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726:, and Helena was given away by her mother, who escorted her up the aisle with the Prince of Wales and eight bridesmaids. Christian looked older than he was, and one guest commented that Helena looked as if she was marrying an aged uncle. Indeed, when he was first summoned to Britain, he assumed that the widowed Queen was inspecting him as a new husband for herself rather than as a candidate for one of her daughters. The couple spent the first night of their married life at
1373:, who considered her his favourite sister. Though described by contemporaries as fearfully devoted to the Queen Victoria, to the point that she did not have a mind of her own, she actively campaigned for women's rights, a field the queen abhorred. Nevertheless, both she and Beatrice remained closest to the queen, and Helena remained close to her mother's side until the latter's death. Her name was the last to be written in the queen's seventy-year-old journal.
1081:, who after further negotiations with Bergsträsser, printed the first copies in mid-1884. It sold out almost immediately; but for the second edition, Murray replaced Sell's biographical sketch of Princess Alice with the 53-page memoir written by Helena. The problem of royalties to Sell was thus avoided, and that Helena gave her name to the memoir to her sister attracted greater interest in the book.
991:. In Helena's words, the objective of the school was: "first, to revive a beautiful art which had been well-nigh lost; and secondly, through its revival, to provide employment for gentlewomen who were without means of a suitable livelihood." As with her other organisations, she was an active president, and worked to keep the school on an even level with other schools. She personally wrote to
578:
1069:, a favoured royal biographer, informing him that Bergsträsser was claiming copyright of Alice's letters, and on that basis was demanding a delay in the publication of the English edition. Martin acted as an intermediary between Helena and Bergsträsser, who claimed to have received many offers from English publishers, and that the chosen one would expect a high
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999:. Her royal status helped its promotion, and she held Thursday afternoon tea parties at the school for society ladies, who wanted to be seen in the presence of royal personages such as Princess Helena. When the Christmas Bazaar was held, she acted as chief saleswoman, generating long queues of people anxious to be served personally by her.
1006:. She presided over two of these dinners, in February and March 1886, and over 3,000 meals were served to children and unemployed men during the harsh winter that year. Through her charitable activities, she became popular with the people; a contemporary author, C. W. Cooper, wrote that "the poor of Windsor worshipped her".
675:) as either a cousin or brother-in-law. The Queen never forgave the Princess of Wales for accusations of possessiveness, and wrote of the Waleses shortly afterwards: "Bertie is most affectionate and kind but Alix is by no means what she ought to be. It will be long, if ever, before she regains my confidence."
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considered
Bergsträsser's claims "unjustified if not impertinent", and would not communicate with him directly. Eventually, Bergsträsser came to Britain in January 1884, willing to accept £100 for the first 3,000 copies and a further £40 for each subsequent thousand copies sold. Martin chose the publisher
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called Carl Sell, who chose a selection of her letters made available to him by the Queen. When it was done, Helena wrote to Sell and requested permission to publish an
English translation of the German text. It was granted, but without the knowledge of the publisher Dr Bergsträsser. In December 1883
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Helena, as promised, lived close to the Queen, and both she and
Beatrice performed duties for her. Beatrice, whom Victoria had groomed for the main role at her side, carried out the more important duties, and Helena took on the more minor matters that Beatrice did not have time to do. In later years,
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in 1862, after which Helena assumed the role—described as the "crutch" of her mother's old age by one biographer—at her mother's side. In this role, she carried out minor secretarial tasks, such as writing the queen's letters, helping her with political correspondence, and providing her with company.
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Helena saw relatively little of her surviving siblings, and continued her role as a support to the monarchy and a campaigner for the many charities she represented. She and
Christian led a quiet life, but did carry out a few royal engagements. On one such occasion, the elderly couple represented the
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Bergsträsser was persuaded to drop his demand for a delay in publishing, and modify his copyright claims in return for a lump sum. However, the Queen and Helena refused, claiming that the copyright belonged to the Queen, and that only Sell's original preface was open to negotiation. The royal ladies
1275:, fought on the side of the Prussians, though he made it clear that he would not fight against his mother's country. In the same year, on 28 October, Prince Christian died at Schomberg House. Helena's last years were spent arguing with Commissioners, who tried to turn her out of Schomberg House and
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of those devoted and self-sacrificing women whose whole lives have been devoted to tending the sick, the suffering, and the dying". In the same speech, she warned about opposition and misrepresentation they had encountered. Although the RBNA was in favour of registration as a means of enhancing and
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encouraged by an indulgent husband. Queen
Victoria wrote to her daughter the Crown Princess of Prussia, complaining that Helena was inclined to "coddle herself (and Christian too) and to give way in everything that the great object of her doctors and nurse is to rouse her and make her think less of
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Following Ruland's departure in 1863, the Queen looked for a husband for Helena. However, as a middle child, the prospect of a powerful alliance with a
European royal house was low. Her appearance was also a concern, as by the age of fifteen she was described by her biographer as chunky, dowdy and
1333:
very lovely, with wavy brown hair, a beautiful little straight nose, and lovely amber-coloured eyes ... She was very talented: played the piano exquisitively, had a distinct gift for drawing and painting in water-colours ... Her outstanding gift was loyalty to her friends ... She was brilliantly
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composed a prayer hoping for its prompt end. Helena arrived at the church, examined her service sheet, and in a voice described by her daughter as "the penetrating royal family whisper, which carried farther than any megaphone", remarked: "That prayer won't settle any strike." Her appearance and
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difficult and not always pleasant." However, in accordance with rank, Helena agreed to resign in
Alexandra's favour, and she retained presidency of the Army Nursing Reserve. Though thought to be merely an artefact created by society ladies, Helena exercised an efficient and autocratic regime—"if
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as an unofficial secretary, but Alice needed an assistant of her own. Though Helena was the next eldest, she was considered unreliable by
Victoria because of her inability to go long without bursting into tears. Therefore, Louise was selected to assume the role in her place. Alice was married to
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Despite the political controversies and their age difference—he was fifteen years her senior—Helena was happy with
Christian and was determined to marry him. As a younger son of a non-reigning duke, the absence of any foreign commitments allowed him to remain permanently in Britain—the Queen's
955:(RCN), and the RBNA lost membership and dominance. Helena supported the proposed amalgamation of the RBNA with the new RCN, but that proved unsuccessful when the RBNA pulled out of the negotiations. However, she remained active in other nursing organisations, and was president of the
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Princess Helena died at
Schomberg House on 9 June 1923 at the age of 77. Her funeral, described as a "magnificently stage-managed scene" by her biographer Seweryn Chomet, was headed by King George V. The regiment of her favourite son, Prince Christian Victor, lined the steps of
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574:, and was described by the Queen as "useful and able". When the Queen discovered that Helena had grown romantically attached to a royal servant, he was promptly dismissed back to his native Germany, and he never lost the Queen's hostility.
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418:, that Helena "came into this world quite blue, but she is quite well now". He added that the queen "suffered longer and more than the other times and she will have to remain very quiet to recover." Albert and Victoria chose the names
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was written, the author, Sir Charles Grey, notes that the Prince's letters were translated (from German to English) by Helena "with surprising fidelity". Other translations followed, and in 1887 she published a translation of
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The engagement was declared on 5 December 1865, and despite the Prince of Wales's initial refusal to attend, Princess Alice intervened, and the wedding was a happy occasion. The Queen allowed the ceremony to take place at
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323:. The intimate atmosphere of the royal court came to an end on 14 December 1861, when her father died and her mother entered a period of intense mourning. Afterwards, in the early 1860s, Helena began a flirtation with
539:
1309:. Her royal status helped to promote the publicity and society interest that surrounded organisations such as the Royal British Nurses' Association. The RBNA still survives today with Aubrey Rose as president.
1248:, did her a service when he turned her out. When Marie Louise said she would have run away to Britain if she was still married, the King said, "with a twinkle in his eye", that he would have had to intern her.
331:. Although the nature of the relationship is largely unknown, Helena's romantic letters to Ruland survive. After her mother discovered the flirtations, in 1863, she dismissed Ruland, who returned to his native
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Helena was devoted to nursing, and took the lead at the charitable organisations she represented. She was also an active campaigner, and wrote letters to newspapers and magazines promoting the interests of
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bitter ... I adored Papa, I loved him more than anything on earth, his word was a most sacred law, and he was my help and adviser ... These hours were the happiest of my life, and now it is all, all over."
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of ÂŁ30,000 was settled upon, and the Queen gave the couple ÂŁ100,000, which yielded an income of about ÂŁ4,000 a year. As well as that of Ranger of Windsor Park, Christian was given the honorary position of
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that Helena wrote an English version that was thoroughly alive, with a sound dictionary translation and a high accuracy in spirit. Her final translation was undertaken in 1882, on a German booklet called
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Helena was the most active member of the royal family, carrying out an extensive programme of royal engagements. She was also an active patron of charities, and was one of the founding members of the
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for members of the British royal family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used.
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Prince and Princess Christian had six children, four of whom lived to adulthood. They had one grandchild, Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein, who died in 1953 as their final descendant.
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double-chinned. Furthermore, Victoria insisted that Helena's future husband had to be prepared to live near the Queen, thus keeping her daughter nearby. Her choice eventually fell on
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personality was criticised in the letters and journals of Queen Victoria, and biographers followed her example. However, Helena's daughter, Princess Marie Louise, described her as:
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Helena was a lively and outspoken child, and reacted against brotherly teasing by punching the bully on the nose. Her early talents included drawing. Lady Augusta Stanley, a
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founded the Gentlewomen's Employment Association in Manchester; one of the projects which came out of this group was the Princess Christian Training College for Nurses, in
671:. Relations between Helena and Alexandra remained strained, and Alexandra was unprepared to accept Christian (who was also a third cousin to Alexandra in descent from King
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891:. She subsequently became President of the British Nurses' Association (RBNA) upon its foundation in 1887. In 1891, it received the prefix "Royal", and received a
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Helena's father, Prince Albert, died on 14 December 1861. The queen was devastated, and ordered her household, along with her daughters, to move from Windsor to
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663:. However, and unexpectedly, the Crown Princess, who had been a personal friend of Christian's family for many years, ardently supported the proposed alliance.
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Helena and Christian were devoted to each other, and led a quiet life in comparison to Helena's sisters. Following their marriage, they took up residence at
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in 1870 and 1872, respectively. Their last two sons died early; Harald died eight days after his birth in 1876, and an unnamed son was stillborn in 1877.
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as plump and dowdy; and in temperament, as placid, and business-like, with an authoritarian spirit. On one occasion, during a National Dock Strike, the
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residence. Helena's grief was also profound, and she wrote to a friend a month later: "What we have lost nothing can ever replace, and our grief is
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339:. The couple remained in Britain, in calling distance of the queen, who liked to have her daughters nearby. Helena, along with her youngest sister,
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because of the expense of running her households. They failed, as clear evidence of her right to live in those residences for life was shown.
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herself and of her confinement". Not all of her health scares were simply the result of hypochondria; in 1869, she had to cancel her trip to
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and leading public figures. In a speech Helena made in 1893, she made clear that the RBNA was working towards "improving the education and
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Helena was assisted by her unmarried daughter, Helena Victoria, to whom the Queen dictated her journal in the last months of her life.
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430:, the name by which members of the royal family invariably referred to Helena. As the daughter of the sovereign, Helena was styled
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1362:. Her determination to carry out a wide range of public duties won her widespread popularity. She twice represented her mother at
862:, which announced that her illness caused "much anxiety to members of the royal family". In 1873, she was forced to recuperate in
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and problems with her joints. In July 1871, she suffered from congestion in her lungs, an illness severe enough to appear in the
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were present when the telegram was received, and the King remarked to Helena's daughter, Marie Louise, that her former husband,
1204:, he went against Prussian tradition by asking Helena, not his mother, to assign a nurse for his son, causing a family scandal.
1134:. Moreover, Alexandra never fully reconciled herself to Helena and Christian following their marriage controversy in the 1860s.
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primary concern—and she declared the marriage would go ahead. Helena and Christian were actually third cousins in descent from
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refused to meet her, partly because he was bitter that South Africa had lost the war and partly because his son had died in a
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2944:: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1, ed. F. H. W. Sheppard (London, 1960), pp. 418–419. British History Online
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The Christians were granted a parliamentary annuity of ÂŁ6,000 a year, which the Queen requested in person. In addition, a
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dress with a white mourning cap which draped over her back. The main participants filed into the chapel to the sound of
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In 1917, in response to the wave of anti-German feeling that surrounded the war, George V changed the family name from
770:, the honorary position bestowed on Christian by the Queen. When staying in London, they lived at the Belgian Suite in
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requesting money; for example, in 1895, she requested and acquired ÂŁ30,000 for erecting a building for the school in
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from birth. Helena was baptised on 25 July 1846 at the private chapel at Buckingham Palace. Her godparents were the
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were at war, the Kaiser sent a congratulatory telegram to his aunt and uncle through the Crown Princess of Sweden.
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971:. In this position, she personally signed and presented many thousands of certificates of proficiency in nursing.
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Helena was anxious to help children and the unemployed, and began hosting free dinners for their benefit at the
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1292:. Although originally interred in the Royal Vault at St George's on 15 June 1923, her body was reburied at the
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anyone ventures to disagree with Her Royal Highness she has simply said, 'It is my wish, that is sufficient.'"
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476:, two of her favourite childhood occupations. However, Helena became a middle daughter following the birth of
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1130:) recorded that Queen Alexandra was jealous of the royal family, and would not invite her sisters-in-law to
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Princess Helena and Prince Christian, part of a series of photographs following their engagement in 1865
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Like her sisters, she could play the piano to a high standard at an early age. Other interests included
1267:. He also disposed of his family's German titles and styles, so Helena and her daughters simply became
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Princesses whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics
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was neutral during the war. It was during the war that Helena and Christian celebrated their golden
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Helena had a firm interest in nursing, and was the founding chair of the Ladies' Committee of the
590:; however, the match was politically awkward, and caused a severe breach within the royal family.
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319:. Her childhood was spent with her parents, travelling between a variety of royal residences in
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in 1870, playing an active role in recruiting nurses and organising relief supplies during the
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Helena was educated by private tutors chosen by her father and his close friend and adviser,
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Princess Helena's grave at Frogmore (second from left) in the Schleswig-Holstein burial plot
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410:, on 25 May 1846, the day after her mother's 27th birthday. Albert reported to his brother,
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began four years after his death. Helena devoted her time to nursing, and her daughter,
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3614:, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online ed., Jan 2008, accessed 22 February 2008.
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3291:[Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha].
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A copyright issue arose after the publication of letters written by Helena's sister,
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3646:... wie immer Deine Dona. Verlobung und Hochzeit des letzten deutschen Kaiserpaares
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guaranteeing the professional status of trained nurses, its incorporation with the
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when she became ill at the railway station. In 1870, she was suffering from severe
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His mother's favourite son; died unmarried and without issue while serving in the
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in 1859. He was trusted enough to teach German to Helena's brother, the young
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Princess Helena began an early flirtation with her father's former librarian,
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In 1858, Helena and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the
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in 1921; had one illegitimate daughter, Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein
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as a result of illness, and in the 1880s she travelled to Germany to see an
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on 22 January 1901, Helena saw relatively little of her surviving siblings.
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in 1848, and her abilities were overshadowed by her more artistic sisters.
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to the queen, commented favourably on the three-year-old Helena's artwork.
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passed the bill allowing formal nurse registration. What resulted was the
374:. In 1916 she became the first member of her family to celebrate her 50th
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The Last Princess: The Devoted Life of Queen Victoria's Youngest Daughter
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of London, founded by Lind's husband (and Helena's former piano teacher)
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Never married. One of her last public appearances was at the wedding of
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1057:. In Germany, an edition of Alice's letters was published in 1883, by a
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Princess Christian, Princess Helena Victoria and Princess Marie Louise
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In 1902, Prince and Princess Christian moved to Schomberg House, 77–78
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allowed it to maintain a list rather than a formal register of nurses.
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http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols29-30/pt1/pp418-419
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caught in the middle between his sister and his wife. Lady Roberts, a
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2940:"Pall Mall, South Side, Existing Buildings: Nos 77–78 Pall Mall", in
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Florence Nightingale, against whom Helena promoted nurse registration
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335:. Three years later, on 5 July 1866, Helena married the impoverished
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3289:"Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos PrĂncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota"
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Helena's health was not robust, and she was addicted to the drugs
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Princess Teresa Cristina, Baroness Taxis of Bordogna and Valnigra
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attack. Christian filed into the chapel with his two supporters,
1045:'s brother-in-law. It was republished several times until 1906.
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Dorothea, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
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in 1872; in 1876, it acquired the "royal" prefix, becoming the
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Huberty, M., Giraud, A., Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976–1994).
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Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the new queen,
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defeated Denmark, but the duchies were claimed by Austria for
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Princess Helena, a few months before the death of her father,
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Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe
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The Princess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
3194:"UK Parliament Hansard: The Death Of Hrh Princess Christian"
3018:. St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. 2008. Archived from
1548:
1196:, she was one of the few maternal relatives that her nephew
366:. As president of the latter, she was a strong supporter of
300:(Helena Augusta Victoria; 25 May 1846 – 9 June 1923), later
4070:
Alexandra, Princess Arthur of Connaught and Duchess of Fife
1338:
Music was one of her passions; in her youth she played the
472:, shared by her father Prince Albert, and horse riding and
1106:, died in 1900, followed three months later by her mother
983:, and became the first president of the newly established
343:, became the queen's unofficial secretary. However, after
3632:
Princess Louise: Queen Victoria's Unconventional Daughter
2780:. Royal British Nurses' Association. 2008. Archived from
1271:
with no territorial designation. Helena's surviving son,
4333:
Louise, Princess Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry
27:
British princess, daughter of Queen Victoria (1846–1923)
4357:
Joséphine Caroline, Princess Karl Anton of Hohenzollern
1018:. In 1867, when the first biography of her father, the
1014:
Among Helena's other interests was writing, especially
947:; after six failed attempts between 1904 and 1918, the
694:, albeit in the Private Chapel rather than the grander
4680:
princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
1544:
4888:
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
4688:
princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlĂĽcksburg
794:, Helena's sister, commissioned the French sculptor
394:. Helena was Alfred's favourite sister. Portrait by
4793:
4770:
4754:
4738:
4658:
4641:
4624:
4601:
4519:
4506:
4493:
4460:
4366:
4285:
4263:
4247:
4176:
4148:
4132:
4106:
4090:
Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4057:
3973:
3923:
3895:
Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3887:
3836:
3805:
3769:
3753:
3044:. Royal British Nurses' Association. Archived from
2957:Queen Victoria's Family, A Century of Photographs,
943:The RBNA gradually went into decline following the
829:
Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, her husband
283:
273:
263:
230:
216:
168:
132:
108:
91:
71:
41:
3859:Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
3844:Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of WĂĽrttemberg
3683:Portraits of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
1714:Ancestors of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
895:the following year. She was a strong supporter of
3555:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Second Edition 1987)
3408:
3406:
754:Princess Helena in her wedding dress, 5 July 1866
4898:Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
4041:Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3957:Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen
3941:Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
3423:Burke's Royal Families of the World, 1st edition
3325:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p.
1917:Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1534:. On Helena's arms, the outer points bore roses
636:was still claimed by Prince Christian's family.
18:Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
4868:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)
4445:Nadezhda, Duchess Albrecht Eugen of WĂĽrttemberg
4305:Helena, Princess Christian of Scheswig-Holstein
3667:"Archival material relating to Princess Helena"
1331:
1232:in 1916, and despite the fact that Britain and
1093:Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, ca. 1910
798:to sculpt a memorial to Helena's dead infants.
516:The queen relied on her second eldest daughter
4525:Princess Mafalda Cecilia, Mrs Marc Abousleiman
4124:Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
3910:Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3016:"Royal Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor"
1334:clever, had a wonderful head for business. ...
442:(the husband of Queen Victoria's cousin); the
32:Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
4883:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India
4714:
4575:
4468:Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
4328:Amalie, Duchess Maximilian Emanuel in Bavaria
4293:Victoria, German Empress and Queen of Prussia
4225:
4065:Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
3828:Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway
3712:
2470:
2468:
935:, wrote to a friend: "matters were sometimes
698:on 5 July 1866. The Queen relieved her black
440:Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
8:
4908:Burials at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
4323:Clotilde, Archduchess Joseph Karl of Austria
4241:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by birth
4156:Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
3157:"The London Gazette, Issue 22718, Page 1565"
2822:
2820:
2801:
2799:
2754:
2752:
2733:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2709:
2707:
304:, was the third daughter and fifth child of
4545:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
4404:Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
4398:Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia
4006:Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
4001:Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia
3931:Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress
3777:Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
3567:Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein
3486:(Constable & Company Ltd, London, 1969)
3421:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (ed.) (1977).
2879:
2877:
1671:; no issue; marriage was dissolved in 1900
979:Helena was also active in the promotion of
816:Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851
4801:Princess Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4731:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
4721:
4707:
4699:
4632:Princess Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4582:
4568:
4560:
4374:Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife
4299:Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
4232:
4218:
4210:
4034:Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden
3981:Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife
3936:Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
3719:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3675:
3573:(Second edition, Penguin, Middlesex, 1959)
3338:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3236:– via National Library of Australia.
2265:
2263:
2007:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
1719:
1710:
54:
38:
4778:Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
4762:Countess Louise Sophie Danneskiold-Samsøe
4609:Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
4474:Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten
4083:Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten
2918:
2916:
2128:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1491:Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division
1200:was close to. When he welcomed his first
600:were two territories fought over between
390:Princess Helena (right) with her brother
30:For her daughter with the same name, see
3538:(Genealogical Publishing Company, 1987)
3276:(Supplement). 4 June 1917. p. 6685.
639:The marriage, therefore, horrified King
302:Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
48:Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
4649:Princess Marie Alix of Schaumburg-Lippe
4380:Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom
3915:Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck
3854:Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg
3740:, who formalised the use of the titles
3612:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3096:The Bach Choir: The First Hundred Years
2335:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2214:
1885:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
1765:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1479:Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel
1320:In appearance, Helena was described by
1154:, Helena visited the grave of her son,
822:, and embarking on hunting excursions.
360:Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association
158:
4410:Princess Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera
4351:Princess Henriette, Duchess of VendĂ´me
4317:Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
4119:Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
4011:Princess Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera
3951:Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
3736:The generations indicate descent from
3594:(Sutton Publishing, Gloucester, 2006)
3580:(St Martin's Griffin, New York, 1998)
3331:
3168:
3166:
2080:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1859:Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
1838:
1823:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1728:
1724:
1452:Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire
588:Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
510:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
337:Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
268:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
213:
139:Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
4784:Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
4615:Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
4271:Princess Victoria, Duchess of Nemours
4161:Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank
3459:. London: Little, Brown. p. 34.
2157:
2147:
2143:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2101:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2098:
2088:
2084:
2068:
2062:
2052:
2036:
2026:
2022:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1978:
1968:
1964:
1943:Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
1940:
1930:
1914:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1882:
1872:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1810:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1768:
1762:
1752:
1739:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1736:
1732:
1440:Royal Family Order of King Edward VII
1290:St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
422:. The German nickname for Helena was
7:
4339:Stéphanie, Crown Princess of Austria
899:, an issue that was opposed by both
354:. She was founding president of the
4512:Princess Kalina, Countess of Murany
4428:Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
4076:Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk
4028:Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
3797:Louise, Queen of Denmark and Norway
3354:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste"
3256:. 4 January 1878. pp. 113–114.
2160:Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf
1797:Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf
1446:Royal Family Order of King George V
1369:Helena was closest to her brother,
1185:, half of which is now part of the
766:, the traditional residence of the
562:, following his appointment to the
154:
4903:Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
4746:Princess Louise Augusta of Denmark
4416:Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden
4311:Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
4016:Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden
3946:Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
3648:. Isensee-Verlag, Oldenburg 2007,
3524:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007)
3438:. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud
3436:L'Allemagne Dynastique, Vols I-VII
3287:Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014).
1504:Cross of Merit for Women and Girls
1459:Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
1212:King Edward died in 1910, and the
1114:on 22 January 1901. The new King,
1027:Wilhelmine, Margravine of Bayreuth
446:(for whom the queen's mother, the
406:, the official royal residence in
191:Albert, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
118:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
25:
3792:Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
3761:Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia
3687:National Portrait Gallery, London
3368:, 1877 – via hathitrust.org
3323:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste
2039:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1685:Died an infant at eight days old
1401:17 July 1917 – 9 June 1923:
1394:5 July 1866 – 17 July 1917:
1222:Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden
364:Royal British Nurses' Association
4499:Marie Louise, Princess of Koháry
1981:George III of the United Kingdom
1650:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
1496:
1484:
1471:
1387:25 May 1846 – 5 July 1866:
1377:Titles, styles, honours and arms
1150:(Christian's niece). During the
712:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
685:Wedding dress of Princess Helena
287:
4167:Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
3879:Princess Caroline of Gloucester
3510:(Begell House, New York, 1999)
1578:
1422:Companion of the Crown of India
1146:(Helena's nephew) and his wife
814:, and was made a member of the
774:. The couple had six children:
150:
4938:Daughters of empresses regnant
4893:Members of the Royal Red Cross
3900:Princess Elizabeth of Clarence
3605:"Helena, Princess (1846–1923)
3182:. 27 March 1896. p. 1960.
3118:. 11 April 1865. p. 1985.
3042:"A Message from the President"
2065:Victoria of the United Kingdom
1224:, Princess Helena's niece, as
1124:Prince Alexander of Battenberg
1:
4345:Clémentine, Princess Napoléon
3874:Princess Sophia of Gloucester
3813:Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick
3220:"Death Of Princess Christian"
2767:Quoted in Battiscombe, p. 233
2565:. 17 June 1866. p. 4092.
2308:. 30 July 1846. p. 2789.
2288:. 28 July 1846. p. 2754.
1646:the future Queen Elizabeth II
1426:29 April 1883: Member of the
1294:Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
416:Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
125:Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
61:
4535:* also a princess of Belgium
4439:Princess Eudoxia of Bulgaria
3536:Queen Victoria's Descendants
3508:Helena: A Princess Reclaimed
945:Nurses Registration Act 1919
768:Ranger of Windsor Great Park
720:Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar
645:Alexandra, Princess of Wales
4933:Daughters of queens regnant
4853:20th-century British people
4848:19th-century British people
4549:*** also a princess of the
4184:Princess Charlotte of Wales
1576:
4959:
4923:Children of Queen Victoria
4918:Women of the Victorian era
4863:20th-century British women
4858:19th-century British women
4451:Marie-José, Queen of Italy
4276:Carlota, Empress of Mexico
4189:Princess Lilibet of Sussex
4097:Frederica, Queen of Greece
2074:
1958:
1832:
1726:
1434:Lady of Justice of St John
1176:British concentration camp
1140:silver wedding anniversary
1041:, originally published by
989:Royal School of Needlework
682:
669:Frederick, Prince of Wales
634:Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
356:Royal School of Needlework
175:
29:
4810:
4674:
4532:
4197:
3964:Princess Marie of Hanover
3734:
3592:Queen Victoria's Children
3571:My Memories of Six Reigns
3493:(Gollancz, London, 1980)
3491:Queen Victoria's Children
3425:. London: Burke's Peerage
3228:. 11 June 1923. p. 7
3225:South Australian Register
2969:Marie Louise, pp. 141–142
2145:
2137:
2109:
2086:
2082:
2046:
2024:
2016:
1988:
1966:
1962:
1924:
1902:
1894:
1866:
1844:
1840:
1804:
1782:
1774:
1746:
1730:
1624:Succeeded as head of the
1547:
1187:Oxford and Cambridge Club
730:, before honeymooning in
657:Crown Princess of Prussia
651:, and his second sister,
628:. However, following the
626:Prince Christian's family
566:on the recommendation of
550:(1865). Currently at the
221:
212:
53:
46:
4048:Princess Olga of Hanover
3634:(Collins, London, 1988)
3358:Preussische Ordens-Liste
2931:Marie Louise, pp. 195–96
2835:Quoted in Chomet, p. 126
2778:"Registration of Nurses"
2692:Quoted in Chomet, p. 129
2683:Quoted in Chomet, p. 128
1690:An unnamed stillborn son
1669:Prince Aribert of Anhalt
1634:Princess Helena Victoria
1457:Member 1st class of the
1326:Archbishop of Canterbury
1246:Prince Aribert of Anhalt
1102:Helena's favourite son,
1039:First Aid to the Injured
985:School of Art Needlework
953:Royal College of Nursing
548:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
450:, stood proxy); and the
396:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
196:Princess Helena Victoria
4913:People from Old Windsor
4591:Princesses of Schleswig
4480:Princess Maria Karoline
4392:Marie, Queen of Romania
3996:Marie, Queen of Romania
3849:Princess Augusta Sophia
3609:(subscription required)
3482:Battiscombe, Georgina,
3380:"British Royal Cadency"
2257:Quoted in Chomet, p. 10
1595:Prince Christian Victor
1526:, and differenced by a
1156:Prince Christian Victor
1128:Marquess of Carisbrooke
1104:Prince Christian Victor
722:and Prince Frederic of
641:Christian IX of Denmark
420:Helena Augusta Victoria
358:, and president of the
222:Helena Augusta Victoria
186:Prince Christian Victor
3620:10.1093/ref:odnb/41067
2910:Battiscombe, pp. 75–78
1553:
1336:
1256:
1094:
1030:. It was noted by the
920:
830:
755:
679:Engagement and wedding
673:Frederick V of Denmark
582:
555:
513:
484:Death of Prince Albert
399:
370:against the advice of
345:Queen Victoria's death
4873:House of Augustenburg
4813:* also a princess of
4386:Maud, Queen of Norway
3991:Maud, Queen of Norway
3590:Van der Kiste, John,
3576:Packard, Jerrold M.,
2922:Van der Kiste, p. 182
2901:Van der Kiste, p. 180
2528:Van der Kiste, p. 181
1657:Princess Marie Louise
1552:
1261:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1254:
1218:Princess Marie Louise
1092:
965:Great Western Railway
918:
828:
753:
614:Second Schleswig Wars
580:
542:
523:Prince Louis of Hesse
507:
426:, later shortened to
389:
327:'s German librarian,
240:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
201:Princess Marie Louise
4595:Holstein by marriage
4422:Lady Patricia Ramsay
4140:Anne, Princess Royal
4022:Lady Patricia Ramsay
3671:UK National Archives
3578:Victoria's Daughters
3534:Eilers, Marlene A.,
3128:Van der Kiste, p. 36
2978:Marie Louise, p. 142
2665:Packard, pp. 269–270
2575:Van der Kiste, p. 72
2510:Van der Kiste, p. 64
2492:Van der Kiste, p. 65
2453:Van der Kiste, p. 61
1085:After Queen Victoria
1065:Helena wrote to Sir
901:Florence Nightingale
454:(the queen's aunt).
452:Duchess of Cambridge
372:Florence Nightingale
157:; died
4551:Tsardom of Bulgaria
3549:Longford, Elizabeth
3520:Dennison, Matthew,
3022:on 10 February 2008
2987:Marie Louise, p. 43
2746:Battiscombe, p. 234
2327:Van der Kiste, John
1391:The Princess Helena
1230:wedding anniversary
1122:. Helena's nephew,
1049:Bergsträsser affair
993:Royal Commissioners
889:Franco-Prussian War
714:, who had a sudden
630:Austro-Prussian War
436:The Princess Helena
402:Helena was born at
376:wedding anniversary
4878:British princesses
4815:Schleswig-Holstein
4114:Queen Elizabeth II
3818:Princess Elizabeth
3728:British princesses
3273:The London Gazette
3253:The London Gazette
3179:The London Gazette
3115:The London Gazette
2996:Chomet, pp. 143–44
2784:on 9 February 2008
2562:The London Gazette
2519:Battiscombe, p. 76
2483:Battiscombe, p. 77
2305:The London Gazette
2285:The London Gazette
1626:House of Oldenburg
1559:Princess Helena's
1554:
1438:10 February 1904:
1405:Princess Christian
1403:Her Royal Highness
1396:Her Royal Highness
1389:Her Royal Highness
1322:John Van der Kiste
1307:nurse registration
1257:
1095:
949:British parliament
921:
897:nurse registration
831:
764:Windsor Great Park
756:
724:Schleswig-Holstein
696:St George's Chapel
659:, at the court in
583:
556:
514:
444:Duchess of Orléans
400:
368:nurse registration
4823:
4822:
4696:
4695:
4557:
4556:
4207:
4206:
3986:Princess Victoria
3787:Princess Caroline
3654:978-3-89995-406-7
3530:978-0-297-84794-6
3453:Maclagan, Michael
3382:. Heraldica. 2007
3295:(in Portuguese).
2959:Charlotte Zeepvat
2331:"Princess Helena"
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
1703:
1702:
1567:
1566:
1382:Titles and styles
1198:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1183:Pall Mall, London
1162:. She was met by
1144:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1004:Windsor Guildhall
969:Order of St. John
885:British Red Cross
772:Buckingham Palace
616:. In the latter,
404:Buckingham Palace
352:British Red Cross
341:Princess Beatrice
295:
294:
226:
225:
104:, London, England
87:, London, England
85:Buckingham Palace
16:(Redirected from
4950:
4943:Wives of knights
4723:
4716:
4709:
4700:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4561:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4211:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3698:
3693:
3679:
3674:
3644:Thomas Weiberg:
3610:
3471:
3470:
3445:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3159:. 18 March 1863.
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3137:Longford, p. 395
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3106:
3100:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2942:Survey of London
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2726:
2723:
2714:
2711:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2408:Dennison, p. 204
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
1720:
1711:
1618:26 February 1869
1577:
1545:
1530:of three points
1524:shield of Saxony
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1420:1 January 1878:
1360:Otto Goldschmidt
1311:Emily Williamson
1277:Cumberland Lodge
1152:Edwardian period
1148:Augusta Victoria
1098:Edwardian period
997:South Kensington
967:branches of the
776:Christian Victor
760:Cumberland Lodge
552:Royal Collection
291:
214:
179:
162:
160:
156:
152:
98:
81:
79:
66:
63:
58:
39:
21:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4928:Royal reburials
4828:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4806:
4789:
4766:
4750:
4734:
4727:
4697:
4692:
4684:
4670:
4654:
4637:
4620:
4597:
4588:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4537:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4456:
4362:
4281:
4259:
4243:
4238:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4177:12th generation
4172:
4149:11th generation
4144:
4133:10th generation
4128:
4102:
4053:
3969:
3919:
3883:
3869:Princess Amelia
3864:Princess Sophia
3832:
3823:Princess Louisa
3801:
3782:Princess Amelia
3765:
3749:
3730:
3725:
3665:
3662:
3608:
3504:Chomet, Seweryn
3484:Queen Alexandra
3479:
3474:
3467:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:Packard, p. 193
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:Packard, p. 194
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:Packard, p. 192
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:Packard, p. 117
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:Packard, p. 116
2545:
2541:
2537:Packard, p. 115
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:Packard, p. 114
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:Packard, p. 113
2473:
2466:
2462:Packard, p. 121
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:Packard, p. 104
2398:
2394:
2390:Packard, p. 103
2389:
2385:
2381:Packard, p. 102
2380:
2376:
2372:Packard, p. 101
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
1708:
1664:8 December 1956
1602:29 October 1900
1572:
1512:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1477:31 March 1863:
1470:
1432:23 March 1896:
1428:Royal Red Cross
1412:
1384:
1379:
1302:
1285:
1214:First World War
1210:
1194:First World War
1166:Prime Minister
1160:Second Boer War
1120:Princess Louise
1100:
1087:
1067:Theodore Martin
1051:
1033:Saturday Review
1025:The Memoirs of
1012:
977:
881:
876:
852:Balmoral Castle
792:Princess Louise
784:Helena Victoria
748:
708:Triumphal March
687:
681:
572:Prince of Wales
564:Royal Household
537:
532:
486:
478:Princess Louise
459:lady-in-waiting
448:Duchess of Kent
384:
298:Princess Helena
259:
208:
173:
172:
164:
148:
144:
141:
128:
127:
122:
121:28 October 1928
120:
113:
102:Schomberg House
100:
96:
83:
77:
75:
67:
64:
42:Princess Helena
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4795:
4794:7th generation
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4774:
4772:
4771:6th generation
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4755:5th generation
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4739:4th generation
4736:
4735:
4729:Princesses of
4728:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4659:6th generation
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4642:4th generation
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4625:2nd generation
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4602:1st generation
4599:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4520:8th generation
4517:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4507:7th generation
4504:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4494:6th generation
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4462:
4461:5th generation
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4367:4th generation
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4286:3rd generation
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4264:2nd generation
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4248:1st generation
4245:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4107:9th generation
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4058:8th generation
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3974:7th generation
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3924:6th generation
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Queen Victoria
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3888:5th generation
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3837:4th generation
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3806:3rd generation
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3770:2nd generation
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3754:1st generation
3751:
3750:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3680:
3661:
3660:External links
3658:
3657:
3656:
3642:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3588:
3574:
3565:Marie Louise (
3563:
3553:Victoria R. I.
3546:
3532:
3518:
3501:
3487:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3440:
3427:
3414:
3412:Eilers, p. 206
3402:
3400:Eilers, p. 205
3393:
3371:
3345:
3319:"Luisen-orden"
3310:
3279:
3259:
3239:
3211:
3200:. 12 June 1923
3185:
3162:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3101:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3048:on 24 May 2018
3033:
3007:
3005:Chomet, p. 149
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2950:
2933:
2924:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2826:Chomet, p. 126
2816:
2814:Chomet, p. 125
2807:
2805:Chomet, p. 124
2795:
2769:
2760:
2758:Chomet, p. 123
2748:
2739:
2737:Chomet, p. 122
2727:
2725:Chomet, p. 120
2715:
2713:Chomet, p. 119
2703:
2701:Chomet, p. 130
2694:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2656:Benson, p. 300
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2602:Chomet, p. 133
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2444:Packard, p. 99
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2311:
2291:
2271:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2230:Chomet, p. 121
2223:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:Married 1891;
1665:
1662:
1661:12 August 1872
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1317:, Manchester.
1301:
1298:
1284:
1281:
1209:
1206:
1142:, in 1906, of
1110:, who died at
1108:Queen Victoria
1099:
1096:
1086:
1083:
1055:Princess Alice
1050:
1047:
1020:Prince Consort
1011:
1008:
976:
973:
880:
877:
875:
872:
860:Court Circular
747:
744:
692:Windsor Castle
680:
677:
653:Princess Alice
568:Baron Stockmar
536:
533:
531:
528:
518:Princess Alice
492:, the queen's
485:
482:
434:Royal Highness
383:
380:
317:Baron Stockmar
306:Queen Victoria
293:
292:
285:
281:
280:
278:Queen Victoria
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
258:
257:
247:
236:
234:
228:
227:
224:
223:
219:
218:
210:
209:
207:
206:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
180:
166:
165:
146:
142:
137:
136:
134:
130:
129:
123:
115:
114:
110:
106:
105:
99:(aged 77)
93:
89:
88:
73:
69:
68:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4955:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
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4318:
4315:
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4309:
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4288:
4284:
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4274:
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4246:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4228:
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4216:
4215:
4212:
4201:
4196:
4190:
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4182:
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4179:
4175:
4169:
4168:
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4162:
4159:
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4112:
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4019:
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3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
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3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
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3778:
3775:
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3759:
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3752:
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3717:
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3699:
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3684:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:0-00-217076-0
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:Wake, Jehanne
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:0-7509-3476-X
3597:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:0-312-24496-7
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:0-297-84142-4
3558:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:0-8063-1202-5
3541:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:1-56700-145-9
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:0-575-02690-1
3496:
3492:
3489:Bennett, D.,
3488:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3466:1-85605-469-1
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3360:(in German),
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3199:
3198:parliament.uk
3195:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:Keen, Basil,
3090:
3087:
3084:Chomet, p. 40
3081:
3078:
3075:Chomet, p. 87
3072:
3069:
3066:Chomet, p. 30
3063:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2892:Chomet, p. 86
2889:
2886:
2883:Chomet, p. 84
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:Chomet, p. 83
2868:
2865:
2862:Chomet, p. 80
2859:
2856:
2853:Chomet, p. 71
2850:
2847:
2844:Chomet, p. 70
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2638:Chomet, p. 59
2635:
2632:
2629:Chomet, p. 54
2626:
2623:
2620:Chomet, p. 52
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2593:Chomet, p. 55
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2435:Chomet, p. 37
2432:
2429:
2426:Chomet, p. 19
2423:
2420:
2417:Chomet, p. 17
2414:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2363:Chomet, p. 12
2360:
2357:
2354:Chomet, p. 10
2351:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2269:Chomet, p. 11
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2248:Bennet, p. 89
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1759:
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1755:
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1749:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:Prince Harald
1675:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1641:13 March 1948
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:27 April 1931
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Prince Albert
1612:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:14 April 1867
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1502:1 June 1872:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:3 June 1918:
1449:
1447:
1444:3 June 1911:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1371:Prince Alfred
1367:
1365:
1364:Drawing Rooms
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Charles Hallé
1341:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:King George V
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:South African
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Osborne House
1109:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Isle of Wight
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
917:
913:
911:
910:Privy Council
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:royal charter
890:
886:
878:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
835:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:in 1869, and
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
752:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Osborne House
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
678:
676:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Prince Alfred
646:
643:'s daughter,
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
589:
579:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
529:
527:
524:
519:
511:
506:
502:
499:
495:
494:Isle of Wight
491:
490:Osborne House
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
397:
393:
392:Prince Alfred
388:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Prince Albert
322:
318:
313:
311:
310:Prince Albert
307:
303:
299:
290:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
237:
235:
233:
229:
220:
215:
211:
205:Prince Harald
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
178:
177:
171:
167:
140:
135:
131:
126:
119:
116:Royal Vault,
111:
107:
103:
94:
90:
86:
74:
70:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4825:
4812:
4783:
4685:
4677:
4665:
4614:
4538:
4534:
4304:
4254:
4199:
4165:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4020:
3962:
3955:
3940:
3745:
3741:
3645:
3631:
3611:
3591:
3577:
3570:
3552:
3535:
3521:
3507:
3490:
3483:
3456:
3443:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3374:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3322:
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3296:
3293:Pro Phalaris
3292:
3282:
3271:
3262:
3251:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3197:
3188:
3177:
3151:
3146:Chomet, p. 4
3142:
3133:
3124:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2810:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2772:
2763:
2742:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2303:
2294:
2283:
2274:
2253:
2244:
2239:Chomet, p. 9
2235:
2226:
2221:Chomet, p. 6
2217:
1942:
1573:
1563:(1858–1917)
1561:coat of arms
1520:inescutcheon
1513:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1368:
1337:
1332:
1319:
1303:
1286:
1268:
1258:
1211:
1191:
1180:
1138:King at the
1136:
1101:
1075:
1052:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1013:
1001:
984:
978:
942:
936:
922:
904:
882:
847:hypochondria
836:
832:
808:High Steward
800:
788:Marie Louise
757:
746:Married life
688:
665:
638:
592:
584:
557:
515:
497:
487:
463:
456:
431:
427:
423:
419:
401:
349:
314:
301:
297:
296:
253:
243:
174:
112:15 June 1923
97:(1923-06-09)
60:Photograph,
47:
36:
4843:1923 deaths
4838:1846 births
4817:by marriage
4733:by marriage
4690:by marriage
4682:by marriage
3449:Louda, JiĹ™Ă
3386:29 February
3303:28 November
3268:"No. 30730"
3248:"No. 24539"
3174:"No. 26725"
3110:"No. 22956"
3026:21 February
2788:21 February
2557:"No. 23140"
2300:"No. 20627"
2280:"No. 20626"
1682:20 May 1876
1679:12 May 1876
1315:Fallowfield
1208:Later years
1192:Before the
1168:Louis Botha
1132:Sandringham
1079:John Murray
1016:translation
796:Jules Dalou
608:during the
560:Carl Ruland
535:Controversy
329:Carl Ruland
95:9 June 1923
82:25 May 1846
65: 1882
4832:Categories
4539:** also a
3477:References
3364:, Berlin:
2340:28 January
1699:Stillborn
1696:7 May 1877
1693:7 May 1877
1638:3 May 1870
1518:, with an
1516:royal arms
1356:Bach Choir
1352:Clara Butt
1348:Jenny Lind
1242:Queen Mary
1116:Edward VII
1071:honorarium
981:needlework
975:Needlework
929:Edward VII
874:Activities
856:rheumatism
736:Interlaken
683:See also:
498:most, most
470:technology
382:Early life
244:until 1917
78:1846-05-25
4686:**also a
1172:Jan Smuts
1062:clergyman
1059:Darmstadt
1043:Christian
925:Alexandra
778:in 1867,
704:Beethoven
594:Schleswig
424:Helenchen
412:Ernest II
284:Signature
254:from 1917
4541:princess
3746:princess
3738:George I
3455:(1999).
3334:citation
3232:18 April
3204:18 April
1706:Ancestry
1607:Boer War
1540:George V
933:courtier
843:laudanum
700:mourning
598:Holstein
544:Portrait
530:Marriage
362:and the
4678:also a
4543:of the
3685:at the
1522:of the
1465:Foreign
1415:British
1410:Honours
1265:Windsor
1234:Germany
1126:(later
1010:Writing
961:Windsor
879:Nursing
868:oculist
820:pigeons
812:Windsor
622:Austria
618:Prussia
606:Denmark
602:Prussia
474:boating
466:science
428:Lenchen
333:Germany
321:Britain
250:Windsor
176:more...
163:
147:
143:
3742:prince
3652:
3638:
3598:
3584:
3559:
3542:
3528:
3514:
3497:
3463:
3098:, p.24
3052:24 May
1589:Notes
1532:argent
1300:Legacy
1273:Albert
1226:Sweden
1170:, but
905:status
864:France
780:Albert
661:Berlin
512:, 1861
414:, the
408:London
274:Mother
264:Father
153:
133:Spouse
109:Burial
2210:Notes
2162:(= 9)
2103:(= 8)
1586:Death
1583:Birth
1570:Issue
1536:gules
1528:label
1342:with
1340:piano
1283:Death
1202:child
839:opium
803:dowry
740:Genoa
732:Paris
610:First
232:House
217:Names
170:Issue
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149:(
145:
4666:None
4255:None
3744:and
3650:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3582:ISBN
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3388:2008
3366:1256
3340:link
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3305:2019
3299:: 13
3297:9–10
3234:2021
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3054:2018
3028:2008
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2099:14.
2037:13.
1979:12.
1915:11.
1857:10.
1648:and
1580:Name
1510:Arms
1350:and
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963:and
937:very
841:and
786:and
738:and
716:gout
620:and
612:and
604:and
596:and
468:and
432:Her
308:and
159:1917
155:1866
92:Died
72:Born
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