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would cost $ 1 million, as compared to the approximate annual loss in shipping of $ 2 million. Initial forays floundered, and Newton, by that time a general, took over direct control of the project. In 1868 Newton decided, with the support of both New York's mercantile class and local real estate interests, to focus on the 3-acre (1.2 ha) Hallert's Point Reef off of Queens. The project would involve 7,000 feet (2,100 m) of tunnels equipped with trains to haul debris out as the reef was eviscerated, creating a reef structured like
288:, had cleared some of the rocks which, along with the mix of tides, made the Hell Gate stretch of the river so dangerous to navigate. Ebenezer Meriam had organized a subscription to pay Maillefert $ 6,000 to, for instance, reduce "Pot Rock" to provide 24 feet (7.3 m) of depth at low-mean water. While ships continued to run aground (in the 1850s about 2% of ships did so) and petitions continued to call for action, the federal government undertook surveys of the area which ended in 1851 with a detailed and accurate map.
314:, popularly known as "Leviathan" – New York began to be concerned that it would start to lose its status as a great port if a "back door" entrance into the harbor was not created. In the 1850s the depth continued to lessen – the harbor commission said in 1850 that the mean water low was 24 feet (7.3 m) and the extreme water low was 23 feet (7.0 m) – while the draft required by the new ships continued to increase, meaning it was only safe for them to enter the harbor at high tide.
40:
280:
Periodically, merchants and other interested parties would try to get something done about the difficulty of navigating through Hell Gate. In 1832, the New York State legislature was presented with a petition for a canal to be built through nearby Hallet's Point, thus avoiding Hell Gate altogether.
345:
After seven years of digging seven thousand holes, and filling four thousand of them with 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) of dynamite, on
September 24, 1876, in front of an audience of people including the inhabitants of the insane asylum on Wards Island, but not the prisoners of Blackwell's Island
337:
In the late 1860s, after the Civil War, Congress realized the military importance of having easily navigable waterways, and charged the Army Corps of
Engineers with clearing Hell Gate of the rocks there that caused a danger to navigation. The Corps' Colonel James Newton estimated that the project
52:
321:
to continue
Maillefert's work, but the money was soon spent without appreciable change in the hazards of navigating the strait. An advisory council recommended in 1856 that the strait be cleared of all obstacles, but nothing was done, and the
354:
Newton had begun to undermine Flood Rock, a 9-acre (3.6 ha) reef, even before starting on
Hallert's Rock, removing 8,000 cubic yards (6,100 m) of rock from the reef. In 1885 Flood Rock was blown up as well, with Civil War General
295:
to appropriate $ 20,000 for further clearing of the strait. However, a more accurate survey showed that the depth of Pot Rock was actually a little more than 18 feet (5.5 m), and eventually
Congress withdrew its funding.
346:(now known as Roosevelt Island) who remained in their cells, Newton's daughter set off the explosion. The effect was immediate in decreased turbulence through the strait, and fewer accidents and shipwrecks. The city's
329:
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commented that "The
Centennial year will be for ever known in the annals of commerce for this destruction of one of the terrors of navigation." Clearing out the debris from the explosion took until 1891.
363:
among those in attendance. Newton's daughter once more set off the blast, the biggest ever to that date and subsequently reported as the largest man-made explosion until the advent of the
2017:
1205:
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By then
Maillefert had cleared the rock "Baldheaded Billy", and it was reported that Pot Rock had been reduced to 20.5 feet (6.2 m), which encouraged the
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in 1917 was several times larger. Two years later, plans were in place to dredge Hell Gate to a consistent depth of 26 feet (7.9 m).
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396:, which covers many aspects of the waterway's history, including the clearing of the channel, the building of Hell Gate Bridge, and the
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Because explorers found navigation hazardous in this New World place of rocks and converging tide-driven currents (from the
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Instead, the legislature responded by providing ships with pilots trained to navigate the shoals for the next 15 years.
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162:. Alternatively, the name could be construed to mean "bright strait" or "clear opening", according to geographer
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sailed some of the
British fleet through the strait, an action which was considered reckless at the time.
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known to have navigated the strait, who bestowed the name sometime during his 1614–1616 voyage aboard the
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449:(first published in New York in 1830), Hell Gate serves as the scene for an exciting pursuit of the
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The U.S. Congress, realizing that the problem needed to be addressed, appropriated $ 20,000 for the
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With the main shipping channels through The
Narrows into the harbor silting up with sand due to
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Hell Gate was spanned in 1917 by the New York
Connecting Railroad Bridge, now called the
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is captained by Thomas Tiller, an adventurous sailor with a romantic flair, and HMS
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1070:. Vol. LI, no. 1. New York State Historical Association. pp. 33–41.
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185:, and lesser channels, some of which have been filled), the Anglicization stuck.
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Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future
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and New York City. In 1936, it was spanned by the Triborough Bridge (now the
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574:"The Atlantic World: Dutch Place Names / De Atlantische Wereld: Plaatsnamen"
255:
216:
99:
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by Captain Cornelius van Cuyler Ludlow, a principled young officer in the
413:, is a crime drama/thriller film, set in Queens, that features the bridge.
429:), is sent to Hell Gate Orphanage as a child upon the death of his father
628:
123:. The name was originally applied to the entirety of the East River, by
1725:
148:
144:
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158:) which also has a dangerous reputation, in the opinion of historian
132:
91:
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In 1849, a French engineer whose specialty was underwater blasting,
30:
This article is about the New York City strait. For other uses, see
1064:"The Odyssey of The Water-Witch and a Susan Fenimore Cooper Letter"
328:
50:
38:
219:
that develops in Hell Gate, the name Monatun was applied by Dr.
1187:
276:
The excavations and tunnels used to undermine Hallert's Point
941:
939:
223:; the name is said to mean "violent, forcible, dangerous".
1139:
Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York
891:(Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as
617:
Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association
154:
This name Hellegat was taken from the Greek Hellespont (
966:"The East River is Cleaner Now. The Water Birds Say So"
784:
The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York
670:
The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States
613:"Footprints of the Red Men. Indian Geographical Names"
515:
Hellegat is a fairly common name for waterways in the
907:
Wolfe, Gerard R. "Hell Gate and Hell Gate Bridge" in
392:(1977), is a 50-minute documentary film, narrated by
212:'hole, gap, mouth', in effect denoting 'whirlpool'.
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548:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p.
143:, from its namesake Hellegat on (the mouth of) the
541:
246:. The bridge provides a direct rail link between
55:Hell Gate, shown in red, in a satellite photo of
1116:Hell Gate: A Nexus of New York City s East River
2018:Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
1199:
1062:Baym, Max I.; Matenko, Percy (January 1970).
853:
851:
814:
812:
8:
1048:The Water-Witch, or, The Skimmer of the Seas
254:), allowing vehicular traffic to pass among
110:The name "Hell Gate" is a corruption of the
879:. New York: Random House. pp. 419–20.
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954:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), pp.95–96
845:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), pp.94–95
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425:; the main character, Amsterdam Vallon (
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991:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.96
857:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.95
818:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.93
119:. It first appeared on a Dutch map as
7:
2084:Straits of New York County, New York
487:List of place names of Dutch origin
342:, which Newton would then blow up.
2079:Straits of Queens County, New York
242:, which connects Wards Island and
25:
2010:. Smaller ponds may not be shown.
915:The Encyclopedia of New York City
544:The Encyclopedia of New York City
540:Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995).
787:. New York: Knopf. p. 386.
673:. Govt. Print. Off. p. 154
1088:and Horenstein, Sidney (2014).
1045:Cooper, James Fenimore (1836).
1024:"Goodreads book description of
1096:University of California Press
1051:. Carey, Lea, & Blanchard.
1:
1948:Croton Distributing Reservoir
447:, or, The Skimmer of the Seas
188:The strait was also known as
27:Tidal strait in New York City
964:Whitt, Toni (June 2, 2006).
519:, with at least 20 examples.
442:'s historical fiction novel
390:Hell Gate: The Watery Grave
96:Randall's and Wards Islands
2100:
2069:Randalls and Wards Islands
2014:Geography of New York City
2006:Former waterways shown in
893:WPA Guide to New York City
472:and a native of New York.
268:Removal of Hell Gate rocks
265:
32:Hell Gate (disambiguation)
29:
2004:
1179:The Conquest of Hell Gate
1113:Nichols, Michael (2018).
1028:by James Fenimore Cooper"
945:Steinberg, pp.139, 142–43
258:, the Bronx, and Queens.
151:back in the Netherlands.
1882:Williamsbridge Reservoir
1094:. Berkeley, California:
871:Federal Writers' Project
252:Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
160:Edward Manning Ruttenber
1826:Meadow and Willow Lakes
319:Army Corps of Engineers
305:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1867:Crotona Park Reservoir
735:"Permanent Revolution"
643:"Hellegat en Hellegat"
334:
293:United States Congress
277:
221:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
207:
199:
68:
48:
2045:40.78417°N 73.92056°W
1872:Jerome Park Reservoir
1846:Roy Wilkins Park Pond
1004:Under Hellgate Bridge
920:Yale University Press
836:Steinberg, pp.105–106
741:. September 10, 2012.
681:on November 23, 2014.
492:Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx
440:James Fenimore Cooper
407:Under Hellgate Bridge
332:
275:
54:
42:
1955:Highbridge Reservoir
1327:Spuyten Duyvil Creek
1172:May 1, 2016, at the
1143:Simon & Schuster
827:Steinberg, pp.99–100
421:(2002), directed by
409:(1999), directed by
2050:40.78417; -73.92056
2041: /
1841:Ridgewood Reservoir
1403:East Rockaway Inlet
922:. pp. 588–89.
910:Jackson, Kenneth T.
876:New York City Guide
503:Informational notes
403:steamship disaster.
348:Chamber of Commerce
286:Benjamin Maillefert
18:Hell Gate, New York
1910:Conservatory Water
1877:Van Cortlandt Lake
1836:Prospect Park Lake
1596:Coney Island Creek
1509:City Island Harbor
1375:Lower New York Bay
1357:Upper New York Bay
1241:Buttermilk Channel
971:The New York Times
754:"Hell Gate Bridge"
703:on January 2, 2012
379:In popular culture
373:Battle of Messines
361:Henry Ward Beecher
335:
333:The 1885 explosion
278:
69:
49:
43:Hell Gate and the
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2000:
1999:
1925:Onassis Reservoir
1773:
1772:
1688:Westchester Creek
1678:Rattlesnake Creek
1542:
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1501:Long Island Sound
1455:
1454:
1335:
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1284:Long Island Sound
1152:978-1-476-74124-6
1105:978-0-520-27015-2
886:978-1-60354-055-1
794:978-0-394-48076-3
752:Anderson, Steve.
739:New York magazine
724:, pp. 19–20.
589:, pp. 10–12.
427:Leonardo DiCaprio
418:Gangs of New York
394:Alexander Scourby
359:and abolitionist
231:In October 1776,
171:Long Island Sound
139:circumnavigating
16:(Redirected from
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482:Little Hell Gate
326:soon broke out.
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1524:Little Neck Bay
1514:Eastchester Bay
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1413:Paerdegat Basin
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1233:New York Harbor
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183:New York Harbor
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86:. It separates
65:Astoria, Queens
57:New York Harbor
47:, looking north
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1435:Rockaway Inlet
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1162:
1161:External links
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1135:Steinberg, Ted
1131:
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1119:. SUNY Press.
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722:Nichols (2018)
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301:littoral drift
266:Main article:
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262:Clearing rocks
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1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:Staten Island
1963:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Pool and Loch
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
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1889:
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1801:
1797:
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1782:
1778:Lakes, ponds,
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:Staten Island
1739:
1733:
1732:Sherman Creek
1730:
1728:
1727:
1726:Sawkill Creek
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:Minetta Creek
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
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1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Newtown Creek
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:Kissena Creek
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:Hawtree Creek
1614:
1612:
1611:Gowanus Canal
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
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1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:Raritan River
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
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1554:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
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1522:
1520:
1517:
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1512:
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1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1491:Wallabout Bay
1489:
1485:
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1477:
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1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
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1401:
1399:
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1384:
1383:Gravesend Bay
1381:
1380:
1378:
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1279:Kill Van Kull
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1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Tidal straits
1221:
1217:
1216:New York City
1214:Waterways of
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1189:
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1177:
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1126:9781438471419
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921:
918:. New Haven:
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559:0-300-05536-6
555:
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518:
517:Low Countries
512:
509:
505:
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412:
408:
405:
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395:
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378:
376:
374:
370:
367:although the
366:
362:
358:
352:
349:
343:
341:
331:
327:
325:
320:
315:
313:
312:
311:Great Eastern
306:
302:
297:
294:
289:
287:
282:
274:
269:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
226:
224:
222:
218:
213:
211:
209:
203:
201:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
164:Henry Gannett
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
145:River Scheldt
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Adriaen Block
126:
122:
118:
117:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:New York City
81:
77:
73:
66:
62:
59:, separating
58:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2026:
2007:
1992:Wolfe's Pond
1953:
1946:
1905:Central Park
1899:Collect Pond
1897:
1821:Kissena Lake
1798:
1794:Baisley Pond
1724:
1717:
1712:Canal Street
1710:
1705:Broad Street
1703:
1644:
1640:Spring Creek
1627:
1620:
1588:
1556:Hudson River
1479:Flushing Bay
1469:Anable Basin
1425:Prince's Bay
1398:Bergen Basin
1348:New York Bay
1317:Harlem River
1309:
1141:. New York:
1138:
1115:
1090:
1079:Bibliography
1078:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1003:
1002:"Reviews of
996:
987:
975:. Retrieved
969:
959:
950:
913:
892:
875:
841:
832:
823:
782:
779:Caro, Robert
773:
761:. Retrieved
757:
747:
738:
729:
717:
705:. Retrieved
701:the original
696:
687:
679:the original
669:
659:
649:November 19,
647:. Retrieved
636:
620:
616:
582:
568:
543:
535:
526:
525:
511:
502:
501:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
437:
416:
406:
399:
389:
353:
344:
340:Swiss cheese
336:
316:
310:
298:
290:
283:
279:
237:
233:Admiral Howe
230:
214:
205:
204:'whirl' and
197:
193:
189:
187:
175:Harlem River
168:
153:
136:
131:, the first
120:
114:
112:Dutch phrase
109:
76:tidal strait
74:is a narrow
71:
70:
67:to the east.
61:Wards Island
36:
2048: /
1987:Silver Lake
1972:Clove Lakes
1940:Turtle Pond
1915:Harlem Meer
1851:Strack Pond
1811:Golden Pond
1800:Beaver Pond
1787:Long Island
1760:Lemon Creek
1748:Fresh Kills
1663:Bronx River
1622:Horse Brook
1577:Long Island
1561:North River
1534:Udalls Cove
1519:LeRoy's Bay
1430:Raritan Bay
1393:Jamaica Bay
1388:Great Kills
1365:Gowanus Bay
1274:Arthur Kill
1246:The Narrows
693:"Hell Gate"
462:Water Witch
454:Water Witch
365:atomic bomb
248:New England
156:Dardanelles
141:Long Island
2074:East River
2063:Categories
2036:73°55′14″W
2033:40°47′03″N
2012:See also:
1816:Goose Pond
1806:Bowne Lake
1780:reservoirs
1584:Alley Pond
1529:Pelham Bay
1484:Little Bay
1474:Bowery Bay
1461:East River
1420:Newark Bay
1408:Mill Basin
1305:East River
1300:Bronx Kill
1293:Intra-city
929:0300055366
645:(in Dutch)
623:(2): 181,
498:References
470:Royal Navy
451:brigantine
434:Literature
369:detonation
121:Helle Gadt
80:East River
1977:Long Pond
1891:Manhattan
1860:The Bronx
1765:New Creek
1697:Manhattan
1656:The Bronx
1310:Hell Gate
977:April 12,
763:April 13,
707:April 15,
527:Citations
324:Civil War
256:Manhattan
217:whirlpool
190:Hurl Gate
179:Upper Bay
127:explorer
106:Etymology
100:Manhattan
72:Hell Gate
1170:Archived
1137:(2010).
873:(1939).
781:(1974).
758:NYCRoads
667:(1905).
629:42889915
611:(1906),
476:See also
466:Coquette
458:Coquette
215:For the
194:Hurlgate
177:strait,
133:European
116:Hellegat
2008:italics
1012:. 1999.
456:by HMS
371:at the
227:History
149:Zeeland
94:, from
88:Astoria
78:in the
1549:canals
1149:
1123:
1102:
926:
883:
803:834874
801:
791:
627:
556:
460:. The
244:Queens
200:warrel
137:Onrust
92:Queens
625:JSTOR
147:, in
125:Dutch
1930:Pond
1920:Lake
1147:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1100:ISBN
979:2009
924:ISBN
881:ISBN
799:OCLC
789:ISBN
765:2010
709:2012
651:2011
554:ISBN
384:Film
192:(or
675:154
550:538
438:In
398:PS
309:SS
307:'s
208:gat
181:of
98:in
82:in
2065::
2016:,
1145:.
1098:.
1066:.
1030:.
1008:.
968:.
938:^
900:^
895:.)
862:^
850:^
811:^
797:.
756:.
737:.
695:.
619:,
615:,
594:^
552:.
173:,
166:.
102:.
90:,
1207:e
1200:t
1193:v
1155:.
1129:.
1108:.
1034:.
1006:"
981:.
932:.
889:.
805:.
767:.
711:.
653:.
621:6
576:.
562:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
