Helen of Greece and Denmark

959: 2201:

be consulted. The two men threatened that if he persisted, over 1000 students arrested would be executed in retaliation. Thousands of people, including many students, were arrested in November 1946, after clashes with the Communist forces. The pro-democracy and freedom population defeated the Communist forces which were sent to the protests by the Communist government, but in return, many protesters were arrested by Communist authorities, with the help of the Red Army. The heavy clashes ensued in Bucharest and other big cities in Romania after the Communist Party falsified the votes for the 1946 Parliament elections, which the National Peasant's Party (PNȚ) had won with over 70%. Forced with this blackmail, Michael I renounced the crown. Only hours after the announcement, the

1657:, and the two women had a violent fight during their reunion, where Elisabeth slapped Helen. Carol II then considered his former wife as a political opponent, and in order to undermine her prestige, the king initiated a campaign in the press against her, claiming that she had tried to commit suicide twice. After only a month in the country, Carol II imposed a new separation agreement (1 November 1932), under which Helen was denied the right to return to Romania and the next day, finally forced her into permanent exile in Italy. During the following years, she had no contact with her former husband, who only briefly told her by telephone of the death of Queen Marie in 1938. Despite the tensions, Prince Michael was able to see his mother every year in 1583:(i.e. with the style Majesty, but not the title Queen). Helen refused to allow anyone to use this style in her presence. Due to these circumstances, the proposed coronation of the two former spouses was postponed. The return of Magda Lupescu to Romania finally put an end to the reconciliation efforts of the pair. Soon the king was able to get Michael moved to his side, and Helen was allowed to see her son every day in exchange for her political silence. Increasingly isolated, the princess was forced into exile by her former husband, she consented to a separation agreement in October 1931. In exchange for her silence, and through the mediation of her brother, the former King 1697: 1564:, who were trying to persuade her to resume her conjugal life with Carol II and accept to be crowned along with him at a ceremony in Alba Iulia, scheduled on 21 September 1930. Despite her reluctance, the princess agreed to a reconciliation and reconsidered the annulment of her divorce, but under the condition of having a separate residence. These were the circumstances under which the former spouses lived and while Carol II sometimes went to Helen for lunch with her, the princess would, from time to time, have tea with him in the royal palace. In July, the king, his former wife and son traveled together in 1639:

The king wanted the crown prince not to wear shorts in public, and that he not be photographed in the company of his mother. Helen was incensed at the second stipulation and, as was her wont, took the trouble to aggravate the situation by defying the first stipulation as well. She made sure her son was dressed in shorts and posed for the cameras with him at her side for an extended photo opportunity. After seeing the spectacle of the crown prince in shorts published in the newspapers, the king demanded that the heir to the throne be brought back to Bucharest. Helen now decided to grant an interview to the

1314:. Despite their significantly different points of interest, Carol and Helen managed, for some time, to lead a bourgeois and happy existence. In the mornings, the heir performed his official duties and in the afternoons, they enjoyed their favorite past times. While the crown prince engaged in reading and his stamp collections, she spent her time engaged in horseback riding or on the decoration of their residences. The crown princess was very involved in social work and founded a nursing school in the capital. She was also appointed an Honorary Colonel of the 9th Cavalry Regiment, the 1216:

during her stay at Romania, the crown prince suddenly turned very attentive to the princess. During the train journey, the two told their life stories to each other and Carol confided in Helen about his affair with Zizi Lambrino. Helen likewise told him of her life and of family matters, including her great grief for her brother Alexander's death and how she did not want to return to Greece now that her only real friend, her beloved brother, was dead. This opening of the hearts to each other had the result that Helen fell in love with the heir to the Romanian throne.

616: 239: 5903: 1233: 1853:"The queen mother told the king that what was happening...was a disgrace and that she could not bear it any longer, all the more so because would be permanently associated...with the crimes committed against the Jews, while she would be known as the mother of "Michael the Wicked". She is said to have warned the king that, if the deportations were not immediately halted, she would leave the country. As a result the King...telephoned Prime Minister Ion Antonescu and...a meeting of the Council of Ministers took place." 2210:

them to part with almost nothing. Despite their promises, the new Romanian authorities nationalized the properties of the former royal family (20 February 1948) and deprived the former monarch and his relatives of their nationality (17 May 1948). At the same time, the king and his mother had to deal with the intrigues of Carol II, who still considered himself the only legitimate sovereign of Romania and accused his ex-wife of keeping him away from their son. To achieve his ends, Carol II did not hesitate to involve

1276: 1406: 1417:), with whom he began an affair in or around 14 February 1925. This was not the first extramarital relationship of the crown prince since his marriage. However, for Carol, this time there was a serious bond, a fact that would soon worry not only Helen (always of a conciliatory and tolerant disposition with her husband's infidelities) but also the rest of the Romanian royal family, which feared that Lupescu could turn into a new Zizi Lambrino. In November 1925, Carol was sent to the 49: 6164: 2340: 342: 1631: 1225: 2150:, on 10 February 1947, marked a new stage in the sidelining of the royal family by the Communist regime. Deprived of any official duties, the king was found even more isolated than during the "royal strike". Under these conditions, the queen mother considered exile with more determination but she was concerned that they did not possess any foreign resources, because her son refused to save money outside of Romania. As guests to the marriage of Princess 763: 1604: 1088: 1994:, shot by the Communists on 1 February 1945. The queen mother also disapproved of the influence of Ioan Stârcea over the sovereign and, following information from one of the palace servants, accused him of espionage on behalf of Antonescu. She was also concerned about the machinations of Carol II, who apparently waited for the end of the war to return to Romania, and observed with anxiety the political crisis that prevented King 6723: 2398: 2139:

prevent Helen from maintaining her charitable activities and continuing to send food and clothing to Moldavia. In early 1947, the queen mother also obtained permission to travel abroad to visit her family. She then reunited with her sister Irene, weakened after her deportation to Austria, attended the funeral of her elder brother, King George II, and participated in the marriage of her youngest sister, Princess

1144: 2485: 1894: 2031: 1327: 2180: 2316:(1950), Irina (1953), Sophie (1957) and Maria (1964). From 1949 to 1950, Helen also housed her sister Irene and her nephew Amedeo, who later settled in a neighboring residence. Over the years, the two Greek princesses retained a strong bond, which ended with the death of the duchess of Aosta in 1974. Throughout her life, Helen also remained deeply attached to Amedeo and his first wife, 1127:. In exile, Helen's parents were soon followed by almost all members of the royal family, who left their country with the return of Venizelos as Prime Minister and the entry of Greece to the war alongside the Triple Entente. However, the financial position of the royal family was precarious and Constantine I, haunted by a deep sense of failure, soon fell ill. In 1918, he contracted 1542: 829: 1019:, he remained in bed for several weeks and nearly died. In Greece, public opinion was affected by the rumor, spread by Venizelists, that the king was not sick but that Queen Sophia in fact injured him in the course of an argument where she tried to force him to fight alongside the emperor. The health of the sovereign declined so much, that a ship was sent to the Island of 1591:, Helen then obtained a substantial monetary compensation. With the approval of Carol II, she obtained the right to stay four months a year in Romania and to receive her son abroad during two months of the year. She retained her residence in Bucharest and the king agreed to fund its maintenance during his absence. Especially, Helen received a sum of thirty million 1533:) continued to demand his separation from Magda Lupescu and his reconciliation with Helen, which he refused. Thanks to his many supporters in the country, the prince finally organized his return to Bucharest on the night of 6–7 June 1930. Joyfully welcomed by the population and the political class, he then proclaimed himself king under the name of Carol II. 2042:, which counted only a few thousand members during the coup of Michael I, exploded and demonstrations against the government of Constantin Sănătescu multiplied. At the same time, acts of sabotage were occurring all over the country, preventing the Romanian economy from recovering. Faced with the combined pressures of the representative of the Soviet Union, 2385:. Helen also supported the studies of her eldest granddaughter Margareta, and even welcomed her at Villa Sparta for a year before she entered a British university. To do this, Helen was forced to sell her assets one by one and in the early 1970s, she hardly had anything left. In 1973, she mortgaged her residence and three years later, she sold the two 1335: 2348: 1683:. However, the princess' parents were reluctant to approve this relationship and it was not until 1937 that Paul and Frederica were finally allowed to get engaged. In the meantime, the Greek monarchy was restored and George II once again became King of Greece, but his wife Elisabeth, who filed for divorce on 6 July 1935, remained in Romania. 2188: 2372:

In 1956 Helen consented for Arthur Gould Lee to publish her biography. At this point, her life was marked by financial difficulties which continued to worsen over time. Despite still being deprived of income by the Romanian authorities, the queen mother economically supported her son, and also helped

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and the reaffirmation by the Allies of the need to establish democratically elected governments in Europe, Michael I demanded the resignation of Petru Groza, who refused. Faced with this insubordination, the sovereign began a "royal strike" on 23 August 1945 during which he refused to countersign the

1779:

In this difficult context, Michael I was at times prone to bouts of depression and Helen then concentrated all of her efforts to make him more active. Aware of his shortcomings, the queen mother appealed to historians of the right to train her son in his role as sovereign. She also guided the king in

1428:

In Romania, Helen was distraught by Carol's attitude, especially as Queen Marie made her partly responsible for the failure of her marriage. The crown princess wrote to her husband to convince him to return. She also attempted to convince politicians to delay Carol's exclusion to the royal succession

1249:

Meanwhile, in Greece, the Venizelists lost the election in favor of Constantine I's supporters on 14 November 1920. Desiring to resolve the dynastic question, on 5 December the new cabinet organized a referendum, the disputed results of which showed that 99% of the population demanded the restoration

2360:

and painting, she spent much of her time visiting monuments and museums. She also dedicated herself to creating artistic objects, for example an engraving made with a dentist's drill on an ivory billiard ball. A gardening enthusiast, she devoted long hours to the flowers and shrubs of her residence.

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himself officiating the ceremony. Celebrated in the throne room of the Royal Palace, the wedding brought together most of the members of the Greek dynasty but no representative of the Houses of Bourbon-Parma or Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. In fact, Carol II was not invited to the wedding, despite Helen

1775:

to Fiesole to persuade her to return to Bucharest (12 September 1940). Back in Romania (14 September 1940), Helen found herself, however, subject to the whim of the dictator, determined to keep the royal family in a purely ceremonial role. Indeed, in the years that followed, Antonescu systematically

1521:

on the grounds of incompatibility. Helen also distanced herself from her mother-in-law, who complained of being separated from the young king and criticized more openly the Greek entourage of the Princess. Under these circumstances, the dowager queen approached her eldest son and built ties with the

1365:

with the whole Romanian royal family to attend the wedding of Alexander I and Maria. Back in Bucharest, the crown princess then resumed her role as wife of the heir to the throne. She participated in official acts and supported the sovereign and her husband during ceremonies that punctuated the life

1245:

could be quickly dissolved. For her part, Queen Sophia was much less favorable to her daughter's wedding. Having no confidence in the Romanian crown prince, she tried to convince Helen to reject the proposal. However, Helen insisted, and despite the doubts of her mother, the engagement was announced

1240:

Soon after their arrival in Switzerland, Crown Prince Carol asked for Helen's hand in marriage, much to the joy of the queen of Romania, but not to the princess' parents. Helen was determined to accept the marriage proposal, therefore King Constantine I assented to the engagement, but only after the

2200:

decided to compel the sovereign to abdicate. On 30 December 1947 they asked for an audience with the king, who received them along with his mother. The two politicians asked Michael I to sign a declaration of abdication. The king refused, stating that, for such a thing, the Romanian population must

1023:

in order to seek the miraculous Icon of the Virgin and Child, which was supposed to heal the sick. After kissing the holy picture, the king partially recovered his health. But the situation remained worrying and the king was in need of surgery before he could reassume his duties. These events had a

490:

in 1924. Finally, in 1925, Crown Prince Carol abandoned his wife and renounced the throne in order to live openly with his mistress. Distraught, Helen tried to persuade her husband to return to her but eventually she accepted the divorce in 1928. In the meanwhile, Helen was proclaimed "Queen Mother

2323:

Helen also made many trips abroad to visit her relatives. She traveled regularly to the United Kingdom to see her granddaughters, who were schooling there. Despite her sometimes stormy relationship with her sister-in-law, Queen Frederica, Helen also spent long periods in Greece and participated in

2209:

In exile, Michael I and Helen settled for some time in Switzerland, where the deposed sovereign bitterly observed the Western acceptance of the establishment of a communist republic in Romania. For her part, Helen was mostly concerned with the state of their finances because the Communists allowed

2054:

as the new Prime Minister (7 December 1944). Nevertheless, the situation remained tense in the country and when the new head of the government called for municipal elections on 15 March 1945, the Soviet Union resumed its destabilizing operations in order to impose a government of their liking. The

1638:

Despite the distance, the friction between Helen and Carol II continued. In September 1932, a visit from Michael and his mother to the United Kingdom was used by Helen as an opportunity for a new, very public conflict, which soon made the headlines of the international press, just as Helen wanted.

1556:

by the Romanian Parliament (8 June 1930). In order to be reunited with Michael, the king therefore resolved to meet his former wife. Accompanied by his brother Nicholas and his sister Elizabeth, he visited the princess in her villa in the Șoseaua Kiseleff. At the sight of her former husband, Helen

1215:

Under these circumstances, the three Greek princes and Queen Marie of Romania decided to make an emergency return to Switzerland. Moved by the situation and probably pushed by his mother, Crown Prince Carol at the last moment decided to travel along with them. After being cold and distant to Helen

1180:

in order to publicly announce the royal engagement. The princesses accepted and the departure was set to 2 October. In the meanwhile, another member of the Romanian royal family arrived to Lucerne. This was Elisabeth's brother, the Crown Prince Carol, who had just completed a trip around the world

593:

was forced to abdicate on 30 December 1947 and the royal family took the path of exile. She then returned to the Villa Sparta, where she divided her time among her family, gardening and the study of Italian art. Increasingly concerned about her finances, Helen finally left Italy for Switzerland in

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of 25 December 1945, asked Romania to allow two opposition figures to enter the government. Disappointed by the lack of courage of London and Washington, the sovereign was shocked by the attitudes of Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana, who openly supported the communist authorities. Disgusted by all

2246:

Another source of concern from Michael I and his mother during their first months of exile was his marriage with Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma. To discredit the former monarch, the Romanian authorities promoted rumors that Michael I gave up his dynastic rights in order to marry the woman of his

1425:. Despite several promises made to his father, King Ferdinand I, he took advantage of traveling abroad to find his mistress and openly live out their relationship. Refusing to return to Bucharest, Carol finally officially renounced the throne and prerogatives as crown prince on 28 December 1925. 1392:

Bored by the absence of his wife, Carol finally invited his mother-in-law to stay in Bucharest. However, the dowager queen did not arrive alone: with her, and without warning, came no fewer than 15 Greek princes and princesses, to his home. Increasingly irritated by the invasive presence of his

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George, who had already proposed to Princess Elisabeth a few years earlier, Queen Sophia was anxious for him to marry. Homeless, penniless and without any real political value since his exclusion from the Greek throne in 1917, Helen's elder brother reiterated his request of marriage to Princess

2138:

were held on 19 November 1946 and were officially won by the Ploughmen's Front. After that date, the situation of the king and his mother became more precarious. In their palace, they had no access to running water for three hours a day and the electricity was off most of the day. This did not

2195:

Despite the advice of their relatives, who urged them not to return to Romania in order to escape the communists, the king and his mother returned to Bucharest on 21 December 1947. They were coldly greeted by the government, which secretly hoped to see them stay abroad in order to abolish the

1134:

Very concerned about the fate of their father, Helen and her sisters Irene and Katherine spent a long time with him to distract him from his worries. Helen also sought to reconnect with Alexander I. She tried to take advantage of the visit of her brother to Paris in 1919 to call him by phone.

1381:) in October 1923, the new sovereign in turn was forced to abdicate after only fifteen months of reign. Devastated by these events, Helen immediately went to Italy to be with her parents in their exile. Shortly after the coronation of King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie of Romania in 2307:

After the marriage of Michael I and Anne, Helen returned to Villa Sparta in Fiesole. Through 1951, she hosted her son and his family, who visited with her at least twice a year. Over the years, the family of the former king grew with the successive births of princesses

1645:"in the hope," she said, "that public opinion would help to preserve her parental rights". This was followed by a violent press campaign, which enraged the king. Despite these events, Helen chose to return to Romania for Michael's birthday and threatened to go to the 1652:

Back in Bucharest, the princess tried, without much success, to get the government involved in a case against the king. She then turned again to her sister-in-law, the former queen of the Hellenes. However, the latter was deeply shocked by the interview given to the

1250:

of the sovereign. Under these conditions, the royal family returned to Athens and Helen was accompanied by her fiancé on her return. For two months, the two traveled discovering inner Greece and its ancient ruins. They then went to Bucharest to attend the wedding of

2270:. However, the meeting ended badly and the Pope refused to agree to the marriage. Under these circumstances, Princess Anne had no choice but to override the pontifical will and abandon a Catholic marriage. In doing so, she incurred the wrath of her uncle, 2009:

Despite these political and personal concerns, the queen mother continued her charitable activities. She provided support to Romanian hospitals, and managed to save some of the equipment of the Red Army requisitions. On 6 November 1944 she inaugurated a

1954:, the main residence of the sovereign and his mother since 1940, which was largely destroyed (24 August 1944). Nevertheless, the Romanian forces gradually managed to push the Germans out of the country and also attacked Hungary in order to liberate 1890:, who accused Helen of being behind the royal initiative. In retaliation, Antonescu tightened his control over Michael I and his mother, and threatened the royal family with the abolition of the monarchy if any further provocation were to occur. 1397:, a regular guest of the Greek royal couple in Sicily. It was due to these circumstances that Helen and Carol began their separation, though the crown princess saved appearances by devoting more time to the education of her son, Prince Michael. 1990:, whose relations with Helen remained tense despite their reconciliation in 1940. With the increased instability in Romania, the queen mother was extremely concerned about the safety of her son, fearing that he could eventually be killed, like 1095:

On 11 June 1917 the Greek royal family secretly fled from their palace, surrounded by a loyalist mob that refused to see them go. In the days that followed, Constantine I, Queen Sophia and five of their children left Greece from the port of

2205:

was proclaimed. Michael I and Helen left Romania with some partisans on 3 January 1948. Despite their close links with the Communists, Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana were also forced to leave the country a few days later, on 12 January.

1815:(December 1940) and secondly formally with Michael I during a trip in Italy (winter of 1941). Above all, Helen and her son had no choice but to officially support the dictatorship of Antonescu. Thus, it was Michael I who gave the 1505:

and his 5-year-old grandson succeeded him under the name of Michael I while the Regency Council took over the direction of the country. However, in Romania, Carol retained many supporters (soon nicknamed "Carlists") and the

2351:

Head of a Madonna engraved with a dentist's drill by the princess Elena of Greece on an ivory billiard ball. Signed "E 1944". This is a gift to the painter Leonardo Cominotto from the princess herself. Sinaia, Romania –

1627:, which she used as her main residence. In this large house, that she renamed Villa Sparta, the princess received the visit of her sisters Irene and Katherine and her brother Paul, who remained with Helen on long stays. 1346:, and by 1919 the health of King Constantine I was deteriorating once again. Worried about the future of her father, Helen asked for her husband's permission to return to Greece. The couple and their child thus left for 1358:, Helen remained with her parents until April, when she returned to Romania, bringing her sister Irene. By that time, the crown prince had resumed his affair with his former mistress, the actress Mirella Marcovici. 1966:

did not immediately recognize the reversal of Romania and the Soviets entered the capital on 31 August 1944. An armistice was finally signed with Moscow on 12 September 1944, which forced the kingdom to accept the

1055:, the king agreed and went into exile, but without formally abdicating. The Allies did not wish to establish a Republic in Greece, so one of the members of the royal family had to stay and succeed him. Because the 6586: 2472:

Queen Helen's correspondence with the Romanian diplomat George I. Duca between 1940 and 1982 is preserved in the "George I. Duca Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA).

958: 1464:, replaced after his death in 1929 by Constantine Sărățeanu. Despite this, Helen continued to hope for the return of her husband and obstinately refused requests for a divorce that he sent to her from abroad. 1475:

in Fiesole. The princess took advantage of her stay in Italy and to try to arrange for an encounter with her husband but, having initially accepted to see her, Carol canceled the meeting at the last minute.

1572:, Helen and Michael stayed at Peleș Castle. Each day, the family gathered for tea and, on 20 July, Carol II and Helen appeared publicly together on the occasion of a ceremony in memory of King Ferdinand I. 1447:

On 4 January 1926, the Romanian Parliament ratified the acceptance of Carol's renunciation and a royal ordinance was issued giving Helen the title princess of Romania; in addition, she was included in the

1027:

Despite these difficulties, Constantine I refused to change his policies and was faced with the increasingly clear opposition of the Triple Entente and Venizelists. Thus, on 1 December 1916 the so-called

2014:

in the ballroom of the Royal Palace, which served not less than 11,000 meals to children in the capital over the next three months. Finally, despite Moscow's opposition, the queen mother sent aid to

1287:, where the pomp and protocol of the Court both impressed and bored her at the same time. The couple then took up residence at the Foișor, an elegant Swiss-style chalet built in the surroundings of 2102:, one of the most prestigious Soviet military orders. Still, the Sovietization of the kingdom was accelerated. The purge of "fascist" personalities continued while censorship was strengthened. A 1452:, a privilege previously reserved to the sovereign and the heir to the throne. After King Ferdinand I was diagnosed with cancer, a Regency Council was also formed during Michael's minority with 1393:

wife's family, Carol also was hurt by Helen's attitude because she refused to fulfil her marital duties. Jealous, the crown prince suspected that his wife had begun an affair with the charming

1366:

of the monarchy. Like many women of her rank, Helen was also interested in social works. Nevertheless, she continued to be worried for her family, and even visited her sister Irene, her aunt

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After trying to convince her husband to go to Bucharest, Helen gradually changed her attitude towards him. Anxious to preserve the rights of her son and probably convinced by Prime Minister

2438:

in recognition for her actions during World War II towards Romanian Jews, several thousands of whom she managed to save from 1941 to 1944. The announcement was made to the royal family by

1525:

After the Regency Council failed to govern the country, Carol appeared increasingly as a providential man who could solve the problems of Romania. Still, his supporters (as Prime Minister

1258:

on 10 March 1921. Being the first Greek princess to marry in Athens, Helen wore the Romanian 'Greek Key' tiara, a gift from her mother-in-law. The newlyweds then spent their honeymoon in

311: 6579: 6426: 5965: 2158:(Helen's first-cousin) on 20 November 1947, Michael I and his mother were provided with an opportunity to travel together abroad. During this stay, the king fell in love with Princess 1378: 1307:, was born on 25 October 1921; the childbirth was difficult and required surgery. The ordeal significantly weakened Helen, and the doctors forbade her from having a second pregnancy. 5088: 1807:

Despite these few attempts of emancipation, Helen and her son spent most of the conflict playing as hosts of the German officers passing through Bucharest. The queen mother even met

1549:

When he came to power, Carol II initially refused to see Helen though he expressed his desire to meet his son, demoted to the rank of heir-apparent to the throne with the title of

1172:

Elizabeth, who, despite her initial reticence, finally decided to accept. Pleased with the union, the Queen of Romania then invited her future son-in-law and his sisters Helen and

1024:

special impact on Princess Helen, who was very close to her father: impressed by his recovery, she developed a deep religiosity, a trait that she would retain throughout her life.

864:

from the jealousy that could stem from his friendship with some soldiers. But the reality was quite different: the officers blamed Constantine for the defeat of Greece against the

3149:

and Jean-Paul Besse, Princess Ileana wanted to take advantage of her links with the Communists to overthrow Michael I and replace him with her own son, Archduke Stefan of Austria.

7120: 1878:(23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) and the losses incurred by the Romanian side that finally forced Michael I to organize around him a resistance against the dictatorship of the 1717: 744: 946:

broke out in June 1913. Once again, Greece emerged victorious from the conflict, allowing it to significantly expand its territory, which grew by 68% after the signing of the

6572: 6503: 6039: 875:

The situation was so tense that the sons of George I were finally forced to resign from their military posts to save their father from the shame of their being expelled. The

2067:

to intervene on his behalf led the sovereign to consider abdication but he abandoned the idea on the advice of representatives of the two major democratic political forces,

1200:, they were a central part of the celebrations for the return of Crown Prince Carol to his country (10 October) and the announcement of the engagement of Elisabeth with the 1228:

The Greek royal family in 1921. From left to right: Princess Irene, Queen Sophia, King Constantine I, Crown Princess Helen, Crown Prince Carol of Romania, and Prince Paul.

1929:

in Bessarabia and the American bombing over Bucharest forced the king, despite everything, to break with the regime of Antonescu. On 23 August 1944 Michael I organized a

1100:

and took the road to exile. This was the last time that Helen saw her favorite brother. In fact, on their return to power, the Venizelists prohibited any contact between

7130: 7095: 766:

Greek Royal Family in 1914. King Constantine I and Queen Sophia surrounded by their five older children (from left to right): Paul, Alexander, George, Helen and Irene.

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Placed under house arrest, he was handed to the Soviets who kept him in prison for two years. Finally returned to Romania, he was judged and executed on 1 June 1946.

1776:

excluded the king and his mother from political responsibility and didn't even bother to warn them of his decision to declare war on the Soviet Union in June 1941.

6980: 6952: 688: 654: 3054:

According to Ivor Porter, the change of Helen was partly due to Carol's letter to her family where he accuses his wife to have had a lover before their marriage.

796:

Helen spent most of her childhood in the Greek capital. Every summer, the princess and her family travelled to the Hellenic Mediterranean aboard the royal yacht

467:

along with most members of the royal family, Helen then spent several months caring for her father, plagued by disease and depression. In 1920, the princess met

7105: 7000: 6985: 1135:

However, the officer who escorted the king in the French capital refused to pass along either her communications or those of other members of the royal family.

718: 693: 683: 482:

The situation of her family, however, continued to worry Helen, who made several trips abroad to visit her parents when they did not simply reside with her in

304: 2134:

The year 1946 was marked by the strengthening of the Communist dictatorship, despite active resistance of the sovereign. After several months of waiting, the

7160: 7016: 6965: 6960: 6536: 6056: 2658: 2106:

was also implemented, causing a drop in production which ruined agricultural exports. The king, however, managed to temporarily prevent the establishment of

708: 668: 663: 542:, the king and his mother were cautious in their dealings with the fascist regime. They did not show their opposition to the participation of Romania in the 3045:. This anti-constitutional marriage was then broken by the Romanian justice and Carol had to give up his wife to resume his functions as heir to the throne. 1767:

Eager to obtain the favor of the new sovereign (and some legitimation to his dictatorship), Antonescu granted Helen the title of "Queen Mother of Romania" (

6995: 6104: 5573: 1208:, who was the mother of the queen of Romania. The very next day, another message arrived informing the Greek princes that Alexander I had suddenly died in 713: 444: 6325: 6236: 6210: 2258:

had been extremely reluctant to grant consent because, for dynastic reasons, the couple's children would have to be raised in Michael I's religion. After

7110: 7100: 6990: 6975: 6660: 5862: 1205: 997: 702: 678: 6335: 2094:

Satisfied with this appointment, the Soviet authorities were more conciliatory with Romania. On 13 March 1945 Moscow transferred the administration of

7115: 6970: 6401: 5935: 1937:, who was imprisoned. In the process, the king and his new government declared war on the Axis powers and asked the Romanian forces not to resist the 1615:

In November 1931, Helen left Romania for Germany, where she went to the bedside of her mother, the Dowager Queen Sophia of Greece, seriously ill with

737: 673: 1760:, Carol II became increasingly unpopular and finally was forced to abdicate on 6 September 1940. His son Michael, aged 18, became king while General 793:

failed to correctly pronounce the English word "sister". Growing up, Helen developed a special affection for Alexander, only three years her senior.

7125: 7065: 6421: 6411: 6396: 6345: 6148: 6012: 5959: 5947: 5929: 5885: 2140: 1040:. After hearing the gunshots and worried for the life of her father, the princess ran to the gardens of the royal palace but was saved by the royal 519: 297: 285: 7085: 6231: 1668:, which had always been welcoming to the Greek royal family during its exile. The Greek princesses also used their connections to find a wife for 974:. He considered that his country was not yet ready to participate in a new conflict after the Balkan Wars. But, educated in Germany and linked to 503:

in 1930 and be acclaimed as king. Soon, the new ruler forced his ex-wife into exile and only authorized her to see their son two months per year.

1377:, and to go into exile. Without any real power and dominated by the revolutionaries, after a failed coup of a pro-royalist group (the so-called 6431: 6381: 5971: 5648: 2505: 2088: 2047: 2003: 1507: 2162:, with whom he became engaged much to Helen's delight. This trip was also an opportunity for the queen mother to place two small paintings of 6678: 6498: 6436: 6416: 6376: 6033: 5977: 5953: 5685: 2418: 6482: 6350: 6304: 6283: 6194: 6143: 6006: 5891: 2716: 1367: 730: 1926: 1204:(12 October). The stay of the Greek princes, however, was brief. On 24 October, a telegram arrived which announced the death in Zurich of 6406: 5941: 3077: 2015: 1518: 630: 2289:, despite official protests from the Romanian government. The wedding was finally celebrated in the Greek capital on 10 June 1948 with 7050: 7045: 6257: 6252: 5711: 2235: 698: 7060: 7055: 6178: 5765: 5496: 2211: 1467:

In June 1926, shortly before the death of her father-in-law, Helen went to Italy to attend the funeral of her paternal grandmother,

2369:, with whom she shared a love of art and plants. At one point, the Scandinavian sovereign asked her to marry him, but she refused. 6391: 5923: 5779: 3025: 2155: 1910: 1342:

In the meantime, the political situation was deteriorating in Greece. The Hellenic Kingdom endured a period of unrest during the

1255: 1173: 515: 280: 2453:

would be moved to the new Archdiocesan and Royal Cathedral, along with those of Queen Mother Helen. In addition, the remains of

2131:

these betrayals, Helen, in turn, encouraged fewer meetings with Soviet officials and worried every day for the life of her son.

1343: 7070: 6595: 6138: 6097: 2838: 2259: 1696: 1679:

to arrange an encounter between her and their brother. Their good efforts paid off and Frederica quickly fell in love with the

1295:. It was there that the crown princess gave birth after only seven and a half months after her wedding. Her only child, Prince 2413:

in 1981. Helen, queen mother of Romania, died one year later on 28 November 1982, aged 86. She was buried without pomp in the

1835: 1664:

In Fiesole, the life of Helen and her sisters was relatively retired, even though they were frequently visited by the Italian

934:

After these events, Helen spent long weeks touring Greece, of which she previously only knew the main towns and the island of

7080: 6653: 5855: 5808: 5751: 5725: 2271: 2250:

Added to this, the most serious difficulties were related to religion. Being a Roman Catholic, Princess Anne had to obtain a

2135: 1785: 1646: 986:. The king quickly fell out with his Prime Minister Venizelos, who was convinced of the need to support the countries of the 582: 139: 2107: 2464:

Queen Mother Helen of Romania was reburied at the New Episcopal and Royal Cathedral in Curtea de Argeș on 19 October 2019.

7135: 7075: 6524: 6467: 6457: 6262: 6113: 3124: 2806: 2684: 2365:, had settled in the region of Florence. From 1968 to 1973, Helen had a romantic relationship with the twice-widower King 2317: 2309: 2222:

in his intrigues. These concerns did not prevent Michael I and his mother from undertaking several political trips to the

2202: 1780:

his talks and pushed him to oppose Antonescu when she deemed that his policies endangered the crown. Alerted by the Rabbi

1468: 1440:, categorically opposed. The head of government even accelerated the exclusion procedures by summoning both Houses of the 6747: 6519: 6355: 6330: 6278: 6017: 5871: 3094: 2263: 1968: 1918: 1883: 1789: 1394: 1004:. Central Greece was occupied by the allied forces and the country was soon in the middle of a civil war, the so-called 555: 432: 2196:

monarchy. Their plan did not work, so Prime Minister Petru Groza and General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party

1709: 7140: 6669: 6530: 6371: 6226: 2434: 1849:, the counselor for Jewish Affairs at the German legation in Bucharest in a report sent to Berlin on 30 October 1942: 605: 424: 2084: 1830:

In the fall of 1942, Helen played a major role in stopping Antonescu from his plans to deport all of the Jews of the

1530: 1437: 1254:

George with Elisabeth of Romania (27 February 1921) before returning to Athens to celebrate their own wedding in the

996:. In October 1916, Venizelos, protected by the Entente countries, and in particular by the French Republic, formed a 820:

environment, among a cohort of British tutors and governesses, including Miss Nichols, who took special care of her.

5596: 1882:. During an official speech on 1 January 1943, the sovereign publicly condemned the participation of Romania in the 615: 6462: 6340: 6153: 6090: 2219: 2147: 1517:, the princess requested a divorce, which she easily obtained. On 21 June 1928, the marriage was dissolved by the 1457: 1453: 1164: 975: 947: 492: 1704:

In Tuscany, Helen found real stability, despite the absence of her son most of the year. However, the outbreak of

1032:

took place where the Allied soldiers fought against Greek reservists in Athens and the French fleet bombarded the

7165: 7012: 6822: 6646: 6309: 5848: 5630: 3064: 2780: 2366: 2313: 1906: 1430: 1355: 351: 5545: 1051:, the Allied High Commissioner in Greece, asked the king for his abdication. Under the threat of an invasion in 486:. In doing this, she distanced herself from her husband, whose multiple affairs ended when he fell in love with 471:, who quickly asked her hand in marriage. Despite the bad reputation of the prince, Helen accepted and moved to 7145: 6123: 5830: 5601: 5567: 5452: 3021: 2926: 2454: 2357: 2251: 2215: 2127: 2039: 1991: 1575:

In August 1930, the government presented a decree to Carol II for his signature officially confirming Helen as

1561: 1557:

showed coldness but she had no other alternative than to offer him her friendship for the sake of their child.

1232: 901: 869: 801: 586: 238: 5902: 7155: 6722: 6477: 6472: 6000: 5994: 2622: 2538: 2329: 2274:, who forbade the members of his family to attend the royal wedding under threat of being excluded from the 1304: 774: 248: 215: 195: 2405:

Becoming too old to live alone, Helen finally left Fiesole in 1979. She then moved to a small apartment in

6073: 5820: 2900: 2596: 2333: 2275: 2197: 1963: 1930: 1867: 1812: 1498: 1350:

at the end of January 1922. But while Carol left Greece in February to attend the betrothal of his sister

1275: 979: 942:

and the various battlefields of the First Balkan War. However, this period of calm was short-lived as the

227: 185: 5758:

La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa

6932: 2489: 2414: 2159: 1902: 1871: 1824: 1721: 1441: 1101: 1071: 983: 904: 880: 790: 460: 456: 107: 2002:. In this difficult context, Helen had the joy of learning that her sister Irene and her little nephew 1811:

twice: firstly informally, with her sister Irene, to discuss the fate of Greece and Romania within the

1433: 530:

in 1935. The outbreak of World War II, the deposition of Carol II and the subsequent dismemberment of

7040: 7035: 6882: 6827: 6752: 6564: 6299: 3146: 2290: 2262:, father of the bride, failed in his negotiations with the Vatican, Helen decided to go to Rome with 2080: 1987: 1875: 1863: 1797: 1676: 1588: 1494: 1444:

to register the act of renunciation and appoint little Prince Michael as the new heir to the throne.

1422: 1296: 1156: 879:

also decided to leave Greece with his wife and children. For several months, the family moved to the

837: 809: 590: 543: 534:

in 1940, however, brought Helen back to be with her son in Bucharest. Subject to the dictatorship of

476: 400: 173: 2278:. Once again, the queen mother tried to mediate, this time with Anne's family, but without success. 1405: 5523: 2450: 2439: 2374: 2325: 1995: 1781: 1737: 1729: 1584: 1374: 1370:

and her Greek cousins in an futile attempt to console herself about the remoteness of her parents.

1351: 1311: 1160: 1059: 889:

in Germany. It was the first of many times that the 14-year-old Helen would have to go into exile.

468: 265: 260: 2339: 1310:

Once Helen had recovered, in December 1921 the couple moved to Bucharest, in a large villa at the

48: 6832: 6797: 6707: 2564: 2114: 2083:, as the new head of a government which had no association with any representative of either the 1839: 1193: 939: 912: 886: 853: 808:. From the age of 8, Helen began to spend part of the summer in Great Britain, in the regions of 786: 640: 527: 6867: 6852: 6163: 2051: 1429:

and proposed to her in-laws that she herself take a trip to meet with her husband. However, the

931:

on 18 March 1913 and Helen's father succeeded him on the Hellenic throne as King Constantine I.

121: 1630: 1283:

Upon her return to Romania, Helen was already pregnant. She spent some time with Carol at the

1224: 1062:

was also considered pro-German like his father, they wanted someone considered malleable, as a

491:

of Romania" in 1927, as her son Michael ascended to the throne under the regency of his uncle

341: 6887: 6762: 6697: 6606: 5804: 5775: 5761: 5747: 5721: 5707: 5681: 5492: 3111: 2864: 1959: 1801: 1741: 1461: 1300: 1197: 943: 845: 778: 762: 577:

political life. In March 1945, the king was forced to accept a communist government headed by

547: 436: 388: 205: 168: 79: 17: 3114:

against Italy and the Nazi Germany appeared as a possible mediator between the two countries.

2409:, located 45 minutes from the residence of Michael I and Anne, before moving in with them at 1866:

further damaged the relations between Antonescu and the royal family, who disapproved of the

1373:

In September 1922, a military coup forced King Constantine I to abdicate in favor of his son

860:, asked the king to dismiss his son from military posts. Officially, this was to protect the 6927: 6892: 6847: 6837: 6812: 6807: 6757: 6611: 5673: 2493: 2422: 2282: 2119: 2099: 2068: 2056: 2043: 1983: 1733: 1675:, who remained single. In 1935, they took advantage of the presence in Florence of Princess 1514: 1284: 1152: 1033: 908: 71: 5669: 5509: 1788:

and Antonescu to convince them to halt the deportations, being supported in her efforts by

1011:

Weakened by all these tensions, Constantine I became seriously ill in 1915. Suffering from

459:

in 1917 permanently marked her and also separated her from her favorite brother, the young

6942: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6857: 6842: 6737: 6616: 3067:

who mediated between the couple in 1931 but Princess Elisabeth took over the task in 1932.

2361:

A regular guest of the British Consulate, she also frequented the intellectuals who, like

1752:. Unable to maintain the territorial integrity of his country and under pressure from the 1745: 1595:

to buy a home abroad and in addition she obtained an annual pension of seven million lei.

1087: 1048: 1005: 971: 857: 833: 531: 415: 1971:. A climate of uncertainty swept the country while the Red Army increased their demands. 1502: 1288: 844:

On 28 August 1909 a group of Greek officers, known as the "Military League", organized a

2179: 1921:(25 July 1943), proved to Michael I and his mother just how dangerous opposition to the 6922: 6792: 5733:

Helen, Queen Mother of Rumania, Princess of Greece and Denmark: An Authorized Biography

5608: 3098: 2958: 2223: 2126:. The resistance of the monarch, however, was not supported by the West, who after the 2064: 2050:(offshoot of the Communist Party), the king needed to build a new government and named 1846: 1784:

about the anti-Jewish persecutions, Helen personally appealed to the German ambassador

1672: 1665: 1603: 1418: 1186: 1041: 987: 865: 523: 376: 275: 5566: 2397: 896:

and Constantine and his family were allowed to return to their homeland. In 1911, the

7029: 6877: 6872: 6772: 6702: 6692: 5562: 2267: 2231: 2060: 1761: 1560:

In the following weeks, Helen suffered the combined pressures of politicians and the

1490: 1414: 1242: 1182: 856:, Helen's grandfather. While declaring to be monarchists, the League members, led by 805: 635: 625: 535: 487: 2457:

would also be moved to the new cathedral. His remains are currently interred at the

2098:

to Bucharest. A few months later, on 19 July 1945, Michael I was decorated with the

1143: 6937: 6897: 6862: 6787: 6777: 6742: 6452: 5739: 2362: 2336:(1962) and the events organized to mark the centenary of the Greek dynasty (1963). 2151: 2095: 2011: 1955: 1945: 1887: 1757: 1713: 1705: 1592: 1063: 1001: 928: 924: 771: 570: 539: 499:

was complicated and Carol took advantage of the increased instability to return to

411: 396: 2356:

Despite this, Helen's life was not solely devoted to her family. Passionate about

1893: 1634:

Princess Helen and her son Crown Prince Michael during their visit in London, 1932

978:(who was his brother-in-law), Constantine I was quickly accused of supporting the 1982:. Back in Bucharest on 10 September 1944, the king and his mother moved into the 1720:

on 26 June 1940, and a few weeks later, the country was also forced to surrender

1262:, where they remained for two months before returning to Romania, on 8 May 1921. 927:. It was also at the end of this conflict that King George I was assassinated in 6767: 3038: 2458: 2382: 2103: 2076: 2072: 2030: 1922: 1772: 1749: 1526: 1326: 1128: 992: 967: 578: 551: 464: 452: 115: 1413:

In the summer of 1924, Carol met Elena Lupescu (better known under the name of

1196:

George, Helen and Irene were received with pomp by the royal family. Housed at

6802: 6712: 6638: 5834: 5458: 1820: 1753: 1641: 1552: 1541: 1449: 1382: 1334: 1116: 1108: 1029: 849: 828: 817: 813: 645: 6817: 1914: 1177: 1016: 500: 483: 419: 404: 6122:

Generations are numbered from the implementation of hereditary monarchy by

1120: 1978:

at the time of the royal coup d'état, Helen found her son the next day at

1764:

established a dictatorship with the support of members of the Iron Guard.

1115:, Helen and her family settled in Switzerland, mainly among the cities of 5605:(in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 487–489 2406: 2386: 2255: 2163: 1938: 1771:) with the style "Her Majesty" on 8 September 1940 and sent the diplomat 1658: 1362: 1037: 1012: 566: 559: 111: 95: 1389:, where she remained until the death of her father, on 11 January 1923. 5625: 2484: 2410: 1979: 1725: 1624: 1620: 1608: 1386: 1124: 1052: 574: 511: 507: 496: 472: 448: 356: 180: 125: 6253:

Princess Louise, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg

2347: 970:, King Constantine I first sought to maintain Greece in a position of 3042: 2443: 2429: 2378: 2286: 2227: 2123: 2019: 1999: 1975: 1808: 1616: 1565: 1347: 1292: 1209: 1097: 916: 893: 782: 440: 75: 6082: 5840: 1167:. Worried about the future of her eldest and still single son, the 892:

After much tension, the political situation eventually subsided in

550:

against Antonescu on 23 August 1944 and Romania turned against the

2396: 2346: 2338: 2186: 2178: 2118:

acts of the government. With his mother, he locked himself in the

2029: 1892: 1695: 1629: 1602: 1540: 1501:, whose health declined rapidly. The king died on 20 July 1927 at 1421:

to represent the royal family at the funeral of the Dowager Queen

1404: 1333: 1325: 1274: 1259: 1231: 1223: 1142: 1112: 1086: 1074:, was chosen by Venizelos and the Triple Entente as the new king. 1036:. On this occasion, Helen was nearly killed by a gunfire from the 1020: 957: 935: 920: 827: 761: 526:, who stayed with her intermittently until the restoration of the 1489:

In the spring of 1927, Queen Marie made an official visit to the

1279:

Helen, Crown Princess of Romania and her son Prince Michael, 1922

5718:

Born to Rule : Granddaughters of Victoria, Queens of Europe

5454:

The Righteous Among The Nations – Elena, Queen Mother of Romania

2187: 1619:. After her death on 13 January 1932, Helen bought her house in 789:. From birth, she received the nickname "Sitta" as her brother 407: 403:(1940–1947). She was noted for her humanitarian efforts to save 6642: 6568: 6284:

Vilhelmine, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

6086: 5844: 5825: 5772:

The Last Romantic : A Biography of Queen Marie of Roumania

2401:

Former grave of Helen, Queen Mother of Romania, at Bois-de-Vaux

1436:, who despised the crown prince because of his sympathy to the 1181:

which he had undertaken in order to forget his morganatic wife

1066:

of Constantine I's enemies. Finally the younger brother of the

546:

and the deportation of Jews. Finally, King Michael organized a

2389:

paintings that she had brought with her from Romania in 1947.

1941:, which nevertheless continued its invasion into the country. 1819:

the title of Marshal (21 August 1941) after the reconquest of

911:

broke out, which allowed Greece to annex large territories in

6553:

Not Danish princess by birth, but created princess of Denmark

5678:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

2281:

Helen had better luck with her own family. Her brother, King

1579:

The king, however, crossed this out and declared Helen to be

3041:, Carol deserted the Romanian army to marry his mistress in 1236:

Crown Princess Helen and Crown Prince Carol of Romania, 1921

340: 237: 6300:

Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India

5577:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1151:

In 1920, the Greek exiles were visited in Lucerne by Queen

6310:

Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover and Duchess of Cumberland

3076:

Paul was sixteen years older than Frederica, whose mother

2428:

Eleven years after her death, in March 1993, the State of

2170:

Abolition of the Romanian monarchy and Michael I's wedding

1905:(28 August 1943) and the successive arrests of princesses 1708:

again disrupted her daily routine. In accordance with the

938:. With her father and brother Alexander, she travelled in 594:

1979 and died three years later with her son at her side.

3329:

The major international treaties of the twentieth century

1862:

From 1941, the participation of the Romanian army in the

3331:, London, Taylor & Francis 2001, 3rd edition, p. 50. 1744:, 7 September 1940); these territorial losses ended the 6432:

Cecilie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine

5972:

Cecilie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine

5802:

Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863–1974

5510:"Remains of Queen Mother Helen brought back to Romania" 5090:

Royal Collection: Seating plan for the Ball Supper Room

1901:

Over the next few months, the suspicious death of Tsar

506:

In these circumstances, Helen moved to Villa Sparta at

2449:

In January 2018, it was announced that the remains of

475:, where she soon gave birth to their only son, Prince 6556:

Princesses that lost their title are shown in italics

5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 2175:

Deposition of Michael I and the first months of exile

1962:, 29 December 1944 – 13 February 1945). However, the 1792:. For his part, the king vigorously protested to the 514:. Always close to her family, she hosted her sisters 6305:(Dagmar) Empress Maria Feodorovna of All the Russias 6258:

Juliana, Landgravine of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld

6951: 6730: 6685: 6512: 6491: 6445: 6412:

Princess Elizabeth, Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach

6364: 6318: 6292: 6271: 6245: 6219: 6203: 6187: 6171: 6131: 6049: 6026: 5987: 5948:

Princess Elizabeth, Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach

5910: 5878: 5653:

Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia

5557: 5555: 1700:

Standard of the queen mother of Romania (1941–1947)

1338:

Queen Maria of Yugoslavia, born princess of Romania

836:, figurehead leader of the Goudi coup. Portrait by 362: 350: 326: 211: 201: 191: 179: 167: 133: 102: 85: 58: 34: 6596:Romanian queens consort and princesses by marriage 6458:Benedikte, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 6382:Princess Alexandrine, Countess of Castell-Castell 5353:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 202–203 and 212. 5296:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 122–123 and 419. 5177:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 192–193 and 202. 2191:King Michael I at the time of his abdication, 1947 1493:. During her absence, Helen and her sister-in-law 7091:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania) 5489:The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust 4614:Review of The History of the Holocaust in Romania 1886:, triggering the wrath of both Antonescu and the 6377:Hereditary Princess Caroline-Mathilde of Denmark 4260:"Princess Helen of Rumania, Settlement Signed", 4095:"Prince Carol, Divorce Proceedings in Rumania", 1649:if Carol II did not allow her to see their son. 5398:Porter 2005, p. 212, 222, 223, 225 and 229–230. 2242:Marriage of Michael I and Anne of Bourbon-Parma 1409:Crown Prince Carol of Romania and Magda Lupescu 1804:, president of the Romanian Jewish community. 1692:World War II and the dictatorship of Antonescu 6654: 6580: 6144:Frederica Amalia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 6098: 5856: 5643: 5641: 5619: 5617: 5371:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 143 and 155. 5313: 5311: 5220: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5110: 5108: 4482: 4480: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4107: 4105: 3544:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 183 and 195. 3024:and Queen Marie of Romania was a daughter of 2212:Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2038:With the Soviet occupation, the staff of the 1718:cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to them 738: 569:period was marked by the interference of the 305: 120:The New Archbishopric and Royal Cathedral in 8: 7121:Eastern Orthodox Righteous Among the Nations 7017:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 6346:Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia 5787:Michael of Romania. The King and the Country 3790: 3788: 3733: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3639: 3637: 2659:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia 2166:from the royal collections in a Swiss bank. 2006:were alive, although still in German hands. 6422:Margarita, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 6331:Princess Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland 5960:Margarita, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 5526:. Hoover Institution Library & Archives 5326:Porter 2005, p. 204, 207, 213, 221 and 223. 3678: 3676: 3465: 3463: 3200: 3198: 2685:Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia 2285:, offered to organize Michael's wedding in 2075:. On 6 March 1945 Michael I finally called 900:was restored in his military duties by the 6661: 6647: 6639: 6587: 6573: 6565: 6105: 6091: 6083: 5978:Sophie, Princess George William of Hanover 5863: 5849: 5841: 4558:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 480–481. 4335: 4333: 3893:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 199–200. 3618: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3495: 3493: 3230: 3228: 2519: 2510: 2294:having written to him about the marriage. 2110:and the restoration of the death penalty. 1944:In retaliation against this betrayal, the 1480:First reign of Michael I and Italian exile 1155:(Sophia's first cousin) and her daughters 1139:Meeting with Crown Prince Carol of Romania 962:Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos 745: 731: 601: 323: 312: 298: 222: 47: 31: 6402:Princess Eugénie, Duchess of Castel Duino 5936:Princess Eugénie, Duchess of Castel Duino 5756:Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004), 5664: 5662: 5016:Besse 2010, pp. 117–118, 129–132 and 158. 4429:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 99–102. 3251: 3249: 3188: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3020:Queen Sophia of Greece was a daughter of 2490:House of Hohenzollern-Signaringen-Romania 395:; 2 May 1896 – 28 November 1982) was the 6351:Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia 6149:Wilhelmine Ernestine, Electress Palatine 5744:Le Roi trahi : Carol II de Roumanie 4620:, Vol. 27, Issue 3, August 2013, p. 505. 3367:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 87–88. 2839:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 2514:Ancestors of Helen of Greece and Denmark 2492:: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the 2236:representatives of the Romanian diaspora 1510:began to fear the return of the Prince. 1206:the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 554:; however, the country was, in the end, 414:, which led to her being awarded by the 7131:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 7096:Recipients of the Military Virtue Medal 6279:Hereditary Princess Caroline of Denmark 6232:Wilhelmina Caroline, Electress of Hesse 5568:"George I., King of the Hellenes" 3161: 3013: 2143:, with British Major Richard Brandram. 1537:Impossible reconciliation with Carol II 1044:which took her back inside the palace. 770:The third child and eldest daughter of 653: 604: 455:and the overthrow of her father by the 399:of Romania during the reign of her son 247: 225: 6211:Louise, Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen 4827:Porter 2005, p. 130, 132, 137 and 140. 3028:, the German Empress' younger brother. 2901:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 2880: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2638: 2528: 2524: 2506:Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark 1611:, where Helen lived more than 30 years 1361:In June 1922, Carol and Helen went to 1147:Crown Prince Carol of Romania, c. 1915 824:From the Goudi coup to the Balkan Wars 495:. However, the political situation in 6679:Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust 5680:, London: Little, Brown, p. 34, 5478:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 481. 5389:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 203. 4881:Porter 2005, p. 130, 132–133 and 166. 4665:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 478. 4576:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 206. 4513:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 201. 4447:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 187. 4411:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 205. 4023:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 200. 3794:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 199. 3737:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 198. 3643:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 196. 3421:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 183. 3123:Princess Mafalda was deported to the 2956: 2946: 2942: 2930: 2924: 2914: 2898: 2888: 2884: 2868: 2862: 2852: 2836: 2826: 2822: 2810: 2804: 2794: 2778: 2768: 2764: 2740: 2730: 2714: 2704: 2700: 2688: 2682: 2672: 2656: 2646: 2642: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2594: 2584: 2580: 2568: 2562: 2552: 2536: 2532: 1395:Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta 1379:Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état 816:. The princess grew up in a strongly 785:during the reign of her grandfather, 581:while the following year, the rigged 7: 7151:Burials at Curtea de Argeş Cathedral 7106:Romanian Righteous Among the Nations 6372:Princess Feodora of Schaumburg-Lippe 6263:Louise, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel 5774:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History 4420:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 99. 4318:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 92. 3469:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 90. 3204:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 194 3022:Victoria, Dowager Empress of Germany 2743:Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark 2717:Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg 2417:and the funerals were celebrated by 2343:King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, 1962 2234:to meet with government leaders and 1858:Coup of Michael I and end of the war 1800:and notably obtained the release of 7161:Children of Constantine I of Greece 6326:Princess Louise of Schaumburg-Lippe 6237:Louise, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel 6013:Princess Alexandra, Mrs. Mirzayantz 4242:Gould Lee 1956, p. 149 and 164–165. 3448:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 113 and 117. 3234:Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 83 3127:, where she died on 27 August 1944. 3097:in 1939, Irene now belonged to the 3078:Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia 3063:According to Ivor Porter, was King 2254:to marry an Orthodox. However, the 2156:Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark 1471:, and moved with her mother to the 1385:on 15 October 1922, Helen left for 6356:Princess Margaret of Bourbon-Parma 6341:Princess Dagmar, Mrs. Castenskiold 5760:, Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros 5731:Gould Lee, Arthur Stanley (1956), 2247:heart, as his father did in 1925. 2122:for six weeks before departing to 1897:King Michael I of Romania, c. 1940 1577:Her Majesty, the Queen of Romania. 1104:and the rest of the royal family. 1078:From exile to the Romanian wedding 982:and wishing for the defeat of the 781:, Helen was born on 2 May 1896 in 25: 7111:Romanian people of German descent 7101:Greek Righteous Among the Nations 6463:Anne-Marie, Queen of the Hellenes 6227:Sophia Magdalena, Queen of Sweden 5942:Olga, Princess Paul of Yugoslavia 5886:Grand Duchess Alexandra of Russia 5833:– description of her activity at 5789:, Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing 5649:"Olga Constantinovna (1851–1926)" 5362:Porter 2005, p. 221, 222 and 223. 5025:Porter 2005, p. 152, 155 and 161. 3983:"Prince Charles's Renunciation", 1401:Abandonment of Crown Prince Carol 286:Princess Katherine, Lady Brandram 7116:Romanian people of Greek descent 6721: 6631:Titular Queen Consort of Romania 6417:Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent 6392:Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta 6162: 6154:Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden 6139:Anna Sophie, Electress of Saxony 5954:Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent 5924:Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta 5901: 5242:Marcou 2002, p. 353–355 and 366. 4728:Porter 2005, p. 111 and 118–120. 4309:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 149–151. 3691:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 126–128. 3652:Marcou 2002, p. 119 and 122–123. 3535:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 121–122. 3487:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 115–116. 3439:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 108–110. 3385:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 102–104. 3145:According to some authors, like 3026:Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh 2483: 2026:Imposition of a communist regime 800:or visited Sophia's mother, the 614: 281:Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta 157: 7126:Members of the Church of Greece 6018:Princess Olga, Duchess of Aosta 5595:Meisner, Heinrich Otto (1961), 4616:by Jean Ancel pp. 502–506 from 3340:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 89–101. 2597:Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel 2152:Elizabeth of the United Kingdom 2018:, where a terrible epidemic of 1992:Prince-Regent Kiril of Bulgaria 1756:, a fascist party supported by 439:, Helen spent her childhood in 153: 7086:Romanian women in World War II 6617:Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma 6473:Alexándra, Queen of Yugoslavia 6387:Helen, Queen Mother of Romania 5995:Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia 5918:Helen, Queen Mother of Romania 5704:Ileana, l'archiduchesse voilée 4618:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3318:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 78–79. 3291:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 72–75. 3264:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 69–70. 3255:Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 68–69. 2959:Victoria of the United Kingdom 2272:Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma 1786:Manfred Freiherr von Killinger 1647:International Court of Justice 1545:King Carol II of Romania, 1930 1330:King Alexander I of Yugoslavia 1131:and again was close to death. 1091:Alexander I of Greece, c. 1917 598:Princess of Greece and Denmark 585:confirmed the hegemony of the 469:Carol, Crown Prince of Romania 333:Helen, Queen Mother of Romania 271:Helen, Queen Mother of Romania 140:Carol, Crown Prince of Romania 18:Helen, Queen Mother of Romania 1: 7011:Related articles by country: 6499:Princess Alexía, Mrs. Morales 6427:Theodora, Margravine of Baden 5966:Theodora, Margravine of Baden 5892:Grand Duchess Maria of Russia 5624:Bricka, Carl Frederik (ed.). 3125:Buchenwald concentration camp 2807:Frederick III, German Emperor 2425:Metropolitan of Switzerland. 2393:Life in Switzerland and death 2373:him to find jobs, first as a 7066:House of Glücksburg (Greece) 6748:Princess Alice of Battenberg 6034:Princess Alexia, Mrs Morales 5800:Van der Kiste, John (1994), 5425:Porter 2005, p. 225 and 227. 5380:Porter 2005, p. 227 and 229. 5233:Porter 2005, p. 193 and 195. 5070:Porter 2005, p. 164 and 168. 4845:Porter 2005, p. 121 and 126. 4366:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 164–165. 4291:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 166–167. 4224:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 139–141. 4086:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 119–121. 4032:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 115–116. 3974:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 112–113. 3589:Marcou 2002, p. 115 and 117. 3526:Marcou 2002, p. 112 and 122. 3095:Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta 2264:Princess Margaret of Denmark 2260:Prince René of Bourbon-Parma 1919:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 1884:war against the Soviet Union 1864:invasion of the Soviet Union 1568:but while Carol II moved to 1469:Dowager Queen Olga of Greece 1246:in Zürich in November 1920. 852:) against the government of 544:invasion of the Soviet Union 433:King Constantine I of Greece 6783:Helen of Greece and Denmark 6670:Righteous Among the Nations 6627:Princess Consort of Romania 6612:Princess Marie of Edinburgh 6407:Princess Olga of Yugoslavia 6069:*also a princess of Denmark 5831:Helen of Greece and Denmark 5634:. Vol. 5. p. 593. 5491:(Owl Books, 2003), p. 240. 5469:Porter 2005, p. 75 and 249. 4737:Porter 2005, p. 63 and 120. 4674:Porter 2005, p. 86 and 134. 4438:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 154. 4339:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 151. 3580:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 122. 3517:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 117. 3457:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 115. 3412:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 107. 3403:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 106. 3110:At the time, Greece was in 2435:Righteous Among the Nations 1836:German death camp of Bełżec 1303:, the first unifier of the 1212:, following a monkey bite. 565:For Helen and her son, the 425:Righteous Among the Nations 373:Helen of Greece and Denmark 53:Photograph by Bassano, 1934 35:Helen of Greece and Denmark 7182: 6437:Princess Sophie of Hanover 6160: 5793:"Queen Helen of Rumania", 4585:Porter 2005, p. 66 and 67. 4567:Porter 2005, p. 70 and 74. 4273:Porter 2005, p. 38 and 39. 3956:Porter 2005, p. 19 and 20. 3670:Gelardi 2006, pp. 296–298. 3661:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 72–74. 3610:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 73–74. 3508:Gelardi 2006, pp. 292–293. 3478:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 58–64. 3430:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 51–57. 3394:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 49–50. 3376:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 37–39. 3358:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 93. 3349:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 35–42. 3309:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 31–32. 3300:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 26–28. 3282:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 70. 3243:Van der Kiste 1994, p. 62. 3213:Gould Lee 1956, pp. 19–20. 3037:In 1918, in the middle of 2874: 2865:Princess Sophie of Prussia 2758: 2632: 2526: 2503: 2377:in Switzerland, then as a 2318:Princess Claude of Orléans 2220:Prince Nicholas of Romania 2203:Romanian People's Republic 2034:Prime Minister Petru Groza 1732:, 30 August 1940) and the 1047:Finally, on 10 June 1917, 7051:20th-century Greek people 7046:19th-century Greek people 7013:Rescue of the Danish Jews 7009: 6823:Aristides de Sousa Mendes 6719: 6676: 6625: 6602: 6545: 6195:Princess Charlotte Amalie 6120: 6066: 5899: 5735:, London: Faber and Faber 5706:, Versailles, Via romana 5702:Besse, Jean-Paul (2010), 5631:Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 5434:Porter 2005, pp. 229–230. 5335:Porter 2005, pp. 206–207. 5305:Porter 2005, pp. 202–211. 5269:Porter 2005, pp. 199–200. 5260:Porter 2005, pp. 198–199. 5251:Porter 2005, pp. 193–198. 5168:Porter 2005, pp. 186–189. 5159:Porter 2005, pp. 178–185. 5132:Porter 2005, pp. 172–173. 5102:Marcou 2002, pp. 352–353. 5043:Porter 2005, pp. 160–161. 5034:Porter 2005, pp. 156–157. 4998:Porter 2005, pp. 153–154. 4971:Porter 2005, pp. 142–143. 4962:Porter 2005, pp. 144–145. 4935:Porter 2005, pp. 140–141. 4917:Porter 2005, pp. 135–141. 4899:Porter 2005, pp. 129–134. 4782:Porter 2005, pp. 114–115. 4773:Porter 2005, pp. 126–127. 4764:Porter 2005, pp. 125–126. 4755:Porter 2005, pp. 118–123. 4746:Porter 2005, pp. 118–120. 4710:Porter 2005, pp. 108–110. 4701:Porter 2005, pp. 158–159. 4486:Marcou 2002, pp. 300–301. 4465:Marcou 2002, pp. 285–296. 4375:Marcou 2002, pp. 193–194. 4282:Marcou 2002, pp. 192–193. 4192:Marcou 2002, pp. 191–192. 4147:Marcou 2002, pp. 184–185. 4129:Pakula 1996, pp. 367–368. 4111:Marcou 2002, pp. 174–175. 4077:Marcou 2002, pp. 170–171. 4059:Marcou 2002, pp. 161–162. 4005:Marcou 2002, pp. 156–157. 3965:Marcou 2002, pp. 143–145. 3947:Marcou 2002, pp. 142–143. 3884:Marcou 2002, pp. 139–140. 3875:Marcou 2002, pp. 138–139. 3857:Marcou 2002, pp. 129–130. 3631:Marcou 2002, pp. 117–119. 3571:Marcou 2002, pp. 109–110. 3562:Marcou 2002, pp. 103–104. 3065:Alexander I of Yugoslavia 2944: 2936: 2908: 2886: 2882: 2846: 2824: 2816: 2788: 2781:William I, German Emperor 2766: 2762: 2724: 2702: 2694: 2666: 2644: 2640: 2604: 2582: 2574: 2546: 2530: 2367:Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden 2328:in 1954, the marriage of 2048:People's Democratic Front 1913:(October 1943) after the 1599:Between scandal and exile 1485:Crown Princess of Romania 1456:as the Head, assisted by 1356:Alexander I of Yugoslavia 1271:Installation in Bucharest 1266:Crown Princess of Romania 990:to fulfill the so-called 589:in the country. Finally, 380: 339: 46: 39: 7061:20th-century Greek women 7056:19th-century Greek women 6629:Queen Consort of Romania 6551:Also princess of Iceland 5602:Neue Deutsche Biographie 5287:Porter 2005, p. 200–201. 5186:Besse 2010, pp. 131–132. 5114:Porter 2005, pp. 170–175 4138:Marcou 2002, pp. 176–178 3773:Pakula 1996, pp. 311–312 3598:Marcou 2002, pp. 117–118 2927:Victoria, Princess Royal 2432:gave Helen the title of 2358:Renaissance architecture 2266:(Anne's mother) to meet 2040:Romanian Communist Party 1998:from regaining power in 1909:(23 September 1943) and 1748:, created at the end of 1587:, and her sister-in-law 1562:Romanian Orthodox Church 1531:National Peasants' Party 1438:National Peasants' Party 1220:Restoration and marriage 802:Dowager Empress Victoria 6549:Also princess of Greece 6547:Also princess of Norway 6397:Lady Katherine Brandram 5930:Lady Katherine Brandram 5797:(30 November 1982): 12. 5770:Pakula, Hannah (1996), 5716:Gelardi, Julia (2006), 5574:Encyclopædia Britannica 5524:"George I. Duca Papers" 4818:Porter 2005, pp. 65–66. 4647:Porter 2005, pp. 81–82. 4594:Porter 2005, pp. 75–76. 4549:Porter 2005, pp. 74–75. 4540:Porter 2005, pp. 64–65. 4522:Porter 2005, pp. 63–64. 4504:Porter 2005, pp. 62–63. 4495:Porter 2005, pp. 61–62. 4474:Porter 2005, pp. 54–59. 4384:Porter 2005, pp. 40–41. 4348:Porter 2005, pp. 39–40. 4327:Gould Lee 1956, p. 169. 4251:Porter 2005, pp. 34–37. 4233:Gould Lee 1956, p. 147. 4201:Gould Lee 1956, p. 139. 4183:Porter 2005, pp. 31–32. 4156:Porter 2005, pp. 28–31. 4050:Gould Lee 1956, p. 117. 3996:Gould Lee 1956, p. 115. 3911:Porter 2005, pp. 17–18. 3848:Porter 2005, pp. 13–14. 3821:Porter 2005, pp. 12–13. 3553:Marcou 2002, pp. 96–99. 2623:Constantine I of Greece 2539:Christian IX of Denmark 2169: 2136:parliamentary elections 1710:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1687:Queen Mother of Romania 1305:Danubian Principalities 435:and his wife, Princess 216:Eastern Orthodox Church 196:Constantine I of Greece 41:Queen Mother of Romania 27:Queen Mother of Romania 7071:Romanian queen mothers 6057:Princess Maria-Olympia 5826:Royal House of Romania 5655:. Gale Research. 2002. 4531:Porter 2005, p. 70–71. 4264:(2 November 1932): 11. 3812:Gould Lee 1956, p. 99. 3782:Gould Lee 1956, p. 92. 3755:Gould Lee 1956, p. 88. 3746:Gould Lee 1956, p. 84. 3709:Gould Lee 1956, p. 83. 3499:Gould Lee 1956, p. 70. 3273:Gould Lee 1956, p. 25. 3222:Gould Lee 1956, p. 21. 3192:Gould Lee 1956, p. 18. 3180:Gould Lee 1956, p. 17. 3168:Gould Lee 1956, p. 15. 3080:, was a cousin of the 2494:Royal Order of Carol I 2442:, then Chief Rabbi of 2402: 2353: 2344: 2334:Juan Carlos I of Spain 2303:Return to Villa Sparta 2276:House of Bourbon-Parma 2198:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2192: 2184: 2183:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2035: 1915:overthrow of Mussolini 1898: 1874:. However, it was the 1855: 1701: 1635: 1612: 1546: 1519:Romanian Supreme Court 1508:National Liberal Party 1410: 1339: 1331: 1280: 1256:Metropolitan Cathedral 1241:marriage of Carol and 1237: 1229: 1148: 1092: 963: 841: 767: 392: 345: 242: 7081:Princesses of Denmark 6933:Johan Hendrik Weidner 6753:Archbishop Damaskinos 6478:Sofía, Queen of Spain 6001:Sofia, Queen of Spain 5821:Royal House of Greece 5785:Porter, Ivor (2005), 3987:(5 January 1926): 11. 3764:Gould Lee 1956, p. 91 3099:Royal Family of Italy 2419:Damaskinos Papandreou 2415:Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery 2400: 2350: 2342: 2332:with the future King 2298:Exile and later years 2291:Archbishop Damaskinos 2190: 2182: 2160:Anne of Bourbon-Parma 2033: 1950:bombed Bucharest and 1927:return of the Soviets 1903:Boris III of Bulgaria 1896: 1851: 1722:Northern Transylvania 1699: 1633: 1606: 1544: 1408: 1337: 1329: 1278: 1235: 1227: 1146: 1090: 961: 905:Eleftherios Venizelos 882:Schloss Friedrichshof 831: 775:Constantine of Greece 765: 461:Alexander I of Greece 344: 241: 108:Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery 7136:Nobility from Athens 7076:Princesses of Greece 6883:Klymentiy Sheptytsky 5443:Porter 2005, p. 230. 5416:Porter 2005, p. 222. 5407:Porter 2005, p. 217. 5344:Porter 2005, p. 229. 5317:Porter 2005, p. 227. 5278:Porter 2005, p. 199. 5224:Porter 2005, p. 201. 5212:Porter 2005, p. 195. 5198:Porter 2005, p. 192. 5150:Marcou 2002, p. 354. 5141:Porter 2005, p. 177. 5123:Marcou 2002, p. 353. 5079:Porter 2005, p. 168. 5061:Porter 2005, p. 166. 5052:Porter 2005, p. 162. 5007:Porter 2005, p. 154. 4989:Porter 2005, p. 148. 4980:Porter 2005, p. 147. 4953:Porter 2005, p. 142. 4944:Porter 2005, p. 141. 4926:Porter 2005, p. 132. 4908:Porter 2005, p. 135. 4890:Porter 2005, p. 127. 4872:Porter 2005, p. 134. 4863:Porter 2005, p. 128. 4854:Porter 2005, p. 130. 4836:Porter 2005, p. 137. 4809:Porter 2005, p. 126. 4800:Porter 2005, p. 123. 4791:Porter 2005, p. 120. 4719:Marcou 2002, p. 334. 4393:Marcou 2002, p. 252. 4357:Pakula 1996, p. 391. 4300:Marcou 2002, p. 193. 4215:Marcou 2002, p. 192. 4174:Marcou 2002, p. 185. 4165:Marcou 2002, p. 190. 4041:Marcou 2002, p. 159. 3938:Marcou 2002, p. 138. 3929:Pakula 1996, p. 335. 3920:Marcou 2002, p. 142. 3902:Marcou 2002, p. 141. 3866:Marcou 2002, p. 134. 3839:Marcou 2002, p. 128. 3830:Marcou 2002, p. 127. 3803:Pakula 1996, p. 310. 3725:Marcou 2002, p. 126. 3700:Marcou 2002, p. 125. 3147:Ghislain de Diesbach 3093:Having married with 2459:Bran Castle's Chapel 2148:Paris Peace Treaties 1876:Battle of Stalingrad 1677:Frederica of Hanover 1299:, named in honor to 907:. A year later, the 838:Spyridon Prosalentis 174:Michael I of Romania 156: 1921; 6731:Notable individuals 6074:House of Glücksburg 4692:Porter 2005, p. 93. 4683:Porter 2005, p. 91. 4656:Porter 2005, p. 84. 4638:Porter 2005, p. 80. 4629:Porter 2005, p. 73. 4603:Porter 2005, p. 72. 4456:Porter 2005, p. 61. 4402:Porter 2005, p. 41. 4120:Porter 2005, p. 27. 4068:Porter 2005, p. 25. 4014:Porter 2005, p. 21. 3682:Porter 2005, p. 10. 2326:Cruise of the Kings 2146:The signing of the 1868:conquests of Odessa 1796:at the time of the 1730:Second Vienna Award 1585:George II of Greece 1460:and the magistrate 1322:Reunion with family 1107:After crossing the 1083:Life in Switzerland 998:parallel government 948:Treaty of Bucharest 228:House of Glücksburg 7141:Daughters of kings 6953:Nations and groups 6833:Tadeusz Pankiewicz 6798:Constantin Karadja 6708:Seven Laws of Noah 6525:Princess Josephine 6468:Princess Elisabeth 6453:Queen Margrethe II 5720:, Headline Review 5512:. 18 October 2019. 4099:(9 June 1928): 14. 3622:Porter 2005, p. 9. 2565:George I of Greece 2403: 2354: 2345: 2252:papal dispensation 2193: 2185: 2115:Potsdam Conference 2108:People's Tribunals 2036: 1988:Princess Elizabeth 1899: 1842:. According to SS 1716:forced Romania to 1702: 1636: 1613: 1547: 1522:Carlist movement. 1497:took care of King 1411: 1340: 1332: 1281: 1238: 1230: 1149: 1093: 976:Emperor William II 964: 842: 768: 641:Seven Laws of Noah 451:. The outbreak of 346: 243: 7023: 7022: 6763:Odoardo Focherini 6698:Holocaust victims 6636: 6635: 6607:Elisabeth of Wied 6562: 6561: 6520:Princess Isabella 6504:Princess Theodora 6114:Danish princesses 6080: 6079: 6040:Princess Theodora 5687:978-1-85605-469-0 5674:Maclagan, Michael 5546:"Ordinul Carol I" 4612:Deletant, Denis, 3004: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2128:Moscow Conference 2081:Ploughmen's Front 1969:Soviet occupation 1960:Siege of Budapest 1802:Wilhelm Filderman 1790:Patriarch Nicodim 1769:Regina-mamă Elena 1742:Treaty of Craiova 1607:Villa Sparta, in 1581:Her Majesty Helen 1462:Gheorghe Buzdugan 1344:Greco-Turkish War 1301:Michael the Brave 944:Second Balkan War 779:Sophia of Prussia 758:A Greek childhood 755: 754: 608:Among the Nations 583:general elections 538:and vigilance of 536:General Antonescu 437:Sophia of Prussia 370: 369: 322: 321: 221: 220: 206:Sophia of Prussia 16:(Redirected from 7173: 7166:Crown princesses 6928:Raoul Wallenberg 6848:Marion Pritchard 6838:Giorgio Perlasca 6813:Valdemar Langlet 6725: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6640: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6566: 6537:Princess Olympía 6166: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6084: 5905: 5872:Greek princesses 5865: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5790: 5736: 5691: 5690: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5621: 5612: 5609:full text online 5606: 5592: 5579: 5578: 5570: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5487:Martin Gilbert, 5485: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5213: 5210: 5199: 5196: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5014: 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631:Rescuers of Jews 618: 602: 382: 334: 329: 324: 314: 307: 300: 232: 223: 161: 159: 155: 143:(later Carol II) 92: 89:28 November 1982 72:Old Royal Palace 68: 66: 51: 32: 21: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7146:Royal reburials 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7005: 6947: 6943:Jan Zwartendijk 6918:Johan van Hulst 6913:Corrie ten Boom 6908:Casper ten Boom 6903:Chiune Sugihara 6868:Gustav Schröder 6858:Oskar Schindler 6853:Ángel Sanz Briz 6843:Nurija Pozderac 6738:Irena Adamowicz 6726: 6717: 6681: 6672: 6667: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6621: 6598: 6593: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6541: 6531:Princess Athena 6513:13th generation 6508: 6492:12th generation 6487: 6446:11th generation 6441: 6365:10th generation 6360: 6314: 6288: 6267: 6241: 6215: 6199: 6183: 6179:Princess Sophia 6167: 6158: 6127: 6116: 6111: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6062: 6045: 6022: 5983: 5906: 5897: 5874: 5869: 5817: 5784: 5730: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5597:"Friedrich III" 5594: 5593: 5582: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4790: 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7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6923:Raimondo Viale 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6828:Czesław Miłosz 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6793:Wilm Hosenfeld 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6560: 6559: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6483:Princess Irene 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6336:Princess Thyra 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6319:9th generation 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6293:8th generation 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6272:7th generation 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6246:6th generation 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6220:5th generation 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6204:4th generation 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6188:3rd generation 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6172:2nd generation 6169: 6168: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6132:1st generation 6129: 6128: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6050:5th generation 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6028: 6027:4th generation 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6007:Princess Irene 6004: 5998: 5991: 5989: 5988:3rd generation 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5912: 5911:2nd generation 5908: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5880: 5879:1st generation 5876: 5875: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5815:External links 5813: 5812: 5811: 5798: 5791: 5782: 5768: 5754: 5737: 5728: 5714: 5712:978-2916727745 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5686: 5658: 5637: 5613: 5580: 5565:, ed. (1911). 5563:Chisholm, Hugh 5551: 5537: 5515: 5501: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5382: 5373: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5214: 5200: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5104: 5095: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4101: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 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2869: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2423:Greek Orthodox 2394: 2391: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2243: 2240: 2224:United Kingdom 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2065:United Kingdom 2027: 2024: 1859: 1856: 1847:Gustav Richter 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1666:House of Savoy 1600: 1597: 1538: 1535: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1473:Villa Bobolina 1431:Prime Minister 1419:United Kingdom 1402: 1399: 1323: 1320: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1221: 1218: 1198:Pelișor Castle 1140: 1137: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1042:Garde du Corps 988:Triple Entente 955: 952: 902:Prime Minister 866:Ottoman Empire 825: 822: 759: 756: 753: 752: 750: 749: 742: 735: 727: 724: 723: 722: 721: 716: 711: 706: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 658: 657: 651: 650: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 620: 619: 611: 610: 599: 596: 528:Greek monarchy 493:Prince Nicolae 445:United Kingdom 401:King Michael I 368: 367: 364: 360: 359: 354: 348: 347: 337: 336: 320: 319: 317: 316: 309: 302: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 251: 245: 244: 234: 233: 230:(Greek branch) 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 149: 145: 138: 137: 135: 131: 130: 106: 104: 100: 99: 93:(aged 86) 87: 83: 82: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7178: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6893:Henryk Sławik 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878:Leopold Socha 6876: 6874: 6873:Irena Sendler 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6808:Derviš Korkut 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773:Marianne Golz 6771: 6769: 6768:Francis Foley 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:María Edwards 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6703:Righteousness 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6693:The Holocaust 6691: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6557: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6124:Frederick III 6119: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5766:84-9734-195-3 5763: 5759: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740:Marcou, Lilly 5738: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5497:0-8050-6261-0 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5219: 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2465: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2455:Prince Mircea 2452: 2451:King Carol II 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Pope Pius XII 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232:United States 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:(Head of the 2213: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2189: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:Dinu Brătianu 2066: 2062: 2061:United States 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1825:Romanian Army 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1762:Ion Antonescu 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515:Barbu Știrbey 1511: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:United States 1484: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1328: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1243:Zizi Lambrino 1234: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1183:Zizi Lambrino 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Greek Vespers 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 960: 953: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 883: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854:King George I 851: 847: 839: 835: 830: 823: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 787:King George I 784: 780: 777:and Princess 776: 773: 764: 757: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 728: 726: 725: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 704: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 660: 659: 656: 652: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636:Righteousness 634: 632: 629: 627: 626:The Holocaust 624: 623: 622: 621: 617: 613: 612: 609: 603: 597: 595: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 489: 488:Magda Lupescu 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 378: 374: 365: 361: 358: 355: 353: 349: 343: 338: 335: 325: 315: 310: 308: 303: 301: 296: 295: 293: 292: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 256: 255: 254: 253: 250: 249:Constantine I 246: 240: 236: 235: 231: 224: 217: 214: 210: 207: 204: 200: 197: 194: 190: 187: 184: 182: 178: 175: 172: 170: 166: 141: 136: 132: 127: 123: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98:, Switzerland 97: 88: 84: 81: 77: 73: 61: 57: 50: 45: 42: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6938:Rudolf Weigl 6898:Tina Strobos 6863:Anton Schmid 6788:Feng-Shan Ho 6782: 6778:Jane Haining 6743:Gino Bartali 6555: 6529: 6386: 6068: 5917: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5780:1-8579-98162 5771: 5757: 5746:, Pygmalion 5743: 5732: 5717: 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Helen of Greece and Denmark

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