75:
51:
390:
544:
is endemic. Malaria parasites live inside red blood cells, but subtly disturb normal cellular function. In patients predisposed for rapid clearance of red blood cells, this may lead to early destruction of cells infected with the parasite and increased chance of survival for the carrier of the trait.
266:
Hb structural variants are qualitative defects that cause a change in the structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, and/or quaternary) of the Hb molecule. The majority of Hb variants do not cause disease and are most commonly discovered either incidentally or through newborn screening. A subset of Hb
1145:
Nabarrete, J. M.; Pereira, A. Z.; GarĂłfolo, A.; Seber, A.; Venancio, A. M.; Grecco, C. E.; Bonfim, C. M.; Nakamura, C. H.; Fernandes, D.; Campos, D. J.; Oliveira, F. L.; Cousseiro, F. K.; Rossi, F. F.; Gurmini, J.; Viani, K. H.; Guterres, L. F.; Mantovani, L. F.; Darrigo Lg, Junior; Albuquerque, M.
207:
Fetal Hb (HbF) is produced from approximately eight weeks of gestation through birth and constitutes approximately 80 percent of Hb in the full-term neonate. It declines during the first few months of life and, in the normal state, constitutes <1 percent of total Hb by early childhood. HbF is
336:
Change in oxygen affinity: High or low oxygen affinity Hb molecules are more likely than normal to adopt the relaxed (R, oxy) state or the tense (T, deoxy) state, respectively. High oxygen affinity variants (R state) cause polycythemia (e.g., Hb
Chesapeake, Hb Montefiore). Low oxygen affinity
401:
Thalassemias: Thalassemias are quantitative defects that lead to reduced levels of one type of globin chain, creating an imbalance in the ratio of alpha-like chains to beta-like chains. As noted above, this ratio is normally tightly regulated to prevent excess globin chains of one type from
402:
accumulating. The excess chains that fail to incorporate into Hb form non-functional aggregates that precipitate within the RBC. This can lead to premature RBC destruction in the bone marrow (beta thalassemia) and/or in the peripheral blood (alpha thalassemia). Types:
1366:
1351:
523:
This is how abnormal hemoglobin variants are isolated and identified using these two methods. For example, a Hgb G-Philadelphia would migrate with S on alkaline electrophoresis and would migrate with A on acid electrophoresis, respectively
838:
Natarajan K, Townes TM, Kutlar A. Disorders of hemoglobin structure: sickle cell anemia and related abnormalities. In: Williams
Hematology, 8th ed, Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Beutler E, et al. (Eds), McGraw-Hill, 2010.
563:
to the tissues: This is due to the peculiar cooperation of the globin chains that allows the molecule to take in more oxygen where there is increased oxygen and to release oxygen in low concentration of
625:
Methemoglobinemia: The iron in the heme portion of hemoglobin is easily oxidised and this reduces the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen. More deoxygenated hemoglobin are formed and the blood becomes
222:(HbA) is the predominant Hb in children by six months of age and onward; it constitutes 96-97% of total Hb in individuals without a hemoglobinopathy. It is composed of two α globins and two β globins (α
1110:
Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S (March 2022). "Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells".
114:, which are caused by an underproduction of otherwise normal hemoglobin molecules. The main structural hemoglobin variants are HbS, HbE and HbC. The main types of thalassemia are
397:
Copy number variation (e.g., deletion, duplication, insertion) is also a common genetic cause of Hb disorders, and complex rearrangements and globin gene fusions can also occur.
829:
Huisman TH. The structure and function of normal and abnormal haemoglobins. In: Baillière's
Clinical Haematology, Higgs DR, Weatherall DJ (Eds), W.B. Saunders, London 1993. p.1.
1194:
Forman SJ, Negrin RS, Antin JH, Appelbaum FR. Thomas' hematopoietic cell transplantation: stem cell transplantation. 5th ed. Vol. 2. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2016. p.1416.
236:
is a minor adult Hb that normally accounts for approximately 2.5–3.5% of total Hb from six months of age onward. It is composed of two α globins and two δ (delta) globins (α
125:
The two conditions may overlap because some conditions which cause abnormalities in hemoglobin proteins also affect their production. Some hemoglobin variants do not cause
422:
Haemoglobin variant are not necessarily pathological. For example, haemoglobin
Valletta and haemoglobin Marseille are two haemoglobin variants which are non-pathological
1035:
Joseph
Bonavetura and Austin Riggs, March 1968, "Hemoglobin Kansas, A Human Hemoglobin with a Neutral Amino Acid Substitution and an Abnormal Oxygen Equilibrium",
145:
composed of two pairs of globin chains, each of which contains one α (alpha) chain and one β (beta) chain. Each globin chain is associated with an iron-containing
369:
is a form of Hb that contains the ferric form of iron. The affinity for oxygen of ferric iron is impaired. The binding of oxygen to methaemoglobin results in an
1608:
533:
1813:
1964:
1466:
152:. Throughout life, the synthesis of the α and the β chains is balanced so that their ratio is relatively constant and there is no excess of either type.
1916:
1738:
1808:
348:
residues, can produce M-hemoglobin, in which the iron atom in heme is oxidized from the ferrous (Fe) state to the ferric (Fe) state, with resultant
1748:
635:
508:
In general a sickling test is performed on abnormal hemoglobins migrating in the S location to see if the hemoglobin precipitates in solution of
505:
In general on alkaline electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility are hemoglobins A2, E=O=C, G=D=S=Lepore, F, A, K, J, Bart's, N, I, and H.
275:
state in combination with another structural variant or a thalassemia mutation. When clinical consequences occur, they may include anemia due to
741:
1625:
989:"Hemoglobin Kenya composed of alpha- and ((A)gammabeta)-fusion-globin chains, associated with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin"
1780:
938:
Percy, M. J.; Butt, N. N.; Crotty, G. M.; Drummond, M. W.; Harrison, C.; Jones, G. L.; Turner, M.; Wallis, J.; McMullin, M. F. (2009).
283:
due to alterations in the oxygen affinity of the abnormal Hb. Common examples of hemoglobin variants associated with hemolysis include
1789:
1760:
870:
1692:
1820:
1753:
1459:
1799:
1847:
344:
Oxidation of heme iron: Mutations of the heme binding site, particularly those affecting the conserved proximal or distal
302:
Change in physical properties (solubility): Common beta globin mutations can alter the solubility of the Hb molecule: HbS
295:
methods; however, DNA-based methods may be required for variants with ambiguous or unusual results from protein analysis.
1704:
110:
There are two main groups: abnormal structural hemoglobin variants caused by mutations in the hemoglobin genes, and the
1856:
1549:
1730:
1594:
373:
affinity for oxygen in the remaining heme sites that are in ferrous state within the same tetrameric haemoglobin unit.
322:
582:
to produce water and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is mopped up by hemoglobin to favor this reversible reaction.
770:
1794:
1620:
520:
In general on acid electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility are hemoglobins F, A=D=G=E=O=Lepore, S, and C.
1721:
1711:
1699:
1452:
940:"Identification of high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variants in the investigation of patients with erythrocytosis"
1993:
1687:
1381:
1207:
Felfly H, Haddad GG (2014). "Hematopoietic stem cells: potential new applications for translational medicine".
896:"Severe hemolytic anemia associated with the homozygous state for an unstable hemoglobin variant (Hb Bushwick)"
1892:
1743:
593:. This assists in the regulation of vascular reaction in times of stress as experienced during inflammation.
618:
Unstable hemoglobins: Red blood cells are easily destroyed under stress and hemolysis occurs with possible
1883:
1544:
1432:
1075:
Greene DN, Vaughn CP, Crews BO, Agarwal AM (January 2015). "Advances in detection of hemoglobinopathies".
309:
Reduced protein stability (instability): Unstable Hb variants are mutations that cause the Hb molecule to
638:(HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow,
1863:
1630:
104:
100:
1148:"Brazilian Nutritional Consensus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Children and adolescents"
1873:
1868:
1676:
1562:
604:
due to reduced life span of the red cells of reduced production of the cells, e.g., HbS, HbC and HbE.
159:
1146:
I.; Brumatti, M.; Neves, M. A.; Duran, N.; Villela, N. C.; Zecchin, V. G.; Fernandes, J. F. (2021).
74:
1922:
1667:
1475:
1370:
597:
Pathology and organic structural abnormalities may lead to any of the following disease processes:
494:
155:
The specific α and β chains that are incorporated into Hb are highly regulated during development:
749:
1954:
1927:
1532:
1018:
912:
895:
608:
149:
142:
987:
Wilcox I, Boettger K, Greene L, Malek A, Davis L, Steinberg MH, Luo HY, Chui DH (January 2009).
1959:
1949:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1839:
1671:
1660:
1650:
1584:
1567:
1558:
1540:
1502:
1421:
1392:
1319:
1268:
1216:
1177:
1127:
1092:
1010:
969:
917:
876:
866:
723:
607:
Increased oxygen affinity: The red blood cells do not release their oxygen content readily in
571:
from the tissues to the lungs: The end product of tissue metabolism is acidic which increases
349:
284:
115:
63:
1655:
1579:
1309:
1299:
1258:
1250:
1167:
1159:
1119:
1084:
1000:
959:
951:
907:
894:
Srivastava, P.; Kaeda, J. S.; Roper, D.; Vulliamy, T. J.; Buckley, M.; Luzzatto, L. (1995).
858:
820:
Weatherall DJ. The New
Genetics and Clinical Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991.
713:
639:
509:
318:
314:
219:
167:
119:
1163:
1049:
676:
1834:
326:
298:
The major functional consequences of Hb structural variants can be classified as follows:
88:
1981:
Category:Hereditary hemolytic anemias
Category:Disorders of globin and globulin proteins
1851:
1774:
1682:
1479:
1314:
1287:
1263:
1238:
1172:
1147:
964:
939:
718:
701:
643:
568:
96:
1375:
862:
849:
Eaton, William A.; Hofrichter, James (1990). "Sickle Cell
Hemoglobin Polymerization".
1987:
537:
366:
163:
1022:
1494:
1239:"Hematopoietic stem cell expansion and generation: the ways to make a breakthrough"
796:
590:
586:
330:
280:
272:
17:
1386:
955:
646:
blood to replicate inside a patient and to produce normal blood cells. It may be
173:
Hb Gower-1, composed of two ζ (zeta) globins and two ε (epsilon) globins, i.e., ζ
1645:
1603:
1416:
612:
579:
310:
303:
111:
1397:
1614:
1444:
1360:
1088:
651:
647:
268:
92:
68:
1254:
345:
276:
126:
1323:
1304:
1288:"Stem Cells Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics"
1272:
1220:
1181:
1131:
1123:
1096:
1014:
973:
727:
921:
880:
615:
therefore needs to produce more red blood cells and there is polycythemia.
166:
and disappear around the eighth week of gestation as they are replaced by
50:
1427:
655:
619:
572:
338:
1343:
541:
1005:
988:
702:"Inherited haemoglobin disorders: An increasing global health problem"
1523:
1355:
601:
556:
365:
a condition caused by elevated levels of methemoglobin in the blood.
130:
194:
Hb
Portland, composed of two ζ globins and two γ (gamma) globins (ζ
389:
388:
292:
233:
1077:
Clinica
Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
560:
288:
146:
1448:
575:
438:
536:) seem to have given an evolutionary benefit, especially to
183:
Hb Gower-2, composed of two α globins and two ε globins (α
777:. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 2007-11-10
532:
Some hemoglobinopathies (and also related diseases like
267:
variants can cause severe disease when inherited in the
133:, and thus are often not classed as hemoglobinopathies.
291:. Hb variants can usually be detected by protein-based
1333:
1039:, Vol. 243, No. 5, Issue of March 10, pages 980–991.
58:
Red blood cells from a person with sickle cell trait
1942:
1882:
1833:
1729:
1720:
1593:
1578:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1493:
1486:
1407:
1337:
393:
Red blood cells from a person with beta thalassemia
62:
40:
35:
1056:. National Center for Biotechnology Information
162:are expressed as early as four to six weeks of
208:composed of two α globins and two γ globins (α
1460:
87:is the medical term for a group of inherited
8:
1609:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
913:10.1182/blood.V86.5.1977.bloodjournal8651977
578:in solution. The hydrogen ions combine with
534:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1965:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
1726:
1590:
1528:
1519:
1490:
1467:
1453:
1445:
1334:
681:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
103:and, in most cases, they are inherited as
73:
49:
32:
1917:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
1739:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
1313:
1303:
1262:
1232:
1230:
1202:
1200:
1171:
1004:
963:
911:
797:"A Syllabus of Human Hemoglobin Variants"
717:
706:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
650:(the patient's own stem cells are used),
27:Any of various genetic disorders of blood
700:Weatherall, D. J.; Clegg, J. B. (2001).
325:Hb can attach to the inner layer of the
1237:Park B, Yoo KH, Kim C (December 2015).
933:
931:
667:
636:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
493:Hemoglobin variants can be detected by
306:when deoxygenated and HbC crystallizes.
654:(the stem cells come from a donor) or
1292:International Journal of Cell Biology
329:of the red blood cell (RBC) and form
7:
1626:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
1164:10.31744/einstein_journal/2021AE5254
742:"Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia"
249:Classification of hemoglobinopathies
1781:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
1749:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
1037:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
746:medicalassistantonlineprograms.org/
489:Electrophoretic migration patterns
341:(e.g., Hb Kansas, Hb Beth Israel).
25:
1790:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
1761:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
1821:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
1112:Briefings in Functional Genomics
803:. Pennsylvania State University
1754:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
993:American Journal of Hematology
1:
863:10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60287-9
851:Advances in Protein Chemistry
677:"Hemoglobinopathies Research"
141:Normal human hemoglobins are
137:Hemoglobin structural biology
1705:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
1693:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
956:10.3324/haematol.2009.008037
2010:
1814:Drug-induced nonautoimmune
1795:Thrombotic microangiopathy
1621:pyruvate kinase deficiency
658:(from an identical twin).
1800:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
1712:Hereditary stomatocytosis
1700:Hereditary elliptocytosis
1089:10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.006
170:. Embryonic Hbs include:
57:
48:
1688:Hereditary spherocytosis
1255:10.5045/br.2015.50.4.194
501:Alkaline electrophoresis
385:Production abnormalities
313:, spontaneously or upon
259:Structural abnormalities
1893:Mean corpuscular volume
1857:Diamond–Blackfan anemia
1809:Drug-induced autoimmune
1744:Cold agglutinin disease
1550:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
1545:Iron-deficiency anemia
394:
357:Chemical abnormalities
1864:Pure red cell aplasia
1631:hexokinase deficiency
1209:Journal of Stem Cells
771:"Hemoglobin Variants"
392:
105:autosomal co-dominant
101:single-gene disorders
1869:Sideroblastic anemia
1677:Hemoglobin C disease
1563:Megaloblastic anemia
1305:10.1155/2016/6940283
1124:10.1093/bfgp/elac002
795:Huisman THJ (1996).
589:: Nitric oxide is a
549:Hemoglobin functions
516:Acid electrophoresis
1668:Sickle cell disease
495:gel electrophoresis
418:Hemoglobin variants
362:Methemoglobinemia:
337:variants can cause
143:tetrameric proteins
1955:Sulfhemoglobinemia
1408:External resources
801:Globin Gene Server
675:CDC (2019-02-08).
452:Hb Constant Spring
395:
44:Hemoglobinopathies
18:Hemoglobinopathies
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1960:Reticulocytopenia
1950:Methemoglobinemia
1938:
1937:
1829:
1828:
1769:
1768:
1568:Pernicious anemia
1511:
1510:
1503:Polycythemia vera
1442:
1441:
1286:Mahla RS (2016).
1006:10.1002/ajh.21308
540:, in areas where
446:Hb G-Philadelphia
350:methemoglobinemia
116:alpha-thalassemia
95:, the protein of
82:
81:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2001:
1727:
1641:hemoglobinopathy
1591:
1529:
1520:
1491:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1008:
984:
978:
977:
967:
950:(9): 1321–1322.
935:
926:
925:
915:
906:(5): 1977–1982.
891:
885:
884:
846:
840:
836:
830:
827:
821:
818:
812:
811:
809:
808:
792:
786:
785:
783:
782:
775:Lab Tests Online
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
748:. Archived from
738:
732:
731:
721:
697:
691:
690:
688:
687:
672:
640:peripheral blood
611:conditions. The
510:sodium bisulfite
460:Hemoglobin Kenya
380:B) Quantitative
321:. Precipitated,
319:hemolytic anemia
315:oxidative stress
120:beta thalassemia
85:Hemoglobinopathy
78:
77:
53:
36:Hemoglobinopathy
33:
21:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1994:Blood disorders
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1934:
1878:
1837:
1825:
1765:
1716:
1582:
1574:
1507:
1482:
1480:red blood cells
1473:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1403:
1402:
1346:
1332:
1331:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:
986:
985:
981:
937:
936:
929:
893:
892:
888:
873:
848:
847:
843:
837:
833:
828:
824:
819:
815:
806:
804:
794:
793:
789:
780:
778:
769:
768:
764:
755:
753:
740:
739:
735:
699:
698:
694:
685:
683:
674:
673:
669:
664:
633:
530:
518:
503:
491:
443:HbO (Hb O-Arab)
420:
387:
382:
359:
327:plasma membrane
317:, resulting in
261:
256:
254:A) Qualitative
251:
243:
239:
229:
225:
215:
211:
201:
197:
190:
186:
180:
176:
139:
97:red blood cells
89:blood disorders
72:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1852:Fanconi anemia
1845:
1843:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1363:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:Classification
1330:
1329:
1298:(7): 6940283.
1278:
1249:(4): 194–203.
1243:Blood Research
1226:
1215:(3): 163–197.
1196:
1187:
1137:
1118:(3): 159–176.
1102:
1067:
1041:
1028:
979:
927:
886:
871:
841:
831:
822:
813:
787:
762:
733:
712:(8): 704–712.
692:
666:
665:
663:
660:
644:umbilical cord
632:
629:
628:
627:
623:
616:
605:
595:
594:
583:
569:carbon dioxide
565:
529:
526:
517:
514:
502:
499:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
479:
478:Hb N-Baltimore
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
454:
453:
447:
444:
441:
436:
433:
430:
427:
419:
416:
415:
414:
413:
412:
409:
406:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
375:
374:
367:Methaemoglobin
358:
355:
354:
353:
342:
334:
307:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
241:
237:
231:
227:
223:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
138:
135:
91:involving the
80:
79:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
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944:Haematologica
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752:on 2015-01-09
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566:
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554:
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538:heterozygotes
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164:embryogenesis
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43:
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34:
19:
1979:
1923:normochromic
1915:
1891:
1773:
1681:
1640:
1639:
1613:
1602:
1495:Polycythemia
1426:
1415:
1391:
1380:
1365:
1350:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1246:
1242:
1212:
1208:
1190:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1050:"rs33948057"
1044:
1036:
1031:
996:
992:
982:
947:
943:
903:
899:
889:
854:
850:
844:
834:
825:
816:
805:. Retrieved
800:
790:
779:. Retrieved
774:
765:
754:. Retrieved
750:the original
745:
736:
709:
705:
695:
684:. Retrieved
680:
670:
634:
596:
587:nitric oxide
580:bicarbonates
548:
547:
531:
522:
519:
507:
504:
492:
421:
411:Beta (Minor)
408:Beta (Major)
396:
370:
331:Heinz bodies
297:
281:polycythemia
273:heterozygous
271:or compound
264:Hb variants:
263:
262:
160:Embryonic Hb
154:
140:
124:
112:thalassemias
109:
84:
83:
1928:hypochromic
1884:Blood tests
1646:Thalassemia
1604:enzymopathy
1533:Nutritional
1417:MedlinePlus
1158:: eAE5254.
999:(1): 55–8.
613:bone marrow
591:vasodilator
463:Hb Korle-Bu
457:Hb Hasharon
311:precipitate
304:polymerizes
99:. They are
41:Other names
1909:macrocytic
1904:microcytic
1899:normocytic
1862:Acquired:
1848:Hereditary
1615:glycolysis
1595:Hereditary
1393:DiseasesDB
1060:7 February
857:: 63–279.
807:2008-10-12
781:2008-10-12
756:2013-11-07
686:2019-05-05
662:References
652:allogeneic
648:autologous
631:Treatments
287:(HbS) and
269:homozygous
93:hemoglobin
69:Hematology
1580:Hemolytic
656:syngeneic
626:cyanotic.
559:from the
528:Evolution
472:Hb Kansas
466:Hb Lepore
435:Hb Bart's
371:increased
346:histidine
323:denatured
285:sickle Hb
277:hemolysis
127:pathology
64:Specialty
1988:Category
1838:(mostly
1835:Aplastic
1775:membrane
1722:Acquired
1683:membrane
1583:(mostly
1476:Diseases
1428:Orphanet
1324:27516776
1273:26770947
1221:25157450
1182:34909973
1152:Einstein
1132:35265979
1097:25314938
1083:: 50–7.
1023:29114149
1015:19006227
974:19734427
839:p.ch.48.
728:11545326
620:jaundice
573:hydrogen
339:cyanosis
220:Adult Hb
168:fetal Hb
107:traits.
1387:D006453
1315:4969512
1264:4705045
1173:8664291
965:2738729
922:7655024
881:2195851
719:2566499
609:hypoxic
564:oxygen.
542:malaria
484:Hb Pisa
481:Hb Hope
1840:normo-
1585:normo-
1559:Macro-
1541:Micro-
1524:Anemia
1422:001291
1322:
1312:
1271:
1261:
1219:
1180:
1170:
1130:
1095:
1021:
1013:
972:
962:
920:
879:
869:
726:
716:
602:Anemia
557:oxygen
150:moiety
131:anemia
71:
1943:Other
1672:trait
1661:delta
1651:alpha
1433:68364
1398:19674
1376:282.7
1361:D58.2
1054:dbSNP
1019:S2CID
900:Blood
642:, or
561:lungs
405:Alpha
293:assay
1731:AIHA
1656:beta
1382:MeSH
1371:9-CM
1320:PMID
1296:2016
1269:PMID
1217:PMID
1178:PMID
1128:PMID
1093:PMID
1062:2014
1011:PMID
970:PMID
918:PMID
877:PMID
867:ISBN
724:PMID
576:ions
449:HbH
234:HbA2
147:heme
118:and
1478:of
1367:ICD
1352:ICD
1310:PMC
1300:doi
1259:PMC
1251:doi
1168:PMC
1160:doi
1120:doi
1085:doi
1081:439
1001:doi
960:PMC
952:doi
908:doi
859:doi
714:PMC
475:HbJ
469:HbM
439:HbD
432:HbE
429:HbC
426:HbS
289:HbC
279:or
129:or
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1850::
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1543::
1431::
1420::
1396::
1385::
1374::
1359::
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1308:.
1294:.
1290:.
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930:^
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902:.
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200:2
198:Îł
196:2
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189:2
187:ε
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177:ε
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