298:,” he read on an information board that SS men involved in firing squads were able to go on holiday in Italy in the summer of 1942 as a “reward.” Interestingly, he stated in an interview that, he was not sure, but there exist photos of his father vacationing in Palermo and Naples. Nevertheless, he repressed these doubts once again. He is convinced that his father was sentenced to eight years in prison “only” for slapping a prisoner who had repeatedly violated the camp regulations. He regards the sentence as a great injustice.
19:
97:
335:
submitted in the form of acquisition lists to the
Wehrmacht Information Office (WASt) in Berlin. In the event of death, these personnel cards were sent to Berlin together with other documents (identification tags, proof of death, lists recording a decrease in prisoners, etc.) so that the WASt had an overview at all times of all deceased POWs, including those who had been delivered to the SS and murdered in Dachau. These documents, as well as other items related to the prisoners, were outsourced to
396:” published a list of 62 Soviet prisoners of war who were shot at the SS shooting range in Hebertshausen, a publication that generated a flood of feedback. Several readers learned the cruel truth about their relatives’ fates for the first time in seventy-two years. So a daughter who has been trying to find the traces of her father, Leonid Nikolaevich Bushkov, ever since he was drafted to the army in 1941 before she was born, found out the truth about her father's death.
199:, among others, initiated the “selection” (Aussonderung) process in the weeks prior. This “selection” was based on the principle of denunciation, which was repeatedly “helped along” by torture. Soviet prisoners of war from the POW camps Hammelburg in the Rhön Mountains (higher officers and enlisted men), Nuremberg-Langwasser, Memmingen, Moosburg and the Stuttgart military districts were “selected” and taken to the Dachau concentration camp.
282:-men as they witnessed and perpetrated “a tremendous bloodbath,” as the shots to the head sent blood and brain mass splashing for meters around. The shootings were intended to “harden” the SS and inure them for the worst, preparing them to execute even the toughest commands without contradiction. In addition, these actions were designed to tie the SS-men to the regime through complicity and thus establish a “community” of perpetrators.
362:
1076:
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162:) and further treatment. Among the prisoners of war are all the important functionaries of the state and the party, especially the functionaries of the Comintern, all the authoritative party functionaries of the CPSU ... all people’s commissars ... all former political commissars in the Red Army, ... the leading personalities of economic life, the
434:, which placed the site under the care of the State Headquarters for Political Education (Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit). Will Elfers’ four-ton-heavy memorial stone was moved back to its original place of installation, a clear sign that state policy toward the memorial site of the former SS-Shooting Range Hebertshausen had changed.
270:
executions were usually aimed at the chest. But even the head would only have been pierced with the high-speed projectiles used at that time, but not splintered. An investigation in the
Anthropological State Collection in Munich by Olav Röhrer-Ertl then showed "that at least part of the shootings were carried out with increased cruelty."
321:
were not registered upon arrival in Dachau, especially in 1941/42, due to an ideological indifference to their fates or to the predetermined intention to exterminate them. Consequently, these prisoners lived in a space free from legal constraints. There was no accountability for their deaths, because
222:
were not allowed to be registered in the camp list. Only the numbers of their identification tags could be noted. This procedure was designed to render it impossible to trace and identify these men. In order to keep the shootings secret, the prisoners working in the maintenance building and elsewhere
326:
soldiers were simply not recorded; they were simply buried in mass graves so that, in contrast to the deceased of other nations, it was impossible to identify their whereabouts and burial location after the war. Thus, an unknown but extremely high number of dead rest in Soviet war graves in
Germany.
305:
were among the perpetrators. As the research in the book published in 2020 shows, some of SS men were proud of their role in the mass murder of Soviet prisoners of war. "Tomorrow we will have a shooting party again," one of them said. Hardly any of the perpetrators had to answer to court after 1945.
293:
regards the membership of one of his closest family members to the SS Guards (SS-Wachmannschaft) as a completely normal profession as any other. It was not until many years later that he began to doubt the innocence of his father and the harmlessness of his professional activities. During a visit to
265:
Coffins that were used to transport the bodies were stored in a shed built on the eastern edge of the shooting range. These coffins were used to transport the bodies to the camp crematorium and then brought back to the shooting range for reuse. The simple coffins were later lined with zinc sheets to
368:
They discovered that the personnel cards of the Soviet soldiers who died in the Reich (approx. 370,000) can be found in their entirety in this archive, in addition to other card documents, reports of hospital stays, lists of transports to and from the POW camps, and lists of deceased persons. There
440:
On May 2, 2014 the Dachau
Concentration Camp Memorial Site opened a redesigned memorial site upon the grounds. Since then, several information boards have been erected on the site to inform visitors about its history in several languages. The installation measures forty meters in length, providing
285:
After the executions, a number of SS-men became depressed and mentally stressed. In order to increase motivation, the SS leadership offered “rewards” consisting of special promotions, schnapps and cigarettes, snacks (Brotzeit), days off duty, medals (War Merit Cross Second Class, with swords), and
250:
According to the testimony of eye witness Joseph Thora, the prisoners were told beforehand that they were about to be murdered, which prompted diverse reactions amongst the prisoners. Some showed practically no reaction and “stood there as if paralyzed; others resisted, began to cry and scream ...
202:
Gestapo agents accompanied these irregular transports to Dachau. About these transports, Paul Ohlers, head of one of the
Einsatzkommandos, recounted that “the Russian prisoners of war were bound together with metal shackles, two men each, during the transport. The transports usually took place at
334:
were in fact registered on so-called staff cards in the POW camps as soon as they were brought into the German Reich. On these cards, all their personal and military data (places of work, illnesses and hospitalizations, vaccinations, escapes, punishments, etc.) was recorded. This information was
135:
aimed, among other things, at the “destruction of the
Bolshevik commissars and the Communist intelligence.” Fearing that the Soviet POWs held in camps on German territory could infiltrate the local population and spread communist propaganda, the SS, rather than the Wehrmacht, assumed control of
235:
The SS feared it would be impossible to maintain the secrecy of the executions if they continued within the grounds of the concentration camp and thus transferred the executions to the practice shooting range near
Hebertshausen, which lies approximately one and a half kilometers away from the
372:
These documents were torn out of their original arrangement after the war and were arbitrarily bound together into new volumes of files, each containing approximately 100 index cards. They are organized neither alphabetically nor according to camps. Rather, the officers’ card index has been
269:
Over the years after the war, human remains were found during the excavations on site in
Hebertshausen. It is assumed that the triple number of excavated human skull parts is still in the ground today. The findings shocked and surprised the archaeologists at the same time. Because "typical"
419:
In 1964, a memorial stone created by the artist Will Elfers and donated by the Dachau Camp
Community (Lagergemeinschaft Dachau) was set up in front of the bullet traps. After a short time there, the Ministry of Finance transferred this memorial to the entrance gate of the shooting range.
441:
enough space to list all the names of the estimated 4,000 victims. The Dachau
Concentration Camp Memorial Site projects that 1,500 to 2,000 names can be identified in the long term. As of June 2020, there are currently 816 names on the installation.
369:
is also a separate card index of 80,000 officers. Via the personnel cards, extensive transfers between the various concentration camps can also be traced. At any rate, the file documents provide detailed evidence of the whereabouts of each prisoner.
236:
concentration camp. The first executions at the shooting range took place on 4 September 1941 and the last in May and June 1942. Thereafter, additional executions were carried out near the camp’s crematorium. In total, approximately 4,000
456:(June 22), the day Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941. In addition, yearly ceremonies are held at the site to commemorate the anniversary of the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp (April 29).
743:
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no. 9 states, among other things, that the executions of the Russians who have been singled out in POW camps on Reich territory were to be carried out “inconspicuously in the nearest concentration camp.”
223:
in the vicinity were ordered back to the barracks during the executions which took place in the courtyard of the camp’s prison. The dead were cremated in the camp’s crematorium and in a crematorium in
1152:
452:
both now recognize the former SS-Shooting Range Hebertshausen as a memorial site for their fallen soldiers. Annual memorial ceremonies take place at the site on the anniversary of
423:
For many years, this brutal crime was suppressed from public view due to the East-West conflict, the annexation of Crimea and the political tensions in relation to Putin's Russia.
437:
On June 22, 2011 the human remains found during the excavations were buried in a small wooden box in front of the memorial stone, in a multi-religious celebration with prayers.
247:
The actual location of the mass shootings was the pistol shooting range, which was surrounded by a high wooden fence to prevent observations from the surrounding fields.
119:
Memorial Places (German: Stiftung Bayerische Gedenkstätten), and in 2014, the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site opened a redesigned memorial site upon the grounds.
602:
192:
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42:
1035:
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Otto Ambros: Eidesstattliche Erklärung. In: Archiv des Fritz Bauer Instituts (Hrsg.): Nürnberger Nachfolgeprozess Fall VI. 29. April 1947, S. 1–25.
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camps, none survived after being taken to Dachau. According to the instructions stipulated by the SS leadership in Dachau, the names of these
727:
557:
Generaloberst Halder: Kriegstagebuch. Hrsg.: Percy Ernst Schramm. Band II. Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen, Frankfurt am Main 1942
306:
Egon Zill, Schutzhaftlagerführer in the concentration camp, was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1955, but was released after eight years.
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on 17 and 21 July 1941 to the Einsatzkommandos of the security police and the security service reveal the Nazi leadership’s intentions for
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It was only in 1997 that a group of committed citizens succeeded in halting the state-sponsored policy of forgetting and repression. The
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Thomas Schlichenmayer: Dem Autor namentlich bekannter Zeitzeuge. Hrsg.: Archiv KZ Gedenkstätte Dachau. Dachau 3. November 2016.
722:
Thomas Schlichenmayer: Ampermoching in den 50er Jahren. Witschaftswunder und Veränderungen. Herbert Utz Verlag, Dachau 2018,
342:
Historians Dr. Reinhard Otto and Rolf Keller succeeded in locating these card index documents; some fragments lie in the
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The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site estimates that between 1500 and 2000 names of victims who were murdered in
1051:
331:
318:
237:
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can be identified over the long term. Currently, 816 names are listed on the memorial installation in Hebertshausen.
206:
1 100 officers were brought to Dachau from the officer camp and approximately 2 000 from the enlisted men’s camps in
88:
troops assumed control of the site and continued to use it as a firing range. It is now a memorial to Nazi victims.
997:
49:. Between 1941 and 1942, more than 4,000 Soviet prisoners were murdered on the site. These were mainly officers,
1005:
883:
302:
290:
46:
34:
657:
18:
831:
484:
1061:
159:
96:
960:
211:
358:(ZAMO); Otto and Keller subjected these documents to an initial review over a period of several visits.
913:
952:
867:
453:
393:
928:
700:
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53:
officials, and Jews. The victims were “singled out” according to ideological and racist criteria by
431:
427:
413:
112:
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in 1943 and handed over to the Soviet troops in 1945; since then they have been considered lost.
897:
203:
night in the winter of 1941/42 and lasted an average of 12-18 hours. The cars were not heated.”
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and continued to use the site as a firing range. In the 1950s, the site was handed over to the
350:) in Berlin, the successor of the WASt. The great majority, however, lie in the archive of the
723:
144:
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416:, which apparently had the intention of letting the history of the site fall into oblivion.
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568:"Directives for the Treatment of Political Commissars ("Commissar Order") (June 6, 1941)"
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in some cases aimed at the victims’ heads, causing the heads to practically “explode.”
30:
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131:, Chief of Staff of the German Army High Command, Germany’s military campaign against
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Bericht über die Ausgrabungen am Schießplatz. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. 6. Juni 2002.
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A total of 190 members of the Kommandanturstab and other men from the guards of the
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81:
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207:
196:
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832:"SS-Shooting Range Hebertshausen - Hebertshausen (Dachau) - TracesOfWar.com"
786:""О страшной смерти отца мы узнали от его товарища, который бежал из плена""
759:""О страшной смерти отца мы узнали от его товарища, который бежал из плена""
485:"SS-Shooting Range Hebertshausen - Hebertshausen (Dachau) - TracesOfWar.com"
336:
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were executed in Dachau, the majority of them at the SS shooting range near
85:
73:
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50:
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American troops took possession of the more than 8 ha. large grounds after
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143:” (Einsatzbefehle) nos. 8 and 9—the so-called Commissar Order—issued by
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ultimately responded to the pressure and transferred the site to the
389:
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678:
Josef Thora: Vernehmungsaussagen vor dem Landgericht. Nürnberg 1950.
289:
According to his memoirs, a man whose father was an SS guard in the
158:
no. 8, the aim was the “political review of all camp inmates (i.e.,
964:(3 January 1942 – 30 September 1943, 26 April 1945 – 28 April 1945)
317:
According to the prevailing consensus of historical research, many
360:
95:
17:
115:. Since 1997, the site has been in the care of the Foundation of
170:, all persons identified as agitators or fanatical communists.”
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856:
322:
in formal terms, they did not exist at all. The deaths of many
650:"Gedenkstättenpädagogik Bayern - SS-Schießplatz Hebertshausen"
258:
While executions are normally aimed at a victim’s chest, the
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693:
384:
First Public Announcement of Names in "Komsomolskaya Pravda"
818:"Через семьдесят семь лет люди узнали судьбу своих близких"
274:
Ideological intent of the shootings and reactions of the SS
37:, located two kilometres north of the Dachau main camp for
195:
began in August and September 1941, after the Stapostelle
278:
The executions served as an education in cruelty for the
744:"SS-Morde nahe Dachau: "Morgen haben wir Schützenfest""
738:
736:
45:
as targets. It was built in 1937-38 as an expansion to
286:
for particularly dedicated SS-men, holidays in Italy.
231:
Shootings at the SS Shooting Range near Hebertshausen
1044:
996:
890:
255:, that they were members of the Russian Church.”
1153:Monuments and memorials to the victims of Nazism
310:State of research on the Soviet prisoners of war
182:Mass shootings in the Dachau Concentration Camp
136:Soviet POWs, in defiance of international law.
373:rearranged according to the Russian alphabet.
104:In the 1950s, the land was handed over to the
60:in the POW camps of the military districts of
868:
400:SS shooting range Hebertshausen after the war
352:Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
8:
875:
861:
853:
459:Next to the memorial site lies the former
444:The Munich-based Consulate General of the
29:(German: Schießplatz Hebertshausen) was a
467:has transformed into a homeless shelter.
330:Nonetheless, with a few exceptions, all
476:
654:www.gedenkstaettenpaedagogik-bayern.de
514:Zeitung, Süddeutsche (19 June 2020).
100:Memorial Shooting Range Hebertshausen
7:
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972:(30 September 1943 – 26 April 1945)
932:(22 October 1934 – 12 January 1935)
123:Establishment of the shooting range
784:Кумейко, Инна (21 February 2014).
757:КУМЕЙКО, Инна (21 February 2014).
14:
1148:World War II memorials in Germany
956:(7 January 1939 – 2 January 1942)
940:(12 January 1935 – 31 March 1936)
603:"SS shooting range Hebertshausen"
294:the memorial site of the former “
1084:
1075:
1074:
948:(31 March 1936 – 7 January 1939)
988:(28 April 1945 – 29 April 1945)
924:(4 July 1934 – 22 October 1934)
463:-guardhouse, which the city of
1163:Tourist attractions in Bavaria
901:(22 March 1933 – 26 June 1933)
804:"SS-Schießplatz Hebertshausen"
266:prevent the leakage of blood.
1:
1158:World War II sites in Germany
448:and the Consulate General of
214:. Of those “selected” in the
127:According to Colonel General
1011:Hebertshausen shooting range
909:(26 June 1933 – 4 July 1934)
701:"Gedenkakt am 22. Juni 2011"
296:SS-Schießplatz Hebertshausen
251:that they were opponents of
187:Shootings in the bunker yard
166:Russian intelligentsia, all
43:Soviet live prisoners of war
27:Hebertshausen shooting range
1179:
1143:Dachau concentration camp
1070:
884:Dachau concentration camp
388:On January 16, 2014, the
344:German Information Office
303:Dachau concentration camp
291:Dachau concentration camp
47:Dachau concentration camp
35:Dachau concentration camp
412:and administered by the
108:and administered by the
1062:Dachau (US Army report)
191:The mass executions of
160:Soviet prisoners of war
607:KZ Gedenkstätte Dachau
365:
101:
23:
410:Free State of Bavaria
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348:Deutsche Dienststelle
106:Free State of Bavaria
99:
21:
1052:Liberation reprisals
953:Alexander Piorkowski
454:Operation Barbarossa
394:Komsomolskaya Pravda
212:Nuremberg-Langwasser
1119:48.2875°N 11.4610°E
1115: /
836:www.tracesofwar.com
432:Ministry of Culture
428:Ministry of Finance
414:Ministry of Finance
113:Ministry of Finance
660:on 16 October 2020
516:"Stilles Gedenken"
446:Russian Federation
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728:978-3-8316-4702-6
545:"Commissar Order"
154:As stated in the
145:Reinhard Heydrich
41:guards that used
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1124:48.2875; 11.4610
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1026:München-Giesing
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980:(28 April 1945)
937:Heinrich Deubel
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898:Hilmar Wäckerle
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175:Commissar Order
156:Commissar Order
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12:
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5:
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823:
820:. 2 July 2019.
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746:. 8 July 2020.
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703:. 3 July 2018.
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520:Süddeutsche.de
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1057:Dachau Trials
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977:Johannes Otto
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332:Soviet POWs
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238:Soviet POWs
193:Soviet POWs
149:Soviet POWs
1137:Categories
1110:11°27′40″E
1107:48°17′15″N
575:ghi-dc.org
471:References
253:Bolshevism
208:Hammelburg
197:Regensburg
1045:Aftermath
1016:Kaufering
337:Meiningen
74:Wiesbaden
70:Stuttgart
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450:Ukraine
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465:Dachau
324:Soviet
225:Munich
164:Soviet
133:Russia
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139:The “
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