31:
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were not re-established. Under
Laufenberg's lead the city suffered from severe food shortages and widespread strikes, resulting in his power base being eradicated further. Hamstrung by his reliance on the banks and criticism from the SPD Laufenberg's stock fell dramatically and he faced widespread demonstrations against his leadership. Unable to sustain his position, Laufenberg resigned on 19 January 1919 and handed leadership of the Council over to the SPD.
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conference establishing the party. By 1920 however he had been expelled from the party, with his national
Bolshevism the official reason for his departure. Laufenberg became persona non grata in German communist circles and Radek, who had earlier been a critic, was accused of following his ways when
266:
and their replacement with
Workers' Council government. Before long however he agreed to bring the two institutions back in what was seen as a concession to the city's business interests. Indeed, the banks in the city had threatened to withdraw credit to the city authorities if these institutions
283:. The pair had been strong critics German imperialism: in 1915 they had produced a pamphlet against German expansionism and attacking the SPD for being, as they saw it, complicit in such aggression. Following the war, in October 1919, the pair made contact with
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and suggested a policy to him that they were already calling 'National
Bolshevism' (although it has also been suggested that it was Radek who coined the term for Laufenberg and Wolffheim's policy). They sought a
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was to be placed to one side in favour of cross class co-operation in a war of national liberation. The idea initially met with some enthusiasm amongst members of the
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247:. Laufenberg's popularity grew as the war dragged on and people began to tire of involvement in the conflict.
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publicly denounced the policy, claiming that
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In
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191:(SPD) in the early 1900s. He became associated with a faction on the left of the party led by
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207:. Laufenberg also worked as an educationalist within the party, offering basic courses on
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in 1923. Unlike his ally
Wolffheim, who became involved in groups on the fringes of the
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171:. Laufenberg was a history academic by profession and was also known by the pseudonym
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to party members of DĂĽsseldorf. At this point in his career
Laufenberg endorsed
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Social
Democracy and Society: Working Class Radicalism in DĂĽsseldorf, 1890-1920
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Laufenberg was part of the faction within the USPD which left to establish the
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who wrote that "in 1919 Laufenberg already thought in terms of continents".
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Marxist intellectuals and the working-class mentality in
Germany, 1887-1912
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of Hamburg. As head of this group Laufenberg oversaw the dissolution of
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Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party
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Revolutionary Hamburg: labor politics in the early Weimar Republic
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and place the country back on a war footing against the occupying
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party in 1904 Laufenberg was appointed editor of the party organ
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163:(19 January 1872 – 3 February 1932) was a leading German
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Heinrich Laufenberg (left) in the Hamburg City Hall, 1918
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Laufenberg went on to become a founder member of the
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and when this group gained the upper hand within the
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142:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
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694:Newspaper clippings about Heinrich Laufenberg
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375:, Ian Birchall, Eric D. Weitz, John Archer,
227:. He left the city in 1908 when he moved to
167:and one of the first to develop the idea of
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680:Zwischen der ersten und zweiten Revolution
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396:Left-Wing Communism: an Infantile Disorder
18:
410:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 95
478:, Stanford University Press, 1966, p. 45
436:, Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 227
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304:. Within such an ideology the need for
1108:Communist Party of Germany politicians
463:The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918-1923
961:The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy
553:, Transaction Publishers, 2006, p. 92
315:Such support soon ebbed however when
7:
256:Council of the Workmen and Soldiers
1093:Centre Party (Germany) politicians
337:Communist Workers Party of Germany
254:, he was elected President of the
219:in her ideological struggles with
189:Social Democratic Party of Germany
152:Communist Workers Party of Germany
137:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
929:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
339:(KAPD), joining Wolffheim at the
564:The German Revolution, 1917-1923
562:Broué, Birchall, Weitz, Archer,
377:The German Revolution, 1917-1923
250:On 30 November 1918, during the
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993:Revolt Against the Modern World
549:Ruth Fischer, John C. Leggett,
465:, Haymarket Books, 2008, p. 121
290:dictatorship of the proletariat
1088:People from the Rhine Province
379:, Haymarket Books, 2006, p. 66
1:
16:German politician (1872–1932)
1034:Non-conformists of the 1930s
985:The Concept of the Political
671:entry of Heinrich Laufenberg
447:Social Democracy and Society
421:Social Democracy and Society
300:armies in alliance with the
698:20th Century Press Archives
603:Stalin and German Communism
590:Stalin and German Communism
292:which would harness German
1139:
344:he made a speech praising
277:Communist Party of Germany
183:Initially a member of the
147:Communist Party of Germany
945:Prussianism and Socialism
28:
1123:Politicians from Hamburg
1083:Politicians from Cologne
187:, Laufenberg joined the
937:The Decline of the West
913:SĂĽddeutsche Monatshefte
738:Conservative Revolution
601:Fischer & Leggett,
588:Fischer & Leggett,
675:Rostock Matrikelportal
1039:Reactionary modernism
821:Moeller van den Bruck
518:Revolutionary Hamburg
502:Revolutionary Hamburg
489:Revolutionary Hamburg
346:Albert Leo Schlageter
1001:On the Marble Cliffs
474:Richard A. Comfort,
1118:National Bolsheviks
887:National Bolshevism
655:The Lost Revolution
642:The Lost Revolution
629:The Lost Revolution
616:The Lost Revolution
577:The Lost Revolution
531:The Lost Revolution
271:National Bolshevism
169:National Bolshevism
161:Heinrich Laufenberg
45:Heinrich Laufenberg
23:Heinrich Laufenberg
1024:European New Right
235:Hamburg leadership
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63:Kingdom of Prussia
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154:(Apr–Aug 1920)
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904:publications
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806:F. G. JĂĽnger
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264:BĂĽrgerschaft
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221:revisionists
217:Clara Zetkin
205:Volkszeitung
204:
197:Peter Berten
185:Centre Party
182:
179:SPD activism
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160:
159:
132:Centre Party
75:(1932-02-03)
1078:1932 deaths
1073:1872 births
977:The Outlaws
972:(1926–1934)
924:(1909–1939)
916:(1904–1936)
688:Archive.org
331:Later years
321:bourgeoisie
294:nationalism
134:(1902–1904)
102:Citizenship
92:Nationality
1067:Categories
969:Widerstand
746:Associated
504:, p. 48-49
360:References
350:Nazi Party
341:Heidelberg
285:Karl Radek
201:DĂĽsseldorf
173:Karl Erler
123:Politician
112:Occupation
51:1872-02-19
816:Kommerell
801:E. JĂĽnger
791:Hielscher
786:Heidegger
516:Comfort,
500:Comfort,
487:Comfort,
306:class war
209:socialism
165:communist
1047:movement
1045:Völkisch
892:Tatkreis
875:Factions
851:Spengler
826:Niekisch
682:. 1919 (
653:Harman,
644:, p. 313
640:Harman,
631:, p. 193
627:Harman,
618:, p. 251
614:Harman,
579:, p. 192
575:Harman,
566:, p. 326
533:, p. 122
529:Harman,
449:, p. 131
423:, p. 136
115:Academic
96:Prussian
1012:Related
921:Die Tat
846:Schmitt
841:Salomon
700:of the
696:in the
605:, p. 96
592:, p. 93
520:, p. 54
491:, p. 46
445:Nolan,
419:Nolan,
229:Hamburg
81:Hamburg
59:Cologne
1004:(1939)
996:(1934)
988:(1932)
980:(1930)
964:(1923)
956:(1920)
948:(1919)
932:(1918)
866:Zehrer
861:Winnig
856:Stapel
836:Quabbe
831:Paetel
811:Klages
781:George
776:Freyer
761:BlĂĽher
748:people
684:online
298:Allied
106:German
902:Major
771:Evola
223:like
796:Jung
766:Bose
756:Benn
262:and
195:and
70:Died
41:Born
702:ZBW
673:in
1069::
538:^
509:^
454:^
394:,
384:^
312:.
175:.
83:,
61:,
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