183:. As well as describing the barbarism of life within the camp, Neumann/Heger's book offered criticism of the treatment of homosexual concentration camp survivors after liberation. After the camp's liberation, Kohout – like other homosexual prisoners – was still regarded as a criminal, since homosexuality remained illegal after the demise of the Nazi regime. He was not eligible for compensation and, despite attempts on his part, he received none from the West German government. Many other gay men who had survived concentration camps were returned to prison, and the time they had spent interred in the camps was not deducted from their sentences.
1007:
212:. He included Kohout's journals from the camp, a number of letters sent by his parents that never reached him while he was imprisoned, and the cloth strip with the pink triangle and his prisoner number that he had been forced to wear. It was the first pink triangle belonging to an identifiable individual that was collected by a museum.
132:
guards controlling the camp prevented the homosexual prisoners from associating with one another, sex between straight guards and gay prisoners nonetheless took place, with the guards construing such encounters as a "natural" expression of their "normal" sexuality in unusual circumstances. Kohout was
46:
imprisonment. It has been translated into several languages, and a second edition published in 1994. It was the first testimony from a homosexual survivor of the concentration camps to be translated into
English, and is regarded as the best known. Its publication helped to illuminate not just the
140:
Like other prisoners, Kohout was assigned futile tasks during his time in the camp, including using wheelbarrows to move the snow (and bare hands to move rocks) from one side of the compound to the other and back again. The repetition and pointlessness of the tasks were such that many prisoners
137:, and then the senior of his block. Florence Tamagne, a contemporary author on the history of homosexuals in Europe, describes these involvements as fortunate for Kohout; the protection of these relatively privileged men may have helped Kohout to survive.
496:"Robert W. Hacker, "Knocking the Lock Off the Gate at the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp; April 23, 1945", excerpted from Robert W. Hacker: Flossenbürg Concentration Camp, Phoenix 2000, unpublished manuscript. Flossenbürg memorial archive"
196:, identifies the publication of Kohout's memoir as a turning point in the history of the gay community, when the activists of the 1960s and 1970s began to take account of the perspectives of the preceding generation and to embrace the
97:. Kohout was arrested in March 1939, at age 24, when a Christmas card he had sent to his male lover, Fred, was intercepted. Fred, whose father was a high-ranking Nazi official, was deemed "mentally disturbed" and escaped punishment.
837:
741:
186:
The book remains one of very few that document the experiences of homosexuals imprisoned by the Nazis. It is taught and read in college courses internationally, including at universities and Jewish seminaries.
141:
committed suicide. Kohout observed the beating and the torture of prisoners, and theorized in his writings that the sadism of some of the SS officers reflected repressed homosexual desires of their own.
104:
was the basis of Kohout's incarceration. However, since he was convicted by an
Austrian court and Paragraph 175 did not apply for Austrian citizens, he was convicted on basis of the Austrian penal code.
179:
Hans
Neumann conducted 15 interviews with Kohout between 1965 and 1967 and wrote the book on basis of these conversations using the pseudonym Heinz Heger. The book was eventually published in 1972 by
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534:
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He was eventually reunited with his mother. His father had committed suicide in 1942, leaving a note for his wife, Amalia, asking "May God protect our son".
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He reported that homosexual prisoners were the most reviled of all the camp's detainees, and prevented from mutual association. Though the
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suffering gay prisoners of the Nazi regime experienced, but the lack of recognition and compensation they received after the war's end.
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42:, which is often falsely attributed to Kohout. The book is one of very few first-hand accounts of the treatment of homosexuals in
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666:
Jensen, Erik (2002). "The Pink
Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the memory of Nazi Persecution".
903:
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in
January 1940 after having served a six-month sentence. In May 1940, Kohout was transferred from Sachsenhausen to
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593:"The New Holocaust History Museum of Yad Vashem and the Commemoration of Homosexuals as Victims of Nazism"
521:"Memories of the chaplain to the US 97th Infantry Division at the online Museum of the division in WWII"
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Kohout died in Vienna, and certain items of his possessions were donated by his partner to the
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Several sources, including his own account, mention that the German penal code's
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on 23 April 1945. Kohout's journal entry for his final day in the camp reads "
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520:
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A Sea of
Stories: the Shaping Power of Narrative in Gay and Lesbian Cultures
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90:
20:
679:
171:
In 1946 he met his partner, with whom he stayed until his death in 1994.
38:), which was written by his acquaintance Hans Neumann using the pen name
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86:
838:
Reich
Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion
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43:
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Bulletin du Centre de recherche français de Jérusalem
535:"The pink triangle, Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals"
1018:
963:
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861:
820:
757:
361:de Cecco, John P.; De Cecco, John P (2000-06-29).
125:, where he remained until his liberation in 1945.
468:Reiter, Andrea; Camiller, Patrick (2005-08-30).
93:, and his father had a high-ranking job in the
735:
8:
399:. Laurence Erlbaum Associates. p. 145.
418:
416:
1103:Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
960:
751:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
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222:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
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293:"Personalizing Nazis' Homosexual Victims"
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19:(24 January 1915 – 15 March 1994) was an
1113:Flossenbürg concentration camp survivors
541:Social Action Department. Archived from
388:
386:
384:
229:– a French, LGBT, Nazi-persecuted writer
709:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
570:. Continuum International. p. 22.
259:. Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf. p. 128.
238:
210:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
591:Schlagdenhauffen-Maika, Regis (2005).
286:
284:
282:
280:
278:
276:
89:. His mother and father were wealthy
50:Kohout's book inspired the 1979 play
30:. He is best known for the 1972 book
7:
425:"Les Hommes au triangle rose review"
330:A history of homosexuality in Europe
668:Journal of the History of Sexuality
193:Journal of the History of Sexuality
1123:20th-century Austrian LGBTQ people
1108:LGBTQ concentration camp survivors
810:Transgender people in Nazi Germany
498:. 97thdivision.com. Archived from
133:selected for sexual services by a
14:
1098:Austrian people imprisoned abroad
705:"Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals"
439:"Bibliographies: Gay and Lesbian"
149:Flossenbürg was liberated by the
423:Plagne, Nicolas (26 June 2006).
115:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
60:, which was made into the movie
765:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
635:"Bibliography: LGBT and Jewish"
611:"Fascism and Sexuality seminar"
85:Kohout was born and grew up in
1057:The Men With the Pink Triangle
443:United States Holocaust Museum
291:Dunlap, David (26 June 1995).
36:The Men With the Pink Triangle
32:Die Männer mit dem rosa Winkel
1:
567:Sexuality, Morals and Justice
367:. Haworth Press. p. 28.
200:as a symbol of gay identity.
26:survivor, imprisoned for his
904:Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim
790:Malicious Practices Act 1933
396:Curriculum and the Holocaust
190:Erik Jensen, writing in the
564:Bamforth, Nicholas (1997).
427:(in French). Parutions.com.
113:Kohout was interned in the
1139:
474:. Continuum. p. 222.
327:Tamagne, Florence (2006).
869:First homosexual movement
848:Johannes Heinrich Schultz
805:Lesbians in Nazi Germany
775:Night of the Long Knives
950:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
800:LGBT history in Germany
471:Narrating the Holocaust
333:. Algora. p. 382.
24:Nazi concentration camp
874:Joseph Friedrich Abert
393:Morris, Marla (2001).
165:" ("Americans came").
159:97th Infantry Division
155:90th Infantry Division
82:
955:Silence=Death Project
862:Victims and survivors
680:10.1353/sex.2002.0008
255:Grau, Günter (2011).
81:
843:Carl-Heinz Rodenberg
674:(1 and 2): 319–349.
889:Gottfried von Cramm
833:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
163:Amerikaner gekommen
1118:People from Vienna
992:Pink Triangle Park
83:
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981:Frankfurter Engel
266:978-3-8258-9785-7
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1093:Austrian gay men
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914:Wilhelm Heckmann
879:Albrecht Becker
828:Heinrich Himmler
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711:. Archived from
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1043:A Love to Hide
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698:External links
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599:(16): 244–261.
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502:on 2021-05-11
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28:homosexuality
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1050:Il Rosa Nudo
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986:Homomonument
919:Otto Peltzer
894:Heinz Dörmer
821:Perpetrators
770:Röhm scandal
713:the original
671:
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649:. Retrieved
642:the original
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617:. Retrieved
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547:. Retrieved
543:the original
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500:the original
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68:Sean Mathias
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17:Josef Kohout
16:
15:
1088:1994 deaths
1083:1915 births
1037:(1997 film)
1006: [
988:(Amsterdam)
929:Pierre Seel
899:Karl Gorath
853:Carl Værnet
227:Pierre Seel
119:Flossenbürg
70:, in 1997.
40:Heinz Heger
1077:Categories
934:Leo Clasen
506:2012-05-17
234:References
145:Liberation
964:Memorials
688:142580540
151:U.S. Army
91:Catholics
74:Biography
1003:Tel Aviv
216:See also
175:The book
157:and the
21:Austrian
976:Cologne
651:22 June
619:22 June
549:22 June
453:22 June
346:22 June
123:Bavaria
1029:(play)
998:Sydney
971:Berlin
943:Legacy
758:Topics
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403:
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263:
204:Legacy
87:Vienna
1019:Works
1010:]
684:S2CID
645:(PDF)
638:(PDF)
614:(PDF)
121:, in
56:, by
1035:Bent
1027:Bent
653:2009
621:2009
572:ISBN
551:2009
476:ISBN
455:2009
401:ISBN
369:ISBN
348:2009
335:ISBN
261:ISBN
135:Kapo
63:Bent
53:Bent
44:Nazi
676:doi
539:RAI
153:'s
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1008:he
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130:SS
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34:(
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