393:) assess "distinctness", "uniformity", and "stability". But since some heritage cultivars are not necessarily uniform from plant to plant, or indeed within a single plant—a single cultivar—this has been a sticking point. "Distinctness" has been a problem, moreover, because many cultivars have several names, perhaps coming from different areas or countries (e.g., carrot cultivar Long Surrey Red is also known as "Red Intermediate", "St. Valery", and "Chertsey"). However, it has been ascertained that some of these varieties that look similar are in fact different cultivars. On the other hand, two that were known to be different cultivars were almost identical to each other, thus one would be dropped from the national list in order to clean it up.
499:. Biopiracy may negatively impact communities that grow these heirloom varieties through loss of profits and livelihoods, as well as litigation. One infamous example is the case of Enola bean patent, in which a Texas corporation collected heirloom Mexican varieties of the scarlet runner bean and patented them, and then sued the farmers who had supplied the seeds in the first place to prevent them from exporting their crops to the US. The 'Enola' bean was granted 20-year patent protection in 1999, but subsequently underwent numerous legal challenges on the grounds that the bean was not a novel variety. In 2004,
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rights, the Plant
Variety Protection Act of 1970 (PVPA) shields non-hybrid, seed-propagated plants. However, seed breeders can only shelter their variety for 20 years under PVPA. There are also a couple of exceptions under the PVPA which allow growers to cultivate, save seeds, and sell the resultant crops, and give breeders allowances to use PVPA protected varieties as starter material as long as it constitutes less than half of the breeding material. There are also seed licenses which may place restrictions on the use of seeds or trademarks that guard against the use of certain plant variety names.
129:
140:, a much wider variety of plant foods were grown for human consumption, largely due to farmers and gardeners saving seeds and cuttings for future planting. From the 16th century through the early 20th century, the diversity was huge. Old nursery catalogues were filled with plums, peaches, pears and apples of numerous varieties, and seed catalogs offered legions of vegetable varieties. Valuable and carefully selected seeds were sold and traded using these catalogs along with useful advice on cultivation. Since World War II, agriculture in the
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and encouraging community participation. Heirloom varieties are an increasingly popular way for gardeners and small farmers to connect with traditional forms of agriculture and the crops grown in these systems. Growers also cite lower costs associated with purchasing seeds, improved taste, and perceived improved nutritional quality as reasons for growing heirlooms. In many countries, hundreds or even thousands of heirloom varieties are commercially available for purchase or can be obtained through
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800 varieties grown on the farm. This infuriated customers as well as members of the general public, many of whom spoke out against what was seen as an overly strict interpretation of the law. The scandal further escalated with a series of hearings held by agency officials, during which residents called for a reexamination of seed registration laws and demanded greater citizen participation in legal and political matters relating to agriculture.
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not support the claim that heirloom varieties generally contain a greater concentration of nutrients; however, nutrient concentration and composition does appear to vary between different cultivars. Nevertheless, heirloom varieties may still contain the genetic basis for useful traits that can be employed to improve modern crops, including for human nutritional qualities.
626:, many of which are hybrid varieties. Monocrop systems tend to be vulnerable to disease and pest outbreaks, which can decimate whole industries due to the genetic similarity between plants. Some organizations have employed seed banks and vaults to preserve and protect crop genetics against catastrophic loss. One of the most notable of these seed banks is the
31:
449:, breeds and maintains a selection of traditional crops from the region, seeking to "preserve and promote heritage and threatened seed varieties, traditional Palestinian farming practices, and the cultural stories and identities associated with them." Some scholars have additionally framed the increasing control of Israeli
433:", and that a Seed Act of 2004 requires the library staff to test each seed packet for germination rate and whether the seed was true to type. In 2016 the department reversed this decision, and clarified that seed libraries and non-commercial seed exchanges are not subject to the requirements of the Seed Act.
445:, some heirloom growers and seed savers see themselves as contributing a form of resistance against the privatization of agriculture, while also telling stories of their ancestors, defying violence, and encouraging rebellion. The Palestinian Heirloom Seed Library (PHSL), founded by writer and activist
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Some debate has occurred regarding the perceived improved nutritional qualities of heirloom varieties compared to modern cultivars. Anecdotal reports claim that heirloom vegetables are more nutritious or contain more vitamins and minerals than more recently developed vegetables. Current research does
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when two undercover investigators from the
Latvian State Plant Protection Agency charged an independent farm with the illegal sale of unregistered heirloom tomato seeds. The agency suggested that the farm choose a small number of varieties to officially register and to abandon the other approximately
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to shut down and promised to curtail any similar efforts in the state. The lending library, hosted by a town library, allowed gardeners to "check out" a package of open-pollinated seed, and "return" seeds kept from the crop grown from those seeds. The
Department of Agriculture said that this activity
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In the UK and Europe, it is thought that many heritage vegetable varieties (perhaps over 2,000) have been lost since the 1970s, when EEC (now EU) laws were passed making it illegal to sell any vegetable cultivar not on the national list of any EEC country. This was set up to help in eliminating seed
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suppliers selling one seed as another, guarantee the seeds were true to type, and that they germinated consistently. Thus, there were stringent tests to assess varieties, with a view to ensuring they remain the same from one generation to the next. However, unique varieties were lost for posterity.
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In the 21st century, numerous community groups all over the world are working to preserve historic varieties to make a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers available again to the home gardener, by renovating old orchards, sourcing historic fruit varieties, engaging in seed swaps,
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located in
Svalbard, Norway, which safeguards approximately 1.2 million seed samples with capacity for up to 4.5 million. Some writers and farmers have criticized the apparent reliance on seed vaults, however, and argue that heirloom and rare varieties are better protected against extinction when
511:
Native communities in the United States and Mexico have drawn particular attention to the importance of traditional and culturally appropriate seed supplies. The
Traditional Native American Farmers Association (TNAFA) is an Indigenous organization aiming to "revitalize traditional agriculture for
223:, may affect heirlooms more significantly than non-heirloom crops. Heirloom varieties may also be more delicate and perishable. In recent years, research has been conducted into improving the disease resistance of heirlooms, particularly tomatoes, by crossing them with resistant hybrid varieties.
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Additionally, there is another category of cultivars that could be classified as "commercial heirlooms": cultivars that were introduced many generations ago and were of such merit that they have been saved, maintained and handed down—even if the seed company has gone out of business or otherwise
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There are a variety of intellectual property protections and laws that are applied to heirloom seeds, which can often differ greatly between states. Plant patents are based on the Plant Patent Act of 1930, which protects plants grown from cuttings and division, while under intellectual property
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can be considered heirloom cultivars. Another important point of discussion is that without the ongoing growing and storage of heirloom plants, the seed companies and the government will control all seed distribution. Most, if not all, hybrid plants, if they do not have sterile seeds and can be
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More attention is being put on heirloom plants as a way to restore genetic diversity and feed a growing population while safeguarding the food supply of diverse regions. Specific heirloom plants are often selected, saved, and planted again because of their superior performance in a particular
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is credited with the first usage of the term "food sovereignty" and campaigns for agrarian reform, seed freedom, and farmers' rights. It currently represents more than 150 social movement organizations in 56 countries. Numerous other organizations and collectives worldwide participate in food
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Indigenous peoples are also at the forefront of the seed rematriation movement to bring lost seed varieties back to their traditional stewards. Rematriation efforts are frequently directed at institutions such as universities, museums, and seed banks, which may hold
Indigenous seeds in their
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Another problem has been the fact that it is somewhat expensive to register and then maintain a cultivar on a national list. Therefore, if no seed breeder or supplier thinks it will sell well, no one will maintain it on a list, and so the seed will not be re-bred by commercial seed breeders.
286:
Writer and author
Jennifer A. Jordan describes the term "heirloom" as a culturally constructed concept that is only relevant due to the relatively recent loss of many crop varieties: "It is only with the rise of industrial agriculture that practice of treating food as a literal heirloom has
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plots. In order to maximize consistency, few varieties of each type of crop are grown. These varieties are often selected for their productivity and their ability to ripen at the same time while withstanding mechanical picking and cross-country shipping, as well as their tolerance to
1976:
Khoury, Colin K.; Brush, Stephen; Costich, Denise E.; Curry, Helen Anne; de Haan, Stef; Engels, Johannes M. M.; Guarino, Luigi; Hoban, Sean; Mercer, Kristin L.; Miller, Allison J.; Nabhan, Gary P.; Perales, Hugo R.; Richards, Chris; Riggins, Chance; Thormann, Imke (January 2022).
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When heirloom plants are not being sold, however, laws are often more lenient. Because most heirloom plants are at least 50 years old and grown and swapped in a family or community they fall under the public domain. Another worldwide alternative is to submit heirloom seeds to a
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spiritual and human need" and advocating for traditional methods of growing, preparing, and consuming plants. In concert with other organizations, TNAFA has also drafted a formal
Declaration of Seed Sovereignty and worked with legislators to protect Indigenous heritage seeds.
484:. These genes have been investigated for their usefulness in increasing drought and salt tolerance and disease resistance, as well as improving flavor, in commercial tomatoes. The American genomics development company Evolutionary Genomics identified genes found in
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and roughly the beginning of widespread hybrid use by growers and seed companies. Many gardeners consider 1951 to be the latest year a plant could have originated and still be called an heirloom, since that year marked the widespread introduction of the first
1332:
278:. They may also require open-pollinated varieties to have been bred and stabilized using classic breeding practices. While there is currently one genetically modified tomato available to home growers, it is generally agreed that no
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techniques were used to demonstrate that 'Enola' was functionally identical to a yellow bean grown in Mexico known as
Azufrado Peruano 87. The case has been widely cited as a prime example of biopiracy and misapplication of
287:
disappeared in many parts of the world—and that is precisely when the heirloom label emerges. ...he concept of an heirloom becomes possible only in the context of the loss of actual heirloom varieties, of increased
235:
to describe a seed variety was first used in the 1930s by horticulturist and vegetable grower J.R. Hepler to describe bean varieties handed down through families. However, the current definition and use of the word
594:—that 'purebred' dog with the convoluted nose that snorts and hacks when it tries to catch a breath" and claims that selection for unique size, shape, color, and flavor has hampered disease resistance and
1410:
408:. These public repositories in turn maintain and disperse these genetics to anyone who will use them appropriately. Typically, approved uses are breeding, study, and sometimes, further distribution.
1322:
997:
377:, where they were once planted at gravesites by mourners and left undisturbed in the decades since. Modern production methods and the rise in population have largely supplanted this practice.
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in its truest sense. Under this interpretation, a true heirloom is a cultivar that has been nurtured, selected, and handed down from one family member to another for many generations.
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In recent years, progress has been made in the UK to set up allowances and less stringent tests for heritage varieties on a B national list, but this is still under consideration.
1642:
1354:
853:
549:; the African Center for Biodiversity (ACB), the Coalition for the Protection of African Genetic Heritage (COPAGEN), and the West African Peasant Seed Committee (COASP) in
810:
Powledge, F. (1995). "The food supply's safety net: If global agricultural crises occurred, could the international germplasm community survive a run on its genebanks?".
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locality. Over many crop cycles these plants develop unique adaptive qualities to their environment, which empowers local communities and can be vital to maintaining the
2162:
77:
In some parts of the world, it is illegal to sell seeds of cultivars that are not listed as approved for sale. The Henry
Doubleday Research Association, now known as
622:, which has generally declined since the middle of the 20th century. Heirloom crops may contain genetic material that is distinct from varieties typically grown in
1026:
1304:
935:
586:'To keep seeds alive, clear, strong and open-pollinated, purity as the idea of a single pure race must be understood as the ironic insistence of imperial minds.
532:, farmers' rights, and seed sovereignty frequently overlap with the promotion and usage of heirloom crop varieties. International peasant farmers' organization
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varieties. It was in the 1970s that hybrid seeds began to proliferate in the commercial seed trade. Some heirloom varieties are much older; some are apparently
709:
160:
While heirloom gardening has maintained a niche community, in recent years it has seen a resurgence in response to the industrial agriculture trend. In the
986:
247:. For instance, one school says the cultivar must be over 100 years old, others 50 years, and others prefer the date of 1945, which marks the end of
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dropped the line. Additionally, many old commercial releases have actually been family heirlooms that a seed company obtained and introduced.
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520:, the largest publicly accessible seed bank in the United States, rematriated several heirloom seed varieties back to Indigenous communities.
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911:
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Other writers have pushed back against the promotion and proliferation of heirloom crop varieties, connecting their usage to the impacts of
2207:
1411:"We Are All Seeds: Heirloom Seed Saving, Multispecies Justice, and Resisting Colonial Erasures in the Occupied Palestinian Territories"
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that may increase sweetness by up to 25% and as of 2023 has filed an international patent application on the usage of these genes.
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regrown, will not be the same as the original hybrid plant, thus ensuring the dependency on seed distributors for future crops.
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330:
201:
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stated that "Seed is the source of life. Seed is the source of food. To protect food freedom, we must protect seed freedom."
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of a plant used for food that is grown and maintained by gardeners and farmers, particularly in isolated communities of the
2086:
1924:"Variation of mineral nutrient contents of modern and heirloom cultivars of cabbage in different regimes of soil fertility"
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1440:"Latvia's Tomato Rebellion: Nested Environmental Justice and Returning Eco-Sociality in the Post-Socialist Eu Countryside"
279:
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1022:
538:
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1845:"Pursuing the Potential of Heirloom Cultivars to Improve Adaptation, Nutritional, and Culinary Features of Food Crops"
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Regardless of a person's specific interpretation, most authorities agree that heirlooms, by definition, must be
120:. The trend of growing heirloom plants in gardens has been returning in popularity in North America and Europe.
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724:
480:, genes from heirloom tomato varieties and wild tomato relatives have been the subject of patent claims by the
319:
208:
1815:
338:
323:
879:
2336:
1922:
Barker, Allen V.; Eaton, Touria E.; Meagy, Md J.; Jahanzad, Emad; Bryson, Gretchen M. (6 September 2017).
1904:
664:
71:
2341:
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699:
529:
481:
1049:
1242:
1935:
1680:
694:
517:
425:
2118:
Gardening with Heirloom Seeds: Tried-and-True Flowers, Fruits, & Vegetables for a New Generation
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2284:
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689:
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actively planted and grown than stored away with no immediate influence on crop genetic diversity.
485:
369:
The heritage fruit trees that exist today are clonally descended from trees of antiquity. Heirloom
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2310:
2192:
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2016:
1951:
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500:
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165:
67:
904:
Heirloom plants : a complete compendium of heritage vegetables, fruits, herbs & flowers
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197:
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2008:
2000:
1866:
1736:
1459:
1286:
1276:
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964:
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917:
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608:
590:" Writer and journalist Brendan Borrell calls heirloom tomatoes "the tomato equivalent of the
292:
216:
141:
2060:
2305:
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1990:
1943:
1856:
1726:
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collection that are inaccessible to the communities from which they originate. In 2018, the
454:
275:
253:
212:
193:
109:
105:
1643:"Protecting Our Living Relatives: Environmental Reproductive Justice and Seed Rematriation"
2183:
2035:
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117:
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are sometimes collected (nondestructively as small cuttings) from vintage homes and from
1939:
1684:
2356:
1187:
619:
446:
430:
295:
as fewer people grow their own food, or at least know the people who grow their food."
185:
173:
112:, while fruit varieties such as apples have been propagated over the centuries through
78:
1217:"Gardeners can now grow a genetically modified purple tomato made with snapdragon DNA"
786:
2325:
2020:
1955:
1748:
1692:
1485:
1140:
Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County
719:
562:
557:, and the Southeast Asia Regional Initiatives for Community Empowerment (SEARICE) in
546:
542:
533:
505:
220:
90:
63:
2300:
1668:
752:, a specific class of Japanese heirloom vegetables originating around Kyoto, Japan.
684:
679:
623:
578:
450:
288:
257:
248:
177:
161:
1947:
1731:
1714:
192:, seed swaps, or community events. Heirloom varieties may also be well suited for
17:
1455:
2197:
1923:
985:
Gusti Ayu Fransiska Sri Rahajeng Kusuma Dewi; Verónica Argelis Gonzaléz (2015).
734:
569:
308:
263:
Another way of defining heirloom cultivars is to use the definition of the word
145:
137:
98:
1384:
2137:
Cavagnaro, Sue Stickland; foreword by Alan Gear; photographs by David (1998).
1979:"Crop genetic erosion: understanding and responding to loss of crop diversity"
1486:"TWN Biopiracy Watch Briefing – The patent pillage of Andean tomato diversity"
714:
660:
645:
169:
2004:
1870:
1740:
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1290:
968:
921:
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1861:
1844:
744:
496:
244:
189:
157:. This form of agriculture has led to a 75% drop in crop genetic diversity.
154:
86:
2012:
2176:
1562:"The Enola Bean Patent Controversy: Biopiracy, Novelty and Fish-And-Chips"
85:
to preserve seeds of as many of the older cultivars as possible. However,
749:
739:
704:
554:
492:
405:
374:
113:
94:
59:
2139:
Heritage vegetables : the gardener's guide to cultivating diversity
1244:
Edible memory: the lure of heirloom tomatoes & other forgotten foods
831:
477:
458:
150:
1995:
1978:
1356:
Seed Libraries in Pennsylvania Allowed to Engage in Free Seed Exchange
453:
corporations over Palestinian seed supplies as an attempt to suppress
1115:. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment
561:. In a 2022 BBC interview, Indian environmental activist and scholar
550:
495:
crop varieties and their stewards are sometimes subject to theft and
465:
35:
1613:
823:
553:; and the Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture (ASHA),
180:, the majority of produce grown in the United States was heirlooms.
1510:
1275:. Zystro, Jared,, Buttala, Lee Alan,, Siegel, Shanyn. Decorah, IA.
30:
127:
29:
1816:"How to Grow a Better Tomato: The Case Against Heirloom Tomatoes"
541:, Food Secure Canada, and the Latin American Seeds Collective in
2203:
FDA Statement of Policy - Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties
1843:
Dwivedi, Sangam; Goldman, Irwin; Ortiz, Rodomiro (August 2019).
1247:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 328.
951:
Urban homesteading : heirloom skills for sustainable living
558:
473:
370:
2216:
876:"Fruit Varieties Available in Victoria During the 19th Century"
1669:"La VĂa Campesina and its Global Campaign for Agrarian Reform"
591:
302:
164:, heirloom plants are still widely grown, for example, in the
144:
has mostly consisted of food crops which are grown in large,
1886:"Why You Should Grow Heirloom Seeds • The Prairie Homestead"
2212:
1790:"Stop obsessing over heirloom seeds and let plants change"
1273:
The seed garden : the art and practice of seed saving
207:
A primary drawback to growing heirloom varieties is lower
2087:"Op-ed: Saving Heirloom Seeds Can Protect Crop Diversity"
1715:"'Keeping seeds in our hands': the rise of seed activism"
1323:"Department of Agriculture cracks down on seed libraries"
618:
Heirloom varieties are also critical to promoting global
243:
One school of thought places an age or date point on the
980:
978:
846:"Colombia farmers' uprising puts the spotlight on seeds"
778:
Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society
464:
In January 2012, a conflict over seed access erupted in
1266:
1264:
773:"Seed Savers Exchange: preserving our genetic heritage"
93:
against catastrophic loss. In some jurisdictions, like
1589:"DNA Fingerprinting Identifies Bean in Patent Dispute"
1162:"Breeding disease-resistant heirloom-quality tomatoes"
1082:. University of Massachusetts Amherst. 16 April 2013
2293:
2277:
2251:
1713:Peschard, Karine; Randeria, Shalini (6 June 2020).
81:, responded to this legislation by setting up the
1080:Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment
2191:from the Home and Garden Information Center at
1618:Traditional Native American Farmers Association
1316:
1314:
1023:"Heirlooms Passed Down By Seed Savers Exchange"
89:alone have not been able to provide sufficient
1764:"Vandana Shiva on why the food we eat matters"
2228:
987:"Conserving Traditional Seed Crops Diversity"
58:(especially in Ireland and the UK) is an old
38:are commercially grown; others are heirlooms.
8:
2161:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
710:List of organic gardening and farming topics
215:varieties. Common disease problems, such as
1025:. Nebraska Educational Telecommunications.
337:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2221:
2213:
2198:FAO/IAEA Programme Mutant Variety Database
1838:
1836:
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1303:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
953:. Blume, K. Ruby. New York: Skyhorse Pub.
934:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
805:
803:
97:, laws have been proposed that would make
1994:
1860:
1730:
1667:Borras, Saturnino M. Jr (25 April 2008).
1636:
1634:
1540:Native American Food Sovereignty Alliance
906:. Harrison, Lorraine. Chicago, Illinois.
357:Learn how and when to remove this message
104:Many heirloom vegetables have kept their
240:to describe plants is fiercely debated.
211:compared to many commercially available
1511:"Tomato Sweetness & Salt Tolerance"
763:
572:. Quoting American author and educator
2154:
1296:
1099:
1097:
994:United Nations Sustainable Development
927:
422:Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture
2085:Curry, Helen Anne (27 January 2022).
1438:Aistara, Guntra A. (2 January 2014).
1029:from the original on 25 December 2014
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
7:
1909:North Carolina Cooperative Extension
1905:"Heirloom vs. Hybrid Vegetable Seed"
1215:Woodruff, Sasha (February 6, 2024).
1054:North Carolina Cooperative Extension
537:sovereignty activism, including the
335:adding citations to reliable sources
34:Only a few of the many varieties of
2036:"How (and Why) to Be a Seed Savior"
1409:Johnston, Jessica (18 April 2023).
1166:Organic Farming Research Foundation
66:. These were commonly grown during
1903:Solomon, Matt (13 February 2023).
1814:Borrell, Brendan (30 March 2009).
1021:Boden, Sarah (September 8, 2014).
25:
2208:DEFRA - Plant varieties and seeds
1884:Winger, Jill (22 February 2022).
1385:"Palestine Heirloom Seed Library"
1335:from the original on May 20, 2017
856:from the original on 30 July 2014
1788:Smith, Chris (18 October 2023).
1693:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2008.00170.x
1536:"Indigenous SeedKeepers Network"
1359:, March 15, 2016, archived from
1188:"America's Youngest Seed Grower"
1142:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1048:Smith, Hanna (18 October 2016).
663:
381:UK and EU law and national lists
307:
136:Before the industrialization of
132:A selection of heirloom tomatoes
68:earlier periods in human history
54:(Australia and New Zealand), or
2034:Castaldo, Nancy (29 May 2018).
1762:BBC Travel (24 February 2022).
1566:Duke Law Scholarship Repository
1321:Naomi Creason (July 31, 2014).
1113:Center for Crop Diversification
1050:"Heirloom Vegetables and Seeds"
1003:from the original on 2020-05-19
2177:What is an heirloom vegetable?
1719:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1076:"Heirloom Vegetable Varieties"
280:genetically modified organisms
1:
1948:10.1080/01904167.2017.1346682
1732:10.1080/03066150.2020.1753705
1104:Kaiser, Cheryl; Ernst, Matt.
70:, but are not used in modern
2061:"Svalbard Global Seed Vault"
1456:10.1080/01629778.2013.836831
1241:Jordan, Jennifer A. (2015).
539:US Food Sovereignty Alliance
1587:Bailey, Pat (27 May 2008).
429:raises the possibility of "
27:Historic food crop cultivar
2373:
1928:Journal of Plant Nutrition
1673:Journal of Agrarian Change
1490:Third World Network Berhad
628:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
582:, Chris Smith writes that
1444:Journal of Baltic Studies
1415:Environmental History Now
1271:Colley, Micaela (2015).
949:Kaplan, Rachel. (2011).
457:and as a form of subtle
1862:10.3390/agronomy9080441
785:: 80–84. Archived from
72:large-scale agriculture
2141:. London: Gaia Books.
1911:. NC State University.
133:
39:
1890:The Prairie Homestead
1515:Evolutionary Genomics
1136:"What are Heirlooms?"
1106:"Heirloom Vegetables"
1056:. NC State University
902:Etty, Thomas (2016).
700:Association Kokopelli
528:Activism surrounding
482:University of Florida
131:
83:Heritage Seed Library
33:
1560:Rattray, Gillian N.
852:. 3 September 2014.
695:History of gardening
518:Seed Savers Exchange
491:Native heirloom and
426:seed-lending library
389:These tests (called
331:improve this section
142:industrialized world
2332:Domesticated plants
2285:The Non-GMO Project
2189:Heirloom Vegetables
1940:2017JPlaN..40.2432B
1820:Scientific American
1685:2008JAgrC...8..258B
1641:Hoover, Elizabeth.
771:Whealy, K. (1990).
690:Community gardening
2311:Ecological farming
2193:Clemson University
2182:2013-06-06 at the
641:Bhutanese red rice
576:in his article in
501:DNA fingerprinting
486:Galapagos tomatoes
209:disease resistance
134:
56:heirloom vegetable
40:
18:Heirloom vegetable
2319:
2318:
1996:10.1111/nph.17733
1934:(17): 2432–2439.
1484:Hammond, Edward.
1363:on April 14, 2016
1282:978-0-9884749-1-8
960:978-1-61608-054-9
913:978-1-61373-575-6
882:on 22 March 2014.
730:Recalcitrant seed
609:genetic resources
367:
366:
359:
293:industrialization
16:(Redirected from
2364:
2347:Food sovereignty
2306:Organic movement
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1998:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1679:(2–3): 258–289.
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1134:Browning, Sara.
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1002:
991:
982:
973:
972:
946:
940:
939:
933:
925:
899:
884:
883:
878:. Archived from
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
842:
836:
835:
807:
798:
797:
795:
794:
768:
673:
671:Gardening portal
668:
667:
624:monocrop systems
589:
585:
534:La Via Campesina
455:food sovereignty
362:
355:
351:
348:
342:
311:
303:
299:Collection sites
194:market gardening
110:open pollination
101:itself illegal.
48:heirloom variety
21:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2289:
2273:
2247:
2241:
2184:Wayback Machine
2173:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2115:Coulter, Lynn.
2114:
2111:
2109:Further reading
2106:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1983:New Phytologist
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1295:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1186:Hepler, Billy.
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
989:
984:
983:
976:
961:
948:
947:
943:
926:
914:
901:
900:
887:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
844:
843:
839:
824:10.2307/1312415
809:
808:
801:
792:
790:
770:
769:
765:
760:
755:
669:
662:
659:
651:Heirloom tomato
637:
604:
587:
583:
574:MartĂn Prechtel
526:
439:
414:
383:
363:
352:
346:
343:
328:
312:
301:
276:open-pollinated
229:
198:farmer's market
126:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2269:Heirloom plant
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2186:
2172:
2171:External links
2169:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2134:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2077:
2052:
2026:
1968:
1914:
1895:
1876:
1832:
1806:
1780:
1754:
1725:(4): 613–647.
1705:
1659:
1630:
1605:
1579:
1552:
1527:
1502:
1476:
1450:(1): 105–130.
1427:
1401:
1389:Vivien Sansour
1373:
1346:
1310:
1281:
1260:
1253:
1233:
1207:
1178:
1153:
1126:
1093:
1067:
1040:
1013:
974:
959:
941:
912:
885:
867:
837:
818:(4): 235–243.
799:
762:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
676:
675:
674:
658:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
636:
633:
620:crop diversity
611:of the world.
603:
600:
598:in heirlooms.
525:
522:
447:Vivien Sansour
438:
435:
431:agro-terrorism
413:
410:
382:
379:
365:
364:
315:
313:
306:
300:
297:
228:
225:
186:seed libraries
174:Southeast Asia
125:
122:
79:Garden Organic
52:heritage fruit
44:heirloom plant
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2369:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Garden plants
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:Organizations
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2148:1-85675-033-7
2144:
2140:
2135:
2125:on 2016-03-03
2124:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1989:(1): 84–118.
1988:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:9780226228105
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1226:September 12,
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
999:
995:
988:
981:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
956:
952:
945:
942:
937:
931:
923:
919:
915:
909:
905:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
886:
881:
877:
871:
868:
855:
851:
847:
841:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
800:
789:on 2014-03-11
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
767:
764:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:Orthodox seed
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
672:
666:
661:
656:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
629:
625:
621:
616:
612:
610:
601:
599:
597:
593:
581:
580:
575:
571:
566:
564:
563:Vandana Shiva
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:South America
544:
540:
535:
531:
523:
521:
519:
513:
509:
507:
506:patent rights
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
427:
423:
420:In 2014, the
418:
411:
409:
407:
401:
398:
394:
392:
387:
380:
378:
376:
372:
361:
358:
350:
340:
336:
332:
326:
325:
321:
316:This section
314:
310:
305:
304:
298:
296:
294:
290:
284:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
261:
259:
255:
250:
246:
241:
239:
234:
226:
224:
222:
221:fusarium wilt
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
130:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
64:Western world
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2342:Biodiversity
2301:Natural food
2268:
2264:USDA Organic
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2117:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2040:www.nrdc.org
2039:
2029:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1931:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1879:
1852:
1848:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1794:The Guardian
1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1757:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1676:
1672:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1447:
1443:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1365:, retrieved
1361:the original
1355:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1328:The Sentinel
1326:
1272:
1243:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1112:
1084:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
993:
950:
944:
903:
880:the original
870:
858:. Retrieved
849:
840:
815:
811:
791:. Retrieved
787:the original
782:
776:
766:
685:Biodiversity
680:Ark of Taste
617:
613:
605:
579:The Guardian
577:
567:
530:food justice
527:
514:
510:
490:
471:
463:
451:agribusiness
441:In disputed
440:
437:Food justice
419:
415:
412:US state law
402:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
368:
353:
344:
329:Please help
317:
289:urbanization
285:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:pre-historic
249:World War II
242:
237:
232:
230:
227:Requirements
217:verticillium
206:
202:CSA programs
182:
178:World War II
166:home gardens
162:Global South
159:
153:, frost, or
146:monocultural
135:
103:
82:
76:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
2096:11 December
2070:11 December
2045:11 December
1961:11 December
1825:11 December
1799:11 December
1773:11 December
1768:www.bbc.com
1698:11 December
1652:11 December
1623:11 December
1598:11 December
1572:11 December
1545:11 December
1520:11 December
1495:11 December
1469:12 December
1420:11 December
1394:11 December
1339:December 2,
1200:11 December
1195:Seed Savers
1171:11 December
1146:11 December
1119:11 December
1086:11 December
1060:11 December
1033:25 December
735:Seed saving
570:colonialism
200:sales, and
138:agriculture
99:seed saving
2326:Categories
2129:2006-06-26
2091:Civil Eats
2065:Crop Trust
1855:(8): 441.
1568:. Duke Law
1007:2019-12-11
812:BioScience
793:2013-02-16
758:References
725:Rare breed
715:Local food
646:Black rice
375:cemeteries
155:pesticides
87:seed banks
2352:Biopiracy
2294:Movements
2157:cite book
2021:237492439
2005:0028-646X
1956:103680100
1871:2073-4395
1749:219430613
1741:0306-6150
1614:"History"
1464:0162-9778
1367:March 31,
1299:cite book
1291:893453721
969:668194097
930:cite book
922:922631995
745:Slow Food
596:hardiness
497:biopiracy
443:Palestine
424:caused a
347:July 2019
318:does not
245:cultivars
231:The term
176:. Before
91:insurance
2180:Archived
2013:34515358
1849:Agronomy
1593:UC Davis
1333:Archived
1027:Archived
998:Archived
860:1 August
854:Archived
750:Kyoyasai
740:Seedbank
705:Landrace
657:See also
635:Examples
555:Navdanya
524:Activism
493:landrace
406:seedbank
265:heirloom
238:heirloom
233:heirloom
118:cuttings
108:through
95:Colombia
60:cultivar
2259:Non-GMO
1936:Bibcode
1681:Bibcode
832:1312415
478:Ecuador
459:ecocide
339:removed
324:sources
151:drought
2252:Labels
2145:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1954:
1869:
1747:
1739:
1647:e-flux
1462:
1289:
1279:
1251:
967:
957:
920:
910:
830:
602:Future
551:Africa
466:Latvia
254:hybrid
213:hybrid
124:Origin
114:grafts
106:traits
36:potato
2357:Crops
2017:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1745:S2CID
1191:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
990:(PDF)
850:Grain
828:JSTOR
543:North
371:roses
190:banks
170:South
2243:Non-
2163:link
2143:ISBN
2098:2023
2072:2023
2047:2023
2009:PMID
2001:ISSN
1963:2023
1867:ISSN
1827:2023
1801:2023
1775:2023
1737:ISSN
1700:2023
1654:2023
1625:2023
1600:2023
1574:2023
1547:2023
1522:2023
1497:2023
1471:2023
1460:ISSN
1422:2023
1396:2023
1369:2016
1341:2014
1305:link
1287:OCLC
1277:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1228:2024
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