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correction accommodates the display position, providing an accurate image to the pilot and allowing the
Scorpion HMCS to be installed onto a pilot's existing helmet. A visor can be deployed in front of the display providing protection during ejection. The visor can be clear, glare, high contrast, gradient, or laser protective. For night operations, an NVG mount can be installed in place of the visor during flight. Once installed, NVGs can be placed in front of the display, thus allowing the pilot to view both the display symbols as well as the NVG image simultaneously.
46:
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415:) infrared detectors in the flightdeck (or helmet), to measure the pilot's head position. The main limitations are restricted fields of regard and sensitivity to sunlight or other heat sources. The MiG-29/AA-11 Archer system uses this technology. The Cobra HMD as used on both the Eurofighter Typhoon and the JAS39 Gripen both employ the optical helmet tracker developed by Denel Optronics (now part of Zeiss Optronics).
912:
818:
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388:(IMU) and an optical sensor to provide reference to the aircraft. MEMS based IMUs benefit from high update rates such as 1,000 Hz but suffer from precession and drift over time, so they cannot be used alone. In this class of tracker, the optical sensor is used to constrain IMU drift. As a result, hybrid inertial/optical trackers feature low latency and high accuracy. The
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69:) is a headworn device that uses displays and optics to project imagery and/or symbology to the eyes. It provides visual information to the user where head protection is required – most notably in military aircraft. The display-optics assembly can be attached to a helmet or integrated into the design of the helmet. An HMD provides the pilot with
510:
897:
TopNight, a
Topsight derivative, is designed specifically for adverse weather and night air to ground operations, employing more complex optics to project infrared imagery overlaid with symbology. The most recent version the Topsight has been designated TopOwl-F, and is qualified on the Mirage-2000-5
773:
Scorpion uses a novel optical system featuring a light-guide optical element (LOE) which provides a compact color collimated image to the pilot. The display can be positioned by each pilot, thereby eliminating the need for precise helmet position on the user's head or special helmet fitting. Software
753:
introduced the
Scorpion® Head/Helmet-Mounted Display System to the military aviation market in 2008. In 2010, Scorpion was the winner of the USAF/ANG/AFRes Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT) program. The HMIT system was qualified and deployed on both A-10 and F-16 platforms in 2012. Starting
718:
When combined with the AIM-9X, an advanced short-range dogfight weapon that employs a Focal Plane Array seeker and a thrust vectoring tail control package, JHMCS allows effective target designation up to 80 degrees either side of the aircraft's nose. In March 2009, a successful 'Lock on After Launch'
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Joint Strike
Fighter aircraft. In addition to standard HMD capabilities offered by other systems, HMDS fully utilizes the advanced avionics architecture of the F-35 and provides the pilot video with imagery in day or night conditions. Consequently, the F-35 is the first tactical fighter jet in 50
592:
DASH III was the first modern
Western HMD to achieve operational service. Development of the DASH began during the mid-1980s, when the IAF issued a requirement for F-15 and F-16 aircraft. The first design entered production around 1986, and the current GEN III helmet entered production during the
893:
fighters was accompanied by the
Topsight HMD by Sextant Avionique. TopSight provides a 20 degree FoV for the pilot's right eye, and cursive symbology generated from target and aircraft parameters. Electromagnetic position sensing is employed. The Topsight helmet uses an integral embedded design,
612:
The DASH GEN III is a wholly embedded design, where the complete optical and position sensing coil package is built within the helmet (either USAF standard HGU-55/P or the
Israeli standard HGU-22/P) using a spherical visor to provide a collimated image to the pilot. A quick-disconnect wire powers
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in 2018, the installed base of HMIT systems went through a helmet tracker upgrade. The original AC magnetic tracking sensor was replaced by an inertial-optical hybrid tracker called Hybrid
Optical based Inertial Tracker (HObIT). The HObIT was developed by InterSense and tested by Thales in 2014.
237:
V3A heat seeking missile. This enables the pilot to make off-bore attacks, without having to maneuver to the optimum firing position. After the South
African system had been proven in combat, playing a role in downing Soviet aircraft over Angola, it is popularly claimed the Soviets embarked on a
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Unlike the DASH, which is integrated into the helmet itself, JHMCS assemblies attach to modified HGU-55/P, HGU-56/P or HGU-68/P helmets. JHMCS employs a newer, faster digital processing package, but retains the same type of electromagnetic position sensing as the DASH. The CRT package is more
757:
Scorpion has the distinction of being the first HMD introduced and deployed that can display full-color conformal symbology. It is used along with the aircraft mission system to cue the aircraft targeting pods, gimbaled sensors, and high off-boresight missiles. Scorpion provides an "eyes out"
376:", vibration, and during rapid head movement. Five basic methods are used in current HMD technology – inertial, optical, electromagnetic, sonic, and hybrid. Hybrid trackers use a combination of sensors such as inertial and optical to improve tracking accuracy, update rate, and latency.
151:(HOBS) weapons, allow aircrew to attack and destroy nearly any target seen by the pilot. These systems allow targets to be designated with minimal aircraft maneuvering, minimizing the time spent in the threat environment, and allowing greater lethality, survivability, and pilot
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years to fly without a HUD. A BAE Systems helmet was considered when HMDS development was experiencing significant problems, but these issues were eventually worked out. The Helmet-Mounted
Display System was fully operational and ready for delivery in July 2014.
2056:
Atac, Robert; Spink, Scott; Calloway, Tom; Foxlin, Eric (2014-06-13). "Scorpion Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT) test results". In Desjardins, Daniel D; Sarma, Kalluri R; Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R; Browne, Michael P; Melzer, James E (eds.).
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capability: even when objects may be obscured from view, Scorpion can provide visual graphic cues to the near-field display. Unlike most HMDs which require custom helmets, Scorpion was designed to be installed on a standard issue
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and with it the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), a new helmet concept in which the role of the helmet was expanded to provide a visually coupled interface between the aviator and the aircraft. The
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fighter utilizes the Cobra HMD. The helmet is a further development and refinement of the Striker helmet developed for the Eurofighter by BAE Systems. The refinement is done by BAE in partnership with Denel Cumulus.
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HMD designs must sense the orientation (elevation, azimuth and roll) and in some cases the position (x, y, and z) of the pilot's head relative to the airframe with sufficient precision even under high "
1948:
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sensing designs use ultrasonic sensors to monitor the pilot's head position while being updated by computer software in multiple axes. Typical operating frequencies are in the 50 to 100
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pictures for night operations and provides collimated symbology and imagery to the pilot. The integration of the night-vision goggles with the JHMCS was a key requirement of the program.
1080:– eye trackers measure the point of gaze relative to the direction of the head, allowing the system to compute where the user is looking. These systems are not currently used in aircraft.
303:(LOS) between the aircraft and the intended target. The user's eye must stay aligned with the sight; in other words, current HMDs cannot sense where the eye is looking, but can place a
81:, to the direction their head is pointing. Applications which allow cuing of weapon systems are referred to as helmet-mounted sight and display (HMSD) or helmet-mounted sights (HMS).
1841:
324:" maneuvers. Weight is the largest problem faced by fighter aircraft HMD designers. This is much less a concern for helicopter applications, making elaborate helicopter HMDs common.
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and HGU-68/P helmets and is fully compatible with standard issue U.S. Pilot Flight Equipment without special fitting. It is also fully compatible with standard unmodified AN/AVS-9
206:
fighters. VTAS received praise for its effectiveness in targeting off-boresight missiles, but the U.S. did not pursue fielding it except for integration into late-model Navy
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Jedeye is a new system recently introduced by Elbit Systems especially to meet Apache and other rotary wing platform requirements. The system is designed for day, night and
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of Turkey is working to develop a similar system to the French TopOwl Helmet, called the AVCI Helmet Integrated Cueing System. The system will also be utilized into the
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firing of an ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the ‘shooter' aircraft, was demonstrated by a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) F/A-18 using JHMCS.
363:
make helmet-fitting a crucial factor in the aviator's ability to interface with the aircraft systems. Misalignment or helmet shift can cause an inaccurate picture.
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1569:
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JHMCS is a derivative of the DASH III and the Kaiser Agile Eye HMDs, and was developed by Vision Systems International (VSI), a joint venture company formed by
117:, without HMDs, pilots have to align the aircraft to shoot at a target. HMDs allow pilots to simply point their heads at a target, designate a weapon and shoot.
1983:
38:
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253:) combination once its effectiveness was known, principally through access to former East German MiG-29s that were operated by the unified German Air Force.
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1923:
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992:. Named the Striker and later version Striker II, it is capable of displaying both raster imagery and cursive symbology, with provisions for embedded
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Kocian, Dean F.; Task, H. Lee (1995). "Visually coupled systems hardware and the human interface". In Barfield, Woodrow; Furness, Thomas A. (eds.).
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capable, but remains limited to monochrome presentation of cursive symbology. JHMCS provides support for raster scanned imagery to display FLIR/
453:
range and can be made to carry audio sound information directly to the pilot's ears via subcarrier modulation of the ultrasonic sensing signals.
295:
is what is used to point the missile; it thus must be calibrated and fit securely on the pilot's head. The line between the pilot's eye and the
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and the Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System in 1990. American and European fighter HMDs became widely used in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
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Proc. SPIE 9086, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics VIII; and Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XIX
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The Russian designed Shchel-3UM HMD design has been fitted to the ZSh-5 series helmet (and later ZSh-7 helmets), and has been used on the
2088:
Atac, Robert (2010-05-05). "Applications of the Scorpion color helmet-mounted cueing system". In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.).
430:
based on the movement of the helmet in multiple axes. This technique requires precise magnetic mapping of the flightdeck to account for
426:
sensing designs use coils (in the helmet) placed in an alternating field (generated in the flightdeck) to produce alternating electrical
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verification that the chosen sensor has been cued to the right target or location without requiring the pilot to look inside the cockpit
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1411:
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2008:
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M142 IHADSS is fitted with a 40°-by-30° field of view, video-with-symbology monocular display. IR emitters allow a slewable
2471:
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74:
580:: AA-11 Archer). The HMD/Archer combination gave the MiG-29 and Su-27 a significantly improved close combat capability.
182:
One of the first aircraft with simple HMD devices appeared for experimental purpose in the mid-1960s to aid in targeting
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joint venture) along with Helmet Integrated Systems, Ltd. developed the Helmet-Mounted Display System (HMDS) for the
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sensor, mounted on the nose of the aircraft, to be slaved to the aviator's head movements. The display also enables
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field of regard – the angular range over which the sight can still produce a suitably accurate measurement.
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482:
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304:
234:
1347:"HOW THE FORMER SOVIET UNION AC QUIRED THE "HELMET MOUNTED SIGHT" FOR THEIR AIR FORCE: Wolfgang Witschas"
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to ensure that symbols representing outside-world entities move in line with the pilot's head movements.
3041:
2678:
338:, a technique used to present the images at a distant focus, which improves the readability of images),
287:
While conceptually simple, implementation of aircraft HMDs is quite complex. There are many variables:
233:
of the South African Air Force (SAAF) used a locally developed helmet-mounted sight integrated with the
152:
2361:"Lockheed Martin Selects BAE Systems to Supply F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Helmet Display Solution"
1842:"RAAF has successfully fired ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the 'shooter' aircraft"
1008:
633:
2546:
1798:
1346:
1213:
770:(PNVG). Pilots, using Scorpion, can view both the night vision image and the symbols on the display.
485:
along with an LED illuminator to generate the displayed image. Advanced HMDs can also project FLIR or
446:
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systems. Technical difficulties led to the U.S. abandoning ASRAAM, instead funding development of the
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31:
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2428:"Saab & BAE Systems sign agreement for new integrated Helmet Mounted Display System for Gripen"
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and its contoured shape is designed to provide the pilot with a wholly unobstructed field of view.
767:
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109:) to a target by the pilot merely turning the helmet towards the target and operating a switch via
78:
70:
54:
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168:
2999:
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2101:
2070:
1964:
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precision – the angular error between the line-of-sight and the derived cue. The position of the
230:
94:
1229:
Dr. James Miller, Fullerton, CA, research psychologist for the Ground Systems Group at Hughes, "
438:
materials in the seat, flightdeck sills and canopy to reduce angular errors in the measurement.
393:
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RCEVS is developing a standard view Night Vision Cueing & Display (NVCD) for the U.S. Navy.
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2884:
2688:
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317:
257:
226:
1678:"The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design"
1646:"The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design"
605:. The DASH III has been exported and integrated into various legacy aircraft, including the
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1956:
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211:
172:
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1312:
The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design
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with the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSiSy) demonstrated in 1985.
3249:
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2858:
1984:"The A-10C Warthog Gets New Upgrades To Be Ready To Fight In Future High-end Conflicts"
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flight environments. Jedeye has a 70 x 40 degree FOV and 2250x1200 pixels resolution.
882:
573:
243:
207:
132:, etc.) to the pilot while "heads-up", eliminating the need to look inside the cockpit.
50:
1445:
3331:
3144:
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2796:
2708:
2616:
2105:
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1968:
1924:"Up Close And Personal With The A-10 Warthog's Scorpion Helmet-Mounted Cueing System"
1480:
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997:
777:
Scorpion is also used by Tactical Air Support Inc. on F-5AT, by French Air Force for
653:
589:
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imagery. A recent improvement is the capability to display color symbols and video.
356:
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195:
98:
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17:
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114:
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Several nations responded with programs to counter the MiG-29/HMD/R-73 (and later
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early to mid-1990s. The current production variant is deployed on IDF F-15, and
3149:
3102:
3031:
2934:
2924:
2909:
2874:
2214:"Thales to deliver Scorpion helmet mounted cueing systems for Spanish Air Force"
1880:"The French Air Force Is Testing The New Rafale F4-1 Standard – The Aviationist"
1268:
985:
911:
890:
817:
742:
335:
2240:"Check Out This AC-130 Gunship Pilot Wearing A Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display"
2137:"Raytheon Wins US Air Force HMIT Contract at Farnborough – Airforce Technology"
1199:
Rash, Clarence E. (2001). "Introductory Overview". In Rash, Clarence E. (ed.).
3134:
3004:
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2673:
2090:
Proc. SPIE 7688, Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XV: Design and Applications
989:
477:. Modern HMDs have dispensed with the CRT in favor of micro-displays such as
435:
412:
203:
176:
1703:"Fact Sheets : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A"
3217:
3129:
3092:
2668:
2648:
2339:
2186:"Private Aggressor F-5 Fighter Force is Flying with Helmet Mounted Displays"
1289:
622:
617:(CRT). DASH is closely integrated with the aircraft's weapon system, via a
527:
518:
339:
310:
latency or slew rate – how much lag there is between the helmet and the cue.
300:
264:, in the early 1990s. The U.S., UK, and Germany pursued a HMD combined with
191:
1518:
1019:
2537:
USAARL Helmet Mounted Displays- Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues
1865:
1519:"InterSense | Precision Motion Tracking Solutions | IS-1200+ HObIT System"
547:
3264:
2972:
2967:
707:
Block 40/50/50+/60/70 with a design that is 95% common to all platforms.
646:
474:
408:
261:
141:
viewing outside terrain using sensor video in degraded visual conditions.
125:
121:
2561:
3185:
2982:
2066:
1472:
1258:"‘Seeing Things’ with Electrocular", Science & Mechanics, Aug, 1962
797:
782:
664:
E and F aircraft in 2003. The USAF is also integrating JHMCS into its
431:
427:
404:
360:
296:
275:
The first civilian use of HMD on aircraft was the Elbit SkyLens HMD on
187:
129:
2097:
1960:
1149:
Rash, C. E.; Russo, M. R.; Letowski, T. R.; Schmeisser, E. T. (2010).
3244:
3239:
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731:
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269:
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239:
1819:
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1651:. United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. Archived from
334:
optical characteristics – calibration, sharpness, distant focus (or
2314:"VSI's Helmet Mounted Display System flies on Joint Strike Fighter"
1777:
1431:
Helmet Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues
1314:(Report). Army Aeromedical Research Lab Fort Rucker. Archived from
1151:
Helmet-Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognition Issues
120:
displaying targeting and aircraft performance information (such as
3274:
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1007:
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110:
102:
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utilizes the Helmet-Mounted Symbology System (HMSS) developed by
242:
was fielded in 1985 with an HMD and a high off-boresight weapon (
3164:
2161:
1465:
Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVIII: Design and Applications
1336:{{cite web |last1=Lake |first1=Jon |title=Looks Really Can Kill!
1125:
712:
704:
594:
199:
106:
2565:
1201:
Helmet-Mounted Displays: Design Issues for Rotary-Wing Aircraft
652:, in November 2003 with the 12th and 19th Fighter Squadrons at
621:
B bus. Latest model DASH IV is currently integrated on India's
1953:
Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVI: Design and Applications
1234:
1153:. Fort Rucker AL: U. S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory.
1086:– systems that project information directly onto the wearer's
905:
811:
355:
fit and interfacing the aviator's head to the aircraft – head
246:), giving them an advantage in close maneuvering engagements.
194:
Corporation that was flown in early 1970s in F-4J and 1974–78
2120:"Thales Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display for fighter aircraft"
1544:"Denel Optronics Head-Tracker System for Eurofighter Typhoon"
1023:
Helmet Mounted System Striker II from BAE System on DSEI-2019
645:, the U.S. pursued and fielded JHMCS in conjunction with the
2032:
2009:"Nothing Can Kill the A-10 Warthog (And We Meaning Nothing)"
613:
the display and carries video drive signals to the helmet's
609:. It also forms the baseline technology for the US JHMCS.
238:
crash program to counter the technology. As a result, the
660:
C as lead platform for JHMCS, but fielded it first on the
396:
called the Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT).
349:
durability and ability to handle day-to-day wear and tear.
2265:"F-22 Raptor Spotted Flying With Stealthy Underwing Pods"
2033:"InterSense | Precision Motion Tracking Solutions | Home"
996:. As with the DASH helmet, the system employs integrated
2494:"How It Works: Retinal Displays Add a Second Data Layer"
1753:"MiG-21 2000 Fighter Ground Attack Air Force Technology"
1461:"Scorpion hybrid optical-based inertial tracker (HObIT)"
699:
delivery in fiscal year 2002. JHMCS is employed in the
687:(Kaiser Electronics is now owned by Rockwell Collins).
392:
Scorpion® HMCS and HMIT HMDs utilize a tracker made by
41:
The Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System (IHADSS)
2557:
Resolution analysis for HMD helmets / Comparison Chart
2200:"France invests €2 billion for Rafale new F4 standard"
1614:
1612:
538:
night navigation. IHADSS is also used on the Italian
497:
Systems are presented in rough chronological order of
597:
aircraft. Additionally, it has been certified on the
2380:"BAE Systems Lands Contract for New F-35 JSF Helmet"
1949:"Qualification of the scorpion helmet cueing system"
384:
Hybrid inertial tracking systems employ a sensitive
190:'s Visual Target Acquisition System (VTAS), made by
3283:
3205:
3198:
3173:
3050:
2955:
2948:
2897:
2867:
2836:
2810:
2779:
2724:
2717:
2626:
2338:. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program. Archived from
1705:. Nationalmuseum.af.mil. 1977-10-06. Archived from
1434:. U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. 2009.
505:
Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS)
260:Elbit DASH series, fielded in conjunction with the
2316:. Rockwell Collins. April 10, 2007. Archived from
1894:"Raytheon to produce HMIT system for US Air Force"
1310:Rash, Clarence E.; Martin, John S. (August 1988).
1203:. U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.
1176:Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design
175:, head-mounted monocular display that reflected a
1570:"FIRST GRIPEN FLIGHT WITH HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAY"
1424:
1422:
1420:
316:weight and balance – total helmet weight and its
2363:. BAE Systems. October 10, 2011. Archived from
656:, Alaska. The Navy conducted RDT&E on the
473:on to the pilot's visor or reticle, focused at
327:safety and flightdeck compatibility, including
320:, which are particularly important under high "
730:designed system is used by Qatar and India on
346:imagery, eye dominance, and binocular rivalry.
27:Headworn device projecting imagery to the eyes
2577:
2523:Head Mounted Displays: Designing for the user
1951:. In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.).
1463:. In Marasco, Peter L; Havig, Paul R (eds.).
8:
2410:""Magic Helmet" for F-35 ready for delivery"
703:A++/C/D/E/F, F-15C/D/E/S/K/SG/SA/QA/EX, and
135:displaying sensor video for the purpose of:
93:using the head angle as a pointer to direct
1866:"TARGO™ II — Helmet Mounted Display System"
940:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
902:Eurofighter Helmet-Mounted Symbology System
846:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
781:F4, by the Spanish Airforce on EF-18s, the
89:Aviation HMD designs serve these purposes:
77:of the scene, and in military applications
3202:
2952:
2721:
2584:
2570:
2562:
738:Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT)
629:Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS)
1644:Sensory Research Division (August 1988).
1459:Atac, Robert; Foxlin, Eric (2013-05-16).
960:Learn how and when to remove this message
866:Learn how and when to remove this message
352:cost, including integration and training.
214:from 1969. HMDs were also introduced in
3358:Equipment of the United States Air Force
1947:Atac, Robert; Bugno, Tony (2011-06-01).
218:during this time – examples include the
101:weapons seekers or other sensors (e.g.,
57:being aimed with a helmet-mounted sight.
44:
36:
1141:
1027:Vision Systems International (VSI; the
1816:"Vision Systems International – JHMCS"
1012:Helmet-Mounted Display System for the
461:Older HMDs typically employ a compact
307:marker between the eye and the target.
128:, target range, weapon seeker status,
3255:Software related to augmented reality
2802:Simultaneous localization and mapping
1774:"Vision Systems International – DASH"
1755:. Airforce-technology.com. 1995-05-24
1595:"Denel, Zeiss in optical partnership"
1386:Dunnigan, James (12 September 2015).
465:embedded in the helmet, and suitable
7:
2468:"Virtual Retinal Display Technology"
2456:from the original on March 10, 2021.
2061:. Vol. 9086. pp. 172–181.
1955:. Vol. 8041. pp. 182–188.
1621:"Helmet Mounted Sights and Displays"
1388:"The Helmet that Changed Everything"
938:adding citations to reliable sources
844:adding citations to reliable sources
179:signal onto a transparent eyepiece.
147:HMD systems, combined with High Off-
2854:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera
2378:McGlaun, Shane (October 17, 2011).
30:For non-aviation applications, see
2828:Image-based modeling and rendering
2263:Rogoway, Tyler (8 February 2022).
2092:. Vol. 7688. pp. 18–24.
1840:Industry News, Your (2009-03-09).
1467:. Vol. 8735. p. 873502.
1412:ATR, Elbit Developing Wearable HUD
25:
1680:. Stinet.dtic.mil. Archived from
1245:"Third Eye for Space Explorers",
2552:User survey of HMD requirements
2238:Hunter, Jamie (18 August 2020).
910:
816:
546:
479:liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)
2434:. June 17, 2003. Archived from
1922:Cenciotti, David (2018-12-13).
746:Scorpion Helmet Mounted Display
691:integrated the system into the
641:After the U.S. withdrawal from
584:Display and sight helmet (DASH)
2291:. Monch.com.tr. Archived from
1982:D'Urso, Stefano (2019-09-10).
1900:. 19 July 2010. Archived from
1818:. Vsi-hmcs.com. Archived from
1776:. Vsi-hmcs.com. Archived from
1098:) are also in experimentation.
768:Panoramic Night Vision Goggles
1:
3270:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK
2521:Melzer & Moffitt (1997).
2408:SEAN GALLAGHER (2014-07-24).
1004:Helmet-Mounted Display System
299:on the visor is known as the
3306:List of PlayStation VR games
2699:Virtual reality applications
2547:Vision Systems International
2492:MATT LAKE (April 26, 2001).
1728:"Fighter Aircraft, MiG-29/1"
878:The French thrust vectoring
785:Stinger II Gunship, and the
499:initial operating capability
483:liquid crystal display (LCD)
225:At the same time (1975) the
2218:www.airforce-technology.com
1178:. Oxford University Press.
808:TopOwl-F(Topsight/TopNight)
804:Turkish Attack Helicopter.
787:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
697:low-rate initial production
411:emitters on the helmet (or
256:One successful HMD was the
3379:
2664:Projection augmented model
1131:Index of aviation articles
29:
3301:List of Oculus Rift games
2880:Omnidirectional treadmill
2849:Free viewpoint television
2818:Asynchronous reprojection
2654:On-set virtual production
2639:Computer-mediated reality
2634:Cinematic virtual reality
2600:
2289:"Monch Yayıncılık – AVCI"
2007:Axe, David (2019-10-06).
1084:direct retinal projection
386:Inertial Measurement Unit
3296:List of Meta Quest games
2704:Virtual reality sickness
1730:. Sci.fi. Archived from
1361:"Looks Really Can Kill!"
572:in conjunction with the
2771:Virtual retinal display
2759:Virtual reality headset
1292:. Best-of-flightgear.dk
1271:. Best-of-flightgear.dk
1269:"VTAS/HELMET INTERFACE"
1220:, Friday, Apr. 13, 1962
1214:"Science: Second Sight"
1096:virtual retinal display
380:Hybrid inertial optical
165:Hughes Aircraft Company
3291:List of HTC Vive games
2684:Six degrees of freedom
2166:www.thalesvisionix.com
1799:ADA 31st Annual Report
1499:www.thalesvisionix.com
1414:AIN online (July 2016)
1024:
1016:
977:
747:
638:
514:
305:predicted impact point
63:helmet-mounted display
58:
42:
3343:Head-mounted displays
3140:The Sword of Damocles
3042:Windows Mixed Reality
2679:Simulation hypothesis
2013:The National Interest
1619:Air Power Australia.
1365:Asian Military Review
1022:
1011:
975:
745:
636:
512:
184:heat seeking missiles
153:situational awareness
48:
40:
3348:Military electronics
3260:Virtual reality game
2905:Cyberith Virtualizer
2737:Head-mounted display
2367:on October 11, 2011.
1658:on December 23, 2016
1233:", April 9, 1962 on
1109:Head-mounted display
990:Pilkington Optronics
934:improve this section
840:improve this section
764:Night Vision Goggles
555:at Wikimedia Commons
540:Agusta A129 Mangusta
532:thermographic camera
32:Head-mounted display
18:Helmet-mounted sight
2438:on August 17, 2016.
2162:"Thales | Visionix"
2141:Airforce Technology
1495:"Thales | Visionix"
1318:on 27 February 2012
1247:Popular Electronics
1090:with a low-powered
1060:Sweden's JAS 39C/D
982:Eurofighter Typhoon
662:F/A-18 Super Hornet
578:NATO reporting name
220:Boeing AH-64 Apache
79:cue weapons systems
71:situation awareness
55:Boeing AH-64 Apache
3363:Wearable computers
3338:Display technology
3000:Microsoft HoloLens
2823:Foveated rendering
2498:The New York Times
2067:10.1117/12.2050363
2037:www.intersense.com
1846:Your Industry News
1523:www.intersense.com
1473:10.1117/12.2012194
1367:. 26 November 2020
1025:
1017:
978:
748:
639:
560:ZSh-5 / Shchel-3UM
515:
210:equipped with the
59:
43:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3194:
3193:
2968:Golden-i headsets
2893:
2892:
2885:Wearable computer
2689:Spatial computing
2605:Augmented reality
2098:10.1117/12.849287
1961:10.1117/12.884195
1448:on March 3, 2012.
1231:I've Got a Secret
1160:978-0-615-28375-3
1121:Augmented reality
1069:Future technology
1014:F-35 Lightning II
970:
969:
962:
898:Mk2 and Mig-29K.
876:
875:
868:
551:Media related to
318:center of gravity
258:Israeli Air Force
16:(Redirected from
3370:
3228:virtual graffiti
3203:
3073:Google Cardboard
2963:Apple Vision Pro
2953:
2920:PlayStation Move
2844:360-degree video
2722:
2659:Persistent world
2593:Extended reality
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2526:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2470:. Archived from
2464:
2458:
2457:
2450:"Eyes on target"
2446:
2440:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2386:. Archived from
2375:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2320:on May 16, 2007.
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2196:
2190:
2189:
2188:. 16 March 2020.
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2019:
2004:
1998:
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1995:
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1979:
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1919:
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1884:
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1870:
1869:
1868:. Elbit Systems.
1862:
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1525:. 2 October 2017
1515:
1509:
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1506:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1444:. Archived from
1441:978-0-6152-83753
1426:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
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1146:
1033:Rockwell Collins
998:position sensing
965:
958:
954:
951:
945:
914:
906:
871:
864:
860:
857:
851:
820:
812:
681:Rockwell Collins
615:Cathode Ray Tube
550:
536:Nap-of-the-earth
279:72/42 airplane.
212:AIM-9 Sidewinder
21:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3279:
3235:Meta Horizon OS
3223:Interactive art
3190:
3169:
3155:Virtual fixture
3125:Samsung Gear VR
3078:Google Daydream
3046:
3027:PlayStation VR2
2944:
2889:
2863:
2832:
2806:
2792:Finger tracking
2775:
2749:Head-up display
2713:
2622:
2611:Virtual reality
2596:
2590:
2542:Thales Visionix
2533:
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2050:
2041:
2039:
2031:
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2026:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1988:The Aviationist
1981:
1980:
1976:
1946:
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1928:The Aviationist
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1625:Ausairpower.net
1618:
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1597:. 27 March 2007
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1115:Virtual reality
1105:
1071:
1058:
1046:
1006:
966:
955:
949:
946:
931:
915:
904:
889:and late-model
887:Dassault Rafale
872:
861:
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837:
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631:
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424:Electromagnetic
421:
419:Electromagnetic
407:systems employ
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87:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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3250:Pervasive game
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3120:PlayStation VR
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2859:VR photography
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2780:3D interaction
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2531:External links
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:. McGraw Hill.
2516:
2513:
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2484:
2459:
2441:
2432:SAAB CORPORATE
2419:
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75:enhanced image
51:M230 chain gun
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3145:VFX1 Headgear
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2797:Pose tracking
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2709:Virtual world
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2617:Mixed reality
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2474:on 2008-04-13
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2390:on 2017-07-01
2389:
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2384:Dailytech.com
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2342:on 2012-05-06
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2295:on 2009-09-07
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2220:. 12 May 2016
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2014:
2010:
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1989:
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1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1929:
1925:
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1915:
1904:on 2021-05-08
1903:
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1847:
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1836:
1833:
1822:on 2010-08-03
1821:
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1811:
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1800:
1794:
1791:
1780:on 2010-08-03
1779:
1775:
1769:
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1748:
1745:
1734:on 2011-05-14
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1709:on 2010-08-12
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1684:on 2012-02-27
1683:
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1550:. 4 June 2007
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1291:
1290:"VTAS helmet"
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1185:0-19-507555-2
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1038:
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1030:
1029:Elbit Systems
1021:
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987:
983:
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919:This section
917:
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859:
849:
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825:This section
823:
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771:
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708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Elmendorf AFB
651:
648:
644:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
590:Elbit Systems
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
554:
549:
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
517:In 1985, the
511:
504:
502:
500:
493:Major systems
492:
490:
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484:
480:
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472:
468:
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456:
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379:
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368:Head tracking
367:
362:
358:
357:anthropometry
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:
329:ejection seat
326:
323:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:line of sight
298:
294:
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209:
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201:
197:
196:ACEVAL/AIMVAL
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:revealed the
166:
158:
156:
154:
150:
140:
137:
136:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:air-to-ground
96:
92:
91:
90:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
47:
39:
33:
19:
3181:Project Iris
3098:Oculus Quest
3088:Liquid Image
3083:Google Glass
2995:Meta Quest 3
2983:Meta Quest 2
2940:Wizdish ROVR
2930:Virtuix Omni
2915:Oculus Touch
2787:Eye tracking
2754:Smartglasses
2718:Technologies
2694:Telepresence
2522:
2515:Bibliography
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2487:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:the original
2462:
2444:
2436:the original
2431:
2422:
2414:Ars Technica
2413:
2403:
2392:. Retrieved
2388:the original
2383:
2373:
2365:the original
2355:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2335:
2326:
2318:the original
2308:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2283:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2233:
2222:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2143:. 2010-07-21
2140:
2131:
2114:
2089:
2083:
2058:
2051:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1952:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1917:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1898:The Engineer
1897:
1888:
1882:. June 2021.
1874:
1860:
1849:. Retrieved
1845:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1810:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1697:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:the original
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1599:. Retrieved
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:Defence Talk
1547:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1522:
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1464:
1454:
1446:the original
1430:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1392:StrategyPage
1391:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1341:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1241:
1225:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1078:eye tracking
1059:
1047:
1026:
979:
956:
947:
932:Please help
920:
896:
877:
862:
853:
838:Please help
826:
796:
793:Aselsan AVCI
776:
772:
756:
749:
726:
717:
709:
678:
640:
619:MIL-STD-1553
611:
587:
563:
523:AH-64 Apache
521:fielded the
516:
496:
487:night vision
460:
445:
422:
403:
383:
373:
371:
321:
292:
286:
274:
255:
248:
224:
208:F-4 Phantoms
181:
169:Electrocular
162:
146:
115:close combat
88:
66:
62:
60:
53:turret on a
3150:Virtual Boy
3103:Oculus Rift
3037:Vuzix Blade
3032:Valve Index
2935:Wired glove
2925:Razer Hydra
2910:Leap Motion
2898:Peripherals
2875:Haptic suit
2837:Photography
1249:, July 1962
986:BAE Systems
891:Mirage 2000
469:to display
359:and facial
336:collimation
231:Mirage F1AZ
216:helicopters
173:compact CRT
85:Requirement
3332:Categories
3174:Unreleased
3160:Virtuality
3135:SixthSense
2978:Magic Leap
2674:Room-scale
2503:August 17,
2478:2009-10-02
2394:2017-01-04
2346:2010-08-20
2299:2010-08-20
2274:2022-02-09
2249:2021-12-21
2224:2021-12-21
2171:2018-09-23
2147:2018-09-23
2042:2018-09-23
2018:2019-10-08
1993:2019-10-08
1933:2018-12-14
1908:2018-09-23
1851:2009-03-10
1826:2010-08-20
1784:2010-08-20
1759:2010-08-20
1738:2010-08-20
1713:2010-08-20
1688:2010-08-20
1662:August 17,
1630:2010-08-20
1529:2018-09-22
1504:2018-09-30
1322:31 January
1296:2010-08-20
1275:2024-04-30
1137:References
766:(NVG) and
695:and began
676:aircraft.
436:conductive
413:flightdeck
394:InterSense
283:Technology
227:Mirage 3CZ
95:air-to-air
3218:ARToolKit
3130:Sensorama
3093:Oculus Go
2669:Real life
2649:Metaverse
2644:Immersion
2269:The Drive
2244:The Drive
2106:120094908
2075:121689580
1969:121603702
1804:(Report).
1481:120186142
950:June 2024
921:does not
856:June 2024
827:does not
623:HAL Tejas
576:missile (
528:Honeywell
519:U.S. Army
471:symbology
344:binocular
340:monocular
192:Honeywell
163:In 1962,
149:Boresight
3353:Avionics
3265:visionOS
3199:Software
3068:EyePhone
2973:HTC Vive
2811:Software
2627:Concepts
2454:Archived
1397:22 April
1371:22 April
1103:See also
1050:brownout
885:for its
760:HGU-55/P
723:TARGO II
647:Raytheon
475:infinity
447:Acoustic
428:voltages
409:infrared
262:Python 4
198:on U.S.
126:altitude
122:airspeed
3206:General
3186:Sega VR
2956:Current
2949:Devices
2742:optical
2725:Display
2336:JSF.mil
1601:12 July
1579:12 July
1554:12 July
942:removed
927:sources
848:removed
833:sources
798:Aselsan
783:AC-130W
432:ferrous
405:Optical
400:Optical
361:anatomy
297:reticle
235:Armscor
188:US Navy
159:History
3245:OpenXR
3240:OpenVR
3213:ARCore
3113:Rift S
3063:castAR
3051:Former
3017:PICO 4
2732:EyeTap
2332:"F-35"
2104:
2073:
1967:
1479:
1438:
1182:
1157:
1088:retina
1062:Gripen
1044:Jedeye
779:Rafale
751:Thales
732:Rafale
701:F/A-18
693:F/A-18
689:Boeing
672:, and
658:F/A-18
650:AIM-9X
643:ASRAAM
607:MiG-21
599:F/A-18
566:MiG-29
553:IHADSS
513:IHADSS
467:optics
457:Optics
390:Thales
293:helmet
270:AIM-9X
266:ASRAAM
240:MiG-29
186:. The
49:30 mm
3284:Games
3275:WebXR
3058:AntVR
3022:Pimax
2868:Other
2123:(PDF)
2102:S2CID
2071:S2CID
1965:S2CID
1802:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1649:(PDF)
1477:S2CID
1111:(HMD)
1092:laser
1056:Cobra
880:Matra
802:T-129
728:Elbit
685:Elbit
674:F-16C
670:F-15C
666:F-15E
637:JHMCS
570:Su-27
442:Sonic
251:Su-27
113:. In
111:HOTAS
103:radar
73:, an
3165:VR-1
3012:OSVR
2764:list
2619:(MR)
2613:(VR)
2607:(AR)
2595:(XR)
2505:2016
1664:2016
1603:2011
1581:2011
1574:Saab
1556:2011
1436:ISBN
1399:2021
1373:2021
1324:2010
1218:Time
1180:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1126:VRML
1117:(VR)
1037:F-35
994:NVGs
988:and
980:The
976:HMSS
925:any
923:cite
831:any
829:cite
734:F3R
713:IRST
705:F-16
683:and
601:and
595:F-16
588:The
574:R-73
568:and
434:and
342:vs.
244:R-73
229:and
204:F-15
202:and
200:F-14
171:, a
107:FLIR
97:and
3311:VR2
3108:CV1
2988:Pro
2094:doi
2063:doi
1957:doi
1469:doi
1235:CBS
936:by
842:by
603:F-5
481:or
463:CRT
451:kHz
277:ATR
130:"g"
67:HMD
3334::
2496:.
2452:.
2430:.
2412:.
2382:.
2334:.
2267:.
2242:.
2216:.
2164:.
2139:.
2100:.
2069:.
2035:.
2011:.
1986:.
1963:.
1926:.
1896:.
1844:.
1623:.
1611:^
1572:.
1546:.
1521:.
1497:.
1475:.
1419:^
1390:.
1363:.
1216:,
789:.
668:,
625:.
542:.
501:.
177:TV
155:.
124:,
105:,
61:A
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2302:.
2277:.
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2077:.
2065::
2045:.
2021:.
1996:.
1971:.
1959::
1936:.
1911:.
1854:.
1829:.
1787:.
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1741:.
1716:.
1691:.
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1633:.
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1583:.
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1532:.
1507:.
1483:.
1471::
1401:.
1375:.
1349:.
1326:.
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1094:(
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957:(
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948:(
944:.
930:.
869:)
863:(
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854:(
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