535:
495:
482:
337:
522:
529:
502:
469:
303:
282:
275:
556:
549:
509:
261:
563:
542:
489:
476:
331:
324:
317:
310:
296:
268:
516:
289:
1478:
1457:
1436:
1276:
1255:
1248:
1499:
1492:
1464:
1234:
1506:
1485:
1450:
1443:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1269:
1241:
1471:
1262:
697:
1763:
1728:
Hebrew Papyri: Steinschneider, Hebräische
Papyrusfragmente aus dem Fayyum, in Aegyptische Zeitschrift, xvii. 93 et seq., and table vii.; C. I. H. cols. 120 et seq.; Erman and Krebs, Aus den Papyrus der Königlichen Museen, p. 290, Berlin, 1899. For the Hebrew papyri in The Collection of Erzherzog
750:
Documents of a private nature were certainly written in a much more running hand, as the sample from one of the oldest Arabic letters written with Hebrew letters (possibly the 10th century) clearly shows in the papyrus, in "Führer durch die
Ausstellung", Table XIX., Vienna, 1894,
759:. However, since the preservation of such letters were not held to be of importance, material of this nature from the earlier times is very scarce, and as a consequence the development of the script is very hard to follow. The last two columns of
121:
As with all handwriting, cursive Hebrew displays considerable individual variation. The forms in the table below are representative of those in present-day use. The names appearing with the individual letters are taken from the
1012:
develops similarly to the same letter in
Nabataean, but afterward the central stroke is lengthened upward, like the right arm of Tsadi, and finally it is joined with the left stroke, and the first stroke is left off
584:
This table shows the development of cursive Hebrew from the 7th through the 19th centuries. This is discussed in the following section, which makes reference to the columns in the table, numbered 1 through 14.
741:, there is a tendency to run the lower lines to the left, whereas the Ashkenazi script appears cramped and disjointed. Instead of the little ornaments at the upper ends of the stems, in the letters
737:
exhibit cursive scripts of various countries and centuries. The differences visible in the square alphabets are much more apparent. For instance, the
Sephardi rounds off still more, and, as in
769:. The accompanying specimen presents Sephardi script. In this flowing cursive alphabet the ligatures appear more often. They occur especially in letters which have a sharp turn to the left (
2583:
970:) by the turn of the 20th century, it became a simple stroke, which was bent sharply toward the right. In the modern script today the Lamed has regained its semicircle.
1729:
Rainer, see D. H. Müller and D. Kaufmann, in
Mitteilungen aus der Sammlung der Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer, i. 38, and in Führer durch die Sammlung, etc. pp. 261 et seq.
2549:
1643:
1604:
723:
against magical influences and evil spirits. These bowls date from the 7th or 8th century, and some of the letters are written in a form that is very antiquated
5225:
2658:
5257:
1795:
2504:
6327:
2576:
1666:
4333:
2645:
590:
1833:
715:
are probably the oldest examples of cursive script. Still longer texts in a cursive alphabet are furnished by the clay bowls found in
6095:
6051:
6081:
5190:
1691:
1627:
1588:
1563:
920:
883:
877:
848:
838:
828:
744:
4427:
747:
a more or less weak flourish of the line appears. For the rest the cursive of the
Codices remains fairly true to the square text.
6313:
5030:
2569:
4753:
4014:
6320:
4886:
4525:
2460:
2455:
1828:
4995:
4896:
4520:
3578:
1788:
6306:
6285:
3573:
3348:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2640:
2535:
2465:
1091:. Thanks to the Samaritans' sedentary residence in Israel, the script of Samaritan Hebrew is a direct descendant of the
1071:
are an ethnic group descended from the
Israelites and are a sister people to the Jews. Whereas the Israelites and later
2959:
6186:
6165:
4845:
4840:
4535:
4437:
2650:
1980:
1075:
suffered a number of exoduses and deportations over the course of history, Samaritans for the most part remained in
1058:, have undergone little modification: they have been rounded out and simplified by the omission of the heads.
6253:
4850:
4417:
712:
123:
4503:
4225:
3778:
3365:
3024:
6434:
6003:
5989:
5294:
3877:
3680:
2499:
2177:
1946:
1781:
5608:
3793:
6292:
5320:
3933:
3813:
3296:
3200:
2677:
2635:
2592:
2542:
2521:
2484:
2372:
2172:
1954:
1842:
534:
3382:
1005:
the right-hand head is made longer, at first only to a small degree, but later on to a considerable extent.
5010:
4447:
3949:
3939:
3872:
2815:
2182:
1838:
1530:
130:
for variation in letter names. (Table is organized right-to-left reflecting Hebrew's lexicographic mode.)
765:
exhibit the
Ashkenazi cursive script of a later date. The next to the last is taken from a manuscript of
6394:
6299:
6088:
6037:
5497:
5419:
5183:
5122:
4676:
4555:
4257:
3989:
3665:
2849:
2837:
2810:
2795:
2407:
2167:
2021:
1092:
841:. By the turn of the 20th century, Ashkenazi cursive had these two elements separated, thus ׀c, and the
494:
481:
336:
521:
1754:
6158:
5909:
5586:
5082:
4985:
4737:
4701:
4106:
4029:
3610:
3439:
3422:
3099:
2738:
2287:
2016:
977:
branches out at the bottom, and in its latest stage is drawn out either to the left or straight down.
3529:
3519:
3094:
528:
501:
6439:
4881:
4603:
4126:
3509:
3499:
3148:
3089:
3084:
3079:
2832:
2414:
2320:
2124:
1758:
1367:
995:
468:
400:
302:
281:
274:
3158:
3059:
555:
548:
508:
260:
6144:
6121:
5755:
5644:
5634:
5526:
5469:
5455:
5412:
5117:
5000:
4835:
4727:
4686:
4640:
4635:
4530:
4512:
4180:
4111:
4076:
4024:
3857:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3583:
3514:
3236:
2614:
2488:
2429:
2424:
2302:
2239:
1637:
1598:
1088:
5377:
562:
541:
488:
475:
330:
323:
316:
309:
295:
267:
515:
288:
6267:
6260:
6232:
5996:
5982:
5894:
5783:
5693:
5672:
5651:
5579:
5511:
5370:
5328:
5280:
5015:
5005:
4650:
4645:
4550:
4545:
4452:
4407:
4307:
4230:
4210:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4121:
4116:
4044:
3979:
3964:
3914:
3909:
3852:
3788:
3746:
3588:
3474:
3397:
2913:
2908:
2785:
2480:
2377:
2310:
2275:
2271:
2224:
1687:
1662:
1623:
1584:
1559:
1105:
132:
6401:
6339:
6239:
6193:
6179:
6137:
6012:
5958:
5939:
5873:
5865:
5851:
5844:
5769:
5565:
5540:
5476:
5448:
5434:
5363:
5349:
5266:
5239:
5176:
5087:
4990:
4812:
4655:
4282:
4262:
4252:
4247:
4131:
3887:
3820:
3808:
3773:
3768:
3751:
3690:
3655:
3615:
3417:
3412:
3360:
3311:
3195:
3129:
3069:
3019:
2964:
2881:
2859:
2844:
2790:
2780:
2714:
2528:
1933:
1901:
1868:
1535:
1080:
963:
674:
644:
98:
5060:
845:
was rounded. It received also an abbreviated form connected with the favorite old ligature
6225:
5917:
5858:
5804:
5797:
5776:
5762:
5746:
5724:
5679:
5572:
5547:
5519:
5504:
5427:
5405:
5398:
5356:
5316:
5287:
4975:
4945:
4768:
4691:
4457:
4387:
4297:
4292:
4277:
4240:
4220:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4101:
4066:
4061:
4056:
3969:
3954:
3924:
3919:
3803:
3798:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3489:
3454:
3449:
3429:
3323:
3281:
3221:
3104:
3074:
2984:
2944:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2820:
2800:
2748:
2731:
2719:
2475:
2439:
2402:
2394:
2367:
2345:
2281:
2259:
2036:
1938:
1928:
1906:
1880:
1875:
1863:
1823:
1818:
1804:
1076:
967:
127:
75:
34:
4422:
3605:
1556:
The Book of Hebrew Script: History, Palaeography, Script Styles, Calligraphy & Design
874:, the lower part necessitated an interruption, and to overcome this obstacle it was made
731:. Somewhat less of a cursive nature is the manuscript, which dates from the 8th century.
4572:
1477:
1456:
1435:
1275:
1254:
1247:
6362:
6246:
6130:
6110:
6019:
5887:
5818:
5717:
5665:
5658:
5490:
5483:
5462:
5441:
5342:
5335:
5097:
5025:
5020:
4871:
4855:
4830:
4773:
4763:
4758:
4598:
4472:
4432:
4402:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4312:
4287:
4235:
4175:
4141:
4091:
4039:
4004:
3959:
3929:
3882:
3842:
3741:
3695:
3650:
3568:
3504:
3459:
3444:
3407:
3387:
3355:
3343:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3178:
3163:
3153:
3119:
3109:
3054:
3039:
3004:
2854:
2706:
2596:
2292:
2001:
1916:
1911:
1716:
1498:
1491:
1463:
1233:
1132:
1110:
856:
626:
159:
137:
110:
94:
1505:
1484:
1449:
1442:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1268:
1240:
6428:
6369:
6218:
6151:
6074:
6044:
5902:
5880:
5811:
5707:
5686:
5533:
5391:
5309:
5302:
5273:
5232:
5147:
5137:
5132:
5107:
5102:
5035:
4919:
4613:
4272:
4215:
3867:
3640:
3524:
3479:
3434:
3402:
3251:
3188:
3168:
3141:
3114:
3044:
3029:
3014:
2969:
2726:
2249:
2144:
1885:
1767:
1411:
1009:
832:
704:
444:
79:
1470:
1261:
984:
the same development also took place, but it afterward became again a simple circle.
903:; however, since in rapid writing it easily assumed a form similar in appearance to
589:
5825:
5790:
5731:
5218:
4980:
4876:
4789:
4681:
4582:
4392:
4205:
4170:
4151:
4086:
4081:
3974:
3862:
3736:
3660:
3600:
3469:
3464:
3375:
3370:
3306:
3246:
3226:
3183:
3173:
3124:
3009:
2989:
2979:
2827:
2805:
2763:
2419:
2335:
2267:
2109:
2069:
2049:
1996:
1422:
1334:
1165:
1121:
991:
without removing the pen from the surface, its two strokes were joined with a curl.
871:
766:
682:
455:
367:
192:
148:
4034:
6408:
6172:
6103:
5384:
5075:
4935:
4696:
4540:
4397:
4302:
4071:
3999:
3984:
3892:
3685:
3595:
3494:
3484:
3338:
3301:
3256:
3241:
3216:
3136:
3064:
3049:
2753:
2494:
2340:
2064:
2006:
1921:
1719:, Additional Manuser. of 27199 (Paleographical Society, Oriental series lxxix.).
1525:
1154:
1096:
842:
610:
181:
71:
126:
and may differ from their designations in the various languages using them—see
5065:
5040:
4608:
4051:
3541:
3536:
3392:
3333:
2974:
2384:
1068:
959:
696:
17:
6376:
6355:
6348:
5142:
5127:
4964:
4711:
4660:
4627:
4462:
4353:
3902:
3630:
3546:
3271:
2359:
2330:
818:
The following are the successive stages in the development of each letter:
716:
614:
87:
5070:
2561:
919:
882:
876:
847:
837:
827:
743:
5112:
5092:
5055:
5050:
4930:
4891:
4732:
4491:
4376:
4267:
4009:
3897:
3847:
3718:
3231:
3034:
2994:
2775:
2768:
2619:
2434:
2026:
1847:
1741:
1103:. Samaritan Hebrew, as standard Hebrew does, has its own cursive script.
720:
106:
102:
5199:
4706:
4577:
4467:
4442:
4328:
4165:
4019:
3994:
3763:
3670:
3318:
2932:
2743:
1520:
1072:
948:
was bent sharply to the right and received a little hook at the bottom.
926:
A transformation very similar to this took place in the cases of final
668:
90:
6200:
3944:
3756:
3675:
3620:
3328:
2999:
2325:
2234:
2229:
2214:
2209:
2159:
2114:
2099:
1345:
1312:
981:
852:
738:
656:
378:
345:
83:
2529:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
811:, whose great open bow offers ample space for another letter
707:
some time in the 18th century, written in the cursive Hebrew script.
4567:
4562:
4412:
4195:
4096:
3783:
2694:
2470:
2315:
2219:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2129:
2074:
2059:
2054:
2044:
1773:
1749:
1378:
1176:
1143:
1084:
1002:
945:
908:
896:
890:
822:
695:
650:
635:
620:
411:
203:
170:
1766:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1684:
Learn to Write the Hebrew Script: Aleph through the
Looking Glass
1620:
Yiddish: an Introduction to the Language, Literature, and Culture
1581:
Yiddish: an Introduction to the Language, Literature, and Culture
5045:
4940:
2244:
2189:
2139:
2134:
2119:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
1400:
1389:
1356:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1187:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
988:
952:
931:
927:
913:
904:
900:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
678:
433:
422:
389:
247:
236:
225:
214:
5172:
4962:
4917:
4810:
4489:
4374:
3716:
2930:
2692:
2675:
2565:
1777:
711:
The brief inscriptions daubed in red ink upon the walls of the
70:, "writing") is a collective designation for several styles of
2149:
2104:
1323:
1100:
974:
356:
97:
by the 13th century. This is also a mainstay of handwritten
880:, and, with the total omission of the whole lower line,
825:
is separated into two parts, the first being written as
575:
Final forms are to the left of the initial/medial forms.
899:
had its stroke put on obliquely to distinguish it from
1095:, the script which the Jews abandoned in favor of the
941:, except that Kaf opened out a trifle more than Qof.
64:
52:
41:
6386:
6337:
6277:
6210:
6120:
6066:
6029:
5969:
5950:
5931:
5836:
5742:
5703:
5630:
5557:
5256:
5249:
5210:
4864:
4823:
4782:
4746:
4720:
4669:
4626:
4591:
4511:
4502:
4321:
3729:
3561:
3209:
2952:
2943:
2628:
2607:
2513:
2448:
2393:
2358:
2301:
2258:
2158:
2035:
1989:
1973:
1966:
1894:
1856:
1811:
893:, the left-hand stroke is lengthened more and more.
2550:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
1087:from that of Hebrew; this abjad is called the
5184:
2577:
1789:
1659:Manual of Judeo-Spanish: Language and Culture
8:
1661:. University of Maryland Press. p. 28.
58:
57:, "Hebrew handwriting", often called simply
47:
5554:
5253:
5191:
5177:
5169:
4959:
4914:
4820:
4807:
4508:
4499:
4486:
4371:
3726:
3713:
2949:
2940:
2927:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2604:
2584:
2570:
2562:
1970:
1796:
1782:
1774:
1750:LadinoType - System for Solitreo and Rashi
1642:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1603:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
851:, and it is to this ligature of Alef and
1706:In Corpus Inscriptionum Hebraicarum 18.
1546:
1635:
1596:
1079:since ancient times. As a result, the
6328:American Printing House for the Blind
6104:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5756:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
1742:Cursive Hebrew fonts for download at
936:
862:
761:
754:
733:
726:
7:
128:Hebrew alphabet § Pronunciation
1558:. The British Library. p. 97.
59:
48:
38:
27:Handwritten style of Hebrew letters
25:
1081:Hebrew language of the Samaritans
1761:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
998:spread out in a marked flourish.
918:
881:
875:
846:
836:
826:
742:
599:(Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901–1906)
588:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
527:
520:
514:
507:
500:
493:
487:
480:
474:
467:
335:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
82:, especially in informal use in
1657:Varol, Marie-Christine (2008).
46:, "flowing Hebrew writing", or
2657:Languages by writing system /
1622:. Vol. 2. New York City.
1583:. Vol. 1. New York City.
1:
6096:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
6052:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
917: was later changed to
93:script that had developed in
6307:National Braille Association
6286:Braille Institute of America
6004:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
994:The two forms of the letter
560:
553:
546:
539:
526:
513:
506:
499:
486:
473:
466:
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
6187:Refreshable braille display
6166:Optical braille recognition
5763:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
5295:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4438:New Epoch Notation Painting
1682:Orr-Stav, Jonathan (2006).
805:), and above all in
65:
53:
42:
6456:
6254:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
1839:Transliteration to English
1099:script in the 4th century
835:stroke placed at the left
755:compare Figure 3, column 4
86:, is handwritten with the
5990:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
5168:
4971:
4958:
4926:
4913:
4819:
4806:
4504:Chinese family of scripts
4498:
4485:
4383:
4370:
3725:
3712:
3574:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2939:
2926:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2671:
2659:by first written accounts
2603:
1686:. Yale University Press.
1424:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1325:
1314:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1178:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
958:Lamed gradually lost its
912:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
457:
446:
435:
424:
413:
402:
391:
380:
369:
358:
347:
249:
238:
227:
216:
205:
194:
183:
172:
161:
150:
139:
109:, that is still used for
105:cursive script, known as
5977:Chinese semi-syllabaries
5240:Unicode braille patterns
5226:International uniformity
3681:Thomas Natural Shorthand
2522:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
951:The left-hand stroke of
937:see columns 2, 5, 11, 14
687:Ashkenazi, 19th century.
6314:Blindness organizations
6293:Braille Without Borders
6082:Canadian currency marks
5704:Egyptian lineage family
4887:Southwest Paleohispanic
1083:is written in a unique
101:. It was preceded by a
5631:Russian lineage family
5031:Great Lakes Algonquian
3940:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3873:Gabelsberger shorthand
2816:Inscriptional Parthian
1618:Zucker, Sheva (2002).
1579:Zucker, Sheva (1994).
1531:Judeo-Arabic languages
859:Aleph owes its origin
708:
665:Italian, 10th century.
641:Spanish, 10th century.
6395:Accessible publishing
6321:Schools for the blind
6300:Japan Braille Library
6089:Computer Braille Code
5743:Indian lineage family
5123:Old Persian cuneiform
3990:Carolingian minuscule
2796:Ancient North Arabian
1554:Yardeni, Ada (2002).
1093:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
699:
6159:Mountbatten Brailler
5514:(largely reassigned)
5297:(largely reassigned)
4846:Southeastern Iberian
4841:Northeastern Iberian
2739:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2543:Strong's Concordance
1834:Ancient inscriptions
855:that the contracted
662:Italian, dated 1451.
6111:Nemeth braille code
5897:(reassigned vowels)
5422:(extended to 8-dot)
4996:Canadian Aboriginal
4882:Khitan small script
4604:Khitan large script
3794:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
2536:Brown–Driver–Briggs
1759:Jewish Encyclopedia
713:catacombs of Venosa
6145:Braille translator
6122:Braille technology
6098:(science; GS8/GS6)
6067:Symbols in braille
5997:Taiwanese Mandarin
5512:Taiwanese Mandarin
5118:Nwagu Aneke script
4670:Other logosyllabic
4592:Chinese-influenced
4531:Oracle bone script
4513:Chinese characters
4448:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3838:Eclectic shorthand
3826:Duployan shorthand
3779:Caucasian Albanian
3579:Canadian syllabics
2615:History of writing
2385:Law of attenuation
1895:Reading traditions
1715:German-Ashkenazi,
1089:Samaritan alphabet
962:until (as in both
944:The lower part of
863:Figure 3, column 7
727:Figure 3, column 1
709:
597:"Cursive Writing"
117:Contemporary forms
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6340:tactile alphabets
6268:William Bell Wait
6261:Sabriye Tenberken
6062:
6061:
5927:
5926:
5912:(Japanese vowels)
5710:-mediated scripts
5637:-mediated scripts
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5016:Ditema tsa Dinoko
4954:
4953:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4622:
4621:
4481:
4480:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3557:
3556:
2922:
2921:
2909:Teeline Shorthand
2667:
2666:
2559:
2558:
2415:Verbal morphology
2354:
2353:
1872:
1757:in the 1901–1906
1668:978-1-934309-19-3
1512:
1511:
1008:In the beginning
703:Signature of the
576:
569:
568:
16:(Redirected from
6447:
6411:
6404:
6402:Braille literacy
6397:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6203:
6196:
6194:Slate and stylus
6189:
6182:
6180:Perkins Brailler
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6138:Braille embosser
6133:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6055:
6047:
6040:
6022:
6015:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5962:
5959:American Braille
5943:
5940:Algerian Braille
5920:
5913:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5829:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5735:
5727:
5720:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5555:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5254:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5204:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5170:
4960:
4915:
4821:
4813:Semi-syllabaries
4808:
4509:
4500:
4487:
4372:
3727:
3714:
3616:Japanese Braille
3201:Zanabazar square
3070:Nepalese scripts
2960:Bengali–Assamese
2950:
2941:
2928:
2845:Pitman shorthand
2690:
2686:
2673:
2605:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2505:Unicode and HTML
1971:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1924:
1869:northern dialect
1866:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1551:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1426:
1415:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1224:
1213:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1147:
1136:
1125:
1114:
1106:
1063:Samaritan Hebrew
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
922:
916:
911:in analogy with
885:
879:
850:
840:
830:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
746:
675:Eleazer of Worms
592:
580:Historical forms
571:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
531:
524:
518:
511:
504:
497:
491:
484:
478:
471:
459:
448:
437:
426:
415:
404:
393:
382:
371:
360:
349:
339:
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
251:
240:
229:
218:
207:
196:
185:
174:
163:
152:
141:
133:
124:Unicode standard
68:
62:
61:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
21:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6435:Hebrew alphabet
6425:
6424:
6423:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6226:Charles Barbier
6224:
6217:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6058:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5965:
5957:
5951:Frequency-based
5946:
5938:
5923:
5916:
5908:
5901:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5832:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:Bharati Braille
5744:
5738:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5632:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5321:Unified English
5315:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5250:Braille scripts
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5152:
4967:
4950:
4946:Stokoe notation
4922:
4901:
4860:
4815:
4794:
4778:
4742:
4721:Logoconsonantal
4716:
4665:
4618:
4587:
4494:
4477:
4458:Siglas poveiras
4379:
4358:
4317:
4221:Younger Futhark
3925:Gregg shorthand
3721:
3700:
3553:
3205:
2935:
2918:
2697:
2680:
2663:
2636:Writing systems
2624:
2599:
2597:writing systems
2590:
2560:
2555:
2514:Reference works
2509:
2444:
2440:Vav-consecutive
2389:
2368:Biblical Hebrew
2350:
2297:
2282:Mater lectionis
2254:
2154:
2031:
1985:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1920:
1890:
1852:
1807:
1805:Hebrew language
1802:
1762:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1517:
1065:
955:was lengthened.
694:
671:, 10th century.
653:, 10th century.
647:, 10th century.
623:, 12th century.
593:
582:
119:
76:Hebrew alphabet
43:ktav ivri rahut
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6453:
6451:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6427:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6390:
6388:
6387:Related topics
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6363:New York Point
6359:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6247:Harris Mowbray
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6131:Braille e-book
6126:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5899:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5751:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5711:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5561:
5559:
5552:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5260:
5258:French-ordered
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5173:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5098:Linear Elamite
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4920:Sign languages
4918:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4897:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Espanca script
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Linear Elamite
4827:
4825:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4712:Yi (Classical)
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4538:
4536:Bronze scripts
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4349:Flag semaphore
4346:
4344:New York Point
4341:
4339:Telegraph code
4336:
4334:Maritime flags
4331:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:Visible Speech
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Sorang Sompeng
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4142:Galik alphabet
4139:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4040:Tironian notes
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3885:
3883:Garay alphabet
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Sorang Sompeng
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3589:Déné syllabics
3586:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Proto-Sinaitic
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2489:modern Israeli
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2378:Philippi's law
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2293:Plene scriptum
2290:
2285:
2278:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1755:Cursive Hebrew
1752:
1747:
1737:
1736:External links
1734:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1717:British Museum
1708:
1699:
1692:
1674:
1667:
1649:
1628:
1610:
1589:
1571:
1564:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1375:
1364:
1353:
1342:
1331:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1195:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1014:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
956:
949:
942:
924:
894:
887:
868:
813:(see Figure 2)
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
672:
666:
663:
660:
654:
648:
642:
639:
633:
630:
627:Constantinople
624:
618:
581:
578:
567:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
525:
512:
505:
498:
485:
472:
464:
463:
452:
441:
430:
419:
408:
397:
386:
375:
364:
353:
341:
340:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
256:
255:
244:
233:
222:
211:
200:
189:
178:
167:
156:
145:
118:
115:
95:Central Europe
54:ktav yad 'ivri
31:Cursive Hebrew
26:
24:
18:Hebrew cursive
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6452:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:Night writing
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:Organisations
6276:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:Valentin Haüy
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6219:Louis Braille
6216:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:Braille watch
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6075:Braille music
6072:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:Luxembourgish
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:Other scripts
5835:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5629:
5618:
5613:
5610:
5609:Northern Sámi
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:Nordic family
5556:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:South African
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5420:Luxembourgish
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:ASCII braille
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:Attic (Greek)
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Proto-Elamite
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Elder Futhark
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Old Hungarian
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Masaram Gondi
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Gunjala Gondi
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:Old Sundanese
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:Old Maldivian
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3349:Bilang-bilang
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
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3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
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3290:
3288:
3285:
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3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
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3263:
3260:
3258:
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3250:
3248:
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3240:
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3235:
3233:
3230:
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3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
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3212:
3208:
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3199:
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3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
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3169:Sylheti Nagri
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
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3033:
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3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
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3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Brahmi script
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
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2889:
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2883:
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2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:South Arabian
2863:
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2858:
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2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
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2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Inscriptional
2809:
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2799:
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2639:
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2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
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2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Semitic roots
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Modern Hebrew
2371:
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2241:
2238:
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2228:
2226:
2225:Kubutz/shuruk
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
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1810:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1769:
1768:public domain
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:www.oketz.com
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1693:0-300-10841-9
1689:
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1590:1-877909-66-1
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1572:
1567:
1565:1-58456-087-8
1561:
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1547:
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1537:
1536:Ruqʿah script
1534:
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1529:
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888:
884:
878:
873:
869:
866:
864:
858:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
833:perpendicular
829:
824:
821:
820:
819:
816:
814:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
768:
764:
763:
758:
756:
748:
745:
740:
736:
735:
730:
728:
722:
718:
714:
706:
705:Baal Shem Tov
702:
698:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
659:, dated 1375.
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
638:, dated 1480.
637:
634:
632:10th century.
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
609:
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579:
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557:
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409:
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387:
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384:
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374:
373:
365:
363:
362:
354:
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351:
343:
342:
338:
332:
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318:
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304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
257:
254:
253:
245:
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231:
223:
221:
220:
212:
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199:
198:
190:
188:
187:
179:
177:
176:
168:
166:
165:
157:
155:
154:
146:
144:
143:
135:
134:
131:
129:
125:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
80:Modern Hebrew
77:
73:
69:
67:
55:
44:
39:כתב עברי רהוט
36:
32:
19:
5910:Thai and Lao
5587:Scandinavian
5219:1829 braille
5211:Braille cell
5011:Cypro-Minoan
4877:Pahawh Hmong
4790:Sitelen Pona
4754:Hindu-Arabic
4087:Mundari Bani
3661:Pahawh Hmong
3470:Tamil-Brahmi
3376:Eveyla Akuru
3371:Dhives Akuru
2838:Paleo-Hebrew
2758:
2705:
2641:undeciphered
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2336:Inverted nun
2321:Cantillation
2280:
2250:Sin/Shin dot
2022:Paleo-Hebrew
2011:
1843:from English
1743:
1724:
1711:
1702:
1683:
1677:
1658:
1652:
1619:
1613:
1580:
1574:
1555:
1549:
1421:
1410:
1399:
1388:
1377:
1366:
1355:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1131:
1120:
1109:
1066:
1016:The letters
934:
860:
817:
812:
767:Elias Levita
760:
752:
749:
734:Columns 2–14
732:
724:
719:and bearing
710:
700:
683:Elias Levita
677:, copied at
604:
603:
598:
594:
587:
583:
572:
570:
454:
443:
432:
421:
410:
399:
388:
377:
366:
355:
344:
246:
235:
224:
213:
202:
191:
180:
169:
158:
147:
136:
120:
63:
30:
29:
6409:RoboBraille
6233:Róża Czacka
6173:Perforation
5970:Independent
5868:(Bhutanese)
5603:Greenlandic
5274:Azerbaijani
5076:Jindai moji
4965:Syllabaries
4936:SignWriting
4836:Celtiberian
4738:Hieroglyphs
4541:Seal script
4526:Traditional
4398:Blissymbols
4303:Warang Citi
4278:Tolong Siki
4231:Marcomannic
4211:Dalecarlian
4201:Anglo-Saxon
4181:Pau Cin Hau
4072:Medefaidrin
4025:Merovingian
3985:Blackletter
3893:Asomtavruli
3686:Warang Citi
3495:Ulu scripts
3440:New Tai Lue
3383:Mon–Burmese
3237:Bhattiprolu
3065:Nandinagari
2892:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2651:constructed
2341:Shekel sign
2303:Punctuation
2268:with Niqqud
2178:Palestinian
1967:Orthography
1947:Palestinian
1526:Handwriting
1097:Ktav Ashuri
1013:altogether.
870:In writing
843:acute angle
681:in 1515 by
611:Incantation
72:handwriting
49:כתב יד עברי
6440:Penmanship
6429:Categories
5961:(obsolete)
5942:(obsolete)
5734:(Pakistan)
5645:Belarusian
5527:Vietnamese
5470:Portuguese
5456:Philippine
5413:Lithuanian
5066:Hentaigana
5061:Man'yōgana
4521:Simplified
4408:Ersu Shaba
4322:Non-linear
4127:Old Uyghur
4117:Old Permic
4112:Old Italic
4045:Visigothic
3980:Beneventan
3915:Glagolitic
3878:Gadabuursi
3542:Kolezhuthu
3537:Vatteluttu
3475:Tanchangya
3398:Saurashtra
2975:Devanagari
2833:Phoenician
2786:Manichaean
2491:literature
2311:Diacritics
2173:Babylonian
1955:Babylonian
1069:Samaritans
987:To write '
960:semicircle
831:, and the
615:Babylonian
6377:Vibratese
6356:Moon type
6349:Decapoint
6030:Eight-dot
5983:Cantonese
5932:Reordered
5895:Inuktitut
5784:Malayalam
5694:Ukrainian
5673:Mongolian
5652:Bulgarian
5615:Norwegian
5580:Icelandic
5371:Hungarian
5329:Esperanto
5281:Cantonese
4865:Redundant
4677:Anatolian
4628:Cuneiform
4556:bird-worm
4492:Logograms
4463:Testerian
4377:Ideograms
4354:Moon type
4241:Staveless
4132:Mongolian
4077:Molodtsov
4035:Sütterlin
3903:Mkhedruli
3769:Bassa Vah
3719:Alphabets
3691:Mwangwego
3656:Mwangwego
3631:Kharosthi
3584:Blackfoot
3547:Malayanma
3418:Sundanese
3413:Sukhothai
3361:Malayalam
3312:Khom Thai
3272:Goykanadi
3196:Tocharian
3149:ʼPhags-pa
3020:Khudabadi
2965:Bhaiksuki
2860:Samaritan
2791:Nabataean
2646:inventors
2360:Phonology
2331:Gershayim
2183:Samaritan
1958:(extinct)
1950:(extinct)
1942:(extinct)
1934:Samaritan
1902:Ashkenazi
1812:Overviews
1638:cite book
1599:cite book
1052:,
1046:,
1040:,
1034:,
1028:,
1022:,
964:Nabataean
799:,
793:,
787:,
781:,
775:,
721:exorcisms
717:Babylonia
701:Figure 1:
645:Provençal
595:Figure 3:
88:Ashkenazi
6013:Japanese
5874:Georgian
5866:Dzongkha
5852:Armenian
5770:Gujarati
5635:Cyrillic
5566:Estonian
5541:Yugoslav
5477:Romanian
5449:Nigerian
5364:Hawaiian
5350:Ghanaian
5267:Albanian
5128:Sumerian
5093:Linear B
5056:Katakana
5051:Hiragana
5001:Cherokee
4931:ASLwrite
4892:Bopomofo
4747:Numerals
4733:Hieratic
4692:Isthmian
4661:Sumerian
4641:Assyrian
4636:Akkadian
4293:Vithkuqi
4268:Tifinagh
4236:Medieval
4191:Pisidian
4186:Phrygian
4157:Vagindra
4102:Ol Chiki
4010:Interlac
3965:Kayah Li
3955:Jenticha
3910:Veso Bey
3898:Nuskhuri
3888:Georgian
3858:Formosan
3853:Etruscan
3848:Enochian
3804:Cyrillic
3789:Coelbren
3747:Armenian
3646:Meroitic
3636:Mandombe
3626:Jenticha
3490:Tigalari
3455:Tai Viet
3450:Tai Tham
3430:Tagbanwa
3282:Javanese
3232:Baybayin
3222:Balinese
3210:Southern
3105:Pracalit
3100:Pachumol
3075:Bhujimol
3035:Mahajani
2995:Gurmukhi
2985:Gujarati
2953:Northern
2933:Abugidas
2914:Ugaritic
2902:Maḏnḥāyā
2776:Tifinagh
2769:Solitreo
2707:Numerals
2620:Grapheme
2608:Overview
2500:Surnames
2476:Keyboard
2449:Academic
2435:Segolate
2430:Suffixes
2425:Prefixes
2403:Biblical
2346:Numerals
2260:Spelling
2168:Tiberian
2037:Alphabet
2027:Solitreo
2017:Crowning
1981:Biblical
1939:Tiberian
1929:Yemenite
1907:Sephardi
1881:Medieval
1876:Mishnaic
1864:Biblical
1848:Gematria
1824:Alphabet
1819:Language
1515:See also
1346:Sin'gat
857:Oriental
762:Figure 3
621:Egyptian
107:Solitreo
103:Sephardi
5918:Tibetan
5859:Burmese
5845:Amharic
5828:(India)
5805:Sinhala
5798:Punjabi
5777:Kannada
5725:Persian
5680:Russian
5620:Swedish
5598:Finnish
5573:Faroese
5548:Zambian
5520:Turkish
5505:Spanish
5428:Maltese
5406:Latvian
5399:Italian
5378:Iñupiaq
5357:Guarani
5317:English
5288:Catalan
5205:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
5200:Braille
5083:Kikakui
5021:Eskayan
5006:Cypriot
4856:Dunging
4728:Demotic
4707:Tenevil
4651:Hittite
4646:Elamite
4599:Jurchen
4578:Sawndip
4573:Chữ Nôm
4473:Zapotec
4468:Yerkish
4443:Nsibidi
4428:Miꞌkmaw
4418:Isotype
4388:Adinkra
4329:Braille
4313:Zaghawa
4283:Vellara
4263:Sunuwar
4253:Sidetic
4248:Shavian
4176:Osmanya
4166:Ol Onal
4020:Kurrent
4005:Insular
3995:Fraktur
3970:Klingon
3960:Kaddare
3934:Archaic
3843:Elbasan
3831:Chinook
3821:Deseret
3809:Bosnian
3764:Avoiuli
3752:Avestan
3742:Ariyaka
3671:Tengwar
3569:Bharati
3530:Serawai
3520:Pasemah
3505:Lampung
3460:Lai Tay
3445:Tai Noi
3408:Sinhala
3388:Pallava
3356:Makasar
3344:Lontara
3319:Kulitan
3292:Kannada
3287:Kadamba
3277:Hanunoo
3267:Grantha
3262:Fakkham
3179:Tibetan
3164:Soyombo
3159:Siddhaṃ
3154:Sharada
3130:Litumol
3120:Tirhuta
3110:Ranjana
3095:Kvemmol
3055:Multani
3040:Marchen
3005:Kalinga
2945:Brahmic
2882:Sogdian
2821:Psalter
2801:Pahlavi
2781:Mandaic
2759:Cursive
2744:Elymaic
2715:Aramaic
2485:ancient
2461:Academy
2456:Revival
2395:Grammar
2272:missing
2012:Cursive
2002:Braille
1990:Scripts
1917:Mizrahi
1912:Italian
1829:History
1521:Cursive
1427:
1416:
1405:
1394:
1383:
1379:Sa'diy
1372:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1317:
1313:La'bat
1225:
1214:
1203:
1192:
1181:
1170:
1159:
1148:
1144:Da'lat
1137:
1133:Ga'man
1126:
1115:
1073:Hebrews
930:and of
692:History
651:Italian
636:Spanish
629:, 1506.
605:Column:
460:
449:
438:
427:
416:
405:
394:
383:
379:Samekh
372:
361:
350:
252:
241:
230:
219:
208:
197:
186:
175:
164:
153:
142:
99:Yiddish
91:cursive
6338:Other
6211:People
6201:Braigo
6020:Korean
5888:Hebrew
5819:Telugu
5718:Arabic
5708:Arabic
5666:Kyrgyz
5659:Kazakh
5593:Danish
5491:Slovak
5484:Samoan
5463:Polish
5442:Navajo
5343:German
5336:French
5203:
5148:Yugtun
5138:Woleai
5088:Kpelle
5071:Sōgana
4991:Byblos
4769:Muisca
4687:Cretan
4656:Luwian
4614:Tangut
4433:Mixtec
4403:Dongba
4308:Yezidi
4298:Wancho
4273:Todhri
4226:Gothic
4206:Cipher
4147:Manchu
4137:Evenki
4122:Orkhon
4067:Manchu
4062:Lydian
4057:Lycian
4000:Gaelic
3950:Hanifi
3945:Hangul
3920:Gothic
3868:Fraser
3863:Fox II
3799:Coptic
3774:Carian
3757:Pazend
3730:Linear
3676:Thaana
3621:Sarati
3562:Others
3525:Rejang
3510:Lembak
3500:Incung
3480:Telugu
3435:Tai Le
3329:Langdi
3252:Chakma
3142:Karani
3115:Tamyig
3090:Kummol
3085:Himmol
3080:Golmol
3060:Nagari
3045:Meitei
3030:Lepcha
3015:Khojki
3000:Kaithi
2887:Syriac
2875:Musnad
2754:Ashuri
2749:Hebrew
2732:Elifba
2727:Arabic
2720:Hatran
2695:Abjads
2481:Hebrew
2408:Modern
2326:Geresh
2235:Mappiq
2230:Dagesh
2215:Kamatz
2160:Niqqud
2115:Samech
2007:Ashuri
1922:Syrian
1886:Modern
1690:
1665:
1626:
1587:
1562:
1111:A'laf
1077:Israel
982:Samekh
973:Final
968:Syriac
739:Arabic
669:German
412:Tsadi
346:Lamed
204:Zayin
171:Daled
160:Gimel
111:Ladino
84:Israel
35:Hebrew
6054:(GS8)
6045:Kanji
5903:Khmer
5881:Greek
5812:Tamil
5745:i.e.
5706:i.e.
5687:Tatar
5633:i.e.
5534:Welsh
5435:Māori
5392:Irish
5310:Dutch
5303:Czech
5113:Nüshu
4981:Bamum
4976:Afaka
4783:Other
4774:Roman
4759:Abjad
4682:Bagam
4583:Bowen
4568:Kanji
4563:Hanja
4551:small
4546:large
4453:Olmec
4423:Kaidā
4413:Emoji
4393:Aztec
4196:Runic
4171:Osage
4152:Oirat
4097:Ogham
4030:Sigla
3975:Latin
3930:Greek
3814:Early
3784:Cirth
3737:Adlam
3606:Geʽez
3601:Fox I
3465:Tamil
3324:Lanna
3307:Khmer
3297:Karen
3247:Buhid
3227:Batak
3184:Uchen
3174:Takri
3125:Limbu
3025:Laṇḍā
3010:Khema
2990:Gupta
2980:Dogri
2897:Serṭā
2870:Zabur
2855:Punic
2828:Pegon
2764:Rashi
2678:Types
2629:Lists
2593:Types
2495:Names
2471:Ulpan
2466:Study
2316:Meteg
2240:Maqaf
2220:Holam
2210:Pataḥ
2205:Segol
2200:Tzere
2195:Hiriq
2130:Tsadi
2100:Lamed
2075:Zayin
2060:Dalet
2055:Gimel
1997:Rashi
1542:Notes
1412:Shan
1401:Rish
1085:abjad
1003:Tsadi
946:Zayin
909:Dalet
897:Dalet
891:Gimel
853:Lamed
657:Greek
613:upon
573:Note:
445:Shin
434:Resh
414:צ / ץ
403:פ / ף
390:Ayin
370:נ / ן
359:מ / ם
250:כ / ך
138:Alef
5826:Urdu
5791:Odia
5732:Urdu
5108:Loma
5103:Lisu
5046:Kana
5036:Iban
5026:Geba
4986:Bété
4941:si5s
4851:Khom
4824:Full
4697:Maya
4092:N'Ko
3651:Miao
3596:Dham
3515:Ogan
3485:Thai
3403:Shan
3339:Leke
3302:Kawi
3257:Cham
3242:Buda
3217:Ahom
3137:Odia
3050:Modi
2806:Book
2276:full
2245:Rafe
2190:Shva
2145:Shin
2140:Resh
2120:Ayin
2045:Alef
1974:Eras
1857:Eras
1688:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1644:link
1624:ISBN
1605:link
1585:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1423:Taf
1390:Quf
1335:Nun
1324:Mim
1221:Kaf
1210:Yut
1199:Tit
1177:Zen
1122:Bit
1067:The
1010:Shin
1001:For
989:Ayin
966:and
905:Resh
901:Resh
823:Alef
679:Rome
617:dish
456:Tav
423:Qof
368:Nun
357:Mem
248:Kaf
237:Yod
226:Tet
215:Het
193:Vav
149:Bet
74:the
66:ktav
5385:IPA
5133:Vai
5041:Idu
4609:Sui
4082:Mru
4052:Luo
4015:IPA
3696:Rma
3393:Pyu
3334:Lao
3189:Umê
2595:of
2150:Tav
2135:Kuf
2125:Pei
2110:Nun
2105:Mem
2095:Kaf
2090:Yud
2085:Tet
2080:Ḥet
2070:Vav
2065:Hei
2050:Bet
1368:Fi
1357:In
1188:It
1166:Ba
1155:Iy
1101:BCE
980:In
975:Mem
953:Ṭet
932:Qof
928:Kaf
889:In
872:Bet
401:Pe
182:He
60:כתב
6431::
5143:Yi
2487:/
2483:/
2274:/
2270:/
1841:/
1640:}}
1636:{{
1601:}}
1597:{{
996:Pe
907:,
815:.
601:.
113:.
78:.
37::
5323:)
5319:(
5192:e
5185:t
5178:v
3936:)
3932:(
2585:e
2578:t
2571:v
1925:)
1919:(
1871:)
1867:(
1797:e
1790:t
1783:v
1770:.
1696:.
1671:.
1646:)
1632:.
1607:)
1593:.
1568:.
1425:ࠕ
1414:ࠔ
1403:ࠓ
1392:ࠒ
1381:ࠑ
1370:ࠐ
1359:ࠏ
1348:ࠎ
1337:ࠍ
1326:ࠌ
1315:ࠋ
1223:ࠊ
1212:ࠉ
1201:ࠈ
1190:ࠇ
1179:ࠆ
1168:ࠅ
1157:ࠄ
1146:ࠃ
1135:ࠂ
1124:ࠁ
1113:ࠀ
1055:ת
1049:ר
1043:נ
1037:ן
1031:ח
1025:ד
1019:ה
939:)
935:(
923:.
914:ב
886:.
867:.
865:)
861:(
808:נ
802:ח
796:צ
790:נ
784:כ
778:ז
772:ג
757:)
753:(
729:)
725:(
532:/
519:/
492:/
479:/
458:ת
447:ש
436:ר
425:ק
392:ע
381:ס
348:ל
334:/
239:י
228:ט
217:ח
206:ז
195:ו
184:ה
173:ד
162:ג
151:ב
140:א
33:(
20:)
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