521:
53:
534:
509:
31:
356:
1582:
Razkin, Oihana; GĂłmez-Moliner, BenjamĂn Juán; Prieto, Carlos
Enrique; MartĂnez-OrtĂ, Alberto; ArrĂ©bola, JosĂ© RamĂłn; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, MarĂa JosĂ© (2015-02-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)".
204:, sometimes called the "typical snails." It includes some of the largest European land snails, several species are common in anthropogenic habitats, and some became invasive on other continents. A number of species in this family are valued as food items, including
553:
Genital system anatomy (does not apply on all species, as derived states are found in some of them): mucous glands divided into 2 or more branches, love dart with four blades (vanes) along its length, two penial papillae/verges.
1008:
Genital system anatomy (does not apply on all species, as derived states are found in some of them): mucous glands divided into 2 branches or undivided, love dart with two blades on the tip, one penial papilla.
959:
Genital system anatomy (does not apply on all species, as derived states are found in some of them): mucous glands weakly branched or undivided, love dart with four blades along its length, one penial papilla.
298:
Helicidae typically have a ribbed jaw, bursa copulatrix with a diverticulum, and one dart sac accompanied by a pair of (usually) branched, tubular mucous glands inserting at the base of the dart sac.
1698:
Holyoak, David T.; Holyoak, Geraldine A.; GĂłmez
Moliner, BenjamĂn M.; Chueca, Luis J. (2020). "Phylogeny, species-limits and taxonomic revision of the Otalini (Helicidae) from north-west Africa".
1900:
Höltke, Olaf; Rasser, Michael W (2015). "Pseudochloritis insignis–a peculiar large land-snail from the
Miocene of SW Germany: taxonomic status and census of morphologically related forms".
1409:"Incorporating palaeogeography into ancestral area estimation can explain the disjunct distribution of land snails in Macaronesia and the Balearic Islands (Helicidae: Allognathini)"
1407:
Neiber, Marco T.; Chueca, Luis J.; Caro, Amaia; Teixeira, Dinarte; Schlegel, Kevin A.; GĂłmez-Moliner, BenjamĂn J.; Walther, Frank; Glaubrecht, Matthias; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2021).
2247:
2103:
2142:
1804:
Iconographie der Land- & Süsswasser-Mollusken mit vorzüglicher Berücksichtigung der Europäischen noch nicht abgebildeten Arten. Neu Folge. Vierzehnter Band
1721:"Diversity of Land Snail Tribe Helicini (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae): Where Do We Stand after 20 Years of Sequencing Mitochondrial Markers?"
2077:
1658:"A misinterpreted disjunction: the phylogenetic relationships of the North African land snail Gyrostomella (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)"
2116:
1621:
Neiber, Marco T.; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2015-12-01). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of the snail genus Cepaea (Gastropoda: Helicidae)".
1465:
Neubert, Eike (1998). "Annotated checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the
Arabian Peninsula with descriptions of new species".
1824:
1413:
2204:
703:
153:
2121:
2129:
129:
1367:
1342:
2242:
1999:
1986:
2056:
52:
2147:
2069:
1820:"Historical biogeography of Tyrrhenian land snails: The Marmorana–Tyrrheniberus radiation (Pulmonata, Helicidae)"
1539:
1535:"Land Snails from St. Elzear Cave, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec: Antiquity of Cepaea Hortensis in North America"
1926:
673:
268:
2178:
1700:
2004:
2196:
2209:
2157:
2025:
1973:
1230:
1127:
714:
648:
2237:
1802:
1490:
1254:
1241:
1197:
1037:
754:
658:
525:
438:
427:
365:
274:
1300:
1280:
1267:
1157:
863:
520:
224:"). The biologies of these two species in particular have been thoroughly studied and documented.
2232:
1819:
1657:
1564:
1507:
1449:
1408:
794:
513:
476:
389:
341:
330:
47:
1861:"Systematics of Ariantinae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicidae), a new approach to an old problem"
1340:
Nordsieck, Hartmut (1987). "Revision des
Systems der Helicoidea (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)".
174:
169:
2183:
1187:
2165:
2012:
1882:
1860:
1841:
1765:"A misinterpreted disjunction: the phylogenetic relationships of the North African land snail
1742:
1677:
1638:
1600:
1556:
1515:
1430:
1386:
1207:
1167:
1107:
833:
694:
533:
449:
371:
280:
238:
145:
2108:
1177:
812:
789:
785:
2170:
1872:
1833:
1780:
1732:
1669:
1630:
1592:
1548:
1499:
1422:
1376:
873:
545:
The family
Helicidae contains 3 subfamilies (according to molecular phylogenetic analyses):
325:
197:
193:
978:
104:
1964:
1656:
Neiber, Marco T; Korábek, Ondřej; Glaubrecht, Matthias; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2022-04-11).
2064:
2051:
1019:
903:
686:
538:
490:
256:
206:
1486:"Climatic Selection in Cepaea hortensis at the Northern Limit of Its Range in Iceland"
508:
2226:
1534:
1147:
985:
918:
825:
699:
668:
233:
216:
149:
39:
1568:
236:
are usually flattened or depressed conical. Globular shells are found in the genera
2017:
1818:
Fiorentino, Viviana; Salomone, Nicola; Manganelli, Giuseppe; Giusti, Folco (2010).
681:
500:
have been introduced and become established in numerous different areas worldwide.
496:
401:
1978:
1991:
1784:
1673:
2134:
2090:
1958:
1837:
1634:
1596:
1426:
1097:
744:
575:
244:
30:
1949:
1763:
Marco T Neiber; Ondřej Korábek; Matthias
Glaubrecht; Bernhard Hausdorf (2022).
1877:
1381:
1362:
1137:
1067:
734:
708:
628:
405:
404:. However, some genera or species live beyond these limits. Helicids occur on
310:
250:
201:
138:
114:
94:
1886:
1764:
1746:
1681:
1560:
1390:
2038:
1217:
1087:
1027:
968:
933:
883:
820:
807:
801:
724:
592:
444:
422:
262:
179:
64:
1845:
1642:
1604:
1519:
1434:
347:
355:
1943:
1859:
Groenenberg, Dick S.J.; Subai, Peter; Gittenberger, Edmund (2016-01-28).
1552:
1117:
1077:
1047:
625:
616:
606:
467:
432:
221:
84:
1511:
1485:
1014:
853:
843:
781:
481:
471:
463:
453:
410:
307:
1737:
1720:
2095:
1533:
Pearce, Timothy A.; Olori, Jennifer C.; Kemezis, Kathleen W. (2010).
963:
Distributed in
Sardinia, Corsica, the Apennine Peninsula and Sicily.
599:
582:
485:
397:
393:
286:
74:
2082:
1920:
1503:
318:
2043:
1325:
A field guide to the land snails of
Britain and northwestern Europe
2191:
1057:
927:
Tribe
Maculariini Neiber, Korábek, Glaubrecht & Hausdorf, 2021
913:
893:
805:
due to the wide geographic disjunction between the western Alpine
532:
519:
507:
459:
416:
360:
354:
1719:
Korábek, Ondřej; Juřičková, Lucie; Petrusek, Adam (2021-12-31).
1924:
2030:
780:
A 2022 phylogenetic analysis proposed that all groups of the
1451:
Fauna der Land- und SĂĽsswasser-Mollusken Nord-Ost-Afrika's
345:) are scheduled for whole genome sequencing and assembly (
284:, has a cylindrical shell. In some genera, especially in
1363:"Advances in Chromosomal Studies of Gastropod Molluscs"
1276:
1263:
1250:
1237:
1226:
1933:
290:, the shells are brightly colored and patterned.
388:The core of helicids is distributed in from the
1202:Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016
1172:Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016
214:"petit gris") the brown or garden snail, and
8:
792:tribe. The same study proposed a new tribe,
653:Psonis, Vardinoyannis & Poulakakis, 2022
2248:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1921:
29:
20:
1876:
1773:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1769:(Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)"
1758:
1756:
1736:
1662:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1380:
1323:M.P. Kerney & R.A.D. Cameron. 1979.
1316:
200:, medium to large-sized, air-breathing
784:radiation belonged to a single tribe,
1825:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1796:
1794:
1693:
1691:
1623:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1616:
1614:
1585:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1484:Arnason, Einar; Grant, P. R. (1976).
1414:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1361:Thiriot-QuiéVreux, Catherine (2003).
7:
2197:5C371C6D-2715-FFC7-FF20-8F6CFC06FC91
2158:49938c1f-b9e5-42a7-a7f3-edb65f4644aa
2070:1885c332-8db9-4c56-87fc-f04fec4bdf49
1402:
1400:
1335:
1333:
549:Subfamily Helicinae Rafinesque, 1815
1454:. Dresden: E. Blochmann & Sohn.
558:Tribe Allognathini Westerlund, 1903
359:Helicid snails for sale as food in
14:
788:, without support for a separate
993:Subfamily Ariantinae Mörch, 1864
944:Subfamily Murellinae Hesse, 1918
51:
484:and in a small area in eastern
306:In this family, the number of
1:
811:and the primarily Maghrebian
448:extends far south in western
1368:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1838:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.024
1807:. Wiesbaden: C. W. Kreidel.
1635:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.022
1597:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014
1427:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107196
458:is distributed as south as
2264:
1785:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab059
1674:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab059
1878:10.1163/18759866-08501003
1540:Annals of Carnegie Museum
1448:Jickeli, Carl F. (1874).
1343:Archiv fĂĽr Molluskenkunde
323:" project, four species (
166:
161:
144:
137:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1865:Contributions to Zoology
765:Tribe Thebini Wenz, 1923
488:. Some species, notably
313:lies between 22 and 30.
1382:10.1093/mollus/69.3.187
542:
530:
517:
380:
2179:Paleobiology Database
1902:Journal of Conchology
1701:Journal of Conchology
799:containing the genus
536:
523:
511:
358:
319:"Darwin Tree of Life"
2065:Fauna Europaea (new)
1801:Hesse, Paul (1908).
1553:10.2992/007.079.0105
1234:C. R. Boettger, 1909
192:is a large, diverse
16:Family of gastropods
526:Iberus gualtieranus
428:Madeira Archipelago
414:), Canary Islands (
366:Eobania vermiculata
2243:Gastropod families
1327:. Collins, London.
1285:H. Nordsieck, 2018
1272:H. Nordsieck, 2014
611:T. Cockerell, 1921
543:
531:
518:
514:Arianta arbustorum
455:Eremina desertella
381:
342:Arianta arbustorum
2220:
2219:
2166:Open Tree of Life
1927:Taxon identifiers
1738:10.3390/d14010024
1306:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1142:A. FĂ©russac, 1821
1133:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1042:A.J. Wagner, 1914
1033:
1023:
974:
973:W. Hartmann, 1844
939:
922:
909:
899:
889:
888:Möllendorff, 1898
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
760:
750:
740:
730:
720:
706:
690:
677:
664:
654:
612:
588:
372:Cantareus apertus
363:; from the front
281:Cylindrus obtusus
228:Shell description
187:
186:
156:
133:
2255:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2135:NHMSYS0001702031
2125:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1779:(4): 1236–1251.
1760:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1668:(4): 1236–1251.
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1358:
1352:
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1337:
1328:
1321:
1304:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
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1111:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
972:
956:
955:
951:
937:
917:
907:
898:Schumacher, 1817
897:
887:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
824:
777:
776:
772:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
698:
685:
672:
662:
652:
643:
642:
638:
610:
586:
570:
569:
565:
477:Cepaea hortensis
351:
332:Cepaea hortensis
326:Cepaea nemoralis
322:
148:
128:
56:
55:
33:
21:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2256:
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2016:
2011:
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1914:
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1898:
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1853:
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1792:
1762:
1761:
1754:
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1713:
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1620:
1619:
1612:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1504:10.2307/2407574
1483:
1482:
1478:
1467:Fauna of Arabia
1464:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1295:
1231:Pseudochloritis
1152:Fitzinger, 1833
1092:Fitzinger, 1833
1072:Fitzinger, 1833
1062:Schileyko, 1971
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
979:Tacheocampylaea
957:
953:
949:
947:
946:
929:
778:
774:
770:
768:
767:
663:Nordsieck, 2017
644:
640:
636:
634:
633:
571:
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563:
561:
560:
551:
506:
386:
346:
317:
304:
296:
278:. One species,
230:
157:
127:
105:Stylommatophora
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2061:
2052:Fauna Europaea
2048:
2035:
2022:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1955:
1939:
1937:
1931:
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1925:
1918:
1917:External links
1915:
1912:
1911:
1892:
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1810:
1790:
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1711:
1687:
1648:
1610:
1574:
1525:
1498:(3): 499–508.
1476:
1457:
1440:
1396:
1375:(3): 187–202.
1353:
1329:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1294:
1292:Incertae sedis
1289:
1288:
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1102:P. Hesse, 1931
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908:P. Hesse, 1907
904:Rossmaessleria
900:
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868:P. Hesse, 1911
860:
858:Pfeiffer, 1855
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848:P. Hesse, 1913
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491:Cornu aspersum
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337:Cornu aspersum
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212:Helix aspersa;
207:Cornu aspersum
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1871:(1): 37–65l.
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1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1305:Pfeffer, 1930
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1259:Pilsbry, 1895
1257:
1256:
1255:Metacampylaea
1249:
1246:Pilsbry, 1895
1244:
1243:
1242:Mesodontopsis
1236:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:Brusina, 1904
1220:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:Pseudotrizona
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:Brusina, 1904
1180:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:F. Haas, 1936
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:Isognomostoma
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:Brusina, 1904
1120:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:Brusina, 1904
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:Campylaeopsis
1035:
1032:H. Beck, 1837
1030:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1001:
992:
988:
987:
986:Tyrrheniberus
983:
981:
980:
976:
971:
970:
966:
965:
964:
961:
952:
943:
936:
935:
931:
930:
926:
920:
916:
915:
911:
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
891:
886:
885:
881:
878:Pallary, 1899
876:
875:
871:
866:
865:
861:
856:
855:
851:
846:
845:
841:
836:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
818:
817:
816:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:
798:
796:
791:
787:
783:
773:
764:
757:
756:
752:
747:
746:
742:
737:
736:
732:
727:
726:
722:
717:
716:
712:
710:
705:
701:
697:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
669:Caucasotachea
666:
661:
660:
656:
651:
650:
646:
645:
639:
630:
627:
623:
619:
618:
614:
609:
608:
604:
602:
601:
597:
595:
594:
590:
585:
584:
580:
578:
577:
573:
572:
566:
557:
555:
548:
546:
541:
540:
535:
529:
527:
522:
516:
515:
510:
503:
501:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
378:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
357:
353:
349:
348:"Data portal"
344:
343:
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:
320:
314:
312:
309:
301:
299:
293:
291:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
265:
264:
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
218:
217:Helix pomatia
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
165:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
131:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
111:Superfamily:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:Helix pomatia
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1934:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1832:(1): 26–37.
1829:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1776:
1772:
1767:Gyrostomella
1766:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1626:
1622:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1547:(1): 65–78.
1544:
1538:
1528:
1495:
1489:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1443:
1418:
1412:
1372:
1366:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1324:
1319:
1301:Megalotachea
1299:
1291:
1281:Pseudoklikia
1279:
1268:Paradrobacia
1266:
1253:
1240:
1229:
1216:
1212:Kobelt, 1904
1206:
1196:
1192:Kobelt, 1904
1186:
1176:
1166:
1158:Josephinella
1156:
1146:
1136:
1132:Kobelt, 1904
1126:
1116:
1112:Kobelt, 1902
1106:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1013:
1007:
984:
977:
967:
962:
958:
938:Albers, 1850
932:
912:
902:
892:
882:
872:
864:Gyrostomella
862:
852:
842:
832:
819:
806:
800:
793:
779:
753:
743:
733:
729:Kobelt, 1871
723:
719:Kobelt, 1901
713:
693:
682:Codringtonia
680:
667:
657:
647:
615:
605:
598:
591:
581:
574:
552:
544:
537:
524:
512:
497:Theba pisana
495:
489:
475:
454:
443:
437:
431:
421:
415:
409:
402:North Africa
387:
384:Distribution
376:
370:
364:
340:
336:
331:
324:
315:
305:
297:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
215:
211:
205:
189:
188:
162:Subfamilies
124:
38:
18:
2091:iNaturalist
1959:Wikispecies
1629:: 143–149.
1098:Delphinatia
795:Maculariini
759:Subai, 2005
749:Hesse, 1917
745:Maltzanella
739:Hesse, 1918
576:Allognathus
311:chromosomes
245:Maltzanella
202:land snails
198:Palaearctic
196:of western
2238:Helicoidea
2227:Categories
1708:: 551–611.
1591:: 99–117.
1473:: 333–461.
1421:: 107196.
1311:References
1138:Helicigona
1082:Held, 1838
1068:Chilostoma
838:Born, 1778
797:trib. nov.
735:Lindholmia
709:type genus
629:Rafinesque
587:Held, 1838
426:) and the
406:Cape Verde
251:Lindholmia
210:(formerly
175:Murellinae
170:Ariantinae
139:Type genus
130:Rafinesque
115:Helicoidea
95:Gastropoda
24:Helicidae
2233:Helicidae
1992:Helicidae
1979:Helicidae
1965:Helicidae
1935:Helicidae
1887:1383-4517
1747:1424-2818
1731:(1): 24.
1725:Diversity
1682:0024-4082
1561:0097-4463
1491:Evolution
1391:1464-3766
1218:Vidovicia
1188:Liburnica
1088:Cylindrus
1028:Campylaea
969:Marmorana
934:Macularia
884:Massylaea
821:Cantareus
808:Macularia
802:Macularia
755:Neocrassa
725:Levantina
593:Hemicycla
528:alonensis
480:lives on
445:Levantina
423:Hemicycla
275:Idiomella
263:Cantareus
190:Helicidae
180:Helicinae
125:Helicidae
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1950:Q1418257
1944:Wikidata
1846:19995610
1643:26256642
1605:25485783
1569:84205240
1520:28563245
1435:33965538
1208:Thiessea
1168:Kollarix
1128:Faustina
1118:Drobacia
1108:Dinarica
1078:Corneola
1048:Cattania
715:Isaurica
700:Linnaeus
674:Boettger
649:Aristena
626:Helicini
617:Lampadia
607:Idiomela
504:Taxonomy
468:Puntland
439:Idiomela
433:Lampadia
392:through
390:Caucasus
302:Genetics
222:escargot
150:Linnaeus
121:Family:
85:Mollusca
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1908:(1): 1.
1512:2407574
1350:: 9–50.
1178:Kosicia
1015:Arianta
854:Eremina
844:Eobania
815:tribe.
813:Thebini
790:Otalini
786:Thebini
782:Maghreb
659:Amanica
482:Iceland
472:Somalia
464:Eritrea
411:Eremina
316:In the
308:haploid
294:Anatomy
269:Eremina
101:Order:
91:Class:
2210:153968
2171:997082
2155:NZOR:
2109:113631
2044:1HELIF
1885:
1844:
1745:
1680:
1641:
1603:
1567:
1559:
1518:
1510:
1433:
1389:
1022:, 1831
1020:Turton
997:": -->
948:": -->
921:, 1826
874:Loxana
828:, 1826
769:": -->
689:, 1898
687:Kobelt
676:, 1909
635:": -->
631:, 1815
624:Tribe
600:Iberus
583:Cepaea
562:": -->
486:Canada
452:, and
450:Arabia
398:Europe
394:Turkey
375:, and
339:, and
287:Cepaea
272:, and
234:shells
220:(the "
194:family
132:, 1815
2205:WoRMS
2192:Plazi
2184:94483
2122:77903
2104:IRMNG
2096:47484
2057:11479
2018:7NHSG
1565:S2CID
1508:JSTOR
1058:Causa
919:Risso
914:Theba
894:Otala
834:Cornu
826:Risso
695:Helix
460:Sudan
417:Theba
377:Helix
361:Italy
257:Cornu
239:Helix
146:Helix
2148:6533
2143:NCBI
2117:ITIS
2083:6540
2078:GBIF
2039:EPPO
2031:2640
2005:1491
2000:BOLD
1883:ISSN
1842:PMID
1743:ISSN
1678:ISSN
1639:PMID
1601:PMID
1557:ISSN
1516:PMID
1431:PMID
1387:ISSN
999:edit
950:edit
771:edit
704:1758
637:edit
564:edit
494:and
466:and
396:and
232:The
154:1758
2130:NBN
2026:EoL
2013:CoL
1987:AFD
1974:ADW
1873:doi
1834:doi
1781:doi
1777:194
1733:doi
1670:doi
1666:194
1631:doi
1593:doi
1549:doi
1500:doi
1423:doi
1419:162
1377:doi
1348:118
470:in
442:).
400:to
379:sp.
352:).
2229::
2207::
2194::
2181::
2168::
2145::
2132::
2119::
2106::
2093::
2080::
2067::
2054::
2041::
2028::
2015::
2002::
1989::
1976::
1961::
1946::
1906:42
1904:.
1881:.
1869:85
1867:.
1863:.
1840:.
1830:55
1828:.
1822:.
1793:^
1775:.
1771:.
1755:^
1741:.
1729:14
1727:.
1723:.
1706:43
1704:.
1690:^
1676:.
1664:.
1660:.
1637:.
1627:93
1625:.
1613:^
1599:.
1589:83
1587:.
1563:.
1555:.
1545:79
1543:.
1537:.
1514:.
1506:.
1496:30
1494:.
1488:.
1471:17
1469:.
1429:.
1417:.
1411:.
1399:^
1385:.
1373:69
1371:.
1365:.
1346:.
1332:^
707:-
702:,
474:.
462:,
436:,
420:,
369:,
335:,
329:,
266:,
260:,
254:,
248:,
242:,
152:,
1889:.
1875::
1848:.
1836::
1787:.
1783::
1749:.
1735::
1684:.
1672::
1645:.
1633::
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1571:.
1551::
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1379::
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408:(
350:.
321:.
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