2817:
101:
2829:
898:
33:
1210:
maximum for a Sun-synchronous orbit, and doing more than 16 would require an orbit inside the Earth's atmosphere or surface. The resulting valid orbits are shown in the following table. (The table has been calculated assuming the periods given. The orbital period that should be used is actually slightly longer. For instance, a retrograde equatorial orbit that passes over the same spot after 24 hours has a true period about
2901:
607:
2791:
2865:
2889:
2841:
2877:
2853:
1106:
893:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho &\approx -{\frac {3J_{2}R_{\text{E}}^{2}{\sqrt {\mu }}\cos i}{2a^{7/2}}}\\&=-(360^{\circ }{\text{ per year}})\times \left({\frac {a}{12\,352{\text{ km}}}}\right)^{-7/2}\cos i\\&=-(360^{\circ }{\text{ per year}})\times \left({\frac {T}{3.795{\text{ h}}}}\right)^{-7/3}\cos i,\end{aligned}}}
132:
between day and night. Riding the terminator is useful for active radar satellites, as the satellites' solar panels can always see the Sun, without being shadowed by the Earth. It is also useful for some satellites with passive instruments that need to limit the Sun's influence on the measurements,
96:
wavelengths, such as weather and spy satellites, and for other remote-sensing satellites, such as those carrying ocean and atmospheric remote-sensing instruments that require sunlight. For example, a satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit might ascend across the equator twelve times a day, each time at
1639:
evolve, due to higher-order perturbations in the Earth's gravitational field, the pressure of sunlight, and other causes. Earth observation satellites, in particular, prefer orbits with constant altitude when passing over the same spot. Careful selection of eccentricity and location of perigee
1209:
If one wants a satellite to fly over some given spot on Earth every day at the same hour, the satellite must complete a whole number of orbits per day. Assuming a circular orbit, this comes down to between 7 and 16 orbits per day, as doing less than 7 orbits would require an altitude above the
913:
181:, which perturbs inclined orbits, causes the orbital plane of the spacecraft to precess with the desired rate. The plane of the orbit is not fixed in space relative to the distant stars, but rotates slowly about the Earth's axis.
308:
36:
Diagram showing the orientation of a Sun-synchronous orbit (green) at four points in the year. A non-Sun-synchronous orbit (magenta) is also shown for reference. Dates are shown in white: day/month.
1101:{\displaystyle \cos i\approx -{\frac {2\rho }{3J_{2}R_{\text{E}}^{2}{\sqrt {\mu }}}}a^{7/2}=-\left({\frac {a}{12\,352{\text{ km}}}}\right)^{7/2}=-\left({\frac {T}{3.795{\text{ h}}}}\right)^{7/3}.}
562:
612:
1733:
1682:
225:
1640:
reveals specific combinations where the rate of change of perturbations are minimized, and hence the orbit is relatively stable – a
1971:
1792:
2668:
2816:
133:
as it is possible to always point the instruments towards the night side of the Earth. The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar-observing
1753:
2728:
1154:, which means that only lower orbits can be Sun-synchronous. The period can be in the range from 88 minutes for a very low orbit (
1838:
116:
of 10:30. The LST zones show how the local time beneath the satellite varies at different latitudes and different points on its orbit.
1645:
128:, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial latitudes is around sunrise or sunset, so that the satellite rides the
2723:
2603:
2022:
580:
184:
Typical Sun-synchronous orbits around Earth are about 600–800 km (370–500 mi) in altitude, with periods in the 96–100-
2688:
2442:
2761:
2400:
2391:
2128:
516:
1884:
Low, Samuel Y. W. (January 2022). "Designing a
Reference Trajectory for Frozen Repeat Near-Equatorial Low Earth Orbits".
2708:
2178:
2653:
1624:
192:
compared to the direction of Earth's rotation: 0° represents an equatorial orbit, and 90° represents a polar orbit.
2807:
2633:
2460:
2771:
2756:
2281:
1958:
77:
1226:≈ 1.0027 times longer than the time between overpasses. For non-equatorial orbits the factor is closer to 1.)
56:
around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local
2766:
2074:
1631:
over the Earth surface. Even if an orbit remains Sun-synchronous, however, other orbital parameters such as
2628:
2230:
2150:
2138:
124:, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial latitudes is around noon or midnight, and the
100:
2921:
2751:
2693:
2663:
2451:
2296:
2266:
2210:
2089:
1978:
1712:
1669:
1653:
1632:
134:
88:
on the planet underneath it is nearly the same. This consistent lighting is a useful characteristic for
2828:
1800:
64:
through one complete revolution each year, so it always maintains the same relationship with the Sun.
2776:
2598:
2382:
2271:
2240:
2168:
2143:
2118:
2079:
2060:
2015:
1932:
1893:
1866:
1745:
1692:
1636:
2893:
2638:
2433:
2173:
1964:
1697:
1609:
1136:
of the spacecraft over Earth's surface, this formula gives a Sun-synchronous inclination of 98.7°.
2881:
2869:
2833:
2311:
2200:
2098:
1909:
1857:
Rosengren, M. (November 1992). "ERS-1 - An Earth
Observer that exactly follows its Chosen Path".
1612:. The Sun will not be in exactly the same position in the sky during the course of the year (see
337:
142:
129:
85:
1830:
1734:"Stabilization of heliosynchronous orbits of an Earth's artificial satellite by solar pressure"
2678:
2576:
2506:
2261:
2215:
2133:
1834:
1182:= 180°). A period longer than 3.8 hours may be possible by using an eccentric orbit with
189:
81:
73:
2845:
2658:
2590:
2354:
2316:
2190:
2160:
2113:
1927:
Rosengren, Mats (1989). "Improved technique for
Passive Eccentricity Control (AAS 89-155)".
1901:
1822:
1775:
1613:
216:
178:
166:
162:
158:
2698:
2291:
2195:
2185:
2084:
2008:
1605:
572:
196:
173:. This precession is achieved by tuning the inclination to the altitude of the orbit (see
57:
1936:
1897:
1870:
1749:
207:
that is almost spherical will need an outside push to maintain a Sun-synchronous orbit.
2905:
2821:
2794:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2618:
2613:
2544:
2524:
2515:
2108:
2094:
2070:
2065:
2040:
1702:
32:
17:
2915:
2648:
2643:
2562:
2205:
2123:
1995:
1952:
1913:
1823:
1600:
When one says that a Sun-synchronous orbit goes over a spot on the Earth at the same
414:
363:
2900:
2857:
2713:
2623:
2497:
2480:
2338:
2235:
2103:
1641:
113:
303:{\displaystyle \Delta \Omega =-3\pi {\frac {J_{2}R_{\text{E}}^{2}}{p^{2}}}\cos i,}
2718:
2553:
2323:
2303:
2220:
1707:
53:
2286:
1665:
341:
109:
61:
2703:
2055:
89:
1687:
1661:
1617:
105:
93:
165:(rotate) approximately one degree eastward each day with respect to the
2608:
2000:
1649:
146:
1905:
430:
185:
219:
per orbit for an Earth orbiting satellite is approximately given by
2852:
2413:
2032:
1953:
Sandwell, David T., The
Gravity Field of the Earth - Part 1 (2002)
1657:
204:
138:
99:
31:
84:, because every time that the satellite is overhead, the surface
1240:
200:
2004:
1644:, where the motion of position of the periapsis is stable. The
1732:
Tscherbakova, N. N.; Beletskii, V. V.; Sazonov, V. V. (1999).
170:
1829:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2007. p.
1672:, are all operated in such Sun-synchronous frozen orbits.
376:
An orbit will be Sun-synchronous when the precession rate
601:
for a circular or almost circular orbit, it follows that
188:
range, and inclinations of around 98°. This is slightly
60:. More technically, it is an orbit arranged so that it
149:, affording them a nearly continuous view of the Sun.
2805:
916:
610:
557:{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}},}
519:
228:
2677:
2589:
2533:
2469:
2422:
2362:
2353:
2249:
2159:
2048:
2039:
1977:. Space Flight Mechanics Conference. Archived from
120:Special cases of the Sun-synchronous orbit are the
1100:
892:
556:
507:is the period of the spacecraft around the earth.
404:equals the mean motion of the Earth about the Sun
302:
169:to keep pace with the Earth's movement around the
157:A Sun-synchronous orbit is achieved by having the
195:Sun-synchronous orbits are possible around other
1623:Sun-synchronous orbits are mostly selected for
372:is the inclination of the orbit to the equator.
2016:
1627:, with an altitude typically between 600 and
104:Sun-synchronous orbit from a top view of the
92:that image the Earth's surface in visible or
8:
1972:"The A-B-Cs of Sun Synchronous Orbit Design"
1996:List of satellites in Sun-synchronous orbit
1961:, from U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
1178:, but this orbit would be equatorial, with
2790:
2359:
2045:
2023:
2009:
2001:
1683:Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft)
1146:equals −1 when the semi-major axis equals
1139:Note that according to this approximation
1085:
1081:
1069:
1060:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1019:
1010:
989:
985:
971:
965:
960:
950:
932:
915:
864:
857:
845:
836:
820:
814:
775:
768:
756:
752:
743:
727:
721:
688:
684:
659:
653:
648:
638:
628:
611:
609:
539:
532:
518:
510:As the orbital period of a spacecraft is
280:
269:
264:
254:
247:
227:
1825:Our Changing Planet: The View from Space
1230:
203:. A satellite orbiting a planet such as
2812:
1724:
2669:Transposition, docking, and extraction
1959:Sun-Synchronous Orbit dictionary entry
1929:Advances in the Astronautical Sciences
1886:AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
174:
72:A Sun-synchronous orbit is useful for
338:coefficient for the second zonal term
97:approximately 15:00 mean local time.
7:
1852:
1850:
1970:Boain, Ronald J. (February 2004).
503:is the earth orbital period while
232:
229:
25:
2729:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
1865:(72). European Space Agency: 76.
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2789:
2724:Interplanetary Transport Network
2604:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
581:standard gravitational parameter
356:is the mean radius of the Earth,
112:(LST) zones for reference and a
2689:Astronomical coordinate systems
2443:Longitude of the ascending node
2762:Retrograde and prograde motion
825:
807:
732:
714:
1:
2709:Equatorial coordinate system
1625:Earth observation satellites
2938:
2461:Longitude of the periapsis
1931:. Vol. 69. AAS/NASA.
1604:each time, this refers to
1166:= 96°) to 3.8 hours (
2785:
2772:Specific angular momentum
1238:
1119:, i.e., for an altitude
27:Type of geocentric orbit
2767:Specific orbital energy
1776:"SATELLITES AND ORBITS"
2179:Geostationary transfer
1102:
894:
558:
304:
117:
50:heliosynchronous orbit
37:
18:Heliosynchronous orbit
2752:Orbital state vectors
2694:Characteristic energy
2664:Trans-lunar injection
2452:Argument of periapsis
2129:Prograde / Retrograde
2090:Hyperbolic trajectory
1713:World Geodetic System
1670:Canadian Space Agency
1654:European Space Agency
1633:argument of periapsis
1103:
895:
559:
305:
135:scientific satellites
103:
42:Sun-synchronous orbit
35:
2599:Bi-elliptic transfer
2119:Parabolic trajectory
1693:Geosynchronous orbit
1637:orbital eccentricity
1111:As an example, with
914:
608:
517:
413:, which is 360° per
226:
177:) such that Earth's
2639:Low-energy transfer
1984:on 25 October 2007.
1937:1989ommd.proc...49R
1898:2022JSpRo..59...84L
1871:1992ESABu..72...76R
1750:1999KosIs..37..417S
1698:Geostationary orbit
1610:apparent solar time
970:
658:
274:
122:noon/midnight orbit
2634:Inclination change
2282:Distant retrograde
1797:marine.rutgers.edu
1098:
956:
907:is 360° per year,
890:
888:
644:
575:of the orbit, and
554:
435:), so we must set
300:
260:
153:Orbital precession
118:
86:illumination angle
82:weather satellites
38:
2803:
2802:
2777:Two-line elements
2585:
2584:
2507:Eccentric anomaly
2349:
2348:
2216:Orbit of the Moon
2075:Highly elliptical
1803:on 22 August 2019
1793:"Types of Orbits"
1656:, as well as the
1596:
1595:
1075:
1072:
1029:
1026:
979:
976:
963:
851:
848:
823:
762:
759:
730:
699:
664:
651:
549:
548:
364:semi-latus rectum
286:
267:
211:Technical details
199:planets, such as
175:Technical details
48:), also called a
16:(Redirected from
2929:
2904:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2793:
2792:
2734:Lagrangian point
2629:Hohmann transfer
2574:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2360:
2329:Heliosynchronous
2278:Lagrange points
2231:Transatmospheric
2046:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1941:
1940:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1906:10.2514/1.A34934
1881:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:. Archived from
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1752:. Archived from
1729:
1630:
1614:Equation of time
1580:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
980:
978:
977:
972:
969:
964:
961:
955:
954:
941:
933:
906:
899:
897:
896:
891:
889:
873:
872:
868:
856:
852:
850:
849:
846:
837:
824:
821:
819:
818:
797:
784:
783:
779:
767:
763:
761:
760:
757:
744:
731:
728:
726:
725:
704:
700:
698:
697:
696:
692:
675:
665:
660:
657:
652:
649:
643:
642:
629:
600:
590:
588:
578:
570:
563:
561:
560:
555:
550:
544:
543:
534:
533:
506:
502:
495:
494:
492:
491:
486:
483:
469:
467:
466:
458:
455:
434:
428:
425:
422:
412:
403:
402:
400:
399:
393:
390:
371:
361:
355:
335:
334:
332:
329:
309:
307:
306:
301:
287:
285:
284:
275:
273:
268:
265:
259:
258:
248:
179:equatorial bulge
167:celestial sphere
110:local solar time
21:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2781:
2699:Escape velocity
2680:
2673:
2654:Rocket equation
2581:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2401:Semi-minor axis
2396:
2392:Semi-major axis
2387:
2378:
2372:
2345:
2267:Areosynchronous
2251:
2245:
2226:Sun-synchronous
2211:Near-equatorial
2155:
2035:
2029:
1992:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1949:
1947:Further reading
1944:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:on 3 March 2016
1738:Cosmic Research
1731:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1678:
1628:
1606:mean solar time
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1235:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1015:
1006:
1005:
981:
946:
942:
934:
912:
911:
904:
887:
886:
841:
832:
831:
810:
795:
794:
748:
739:
738:
717:
702:
701:
680:
676:
634:
630:
618:
606:
605:
592:
591:for Earth); as
586:
584:
583:of the planet (
576:
573:semi-major axis
568:
535:
515:
514:
504:
501:
497:
487:
484:
478:
477:
475:
465:
459:
456:
454:
447:
446:
444:
442:
436:
426:
423:
420:
418:
411:
405:
394:
391:
385:
384:
382:
377:
369:
359:
353:
347:
340:related to the
330:
327:
325:
323:
317:
276:
250:
249:
224:
223:
213:
155:
126:dawn/dusk orbit
114:descending node
70:
58:mean solar time
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2795:List of orbits
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Orbit equation
2744:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Gravity assist
2616:
2614:Delta-v budget
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2545:Orbital period
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2525:True longitude
2518:
2516:Mean longitude
2509:
2500:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2272:Areostationary
2269:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2241:Very low Earth
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2169:Geosynchronous
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2151:Transfer orbit
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Lagrange point
2106:
2101:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2031:Gravitational
2030:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1990:External links
1988:
1987:
1986:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1919:
1876:
1846:
1840:978-0521828703
1839:
1814:
1784:
1767:
1744:(4): 393–403.
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:List of orbits
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1660:spacecraft of
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
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1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
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1542:
1538:
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1497:
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1468:
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1460:
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1451:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
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1128:
1109:
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1084:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
975:
968:
959:
953:
949:
945:
940:
937:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
901:
900:
885:
882:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
860:
855:
844:
840:
835:
830:
827:
822: per year
817:
813:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
796:
793:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
771:
766:
755:
751:
747:
742:
737:
734:
729: per year
724:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
705:
703:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
671:
668:
663:
656:
647:
641:
637:
633:
627:
624:
621:
619:
617:
614:
613:
589:.440 km/s
565:
564:
553:
547:
542:
538:
531:
528:
525:
522:
499:
463:
452:
440:
409:
374:
373:
367:
357:
351:
345:
321:
311:
310:
299:
296:
293:
290:
283:
279:
272:
263:
257:
253:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
212:
209:
161:orbital plane
154:
151:
106:ecliptic plane
78:reconnaissance
69:
66:
52:, is a nearly
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:-body problem
2741:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Oberth effect
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:Orbital speed
2557:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2317:Earth's orbit
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Geostationary
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
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1675:
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1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1207:
1144:
1137:
1127:
1123:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
973:
966:
957:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
910:
909:
908:
883:
880:
877:
874:
869:
865:
861:
858:
853:
842:
838:
833:
828:
815:
811:
804:
801:
799:
791:
788:
785:
780:
776:
772:
769:
764:
753:
749:
745:
740:
735:
722:
718:
711:
708:
706:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
666:
661:
654:
645:
639:
635:
631:
625:
622:
620:
615:
604:
603:
602:
599:
595:
582:
574:
551:
545:
540:
536:
529:
526:
523:
520:
513:
512:
511:
508:
490:
482:
473:
462:
451:
439:
432:
416:
415:sidereal year
408:
398:
389:
380:
368:
366:of the orbit,
365:
358:
350:
346:
344:of the Earth,
343:
339:
320:
316:
315:
314:
297:
294:
291:
288:
281:
277:
270:
261:
255:
251:
244:
241:
238:
235:
222:
221:
220:
218:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2922:Earth orbits
2894:Solar System
2757:Perturbation
2739:
2714:Ground track
2624:Gravity turn
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2498:True anomaly
2496:
2481:Mean anomaly
2479:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2412:
2399:
2390:
2383:Eccentricity
2381:
2339:Lunar cycler
2328:
2312:Heliocentric
2252:other points
2225:
2201:Medium Earth
2099:Non-inclined
1979:the original
1965:NASA Q&A
1928:
1922:
1892:(1): 84–93.
1889:
1885:
1879:
1862:
1859:ESA Bulletin
1858:
1824:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1796:
1787:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1741:
1737:
1727:
1646:ERS-1, ERS-2
1642:frozen orbit
1629:1000 km
1622:
1601:
1599:
1208:
1160:6554 km
1142:
1138:
1125:
1121:
1117:7200 km
1110:
902:
597:
593:
566:
509:
488:
480:
471:
460:
449:
437:
406:
396:
387:
378:
375:
348:
318:
312:
215:The angular
214:
194:
183:
156:
125:
121:
119:
71:
68:Applications
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
2882:Outer space
2870:Spaceflight
2834:Mathematics
2719:Hill sphere
2554:Mean motion
2434:Inclination
2423:Orientation
2324:Mars cycler
2262:Areocentric
2134:Synchronous
1708:Polar orbit
1134:800 km
54:polar orbit
2659:Rendezvous
2355:Parameters
2191:High Earth
2161:Geocentric
2114:Osculating
2071:Elliptical
1720:References
1666:RADARSAT-2
1602:local time
342:oblateness
217:precession
190:retrograde
159:osculating
130:terminator
90:satellites
2846:Astronomy
2704:Ephemeris
2681:mechanics
2591:Maneuvers
2534:Variation
2297:Libration
2292:Lissajous
2196:Low Earth
2186:Graveyard
2085:Horseshoe
1914:236275629
1608:, not to
1253:latitude
1246:Altitude
1053:−
1003:−
974:μ
939:ρ
930:−
927:≈
921:
878:
859:−
829:×
816:∘
805:−
789:
770:−
736:×
723:∘
712:−
670:
662:μ
626:−
623:≈
616:ρ
546:μ
530:π
354:≈ 6378 km
292:
245:π
239:−
233:Ω
230:Δ
62:precesses
2916:Category
2470:Position
2095:Inclined
2066:Circular
1688:Analemma
1676:See also
1662:EUMETSAT
1635:and the
1618:Analemma
1564:3
1508:2
1471:2
1434:2
1378:1
1341:1
1304:1
1267:1
1251:Maximal
1239:Period (
1236:per day
1204: km
1192: km
1176: km
1152: km
1025: km
903:or when
758: km
496:, where
429:10
137:such as
94:infrared
2906:Science
2822:Physics
2808:Portals
2679:Orbital
2649:Phasing
2609:Delta-v
2414:Apsides
2408:,
2206:Molniya
2124:Parking
2061:Capture
2049:General
1933:Bibcode
1894:Bibcode
1867:Bibcode
1807:24 June
1746:Bibcode
1668:of the
1650:Envisat
1592:142.1°
1579:
1555:125.3°
1536:116.0°
1523:
1499:110.1°
1486:
1462:106.0°
1449:
1425:103.0°
1406:100.7°
1393:
1356:
1319:
1282:
1256:Inclin-
1234:Orbits
1224:
1212:
1071: h
847: h
579:is the
571:is the
493:
476:
468:
445:
401:
383:
362:is the
336:is the
163:precess
147:PROBA-2
74:imaging
2335:Other
2236:Tundra
2104:Kepler
2080:Escape
2033:orbits
1955:(p. 8)
1912:
1837:
1760:19 May
1583:≈ 3:26
1527:= 2:40
1490:= 2:24
1453:≈ 2:11
1397:≈ 1:51
1369:99.0°
1360:≈ 1:43
1332:97.7°
1323:= 1:36
1295:96.6°
1286:= 1:30
1258:ation
567:where
313:where
197:oblate
186:minute
143:Hinode
80:, and
2858:Stars
2577:Epoch
2366:Shape
2304:Lunar
2258:Mars
2250:About
2221:Polar
2041:Types
1982:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1910:S2CID
1779:(PDF)
1658:MetOp
1589:37.9°
1552:54.7°
1533:64.0°
1496:69.9°
1459:74.0°
1422:77.0°
1403:79.3°
1366:81.0°
1329:82.3°
1292:83.4°
1248:(km)
1198:>
1186:<
1067:3.795
843:3.795
419:1.990
326:1.082
205:Venus
139:TRACE
108:with
2369:Size
2308:Sun
2287:Halo
2139:semi
1835:ISBN
1809:2017
1762:2015
1664:and
1648:and
1616:and
1586:5165
1549:4182
1530:3385
1493:2722
1456:2162
1419:1681
1400:1262
1194:but
1141:cos
201:Mars
145:and
2144:sub
2056:Box
1902:doi
1831:339
1652:of
1620:).
1363:894
1326:567
1289:274
1221:364
1215:365
1202:352
1190:352
1174:352
1150:352
1021:352
918:cos
875:cos
812:360
786:cos
754:352
719:360
667:cos
587:600
585:398
431:rad
421:968
289:cos
171:Sun
46:SSO
2918::
2492:,
2488:,
2097:/
2073:/
1908:.
1900:.
1890:59
1888:.
1863:72
1861:.
1849:^
1833:.
1795:.
1742:37
1740:.
1736:.
1467:10
1446:11
1430:11
1411:12
1390:13
1384:11
1374:13
1337:14
1300:15
1263:16
1243:)
1206:.
1200:12
1188:12
1172:12
1170:=
1162:,
1158:=
1148:12
1132:≈
1124:−
1115:=
1017:12
750:12
596:≈
474:=
470:=
443:=
433:/s
424:71
381:=
333:10
328:63
324:=
141:,
76:,
40:A
2810::
2740:n
2572:0
2569:t
2559:v
2550:n
2541:T
2521:l
2512:L
2503:E
2494:f
2490:θ
2486:ν
2477:M
2457:ϖ
2448:ω
2439:Ω
2430:i
2410:q
2406:Q
2397:b
2388:a
2379:e
2024:e
2017:t
2010:v
1939:.
1935::
1916:.
1904::
1896::
1873:.
1869::
1843:.
1811:.
1781:.
1764:.
1748::
1576:7
1573:/
1570:3
1566:+
1560:7
1544:3
1541:8
1520:3
1517:/
1514:2
1510:+
1504:9
1483:5
1480:/
1477:2
1473:+
1443:/
1440:2
1436:+
1414:2
1387:/
1380:+
1353:7
1350:/
1347:5
1343:+
1316:5
1313:/
1310:3
1306:+
1279:2
1276:/
1273:1
1269:+
1241:h
1218:/
1196:a
1184:p
1180:i
1168:a
1164:i
1156:a
1143:i
1129:E
1126:R
1122:a
1113:a
1096:.
1091:3
1087:/
1083:7
1078:)
1063:T
1058:(
1050:=
1045:2
1041:/
1037:7
1032:)
1013:a
1008:(
1000:=
995:2
991:/
987:7
983:a
967:2
962:E
958:R
952:2
948:J
944:3
936:2
924:i
905:ρ
884:,
881:i
870:3
866:/
862:7
854:)
839:T
834:(
826:)
808:(
802:=
792:i
781:2
777:/
773:7
765:)
746:a
741:(
733:)
715:(
709:=
694:2
690:/
686:7
682:a
678:2
673:i
655:2
650:E
646:R
640:2
636:J
632:3
598:a
594:p
577:μ
569:a
552:,
541:3
537:a
527:2
524:=
521:T
505:T
500:E
498:T
489:T
485:/
481:Ω
479:Δ
472:ρ
464:E
461:T
457:/
453:E
450:Ω
448:Δ
441:E
438:n
427:×
417:(
410:E
407:n
397:t
395:d
392:/
388:Ω
386:d
379:ρ
370:i
360:p
352:E
349:R
331:×
322:2
319:J
298:,
295:i
282:2
278:p
271:2
266:E
262:R
256:2
252:J
242:3
236:=
44:(
20:)
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