (2013). 1234:McGraw-Hill Book Company 3387:Construction techniques 2179:Bard, Kathryn (2015) . 1156:Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). 295:complex in an enormous 256:, sometimes called the 3302:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 3148:Southern South Saqqara 2414:c. 2665 BCE – 2640 BCE 2329:Spencer, Alan (1993). 1050: 995: 797: 789: 740: 680:Method of construction 465: 462:its SVG file 385:great pyramids of Giza 335: 258:Step Pyramid of Djoser 83:29.8712667; 31.2163944 2926:1 Intermediate Period 2272:The Complete Pyramids 2203:The pyramids of Egypt 1405:The Complete Pyramids 1402:Lehner, Mark (1997). 1276:The Complete Pyramids 1273:Lehner, Mark (1997). 1048: 1020:of the temple is the 989: 838:flanked by two towers 795: 787: 738: 459: 333: 2289:Robins, Gay (1997). 2221:Lauer, Jean-Philippe 731:Pyramid substructure 350:Old Kingdom of Egypt 191:Cultural: i, iii, vi 3269:Second Intermediate 2717:Mastabet el-Fara'un 2020:, pp. 105–113. 1921:, pp. 110–111. 1739:, pp. 116–117. 1637:, pp. 114–115. 1507:, pp. 108–109. 1483:, pp. 108–140. 1028:statue. The king's 811:Jean-Philippe Lauer 486: 74: / 3312:Senakhtenre Ahmose 1859:, pp. 69–74; 1051: 996: 906:Entrance colonnade 798: 790: 741: 484: 466: 336: 319:are contemporary. 280:for the burial of 3415: 3414: 3373: 3372: 3333: 3332: 3307:Nubkheperre Intef 3263: 3262: 2996: 2995: 2920: 2919: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2463:Egyptian pyramids 2430: 2429: 2421:Succeeded by 2418: 2361:978-0-8021-1703-8 2281:978-0-500-28547-3 2259:978-0-203-98283-9 2212:978-0-14-020168-0 2199:Edwards, Iorwerth 2190:978-0-470-67336-2 2109:, pp. 47–48. 1996:, pp. 98–99. 1933:, pp. 50–51. 1885:Miroslav Verner, 1790:, pp. 73–74. 1712:, pp. 71–72. 1676:, pp. 35–36. 1495:, pp. 83–94. 1419:978-0-500-05084-2 1290:978-0-500-05084-2 1224:Hawkes, Jacquetta 728: 727: 348:–2650 BC) of the 254:pyramid of Djoser 250: 249: 33:Pyramid of Djoser 16:(Redirected from 3460: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3240: 3198: 3184: 3170: 3105: 3092: 3013: 3009: 3008: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2812: 2631: 2623:Saujet el-Meitin 2549: 2545: 2544: 2508: 2499: 2487: 2486: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2416: 2403:Tower of Jericho 2400:Preceded by 2392: 2365: 2344: 2325: 2306: 2285: 2263: 2247: 2236: 2216: 2194: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2069: 2063: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1982: 1976: 1955: 1949: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1903: 1890: 1883: 1868: 1854: 1848: 1841: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1587: 1581: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1525: 1519: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1399: 1376: 1366: 1343: 1336: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1311:. 6 March 2020. 1301: 1295: 1294: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1199: 1193: 1178: 1177: 1153: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1097: 976:Heb-sed festival 961: 949: 937: 897: 885: 873: 699:Inclined layers 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 487: 438: 410: 362: 358: 355: 347: 344: 237: 236: 230: 109: 89: 88: 86: 85: 84: 79: 75: 72: 71: 70: 67: 42: 30: 21: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3369: 3367: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3329: 3327: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3259: 3234: 3192: 3190:South Dahshur B 3178: 3176:South Dahshur A 3164: 3123: 3099: 3097:Central Dahshur 3086: 3029: 3025:Reherishefnakht 3006: 3005: 3004: 2992: 2974: 2948: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2916: 2878: 2806: 2785: 2642: 2625: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2524: 2493: 2465: 2460: 2426: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2373: 2368: 2362: 2347: 2341: 2328: 2322: 2309: 2303: 2288: 2282: 2266: 2260: 2239: 2219: 2213: 2197: 2191: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2160:A. J. Spencer, 2159: 2152: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2072: 2064: 2051: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1958: 1950: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1893: 1884: 1871: 1863:, p. 461; 1855: 1851: 1842: 1835: 1827:Dieter Arnold, 1826: 1822: 1813: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1590: 1582: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1528: 1520: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1401: 1400: 1379: 1369:Kathryn A. Bard 1367: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1202: 1194: 1181: 1174: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1072: 1043: 1017: 984: 972: 965: 962: 953: 950: 941: 938: 908: 901: 898: 889: 886: 877: 874: 828: 819: 803: 801:Pyramid complex 778: 733: 705:Number of steps 696:Inclined layers 693:Inclined layers 690:Horizontal beds 687:Horizontal beds 684:Horizontal beds 653: 651: 624: 622: 617: 615: 607: 605: 600: 585: 580: 575: 570: 559:Base dimensions 454: 447: 439: 422: 398: 360: 356: 345: 328: 274:27th century BC 246: 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 238: 173: 151: 82: 80: 76: 73: 68: 65: 63: 61: 60: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3347: 3344:(1570–1070 BC) 3335: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3274:(1650–1570 BC) 3265: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3186: 3172: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3118:North Mazghuna 3114: 3111:South Mazghuna 3107: 3093: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3010: 3007:(2040–1650 BC) 3002:Middle Kingdom 2998: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2960:Neferkare Neby 2957: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2931:(2181–2040 BC) 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2869:Djedkare-Isesi 2866: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2543:(2686–2181 BC) 2534: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2481: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2371:External links 2369: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2345: 2339: 2326: 2320: 2307: 2301: 2286: 2280: 2264: 2258: 2237: 2217: 2211: 2195: 2189: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2150: 2135: 2133:, p. 111. 2123: 2111: 2099: 2097:, p. 143. 2087: 2070: 2068:, p. 861. 2049: 2047:, p. 113. 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1983: 1981:, p. 112. 1956: 1935: 1923: 1911: 1891: 1869: 1849: 1843:Martin Isler, 1833: 1820: 1804: 1792: 1777: 1765: 1763:, p. 117. 1753: 1751:, p. 116. 1741: 1729: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1654: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1603: 1601:, p. 114. 1588: 1567: 1555: 1526: 1524:, p. 109. 1509: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1459: 1452: 1434: 1425: 1418: 1377: 1344: 1326: 1296: 1289: 1265: 1253: 1246: 1215: 1200: 1198:, p. 461. 1179: 1172: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1056:fluted columns 1042: 1039: 1032:inhabited the 1016: 1013: 983: 980: 971: 968: 967: 966: 963: 956: 954: 951: 944: 942: 939: 932: 921:Fourth Dynasty 907: 904: 903: 902: 899: 892: 890: 887: 880: 878: 875: 868: 827: 826:Enclosure wall 824: 818: 815: 802: 799: 777: 776:Burial chamber 774: 732: 729: 726: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 701: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 676: 675: 672: 670: 668: 666: 664: 662: 656: 655: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 631:Masonry blocks 627: 626: 619: 612: 609: 602: 597: 594: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 564: 561: 555: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 509: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 453: 450: 449: 448: 440: 433: 421: 418: 397: 394: 361: 2125 BC 327: 324: 248: 247: 241: 232: 231: 225: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 189: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110:2670–2650 BC ( 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 58: 54: 53: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3465: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317:Seqenenre Tao 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3297:Sobekemsaf II 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3255:Merneferre Ay 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2425: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2340:9780714109749 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2302:0-674-04660-9 2298: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2148:, p. 48. 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2121:, p. 46. 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2085:, p. 47. 2084: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2008:, p. 40. 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1954:, p. 51. 1953: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867:, p. 17. 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1802:, p. 16. 1801: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1775:, p. 36. 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1727:, p. 72. 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1688:, p. 71. 1687: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1664:, p. 70. 1663: 1658: 1655: 1652:, p. 69. 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1625:, p. 35. 1624: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586:, p. 73. 1585: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1565:, p. 34. 1564: 1559: 1556: 1553:, p. 84. 1552: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1453:9780500771624 1449: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1338:George Hart, 1335: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1247:0-07-027293-X 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1213:, p. 17. 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173:0-19-815034-2 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1041:Heb-sed court 1040: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1004: 1000: 993: 988: 981: 979: 977: 969: 960: 955: 948: 943: 936: 931: 929: 926: 922: 918: 914: 905: 896: 891: 884: 879: 872: 867: 865: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:First Dynasty 841: 839: 836:entrance was 834: 825: 823: 816: 814: 812: 807: 800: 794: 786: 782: 775: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 753: 751: 747: 737: 730: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 706: 703: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 681: 678: 673: 671: 669: 667: 665: 663: 661: 658: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 632: 629: 620: 613: 610: 603: 598: 595: 593: 590: 583: 578: 573: 568: 565: 562: 560: 557: 552: 548: 545: 541: 538: 534: 531: 527: 524: 520: 517: 513: 511: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 489: 488: 482: 478: 474: 470: 463: 458: 451: 444: 437: 432: 430: 427: 419: 417: 414: 406: 403: 395: 393: 390: 386: 380: 378: 372: 369: 364: 351: 340: 332: 325: 323: 320: 318: 314: 313:Gisr el-Mudir 310: 306: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 279: 278:Third Dynasty 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 229: 220: 216: 212: 208: 201: 198: 190: 188: 180: 172: 163: 159: 155: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 113: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 87: 69:31°12′59.02″E 66:29°52′16.56″N 59: 55: 52: 48: 41: 36: 31: 19: 18:Heb-sed court 3407:Pyramidology 3382:Step pyramid 3366: 3326: 3292:Sobekemsaf I 3230: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3188: 3174: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3116: 3109: 3095: 3076: 3069: 3065:Senusret III 3052: 2862: 2854: 2849:Lepsius XXIV 2847: 2835: 2826:Khentkaus II 2804:Neferhetepes 2778: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2693: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2635: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2519: 2408: 2350: 2330: 2311: 2291: 2271: 2268:Lehner, Mark 2243: 2224: 2202: 2180: 2161: 2146:Edwards 1993 2126: 2119:Edwards 1993 2114: 2107:Edwards 1993 2102: 2090: 2083:Edwards 1993 2045:Verner 2001d 2025: 2013: 2001: 1994:Spencer 1993 1979:Verner 2001d 1952:Edwards 1993 1931:Edwards 1993 1926: 1919:Verner 2001d 1914: 1906: 1905:Gay Robins, 1887:The Pyramids 1886: 1861:Verner 2001d 1852: 1844: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1814:Dick Parry, 1795: 1773:Edwards 1993 1768: 1761:Verner 2001d 1756: 1749:Verner 2001d 1744: 1737:Verner 2001d 1732: 1705: 1698:Edwards 1993 1693: 1681: 1674:Edwards 1993 1669: 1657: 1635:Verner 2001d 1630: 1623:Edwards 1993 1618: 1611:Verner 2001d 1606: 1599:Verner 2001d 1563:Edwards 1993 1558: 1522:Verner 2001d 1505:Verner 2001d 1500: 1488: 1481:Verner 2001d 1476: 1462: 1443: 1437: 1428: 1404: 1372: 1339: 1317:. Retrieved 1308: 1299: 1275: 1268: 1261:Verner 2001d 1256: 1228: 1218: 1196:Verner 2001d 1158: 1128: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:Also called 1095: 1052: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1005: 1001: 997: 973: 924: 909: 861: 856: 853:Hermann Kees 842: 829: 820: 817:Great trench 808: 804: 779: 754: 749: 742: 704: 679: 659: 630: 591: 558: 479: 475: 471: 467: 452:Step pyramid 442: 425: 423: 399: 381: 373: 365: 337: 321: 305:step pyramid 301: 264:necropolis, 257: 253: 251: 123:Step pyramid 3339:New Kingdom 3235: [ 3193: [ 3179: [ 3165: [ 3137:Ameny Qemau 3100: [ 3087: [ 3060:Senusret II 3043:Amenemhat I 2821:Neferirkare 2807: [ 2711:Khentkaus I 2626: [ 2595:Elephantine 2538:Old Kingdom 2006:Robins 1997 1865:Lehner 2008 1800:Lehner 2008 1551:Lehner 2008 1493:Lehner 2008 1211:Lehner 2008 970:South court 507:Pyramid P2 504:Pyramid P1' 368:New Kingdom 357: 2686 346: 2670 276:during the 206:Inscription 112:3rd dynasty 104:Constructed 81: / 57:Coordinates 3422:Categories 3402:Pyramidion 3084:Neferuptah 3048:Senusret I 2837:Unfinished 2602:Edfu South 2321:0760756171 2172:References 2131:Lauer 1962 2066:Lauer 1999 1857:Lauer 1962 1788:Lauer 1962 1725:Lauer 1962 1710:Lauer 1962 1686:Lauer 1962 1662:Lauer 1962 1650:Lauer 1962 1584:Lauer 1962 1236:. p. 1109:Tosorthros 982:South tomb 501:Pyramid P1 498:Mastaba M3 495:Mastaba M2 492:Mastaba M1 396:Precedents 359: – c. 209:1979 (3rd 2912:Sesheshet 2831:Neferefre 2780:Lepsius L 2581:Lepsius I 2201:(1993) . 2095:Bard 2015 2030:Bard 2015 1140:Citations 1113:Sesorthos 762:Semerkhet 309:cut stone 297:courtyard 196:Reference 133:Limestone 94:Architect 3142:Khendjer 2988:Merikare 2863:Headless 2843:Nyuserre 2706:Menkaure 2689:Djedefre 2588:Athribis 2520:Pyramids 2395:Records 2270:(2008). 2233:18402034 2223:(1962). 1313:Archived 1309:France24 1226:(1974). 1070:See also 1060:capitals 940:Entrance 770:Sekhemib 766:Nynetjer 413:mudbrick 293:mortuary 187:Criteria 129:Material 3438:Saqqara 3162:SAK S 7 3155:SAK S 3 2907:Pepi II 2902:Merenre 2799:Userkaf 2609:el-Kula 2512:Dynasty 2489:Commons 2478:Lepsius 2476: ( 1319:7 March 1009:Heb-sed 925:heb-sed 913:alcoves 849:bundles 833:bastion 746:Heb-sed 405:mastaba 402:Saqqara 389:Imhotep 289:pyramid 282:Pharaoh 270:Memphis 262:Saqqara 211:Session 178:Part of 98:Imhotep 3448:Djoser 3362:Ahmose 3322:Kamose 3232:DAS 53 3225:DAS 51 3218:DAS 50 3211:DAS 49 3204:DAS 46 3078:Hawara 2897:Pepi I 2856:Double 2816:Sahure 2701:Khafre 2664:Meidum 2616:Naqada 2567:Buried 2561:Djoser 2503:Period 2424:Meidum 2358: 2337: 2318: 2299: 2278: 2256: 2252:–865. 2231: 2209: 2187: 1450: 1416: 1287: 1244: 1170: 1101:Djeser 1064:niches 1022:serdab 660:Volume 592:Height 420:Layout 407:3038 ( 377:Abydos 339:Djoser 326:Djoser 287:. The 285:Djoser 200:86-002 157:Volume 139:Height 51:Djoser 3397:Texts 3392:Seked 3354:XVIII 3239:] 3197:] 3183:] 3169:] 3104:] 3091:] 3071:Black 3054:White 2811:] 2684:Khufu 2657:Seila 2637:Sinki 2630:] 2574:Layer 1410:80–93 1105:Zoser 1087:Notes 446:altar 317:Caral 266:Egypt 3284:XVII 3250:S 10 3129:XIII 2970:Khui 2944:VIII 2892:Teti 2874:Unas 2773:G3-c 2766:G3-b 2759:G3-a 2752:G2-a 2745:G1-d 2738:G1-c 2731:G1-b 2724:G1-a 2671:Bent 2417:62 m 2356:ISBN 2335:ISBN 2316:ISBN 2297:ISBN 2276:ISBN 2254:ISBN 2229:OCLC 2207:ISBN 2185:ISBN 1448:ISBN 1414:ISBN 1321:2020 1285:ISBN 1242:ISBN 1168:ISBN 1111:and 1058:and 992:Edfu 917:nome 768:and 252:The 147:Base 119:Type 3245:S 9 3035:XII 2965:Ibi 2955:Ity 2678:Red 2553:III 2250:859 1238:149 1164:480 857:sed 758:Den 443:Sed 426:Sed 3424:: 3237:de 3195:de 3181:de 3167:de 3102:de 3089:de 3017:XI 2884:VI 2809:de 2648:IV 2628:de 2153:^ 2138:^ 2073:^ 2052:^ 2037:^ 1986:^ 1959:^ 1938:^ 1894:^ 1872:^ 1836:^ 1807:^ 1780:^ 1717:^ 1642:^ 1591:^ 1570:^ 1529:^ 1512:^ 1412:. 1380:^ 1371:, 1347:^ 1329:^ 1307:. 1283:. 1281:84 1240:. 1232:. 1203:^ 1182:^ 1166:. 1148:^ 1107:, 1103:, 1034:ka 1030:ka 1026:ka 862:ka 764:, 760:, 752:. 750:ka 724:6 652:to 623:to 616:to 409:c. 379:. 354:c. 343:c. 108:c. 2980:X 2791:V 2480:) 2455:e 2448:t 2441:v 2364:. 2343:. 2324:. 2305:. 2284:. 2262:. 2235:. 2215:. 2193:. 1470:. 1456:. 1422:. 1323:. 1293:. 1250:. 1176:. 721:6 718:4 715:– 712:– 709:– 352:( 213:) 114:) 20:)

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Index