730:
607:
540:
1151:
The CIA apparently remained convinced at that time that if Müller had survived the war, he was being harboured within the USSR. However, when the USSR collapsed in 1991 and the Soviet archives were opened, no evidence to support this belief emerged. The U.S. National
Archives commentary concludes: "More information about Müller's fate might still emerge from still secret files of the former Soviet Union. The CIA file, by itself, does not permit definitive conclusions. Taking into account the currently available records, the authors of this report conclude that Müller most likely died in Berlin in early May 1945." By the 1990s, it was in any case increasingly unlikely Müller, who was born in 1900, would be alive even if he had survived the war.
818:
Polish civilians or prisoners-of-war who were conscripted as labor during the war, particularly in cases related to pregnancy. If both parties proved "racially acceptable" and the Polish man wanted to marry the woman, the pregnancy and relationship was allowed without punitive consequences, provided the RSHA approved after photographic evaluation of both parties and subsequent "Germanization" of the Pole occurred. For cases where one or more parties was deemed racially unfit, the Polish male would receive "special handling", an obvious Nazi euphemism for a death-sentence.
1119:, defected to the U.S. Goleniewski had worked as an interrogator of captured German officials from 1948 to 1952. He never met Müller but said he had heard from his Soviet superiors that sometime between 1950 and 1952, the Soviets had "picked up Müller and taken him to Moscow". The CIA tried to track down the men Goleniewski named as having worked with Müller in Moscow but were unable to confirm his story. Israel also continued to pursue Müller: in 1967, two Israeli operatives were caught by West German police attempting to break into the
479:
fought against it very hard, sometimes in fact ignoring legal provisions and regulations ... But it is equally clear that, ... Müller would have acted against the Right in just the same way. With his enormous ambition and his marked 'pushiness' he would win the approval of his superiors ... In terms of his political opinions ... his standpoint varied between the German
National People's Party and the Bavarian People's Party. But he was by no means a National Socialist.
520:, the chief over the rocket research at Peenemünde, (under alleged Gestapo suspicion) was one of the few to ever interview with Müller and characterized him as, "the unobtrusive type of police official who leaves no personal impression on the memory" but added, "... all I could remember was a pair of piercing grey-blue eyes, fixed on me with an unwavering scrutiny. My first impression was one of cold curiosity and extreme reserve." American journalist and war correspondent,
841:." Evidence of Müller's intimate involvement in the Holocaust are abundant in some of the surviving documents and in the later testimony of Eichmann, who divulged that he remained in constant contact with Müller. Eichmann recalled how Müller reserved power unto himself and while he (Eichmann), arranged plenty of deportations, it was only Müller who could write the total number of Jews (in his orange-colored pencil) who were transported at the top of the corresponding reports.
418:, Müller advocated using force against the Nazis to his superiors. Ironically, these views aided Müller's rise as it guaranteed the hostility of the Nazis, thereby making Müller very dependent upon the patronage of Reinhard Heydrich, who in turn appreciated Müller's professionalism and skill as a policeman, and was aware of Müller's past. Once the Nazis seized power, Müller's knowledge of communist activities placed him in high demand; as a result he was promoted to
814:. Again, Müller sent Eichmann to relate his findings about the killing operations taking place at Chelmno; when Eichmann returned this time, he reported to Müller that the scene was "horrible" and added it was "an indescribable inferno." When the first denunciations of the mass murder being carried-out by the Germans hit the Allied press during the autumn and winter of 1942, Himmler instructed Müller to ensure "all the bodies were either buried or burned."
673:, Müller helped collect a dozen or so condemned men from camps, who were then dressed in Polish uniforms. In exchange for their participation, the men were told by Müller that "they would be pardoned and released." Instead, the men were given a lethal injection and gunshot wounds to make them appear to have been killed in action during a fake attack. These incidents (particularly the staged attack on the Gleiwitz radio station) were then used in
1127:
873:, Müller's efforts were not very successful as influential Jewish figures within Italy were in contact with the police and the military; they successfully appealed to their (Italians and Jews) shared religious convictions and convinced them to resist Nazi pressure. In 1943 Müller had differences with Himmler over what to do with the growing evidence of a resistance network within the German state apparatus, particularly the
1273:
505:(colonel) in 1937. Engrossing himself often in red-tape and statistics, Müller was a natural administrator who took solace in a "world of notes, memos, and regulations" and then received and transformed Gestapo reports of denouncements, torture, and secret executions into "administrative fodder." Despite the expense of so much mental energy in carrying out his duties, Müller disliked the scholarly types and once told
33:
1039:(forerunner of the CIA), was made for Müller in the months after Germany's surrender. The search was complicated by the fact that "Heinrich Müller" is a very common German name. A further problem arose because "some of these Müllers, including Gestapo Müller, did not appear to have middle names. An additional source of confusion was that there were two different SS generals named Heinrich Müller".
837:. He succeeded through a combination of bribery and torture in locating the assassins, who killed themselves to avoid capture. Despite this success, his influence within the regime declined somewhat with the loss of his original patron, Heydrich. Nonetheless, between the time Heydrich died in 1942 and Kaltenbrunner took office in January 1943, "Müller played a central role in the organization of
3603:
1259:
766:; an order which included the deportation of the Jews from Ostrava—both "expulsion campaigns" had already been planned as early as September by the Gestapo or the army. Twelve days later on 18 October 1939, he told Eichmann it would soon "be necessary to organize the resettlement and removal of Poles and Jews into the area of the future Polish rump state centrally" via the RSHA.
3615:
1015:, Hitler's pilot, later quoted him as saying, "We know the Russian methods exactly. I haven't the faintest intention of being taken prisoner by the Russians". From that day onwards, no trace of Müller has ever been found. He is the most senior member of the Nazi government whose fate remains a mystery. Author and former British intelligence officer,
434:
belief in
National Socialism: An internal Party memorandum ... could not understand how "so odious an opponent of the movement" could become head of the Gestapo, especially since he had once referred to Hitler as "an immigrant unemployed house painter" and "an Austrian draft-dodger". Nazi jurist and former police chief, SS-
1245:
1150:
services circulated rumors to the effect that Müller had escaped to the West ... to offset the charges that the
Soviets had sheltered the criminal ... There are strong indications but no proof that Müller collaborated with . There are also strong indications but no proof that Müller died ."
852:
in mid-November 1942 started to take its toll, the exigencies of war demanded an increase in arms production; Müller played his part by responding to and facilitating
Himmler's request for an additional 35,000–40,000 forced laborers. The Gestapo Chief rounded them up from across detention centers and
785:
towards the end of August 1941, which explicitly instructed them "to prevent the crowding of spectators during the mass executions." On 23 October 1941, Müller briefed a circular to SiPo stations which exclusively prohibited any future Jewish emigration out of German controlled territory, a directive
586:
system as superior to Nazism, which he believed compromised on too much. Schellenberg even alleged when Müller compared Stalin against Hitler, his (Müller's) opinion was Stalin did things better. As
Gellately relates, such a politically oriented asseveration certainly indicates Müller did indeed have
498:
This assessment did not deter
Heydrich from moving Müller along the ranks, particularly since Heydrich believed it was an advantage not to be bound to the influence of the Nazi Party. Functionaries like Müller were the sort of men Heydrich preferred since they were inherently committed to their "area
486:
In his choice of officials for the
Bavarian Political Police he was very concerned to propose either officials who were more junior than himself or only those who were inferior in ability ... In this way he could keep rivals at bay. In his choice of officials he did not take account of political
478:
Before the seizure of power Müller was employed in the political department of the Police
Headquarters. He did his duty both under the direction of the notorious Police President Koch , and under Nortz and Mantel. His sphere of activity was to supervise and deal with the left-wing movement ... e
1034:
commentary on the file concludes: "Though inconclusive on Müller's ultimate fate, the file is very clear on one point. The
Central Intelligence Agency and its predecessors did not know Müller's whereabouts at any point after the war. In other words, the CIA was never in contact with Müller." The CIA
527:
Himmler biographer Peter Padfield wrote: "he was an archetypal middle rank official: of limited imagination, non-political, non-ideological, his only fanaticism lay in an inner drive to perfection in his profession and in his duty to the state—which in his mind were one ... A smallish man with
939:
on 20 July 1944, Müller was placed in charge of the arrest and interrogation of all those suspected of involvement in the resistance. Over 5,000 people were arrested and about 200 executed, including Canaris. Not long after the anti-Nazi resisters were killed, Müller allegedly exclaimed, "We won't
817:
Enforcement and administration of Nazi "racial-hygiene" policies were also within the purview of Müller's responsibilities, as a special letter he sent from Berlin to all Gestapo offices on 10 March 1942 reveals; the letter contained instructions concerning the relationship between German women and
1077:
office in charge of the prosecution of war criminals charged the police to investigate. The possibility that Müller was working for the USSR was considered, but no definite information was gained. Müller's family and his former secretary were placed under surveillance by the Allies in case he was
793:
at which Heydrich briefed senior officials from a number of government departments of the extermination plan, and at which Eichmann took the minutes. Once the conference concluded, Müller, Heydrich, and Eichmann remained afterwards for additional "informal chats". Just a couple of months later in
433:
who never took a vacation, Müller was determined to serve the German state, irrespective of what political form it took, and believed it was everyone's duty, including his own, to obey its dictates without question." Evans also records Müller was a regime functionary out of ambition, not out of a
769:
Although his chief responsibility was always police work within Germany, he was fully in charge and thus responsible to execute the extermination of the Jews of Europe. When Eichmann reported to Müller sometime in the middle of 1941 that he had been informed by Himmler the Führer had ordered the
780:
killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews between 1941 and 1945. At the end of June 1941, Müller dispatched Eichmann to Minsk, so he could collect detailed information on the execution activities. In August 1941, Müller ordered these killing reports be forwarded to Hitler.
745:
took over as Müller's superior. Müller occupied a position in the Nazi hierarchy close to Himmler, the overall head of the Nazi police apparatus and the chief architect of the plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe, and Eichmann, the man entrusted with arranging the deportations of Jews to the
641:
As Gestapo chief of operations and later (September 1939 forward) head of the organization, Müller played a leading role in the detection and suppression of all forms of resistance to the Nazi regime. Trusted by both Heydrich and Himmler, Müller was pivotal in making the Gestapo the "central
1081:
The West Germans investigated several reports of Müller's body being found and buried in the days after the fall of Berlin. The reports were contradictory, not wholly reliable and it was not possible to confirm any of them. One such report came from Walter Lüders, a former member of the
1177:. While Tuchel was confident he had solved the mystery, whether Müller is actually there has not been confirmed. Nonetheless, the uncertainty of Müller's ultimate end and/or whereabouts has only served to nourish the "mysterious power" that the Gestapo elicits even to the present.
923:
Early in 1944, Müller issued the Nazi injunction known as the "cartridge directive"; this command ordered that Soviet prisoners-of-war who had assisted in the identification of detained political commissars for the purpose of their liquidation be executed on the grounds they were
642:
executive organ of National Socialist terror" according to historians Carsten Dams and Michael Stolle. Under his leadership, the Gestapo succeeded in infiltrating and to a large extent, destroying groups opposed to the Nazis, such as the underground networks of the left-wing
1381:
According to Eichmann, Müller conducted weekly meeting with his "specialists" on Thursdays where they would frequently discuss "business" along with personal affairs. Chess games were a routine part of these meetings with Eichmann reporting that Müller always won.
569:
pogrom of 9–10 November 1938, when he ordered the arrest of between 20,000 and 30,000 Jews. Heydrich also tasked Müller during the summer of 1939 to create a centrally organized agency to deal with the eventual emigration of the Jews. Müller became a member of the
940:
make the same mistake as in 1918. We won't leave our internal German enemies alive." In the last months of the war, Müller remained at his post, apparently still confident of a German victory: he told one of his officers in December 1944 that the
3592:
482:
As far as his qualities of character are concerned, these are regarded in an even poorer light than his political ones. He is ruthless, ... and continually tries to demonstrate his efficiency, but claims all the glory for himself.
1371:
Historian George C. Browder avows that in spite his humble origins as a police official, Müller "went on to become a chief executive of genocide and every extreme of inhumanity, without displaying any pleasure or lust for blood."
1205:
1142:
him for trial. West German prosecutors said Sophie Müller, 64, had seen photos of Keith and identified him as her long-missing husband. However, Keith was released once fingerprints proved he was not Müller.
1193:(CIC) file that had been inadvertently released by the U.S. National Archives. The dossier purported to confirm Heinrich Müller had survived the war and been retained by the CIC as an intelligence adviser.
1061:
Walter Schellenberg alleged in his memoir that Müller had defected to the Soviet Union in 1945. He also wrote that a German officer—who had been a prisoner of war in the USSR—claimed to have seen Müller in
1046:
and the shift of priorities to meeting the challenge of the USSR, interest in pursuing missing Nazis declined. By this time, the conclusion seems to have been reached that Müller was most likely dead. The
3647:
4322:
770:
physical destruction of the Jews for instance, Müller silently nodded at his desk, indicating to Eichmann that he already knew. Correspondingly, Müller received detailed reports from Eichmann about the
908:, but his scientific significance also interested officials in Berlin. Fortunately for Bohr, he was tipped off by a sympathetic German woman working for the Gestapo and was able to escape across the
4317:
1166:
on 11 May 1945 and accompanied Himmler and other SS officers as they attempted to escape the Allies on foot. Himmler and Müller parted company at Meinstedt, after which Müller was not seen again.
729:
1073:
in 1960 sparked new interest in Müller's whereabouts. Although Eichmann revealed no specific information, he told his Israeli interrogators that he believed that Müller was still alive. The
1323:
began, Müller informed members of the State police that there would be demonstrations against the Jews throughout Germany, but they were instructed by him that "no action" was to be taken.
1158:
published a biography of Himmler—translated into English in 2012—that contained an unsubstantiated account of Müller's last known whereabouts. According to reports from Himmler's adjutant,
1019:, claims that the evidence about Müller indicates that he was most likely killed or committed suicide during the chaotic fall of Berlin, but his body, if recovered, was never identified.
370:, he was involved in the suppression of the communist risings in the early post-war years. After witnessing the shooting of hostages by the revolutionary "Red Army" in Munich during the
928:(bearers of secrets). Instructions like these amid the numerous other crimes committed at his command made Müller "one of the most feared officials in Europe" during the Nazi reign.
978:
after Himmler's attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies behind Hitler's back. Fegelein was shot after Hitler expelled Himmler from all his posts. Hitler's secretary,
762:
drove this area of policy. On 6 October 1939 for instance, Müller instructed Eichmann to prepare for the deportation of some 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from the annexed Polish city of
3640:
1208:, who subsequently sought Sayer's opinion on the veracity of the documents. By this time the anonymous individual (later identified as Gregory Douglas) had managed to interest
606:
594:
was indeed Heydrich, it was Müller who took care of the office's administrative details. Shortly thereafter, Müller took charge of this office but then handed control over to
3468:
1066:
in 1948, and that he had died shortly afterward. There is no reference in the memoir as to who the German officer was or any other details that might help verify this claim.
1042:
In 1947, American and British agents searched the home of Müller's wartime mistress, Anna Schmid, but found nothing suggesting that he was still alive. With the onset of the
499:
of responsibility" and correspondingly justified any steps they deemed necessary against perceived enemies of the Nazi "racial community." Müller was promoted to the rank of
475:
Criminal Police Chief Inspector Heinrich Müller is not a Party member. He has also never actively worked within the Party or in one of its ancillary organisations ...
1173:, claimed Müller's body was found in August 1945 by a work crew cleaning up corpses and was one of 3,000 buried in a mass grave on the site of a former Jewish cemetery in
1116:
1222:
3633:
3625:
1296:
516:
described Müller as "the arch-type non-political functionary" who was "in love with personal power and dedicated to the service of authority, the State." General
750:
ghettoes and death camps. Eichmann headed the Gestapo's "Office of Resettlement", and then its "Office of Jewish Affairs" (the RSHA Amt IV sub-section known as
494:
leadership of Munich-Upper Bavaria cannot, therefore, recommend accelerated promotion for Müller because he has rendered no services to the National Uprising.
539:
4307:
1027:
4302:
1291:
751:
4297:
256:
982:, recounted seeing Müller on 22 April; she also added that Müller had assumed Kaltenbrunner's former duties as head of the RSHA. Both Junge and
528:
piercing eyes and thin lips, he was an able organiser, utterly ruthless, a man who lived for his work." Such was his dedication to the job that
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3435:
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3259:
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3199:
3180:
3158:
3139:
3130:
Krausnick, Helmut (1968). "The Persecution of the Jews". In Krausnick, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.).
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2957:
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2835:
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302:
3619:
650:. Along these lines, historian George C. Browder asserts that Müller's "expertise and his ardent hate for Communism guaranteed his future".
4257:
1104:
in 1961, the gravesite could not be investigated by West German authorities, nor has there been any attempt to excavate the site since the
591:
441:
opined Müller represented one of the "finest examples" of the limited connection between members of the NSDAP and the police before 1933.
920:. Later, Mildner conveniently asserted during Allied questioning that he had disobeyed Müller's order and allowed Bohr to get to safety.
1200:
were known to be working on a comprehensive history of the CIC at that time. The alleged dossier had also come to the attention of the
4277:
781:
Attempting to keep the brutality of the wholesale slaughter occurring in the East as quiet as possible, Müller sent a telegram to the
643:
429:
wrote: "Müller was a stickler for duty and discipline, and approached the tasks he was set as if they were military commands. A true
3373:
3351:
3328:
3304:
3098:
3058:
3037:
2858:
2651:
1170:
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in 1939 for the purely opportunist reason of improving his chances of promotion and only after Himmler insisted he do it. Historian
4287:
4272:
4262:
1226:
4332:
4267:
4174:
357:
252:
866:
3596:
3274:
382:
he was head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks due to his spirited efforts.
3827:
881:
was involved with the resistance; however, Himmler told him to drop the case. Offended by this, Müller became an ally of
4337:
1051:
1036:
975:
858:
529:
4252:
1092:, with the identity papers of Heinrich Müller. The body had been buried in a mass grave at the old Jewish Cemetery on
1023:
854:
807:
715:
1138:
named Francis Willard Keith was accused of being Müller. West German diplomats pressed the Panamanian government to
524:, called Müller a "a dapper-looking fellow" but shortly thereafter described him as "a cold, dispassionate killer".
4282:
3989:
1201:
811:
799:
647:
631:
407:
2666:
1190:
917:
803:
390:
It was while serving in a police capacity in Munich that Müller first became acquainted with many members of the
563:
took charge of the Gestapo office in Vienna. One of Müller's first major acts occurred during the unprecedented
3702:
1286:
1105:
1093:
468:
371:
3924:
630:
In September 1939, when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the
3806:
1088:, who said he had been part of a burial unit which had found the body of an SS general in the garden of the
1055:
2744:
598:. Once the war began, this ended the possibility of Jewish emigration and caused the office's dissolution.
3857:
3764:
1189:
received from an anonymous individual a 427-page document, which claimed to be a photocopy of a U.S. Army
1097:
1031:
886:
684:
Thereafter, Müller continued to rise quickly through the ranks of the SS: in October 1939 he became an SS-
453:
1362:
Historian Klaus Fischer refers to Müller as a "key figure in the Final Solution to the Jewish Question."
638:. To distinguish him from another SS general named Heinrich Müller, he became known as "Gestapo Müller".
4162:
996:
361:
335:
1353:
There are also reports that afterwards the three of them enjoyed "a glass or two or three of cognac."
305:". He was known as "Gestapo Müller" to distinguish him from another SS general named Heinrich Müller.
4247:
4132:
3108:
1301:
1230:
849:
834:
741:
Heydrich was Müller's direct superior until his assassination in 1942. For the remainder of the war,
456:, who were collectively referred to as the "Bajuwaren-Brigade" (Bavarian Brigade). Müller joined the
352:
as a pilot for an artillery spotting unit. He was decorated several times for bravery (including the
189:
4060:
3904:
3607:
1112:
742:
719:
704:, particularly since the Nazi regime increasingly distrusted the military intelligence service—the
579:
506:
501:
348:
696:
and Lieutenant General of the police. During the Second World War, Müller was heavily involved in
271:(28 April 1900; date of death unknown, but evidence points to May 1945) was a high-ranking German
4116:
3959:
3934:
3873:
941:
869:
to cooperate in relinquishing their Jews for deportation. Despite having the apparent support of
790:
658:
548:
536:
claimed one could reach Müller "any time of the day or night, even Sundays and public holidays."
301:, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe—The "
298:
152:
125:
984:
4209:
4111:
3852:
3738:
3728:
3676:
3571:
3552:
3533:
3511:
3492:
3453:
3445:
3431:
3414:
3395:
3369:
3347:
3324:
3300:
3255:
3236:
3214:
3195:
3176:
3154:
3135:
3116:
3094:
3073:
3054:
3033:
3010:
2991:
2972:
2953:
2934:
2915:
2892:
2873:
2854:
2831:
2808:
2789:
2770:
2729:
2712:
2693:
2671:
2647:
1341:
1089:
734:
701:
670:
666:
623:
611:
560:
521:
517:
449:
445:
399:
80:
4197:
4180:
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4065:
4050:
4019:
4004:
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3469:"Müller, an Architect of the Holocaust, Is Said to Be Buried in a Jewish Cemetery in Berlin"
3270:
1250:
1159:
1126:
971:
963:
870:
754:). He was Müller's subordinate. Müller was also involved in the regime's policy towards the
692:
619:
575:
513:
426:
395:
223:
68:
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and the Foreign Office. He presented Himmler with firm evidence during February 1943, that
4150:
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3899:
3525:
3387:
3168:
1278:
1209:
1197:
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878:
759:
711:
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403:
379:
244:
234:
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310:
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does not give much credence to this apolitical image of Müller and cites the musings of
4156:
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4024:
3994:
3984:
3949:
3944:
3909:
3889:
3842:
3759:
3754:
3361:
3318:
3314:
3296:
Nazism, 1919–1945 (Volume 2) State, Economy, and Society, 1933–38: A Documentary Reader
3026:
2824:
2685:
1264:
1147:
1070:
893:
882:
826:
772:
747:
595:
533:
3392:
America's Secret Army- The Untold Story of The (U S Army's) Counter Intelligence Corps
2908:
1272:
1058:, for which he was presumed to have responsibility given his position in the Gestapo.
1030:
in 2001 and documents several unsuccessful attempts by U.S. agencies to find him. The
460:
in 1934. By 1936, with Heydrich head of the Gestapo, Müller was its operations chief.
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4034:
3939:
3919:
3832:
3811:
3790:
3774:
3723:
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2764:
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The CIA investigation concluded: "There is little room for doubt that the Soviet and
838:
686:
565:
457:
415:
273:
175:
129:
3340:
3088:
582:, who claimed during a conversation with Müller sometime in 1943, Müller lauded the
32:
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4101:
4086:
4070:
3999:
3979:
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3837:
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2847:
1174:
1074:
1016:
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936:
932:
777:
723:
678:
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and completed an apprenticeship as an aircraft mechanic before the outbreak of the
290:
282:
179:
3593:
Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group
2726:
Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution
904:" sometime during the fall of 1943; this was likely the consequence of Bohr being
853:
prisons which were not yet part of the concentration camp system and sent them to
726:
spies and used it to feed false information to the Soviet intelligence services.
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4091:
4055:
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1139:
1135:
1101:
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In April 1945, Müller was among the last of the Nazi loyalists assembled in the
897:
654:
615:
438:
343:
1035:
file shows an extensive search, led by the counterespionage branch of the U.S.
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901:
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preferences. He was notorious, for instance, for admiring the Soviet police.
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3602:
3383:
1217:
1186:
1163:
1012:
905:
697:
583:
556:
375:
366:
294:
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3366:
Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
3028:
The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War
1043:
909:
845:
795:
763:
278:
2709:
Hitler's Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War
634:(RSHA), Müller was made chief of the RSHA "Amt IV" (Office or Dept. 4):
338:
parents. His father had been a rural police official. Müller attended a
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2434:
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196:
45:
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in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Müller masterminded and carried out a
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913:
830:
822:
706:
487:
considerations, he only had his own egoistical aims in mind ...
331:
315:
141:
121:
2745:"Mystery of Gestapo chief's fate is 'solved', shocking German Jews"
1221:
newspaper in his story. The claims of the dossier, which include a
509:
that "intellectuals should be sent down a coal mine and blown up."
2988:
The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945
1584:
1582:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1125:
945:
728:
605:
2711:. Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration.
3211:
Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" in History
862:
444:
After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Heydrich, as head of the
3629:
360:
and Bavarian Pilots Badge). After the war ended, he joined the
755:
422:
in May 1933 and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933.
3113:
The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth
794:
March 1942, Jews were already being systematically killed in
364:
in 1919 as an auxiliary worker. Although not a member of the
2485:
2483:
543:
Berlin February 1939: Maj. v. Schweinichen; Dr. Boor; Müller
463:
On 4 January 1937, an evaluation by the Nazi Party's Deputy
1344:
had ordered the creation of the office on 24 January 1939.
833:. Müller was sent to Prague to head the investigation into
414:
that deposed the Bavarian government of Minister-President
210:
1391:
Frischauer, Willi (16 November 1967), "This Man Mueller,"
293:. Müller was central in the planning and execution of the
16:
German police official and head of the Gestapo (1939–1945)
1791:
1789:
1439:
1437:
322:
regime who was never captured or confirmed to have died.
3252:
Hitler's Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler's Bodyguard
2450:
1332:
Müller had a high party number, 4,583,199, as a result.
677:
to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of
318:
on 1 May 1945 and remains the most senior figure of the
1233:
and Luke Daly-Groves as an example of created "myths".
4323:
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
3413:. Translated by Louis Hagen. New York: André Deutsch.
3173:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
1412:
1410:
671:
mission to a German radio station on the Polish border
3428:
Gestapo-Müller: Die Karriere eines Schreibtischtäters
1480:
1478:
1476:
974:, Himmler's SS liaison officer, in the cellar of the
896:, Gestapo Chief Müller instructed him "to arrest the
4318:
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
3254:. London: Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
3115:. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press.
848:
counteroffensive against the Germans arrayed at the
346:. During the last year of the war, he served in the
4219:
4190:
4125:
4079:
4043:
3882:
3866:
3820:
3799:
3783:
3747:
3711:
3690:
3669:
3566:Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1997) .
3342:
The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of World War II
3275:"U.S. National Archives and Records Administration"
2969:
Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East
358:
Bavarian Military Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords
253:
Bavarian Military Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords
240:
230:
217:
203:
185:
171:
166:
158:
148:
135:
108:
103:
86:
74:
62:
43:
23:
3339:
3025:
2907:
2846:
2823:
2639:
1054:also had an interest in Müller with regard to the
995:, recalled seeing Müller on 30 April, the date of
892:According to the SiPo and SD official in Denmark,
3338:Parrish, Thomas; Marshall, S.L.A.., eds. (1978).
970:. One of his last tasks was the interrogation of
2990:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2830:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2826:The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich
2728:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1588:
776:death-squad units, which according to historian
737:visiting a war cemetery in Oslo, Norway in 1941.
669:. During one of the operations, the clandestine
245:Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords
3153:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2971:. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
1780:
1026:'s (CIA) file on Müller was released under the
473:
3149:Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001).
2609:
2513:
2474:
1428:
1297:List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
1130:Francis Willard Keith (left) in Panama in 1967
3641:
3279:Analysis of the Name File of Heinrich Mueller
3175:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
2707:Breitman, Richard; Goda, Norman J.W. (2010).
1696:
1501:
786:which presaged their imminent extermination.
8:
3657:
2585:
2525:
2489:
2383:
2371:
1756:
653:When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a
3273:; Brietman, Richard; Wolfe, Robert (2009).
3233:Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe
2805:Hitler's Death: The Case Against Conspiracy
2621:
2311:
1720:
758:, although Himmler and Propaganda Minister
718:. In 1942 he successfully infiltrated the "
3648:
3634:
3626:
3293:Noakes, Jeremy; Pridham, Geoffrey (1983).
2573:
2395:
2215:
1879:
1855:
1807:
1684:
1513:
1467:
1455:
1169:In 2013, Johannes Tuchel, the head of the
821:In May 1942, Heydrich was assassinated in
31:
20:
2549:
2203:
2191:
2107:
2035:
2023:
1999:
1843:
1819:
1768:
1744:
1708:
1672:
1636:
1624:
1561:
1525:
1443:
3597:RG 263 Detailed Report, Heinrich Mueller
3009:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2853:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2359:
2347:
2143:
1891:
1732:
1660:
1537:
1292:List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
590:While the chief of the subsequent Reich
538:
3489:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
2822:Dams, Carsten; Stolle, Michael (2014).
2597:
2407:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2095:
2071:
2047:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1795:
1612:
1600:
1406:
1312:
1229:) are considered by historians such as
861:. Sometime in 1943, Müller was sent to
257:Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
58:27 September 1939 – 1 May 1945
3430:(in German). Berlin: Metropol Verlag.
3007:Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich
2788:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books.
2462:
2131:
2059:
1975:
1903:
1648:
1573:
1223:conspiracy theory about Hitler's death
2561:
2537:
2501:
2419:
2335:
2323:
2299:
2287:
2119:
2083:
2011:
1987:
1867:
1831:
1549:
1484:
1416:
303:Final Solution to the Jewish Question
7:
3450:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
3323:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
3090:The Destruction of the European Jews
3032:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
2950:Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945
1117:Polish Military Counter Intelligence
1069:The capture and subsequent trial of
733:Müller (front row, to the left) and
592:Central Office for Jewish Emigration
277:(SS) and police official during the
249:Iron Cross 1st Class with 1939 Clasp
3568:The Encyclopedia of The Third Reich
3532:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books.
2849:The War against the Jews: 1933–1945
806:while construction was underway at
410:. On 9 March 1933, during the Nazi
374:, he acquired a lifelong hatred of
285:in Europe, he was the chief of the
4308:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
4200:(executed for desertion, 28 April)
3346:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2477:, pp. 267, 270–271, 277, 278.
14:
4206:(Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April)
1171:Memorial to the German Resistance
991:, the telephone operator for the
944:would result in the recapture of
789:In January 1942, he attended the
714:was a hotbed of activity for the
3613:
3601:
3299:. Exeter: University of Exeter.
3134:. New York: Walker and Company.
3093:. New York: Holmes & Meier.
2889:The Gestapo: A History of Horror
2670:. London: Viking-Penguin Books.
1271:
1257:
1243:
1206:Office of Special Investigations
889:, who was Himmler's main rival.
4303:Missing person cases in Germany
918:evacuation of Jews from Denmark
4298:Military personnel from Munich
3487:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007).
3235:. New York; Toronto: Penguin.
3213:. New York: Verso Publishing.
2952:. New York: Harper Perennial.
2786:Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
2766:The Third Reich: A New History
512:British author and translator
297:and attended the January 1942
1:
3828:Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven
3530:The Search for Gestapo Müller
3409:Schellenberg, Walter (1956).
1162:, Müller was with Himmler at
1100:. Since this location was in
547:He was made Inspector of the
289:, the secret state police of
4343:Wannsee Conference attendees
4328:Romani genocide perpetrators
4313:Police misconduct in Germany
3394:. New York: Franklin Watts.
3068:Grunberger, Richard (1993).
2872:. Newbury: Greenhill Books.
2868:Dederichs, Mario R. (2009).
2845:Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1975).
2692:. New York: Modern Library.
2646:. New York: Franklin Watts.
1870:, pp. 131–132, 141–142.
1589:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997
1123:apartment of Müller's wife.
1111:In 1961, Lieutenant-Colonel
1052:Special Investigation Branch
1037:Office of Strategic Services
1007:Müller was last seen in the
4258:Fugitives wanted by Germany
3664:by date of departure (1945)
3570:. New York: Da Capo Press.
3368:. New York: Vintage Books.
3194:. Oxford University Press.
2931:Nazi Germany: A New History
2784:Crankshaw, Edward (2002) .
2769:. New York: Hill and Wang.
1781:Parrish & Marshall 1978
1024:Central Intelligence Agency
4359:
4293:Luftstreitkräfte personnel
3151:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
3072:. New York: Dorset Press.
2986:Gellately, Robert (1992).
2967:Fritz, Stephen G. (2011).
2948:Friedländer, Saul (2009).
2906:Evans, Richard J. (2008).
2870:Heydrich: The Face of Evil
2803:Daly-Groves, Luke (2019).
2763:Burleigh, Michael (2000).
2724:Browder, George C (1996).
2642:A History of the Holocaust
1204:'s Nazi-hunting unit, the
1202:U.S. Department of Justice
1154:In 2008, German historian
1028:Freedom of Information Act
1011:on the following evening.
900:–winning atomic physicist
632:Reich Security Main Office
378:. During the years of the
4278:German World War I pilots
3658:
3620:Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)
3549:Who's Who in Nazi Germany
3547:Wistrich, Robert (1995).
3510:. London: Little, Brown.
3190:Longerich, Peter (2012).
3005:Gerwarth, Robert (2011).
2887:Delarue, Jacques (2008).
2667:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
1697:Laqueur & Baumel 2001
1502:Noakes & Pridham 1983
1191:Counterintelligence Corps
1078:corresponding with them.
559:, while his close friend
262:
99:
51:
39:
30:
3703:Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer
3426:Seeger, Andreas (1996).
3411:The Schellenberg Memoirs
3320:Himmler: Reichsfuhrer-SS
3192:Heinrich Himmler: A Life
3024:Gilbert, Martin (1985).
2586:Sayer & Botting 1989
2490:Breitman & Goda 2010
2384:Breitman & Goda 2010
2372:Breitman & Goda 2010
1287:Glossary of Nazi Germany
1106:reunification of Germany
1094:Grosse Hamburger Strasse
966:into the city centre of
448:(SD), recruited Müller,
372:Bavarian Soviet Republic
308:He was last seen in the
3807:Robert Ritter von Greim
3656:Final occupants of the
3551:. New York: Routledge.
3491:. New York: Routledge.
3452:. New York: MJF Books.
3250:Misch, Rochus (2014) .
3132:Anatomy of the SS State
2933:. New York: Continuum.
2929:Fischer, Klaus (1995).
2743:Brown, Stephen (2013).
1056:Stalag Luft III murders
644:Social Democratic Party
408:Bavarian People's Party
4288:Holocaust perpetrators
4273:German Roman Catholics
4263:German anti-communists
4080:Still present on 2 May
3765:Joachim von Ribbentrop
3606:Quotations related to
3506:Weale, Adrian (2010).
3467:Smale, Alison (2013).
3087:Hilberg, Raul (1985).
3053:. New York: D. McKay.
3047:Graber, G. S. (1978).
2910:The Third Reich at War
2891:. New York: Skyhorse.
2807:. Oxford, UK: Osprey.
2638:Bauer, Yehuda (1982).
2574:Dams & Stolle 2014
2216:Dams & Stolle 2014
1880:Dams & Stolle 2014
1685:Dams & Stolle 2014
1514:Dams & Stolle 2014
1468:Dams & Stolle 2014
1456:Dams & Stolle 2014
1131:
1115:, the Deputy Chief of
1032:U.S. National Archives
887:Nazi Party Chancellery
835:Operation "Anthropoid"
738:
627:
544:
496:
454:Josef Albert Meisinger
402:, although during the
4333:SS and Police Leaders
4268:German mass murderers
4163:Alwin-Broder Albrecht
4147:(née Braun, 30 April)
3925:Ernst-Günther Schenck
3508:The SS: A New History
3109:Joachimsthaler, Anton
3050:The History of the SS
2914:. New York: Penguin.
2600:, p. 133 et seq.
1185:In July 1988, author
1129:
976:Church of the Trinity
933:assassination attempt
732:
710:—which under Admiral
690:, in November 1941 –
609:
542:
326:Early life and career
204:Years of service
194:Munich Police 1919–33
4133:Ernst-Robert Grawitz
4107:Liselotte Chervinska
3990:Günther Schwägermann
3622:at Wikimedia Commons
3209:Mayer, Arno (2012).
1990:, pp. 145, 146.
1822:, pp. 469, 470.
1302:List of SS personnel
1231:Anton Joachimsthaler
1196:Sayer and co-author
850:Battle of Stalingrad
469:Munich-Upper Bavaria
334:on 28 April 1900 to
190:German Imperial Army
4061:Theodor von Dufving
3905:Constanze Manziarly
2624:, pp. 122–124.
2610:Joachimsthaler 1999
2588:, pp. 333–335.
2576:, pp. 176–177.
2516:, pp. 160–182.
2514:Joachimsthaler 1999
2504:, pp. 170–171.
2475:Joachimsthaler 1999
2465:, pp. 341–343.
2451:Naftali et al. 2009
2326:, pp. 236–237.
2302:, pp. 334–335.
2266:, pp. 169–170.
2194:, pp. 234–235.
2170:, pp. 310–311.
2134:, pp. 200–201.
2122:, pp. 263–267.
2086:, pp. 240–241.
2074:, pp. 166–168.
2038:, pp. 152–153.
1978:, pp. 518–520.
1894:, pp. 182–185.
1759:, pp. 319–320.
1504:, pp. 500–501.
1429:Joachimsthaler 1999
1181:Alleged CIC dossier
1113:Michael Goleniewski
829:soldiers sent from
743:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
665:project code-named
580:Walter Schellenberg
555:following the 1938
507:Walter Schellenberg
420:Polizeiobersekretär
356:1st and 2nd class,
330:Müller was born in
4253:Christian fascists
4117:Johannes Hentschel
3960:Ludwig Stumpfegger
3935:Johann Rattenhuber
3874:Nicolaus von Below
3473:The New York Times
3269:Naftali, Timothy;
2374:, pp. 34, 38.
1954:, p. 174–175.
1227:a body double
1134:In 1967, a man in
1132:
1022:The United States
942:Ardennes offensive
885:, the head of the
791:Wannsee Conference
739:
659:invasion of Poland
628:
545:
394:(NSDAP) including
299:Wannsee Conference
207:1917–18 (military)
153:Golden Party Badge
139:May 1945 (aged 45)
126:Kingdom of Bavaria
94:(Office abolished)
4283:Gestapo personnel
4235:
4234:
4210:Goebbels children
4126:Committed suicide
3853:Willy Johannmeyer
3739:Eckhard Christian
3729:Christa Schroeder
3618:Media related to
3577:978-0-306-80793-0
3558:978-0-415-11888-0
3539:978-0-85-052774-2
3517:978-1-4087-0304-5
3498:978-0-415-30861-8
3459:978-1-56731-163-1
3437:978-3-926893-28-4
3401:978-0-53-115097-9
3271:Goda, Norman J.W.
3261:978-1-84832-749-8
3242:978-1-59420-188-2
3220:978-1-84467-777-1
3201:978-0-19-959232-6
3182:978-0-19-280436-5
3160:978-0-300-08432-0
3141:978-0-00-211026-6
3122:978-1-86019-902-8
3079:978-1-56619-152-4
3016:978-0-300-11575-8
2997:978-0-19-820297-4
2978:978-0-8131-3416-1
2959:978-0-06-135027-6
2940:978-0-8264-0797-9
2921:978-1-59420-206-3
2898:978-1-60239-246-5
2879:978-1-85367-803-5
2837:978-0-19-966921-9
2814:978-1-4728-3454-6
2795:978-1-85367-481-5
2776:978-0-8090-9325-0
2735:978-0-19-820297-4
2699:978-0-8129-7557-4
2677:978-0-670-03041-5
2612:, pp. 32–34.
2526:Schellenberg 1956
2218:, pp. 40–41.
2110:, pp. 68–69.
1906:, pp. 78–79.
1757:Schellenberg 1956
1470:, pp. 39–40.
1090:Reich Chancellery
735:Reinhard Heydrich
716:German Resistance
702:counter-espionage
667:Operation Himmler
626:and Müller (1939)
624:Reinhard Heydrich
612:Franz Josef Huber
561:Franz Josef Huber
522:William L. Shirer
518:Walter Dornberger
450:Franz Josef Huber
436:Obergruppenführer
406:he supported the
400:Reinhard Heydrich
266:
265:
81:Reinhard Heydrich
4350:
4338:SS-Gruppenführer
4212:(poisoned 1 May)
4198:Hermann Fegelein
4169:Wilhelm Burgdorf
4066:Siegfried Knappe
4051:Helmuth Weidling
4035:Käthe Heusermann
4020:Werner Schwiedel
4005:Armin D. Lehmann
3682:Heinrich Himmler
3663:
3662:
3650:
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3627:
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3581:
3562:
3543:
3526:Whiting, Charles
3521:
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3405:
3388:Botting, Douglas
3379:
3357:
3345:
3334:
3310:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3265:
3246:
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3205:
3186:
3169:Longerich, Peter
3164:
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1251:Biography portal
1248:
1247:
1246:
1160:Werner Grothmann
997:Hitler's suicide
972:Hermann Fegelein
962:as the Red Army
871:Benito Mussolini
620:Heinrich Himmler
576:Robert Gellately
514:Edward Crankshaw
502:Standartenführer
446:Security Service
427:Richard J. Evans
396:Heinrich Himmler
349:Luftstreitkräfte
167:Military service
162:"Gestapo Müller"
118:
116:
104:Personal details
89:
77:
69:Heinrich Himmler
65:
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44:Director of the
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2024:Longerich 2010
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2004:
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2000:Longerich 2012
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2389:
2386:, p. 38.
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:Padfield 1990
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:Padfield 1990
2344:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2242:, p. 41.
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:Gerwarth 2011
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1918:, p. 40.
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:Burleigh 2000
1888:
1885:
1882:, p. 20.
1881:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1858:, p. 81.
1857:
1852:
1849:
1846:, p. 94.
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:, p. 61.
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1747:, p. 63.
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:Wistrich 1995
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1711:, p. 87.
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1675:, p. 65.
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:Padfield 1990
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:, p. 97.
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:, p. 96.
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1576:, p. 75.
1575:
1570:
1567:
1564:, p. 56.
1563:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:, p. 76.
1539:
1538:Gerwarth 2011
1534:
1531:
1528:, p. 50.
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:, p. 40.
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:, p. 97.
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:, p. 39.
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:, p. 55.
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:Kristallnacht
1316:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1274:
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1255:
1252:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
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1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
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1176:
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1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Soviet Sector
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:Disappearance
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
951:
949:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
927:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Fascist Italy
864:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
840:
839:The Holocaust
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
787:
784:
779:
775:
774:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Referat IV B4
749:
744:
736:
731:
727:
725:
722:" network of
721:
720:Red Orchestra
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
694:
693:Gruppenführer
689:
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
602:Gestapo chief
601:
599:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:
566:Kristallnacht
562:
558:
554:
550:
541:
537:
535:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
503:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
437:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
416:Heinrich Held
413:
409:
405:
404:Weimar period
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
274:Schutzstaffel
270:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
225:
224:Gruppenführer
220:
216:
212:
206:
202:
198:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
176:German Empire
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
131:
130:German Empire
127:
123:
119:28 April 1900
111:
107:
102:
98:
95:
91:
85:
82:
79:
73:
70:
67:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4226:
4139:Adolf Hitler
4102:Fritz Tornow
4087:Werner Haase
4071:Rochus Misch
4015:Heinz Krüger
4000:Hans Reisser
3980:Erich Kempka
3965:Artur Axmann
3915:Otto Günsche
3895:Traudl Junge
3848:Heinz Lorenz
3838:Rudolf Weiss
3770:Albert Speer
3734:Johanna Wolf
3660:Führerbunker
3610:at Wikiquote
3567:
3548:
3529:
3507:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:
3449:
3427:
3410:
3391:
3365:
3341:
3319:
3295:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3251:
3232:
3210:
3191:
3172:
3150:
3131:
3112:
3089:
3069:
3049:
3027:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2949:
2930:
2909:
2888:
2869:
2848:
2825:
2804:
2785:
2765:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:
2725:
2708:
2689:
2665:
2641:
2631:Bibliography
2630:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2598:Whiting 2001
2593:
2581:
2569:
2562:Brown (2013)
2557:
2545:
2538:Smale (2013)
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2492:, p. 7.
2470:
2458:
2415:
2408:Fischer 1995
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2276:Hilberg 1985
2271:
2264:Hilberg 1985
2259:
2252:Hilberg 1985
2247:
2240:Browder 1996
2235:
2228:Fischer 1995
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2180:Mazower 2008
2175:
2168:Gilbert 1985
2163:
2156:Gilbert 1985
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2096:Mazower 2008
2091:
2079:
2072:Gilbert 1985
2067:
2055:
2048:Hilberg 1985
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1964:Delarue 2008
1959:
1952:Delarue 2008
1947:
1940:Delarue 2008
1935:
1928:Fischer 1995
1923:
1916:Browder 1996
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1796:Hilberg 1985
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1613:Delarue 2008
1608:
1601:Delarue 2008
1596:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1463:
1451:
1424:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1184:
1175:Berlin-Mitte
1168:
1153:
1148:Czechoslovak
1145:
1133:
1110:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1041:
1021:
1017:Adrian Weale
1009:Führerbunker
1008:
1006:
993:Führerbunker
992:
989:Rochus Misch
983:
980:Traudl Junge
959:Führerbunker
957:
955:
937:Adolf Hitler
930:
925:
922:
891:
874:
865:to pressure
843:
827:Czechoslovak
820:
816:
788:
782:
778:Raul Hilberg
771:
768:
740:
705:
691:
685:
683:
679:World War II
652:
640:
629:
589:
564:
546:
526:
511:
500:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
464:
462:
443:
435:
424:
419:
411:
389:
365:
347:
339:
329:
311:Führerbunker
309:
307:
291:Nazi Germany
283:World War II
272:
268:
267:
231:Battles/wars
222:
180:Nazi Germany
93:
88:Succeeded by
64:Appointed by
53:
18:
4248:1900 births
4112:Johanna Ruf
4097:Helmut Kunz
4092:Erna Flegel
4056:Hans Refior
3975:Heinz Linge
3910:Else Krüger
3478:20 November
3070:Hitler's SS
2463:Beevor 2002
2132:Graber 1978
2060:Rhodes 2002
1976:Shirer 1990
1904:Seeger 1996
1649:Shirer 1990
1574:Bessel 2006
1225:(involving
1136:Panama City
1102:East Berlin
1075:West German
952:Berlin 1945
906:half-Jewish
898:Nobel Prize
616:Arthur Nebe
551:for all of
534:Rudolf Höss
532:Commandant
439:Werner Best
340:Volksschule
76:Preceded by
4242:Categories
4175:Hans Krebs
4145:Eva Hitler
4141:(30 April)
4135:(24 April)
4010:Josef Ochs
3970:Georg Betz
3940:Peter Högl
3698:Robert Ley
3419:B0012NS1H8
3384:Sayer, Ian
2717:B017POD60E
2502:Misch 2014
2420:Fritz 2011
2336:Bauer 1982
2324:Bauer 1982
2300:Mayer 2012
2288:Mayer 2012
2120:Evans 2008
2084:Evans 2008
2012:Weale 2010
1988:Weale 2010
1868:Weale 2010
1832:Weale 2010
1550:Weale 2010
1485:Evans 2008
1417:Weale 2010
1085:Volkssturm
931:After the
902:Niels Bohr
687:Oberführer
663:false flag
572:Nazi Party
431:workaholic
425:Historian
392:Nazi Party
354:Iron Cross
172:Allegiance
115:1900-04-28
3955:Hans Baur
3284:14 August
3111:(1999) .
1402:Citations
1218:The Times
1187:Ian Sayer
1164:Flensburg
1140:extradite
1013:Hans Baur
916:with the
859:Auschwitz
764:Kattowitz
698:espionage
584:Stalinist
557:Anschluss
530:Auschwitz
465:Gauleiter
386:SS career
376:communism
367:Freikorps
295:Holocaust
209:1933–45 (
144:(assumed)
54:In office
3867:30 April
3821:29 April
3800:28 April
3784:24 April
3748:23 April
3712:22 April
3691:21 April
3670:20 April
3528:(2001).
3448:(1990).
3390:(1989).
3364:(2002).
3317:(1990).
3231:(2008).
3171:(2010).
2688:(2006).
2664:(2002).
1237:See also
1213:magazine
1044:Cold War
935:against
855:Majdanek
846:Red Army
808:Birkenau
796:gas vans
657:for the
471:stated:
336:Catholic
279:Nazi era
159:Nickname
4220:Unknown
4183:(2 May)
4177:(2 May)
4171:(2 May)
4165:(1 May)
4159:(1 May)
4153:(1 May)
2754:18 July
2749:Reuters
1319:Before
1096:in the
844:As the
812:Sobibor
800:Chelmno
748:Eastern
655:pretext
636:Gestapo
553:Austria
287:Gestapo
199:1933–45
197:Gestapo
192:1917–18
186:Service
46:Gestapo
4204:Blondi
4191:Killed
3574:
3555:
3536:
3514:
3495:
3456:
3434:
3417:
3398:
3372:
3350:
3327:
3303:
3258:
3239:
3217:
3198:
3179:
3157:
3138:
3119:
3097:
3076:
3057:
3036:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2956:
2937:
2918:
2895:
2876:
2857:
2834:
2811:
2792:
2773:
2732:
2715:
2696:
2674:
2650:
1121:Munich
1064:Moscow
968:Berlin
914:Sweden
875:Abwehr
831:London
823:Prague
804:Belzec
724:Soviet
707:Abwehr
412:putsch
332:Munich
316:Berlin
142:Berlin
122:Munich
4044:2 May
3883:1 May
1308:Notes
946:Paris
912:into
92:none
3572:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3534:ISBN
3512:ISBN
3493:ISBN
3480:2013
3454:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3415:ASIN
3396:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3286:2015
3256:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3055:ISBN
3034:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2756:2017
2730:ISBN
2713:ASIN
2694:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2648:ISBN
1215:and
1211:Time
863:Rome
857:and
810:and
802:and
756:Jews
700:and
646:and
490:The
452:and
398:and
320:Nazi
218:Rank
136:Died
109:Born
825:by
798:at
492:Gau
467:of
314:in
221:SS-
4244::
3595::
3471:.
3386:;
3277:.
2747:.
2482:^
2427:^
1788:^
1581:^
1492:^
1475:^
1436:^
1409:^
1108:.
999:.
948:.
681:.
622:,
618:,
614:,
458:SS
211:SS
124:,
3649:e
3642:t
3635:v
3580:.
3561:.
3542:.
3520:.
3501:.
3482:.
3462:.
3440:.
3421:.
3404:.
3378:.
3356:.
3333:.
3309:.
3288:.
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3144:.
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3103:.
3082:.
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3000:.
2981:.
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2924:.
2901:.
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2817:.
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2758:.
2738:.
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2702:.
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2656:.
2564:.
2540:.
2453:.
213:)
117:)
113:(
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