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Help:Citation merging

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Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this. Or they can be bundled
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The sun is pretty big,{{r|n=R1|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r|n=R1|a=For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r|n=R1|a=For the sun's heat,
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The sun is pretty big,{{r|n=R1|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r|n=R1|a=* For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r|n=R1|a=* For the sun's
425:{{multiref2 |For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. |For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. |For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. }}</ref: --> 337:{{multiref |For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. |For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. |For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. }}</ref: --> 682:
heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r|n=R1|a=* {{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}}} ==References== {{Reflist}}
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see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r|n=R1|a={{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}}} ==References== {{Reflist}}
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For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. * For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. * For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. * {{Cite
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For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</ref:
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If a piece of article text is re-arranged into another paragraph, sources have to be extracted from the bundling to move them to the new location. This also means that every source in the bundle has to be re-examined to ensure that the new text is still accurately
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A bulleted list can be placed into a reference using the standard syntax with asterisks (*). If the reference starts with a bulleted list item, it will be pushed down one row. After the first citation, each bullet citation must be written on a new line.
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parameter), but it is sometimes used to combine different editions of the same work or similar closely related information. Either way, it is possible to define them all in one go (possibly as a
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that several sources are collected together at one point in the text, breaking the link between which piece of text is supported by which source. This damages text–source integrity;
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Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages:
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news|url=https://www.space.com/14725-moon-temperature-lunar-days-night.html|title=What's the Temperature on the Moon?|work=Space.com|access-date=2018-08-09}} </ref: -->
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When formatting multiple citations in a footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below. Within a given article, only a single layout should be used.
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It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.
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It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.
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The sun is pretty big,{{r|n=R1|r=For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. ''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.}} but the moon is not so big.{{r|n=R1|a=<br/: -->
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template. This would not normally be used to combine unrelated citations (unless in form of a footnote rather than a citation utilizing the
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For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46.}} The sun is also{{r|n=R1|a=<br/: -->
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It is also possible to bundle multiple citations into one entry while still defining and invoking them individually using the
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For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. ''The Sun's Heat''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.}} quite hot.{{r|n=R1|a=<br/: -->
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It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining text–source integrity;
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If any of the sources in the bundle is re-used elsewhere in the text, the citation cannot be implemented by using
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parameters, or to define the citations individually and combine them through the annotation system of template
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It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;
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It explains concepts or processes used by the Knowledge (XXG) community. It is not one of
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref: -->
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref: -->
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref: -->
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<ref: -->
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
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The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
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into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this.
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For the line breaks format, either replace the preceding asterisk (
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There are 3 main layouts for merging/bundling multiple citations:
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For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon,"
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For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon,"
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For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon,"
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For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon,"
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For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon,"
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For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. 605:has been deprecated by community RfC since 2010 409:separates bundled citations with white space: 8: 112:Bundling has the following disadvantages: 931:For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. 814:For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. 709:For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. 528:For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. 449:For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. 361:For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. 198:For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. 48:Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines 917: 800: 695: 521: 439: 351: 191: 885: 877: 646: 638: 946:"What's the Temperature on the Moon?" 834:"What's the Temperature on the Moon?" 826:For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. 732:"What's the Temperature on the Moon?" 723:For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. 463:For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. 375:For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. 212:For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. 7: 927: 925: 923: 921: 810: 808: 806: 804: 705: 703: 701: 699: 50:, and may reflect varying levels of 884:, or remove it and add a parameter 276: 584:This section is retained only for 14: 275:. Using the HTML line break tag ( 18:Knowledge (XXG):Nesting footnotes 576: 29: 713:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. 943:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. 830:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. 818:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. 202:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. 1: 727:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. 540:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. 467:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. 453:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. 379:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. 365:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. 216:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. 508:==References== {{Reflist}} 426:==References== {{Reflist}} 338:==References== {{Reflist}} 178:==References== {{Reflist}} 1058: 998:unbulleted list citebundle 316:unbulleted list citebundle 59: 15: 896: 893: 777: 774: 674: 671: 498: 495: 417: 414: 329: 326: 168: 165: 253:accessibility guidelines 135:List-defined references 1042:Inactive project pages 1037:Knowledge (XXG) how-to 643:list-defined reference 569:(referencing) template 610:For a modern solution 38:This help page is a 937:Scientific American 822:Scientific American 718:Scientific American 534:Scientific American 458:Scientific American 370:Scientific American 251:To comply with the 207:Scientific American 767:Line breaks format 975: 974: 863: 862: 763: 762: 625: 624: 556: 555: 486: 485: 398: 397: 311:, a shortcut for 237: 236: 155:List with bullets 80: 79: 22:Template:Multiref 1049: 1023: 1017: 1012: 1006: 1002: 996: 991: 985: 960: 959: 957: 956: 929: 891: 890: 887: 883: 879: 875: 867:Paragraph format 848: 847: 845: 844: 812: 772: 771: 748: 745: 743: 742: 707: 669: 668: 658: 652: 648: 640: 636: 630: 621: 619: 602: 580: 573: 568: 562: 541: 526: 493: 492: 471: 444: 412: 411: 408: 402: 383: 356: 324: 323: 320: 314: 310: 304: 298: 292: 288: 282: 278: 274: 268: 264: 258: 222: 196: 163: 162: 131:named references 72: 33: 32: 26: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1000: 994: 989: 983: 980: 965: 964: 963: 954: 952: 944: 930: 919: 914: 905: 881: 873: 853: 852: 851: 842: 840: 832: 813: 802: 797: 788: 753: 752: 751: 740: 738: 730: 708: 697: 692: 683: 656: 650: 634: 628: 613: 596: 590: 571: 566: 560: 546: 545: 544: 527: 523: 518: 509: 491: 489:Solid paragraph 476: 475: 474: 470: 445: 441: 436: 427: 406: 400: 388: 387: 386: 382: 357: 353: 348: 339: 318: 312: 308: 302: 296: 294:unbulleted list 290: 286: 280: 272: 266: 262: 256: 249: 227: 226: 225: 197: 193: 188: 179: 157: 149: 85: 76: 75: 68: 64: 56: 55: 30: 24: 12: 11: 5: 1055: 1053: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1013: 992: 979: 976: 973: 972: 970: 967: 966: 962: 961: 941:The Sun's Heat 916: 915: 912: 908: 906: 902: 899: 898: 895: 880:parameters by 878:|a(nnotation)= 870: 869: 861: 860: 858: 855: 854: 850: 849: 831: 828:The Sun's Heat 825: 819: 799: 798: 795: 791: 789: 783: 780: 779: 776: 770: 769: 761: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 749: 747: 746: 728: 725:The Sun's Heat 721: 694: 693: 690: 686: 684: 680: 677: 676: 673: 667: 666: 623: 622: 608: 591: 581: 570: 557: 554: 553: 551: 548: 547: 543: 542: 538:The Sun's Heat 520: 519: 516: 512: 510: 504: 501: 500: 497: 490: 487: 484: 483: 481: 478: 477: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465:The Sun's Heat 461: 454: 446: 438: 437: 434: 430: 428: 423: 420: 419: 416: 396: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377:The Sun's Heat 373: 366: 358: 350: 349: 346: 342: 340: 335: 332: 331: 328: 248: 241: 239: 235: 234: 232: 229: 228: 224: 223: 221: 220: 217: 214:The Sun's Heat 210: 190: 189: 186: 182: 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 156: 153: 148: 145: 141: 140: 139: 138: 127: 123: 110: 109: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 84: 81: 78: 77: 74: 73: 65: 60: 57: 45: 44: 36: 34: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1054: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1020: 1014: 1009: 999: 993: 988: 982: 981: 977: 971: 969: 968: 951: 947: 942: 938: 934: 928: 926: 924: 922: 918: 911: 907: 901: 900: 892: 889: 868: 865: 864: 859: 857: 856: 839: 835: 829: 824:, 51(78):46. 823: 817: 811: 809: 807: 805: 801: 794: 790: 782: 781: 773: 768: 765: 764: 759: 757: 756: 737: 733: 729: 726: 722: 719: 715: 714: 712: 706: 704: 702: 700: 696: 689: 685: 679: 678: 670: 665: 664:Bullet format 662: 661: 660: 655: 644: 633: 617: 611: 606: 600: 594: 589: 587: 582: 579: 575: 574: 565: 558: 552: 550: 549: 539: 535: 531: 525: 522: 515: 511: 503: 502: 494: 488: 482: 480: 479: 466: 462: 459: 455: 452: 448: 447: 443: 440: 433: 429: 422: 421: 413: 410: 405: 394: 392: 391: 378: 374: 371: 367: 364: 360: 359: 355: 352: 345: 341: 334: 333: 325: 322: 317: 307: 300: 295: 285: 271: 261: 254: 246: 242: 240: 233: 231: 230: 218: 215: 211: 208: 204: 203: 201: 195: 192: 185: 181: 173: 172: 164: 161: 154: 152: 146: 144: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 116: 115: 114: 113: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 94: 93: 92: 89: 82: 71: 67: 66: 63: 58: 53: 49: 43: 41: 35: 28: 27: 23: 19: 1003:, shortcut: 953:. 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Index

Knowledge (XXG):Nesting footnotes
Template:Multiref
how-to guide
Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
consensus
Shortcut
H:CITEMERGE
named references
List-defined references
accessibility guidelines
multiref
multiref2
plainlist
unbulleted list
multiref
unbulleted list citebundle
multiref2
r

historical
R
has been deprecated by community RfC since 2010
sfnp
r
list-defined reference
r



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