76:
316:
240:
427:
20:
226:, one of which is also grown as a tea plant in Japan and China. While this species turned out to be not cultivable in Central Europe, people very quickly discovered the aesthetic appeal of the other camellia species as an ornamental plant. Botanical gardens played a major role in the acclimatization of such plants from distant habitats.
151:
does not belong to the anthropochoric, but to the hemerochoric, because domestic animals belong to the human culture. Strictly speaking, anthropochoric means the spread through humans as a transport medium. These can also be native species that were either adapted from the outset to locations created
374:
Many of the old cultivated plants have spread around the world, primarily through emigrants from Europe. Grown for at least 4,000 years, wheat was introduced to
America in the 16th century and Australia in the 19th century. Orange, lemons, apricots and peaches were originally native to China. They
306:
rise to the surface of the water. Ships should also exchange their ballast water 200 kilometers away from the coastal waters, so that on the one hand the offshore species are not introduced into the more sensitive coastal waters and, on the other hand, no inhabitants of the coastal zone are
297:
Australia was the first country to introduce a ballast water policy back in 1990 and is now the most determined to address this problem. Ships were asked not to take in ballast water in shallow and polluted bays and not to refuel with ballast water during the night, since then many
159:
is sometimes used synonymously with hemerochory, but is often restricted to species that were intentionally brought into the area and then naturalized, sometimes also for species that have not (yet) firmly established themselves in their new habitat.
522:
326:
Ethelochory is intentional transportation of plants or seeds to different regions for agricultural and gardening purposes. Numerous crops that are important for human nutrition have been willingly spread by humans.
49:, consciously or unconsciously, by humans into an area that they could not colonize through their natural mechanisms of spread, but are able to maintain themselves without specific human help in their new habitat.
250:
Agochoric plants are those that are spread through accidental transport. Unlike speirochoric plants, they are usually not sown on human-prepared soil. On land, agochoric plants used to be common in harbors, at
537:
278:, but fully pumped ballast tanks. In the draining of this ballast water, these ports receive thousands of cubic meters of seawater brimming with alien creatures now in a new environment. The seaweed
196:, who in turn brought these cultivated plants to Central Europe, and some of these plants were eventually able to survive outside the culture. Many useful plants, such as tomato, potato, pumpkin and
604:
Management of an invasive marine species: defining and testing the effectiveness of ballast-water management options using management strategy evaluation by Piers K. Dunstan and
Nicholas J. Bax
211:, which were often included in the plant collections of princely courts, and for purely scientific purposes. In the context of botanical studies, the interest was often in the possible
465:, spread through the seeds with the grain in Central Europe. In the meantime, the seeds are cleaned more thoroughly using modern methods and the cultivation is hardly contaminated by
270:
plays a major role in the agochoric spread of aquatic plants. Around the world, around ten billion tons of seawater and the organisms it contains are shipped in this way.
294:
is one of those plants that are often spread by ballast water. It is also spread by the fact that ships tear off parts of the algae with their anchors.
565:
Harshberger, John
William: The vegetation of the New Jersey pine-barrens, an ecologic investigation, Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Company, 1869-1929
152:
by human cultural activity or have adapted to them afterwards; As a result, their area of distribution has often, but not always, increased.
693:
698:
274:
countries in particular are affected by the spread of organisms through ballast water. The ships arrive at the ports with empty
200:
did not reach
Central Europe until the 16th century, after the American continent was discovered, and are now grown worldwide.
541:
457:. Plants that are considered to be archaeophytes, such as the poppy, native to the Mediterranean area, the real chamomile, the
613:
109:
with, among other things, ships, trains and cars. These plants are common in port areas, roadsides, stations and railways.
222:
Some ornamental plants also came to Europe because they promised a lucrative business. This applies, for example, to the
147:
is often used synonymously but does not mean exactly the same. Anthropochory is the spread by humans. The spread through
37:(Ancient Greek ἥμερος, hemeros: 'tame, ennobled, cultivated, cultivated' and Greek χωρίς choris: separate, isolated), or
683:
438:
Some plants were unintentionally introduced in this process; this unwanted hemerochory as a seed companion is called
390:
From the 16th century, ornamental plants were grown more and more. Species native to Europe were first introduced as
713:
387:
to the
Mediterranean. European settlers, in turn, used these species to grow fruit in suitable regions of America.
75:
688:
625:
403:
203:
In the last 400 to 500 years the spread has expanded through trade and military campaigns, through explorers and
359:
to central Europe and the rest of the world through the upcoming centuries. In central Europe, it is especially
215:
of these plants, but also in the expansion of botanical knowledge, or the plants were only used for collecting (
525:
442:. Since every seed also contains seeds of the herbs of the field from which it comes, their competitors, the "
125:: plants that were introduced before the onset of world trade around the year 1500, or before the year 1492 (
493:
356:
583:
Krystyna M. Urbanska: Populationsbiologie der
Pflanzen. G. Fischer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-437-20481-5.
651:
126:
538:
Wandering
Ecologies: Anthropochory as a Method of Restoration; Seed Dispersal in the Urban Landscape
279:
168:
Hemerochorous spread of plants through human cultural activity very likely already happened in the
473:
360:
291:
197:
156:
554:
Potentials and
Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species
418:
in particular, a number of plants were introduced to Europe as exotic or for economic reasons.
315:
639:
592:
553:
399:
207:. The latter brought countless plants with them from their travels both out of an interest in
132:
72:
Hemerochoric plants are classified according to the manner of introduction into, for example:
53:
703:
659:
364:
46:
708:
503:
299:
239:
212:
173:
148:
79:
94:
Speirochoria: the unintentional introduction by contaminated seed. Examples are the true
655:
439:
376:
348:
185:
426:
677:
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351:, although they are all archaeotypes. People brought them after the beginning of the
267:
263:
252:
42:
391:
384:
256:
208:
204:
193:
122:
61:
27:
19:
177:
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Speirochoric plants are sown on human-prepared soil and are competitors of the
450:
is one of the plants that were unintentionally spread as a companion to seeds.
446:", were also sold through the trade in the seeds of the useful plant. The real
663:
574:
Tim Low: Feral Future. The Untold Story of
Australia's Exotic Invaders , p. 73
458:
431:
380:
275:
99:
82:
trailing on a roadside with its purple flowers (possible agochoric dispersal).
640:"Distribution of Alien Plants by Speirochory in Agrocenosis of Tomsk Oblast"
477:
466:
462:
447:
415:
352:
319:
271:
243:
223:
181:
169:
106:
95:
614:
Significance of Seeds : Ecological
Adaptation and Dispersal Strategies
290:
forests along the coast since 1988, displacing the native flora and fauna.
628:
p.545. By Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Erwin Beck, Klaus Müller-Hohenstein. 2005.
411:
407:
395:
283:
216:
88:
414:. Ornamental plants from more distant regions were added later. From
368:
336:
332:
303:
189:
180:. Fruits such as apples and pears gradually made their way along the
481:
425:
340:
328:
314:
238:
23:
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443:
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have been spread en masse, by sticking to vehicles or machines.
344:
287:
593:
Mutualistic Interactions between Flowering Plants and Animals
480:, was accidentally imported into the country together with
347:
and poppy seeds, for example, are not typical plants for
118:
Chronologically the hemerochoric plants are divided in:
556:
p.261, edited by Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Helmut Zwölfer
282:, which is native to the Japanese coast, reached the
638:
Mikhailova, S. I.; Ebel, T. V.; Ebel, A. L. (2019).
363:
which has been classified since the 1980s among the
87:Ethelochory: the conscious introduction by seed or
595:edited by Palatty Allesh Sinu, KR Shivanna, 2016
375:probably came via the Silk Road as early as the
476:, which is classified as a problematic weed in
286:coast via ballast water and has formed dense
8:
105:Agochory: the introduction by unintentional
355:(about 6,500 years ago) gradually from the
26:are hemerochoric plants that belong to the
410:native to southeast Europe and the common
60:plants can both increase and decrease the
74:
45:of cultivated plants or their seeds and
18:
644:Russian Journal of Biological Invasions
515:
16:Propagation of plants by "the culture"
192:and from there to the gardens of the
7:
172:, but demonstrably at the latest in
135:: plants that were introduced later.
523:Botanical Nerd Word: Anthropochory
394:. These include, for example, the
14:
307:transported to other continents.
542:University of Technology Sydney
52:Hemerochory is one of the main
484:seeds in 1981, 1988 and 1990.
469:or other control techniques.
1:
544:. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
528:. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
266:are spread through agochory.
383:and from there through the
730:
694:Environmental conservation
302:that are otherwise on the
699:Environmental terminology
664:10.1134/S2075111719040064
184:from the area around the
616:by Education Department
526:Toronto Botanical Garden
56:mechanisms of a plant.
540:by Brittany Johnston.
435:
323:
247:
83:
31:
494:Assisted colonization
429:
357:eastern Mediterranean
318:
242:
78:
22:
127:discovery of America
656:2019RuJBI..10..358M
280:Undaria pinnatifida
176:, namely along old
157:adventitious plants
684:Plant reproduction
474:Cuscuta campestris
472:In spite of this,
436:
361:Cyperus esculentus
324:
292:Caulerpa taxifolia
248:
84:
32:
714:Introduced plants
404:European bluebell
322:are ethelochoric.
721:
689:Invasive species
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434:is speirochoric.
400:ornamental onion
367:, because their
365:invasive species
300:marine organisms
262:However, mainly
149:domestic animals
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213:healing effects
186:Altai Mountains
166:
142:
116:
80:Ipomoea cairica
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64:of a habitat.
17:
12:
11:
5:
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650:(4): 358–364.
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377:3rd century BC
349:Central Europe
312:
309:
264:aquatic plants
253:train stations
246:are agochoric.
236:
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68:Categorisation
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392:garden plants
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268:Ballast water
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257:railway lines
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209:exotic plants
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150:
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145:Anthropochory
140:Related terms
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123:Archaeophytes
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119:
113:
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55:
50:
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44:
40:
39:anthropochory
36:
29:
28:archaeophytes
25:
21:
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325:
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205:missionaries
202:
178:trade routes
167:
154:
144:
143:
117:
89:young plants
71:
62:biodiversity
58:Hemerochoric
57:
51:
43:distribution
38:
34:
33:
440:speirochory
422:Speirochory
311:Ethelochory
198:French bean
54:propagation
35:Hemerochory
678:Categories
510:References
467:pesticides
461:and field
459:cornflower
432:cornflower
381:Asia Minor
276:cargo hold
244:Tiger nuts
100:cornflower
478:Australia
463:buttercup
448:chamomile
416:East Asia
353:Neolithic
320:Galanthus
284:Tasmanian
272:Exporting
255:or along
224:camellias
182:Silk Road
174:antiquity
170:Stone Age
155:The term
133:Neophytes
107:transport
96:chamomile
41:, is the
488:See also
412:clematis
408:snowdrop
396:gladioli
235:Agochory
217:herbaria
114:Division
98:and the
47:cuttings
704:Habitat
652:Bibcode
164:History
24:Poppies
709:Botany
406:, the
398:, the
385:Romans
369:tubers
337:lentil
333:barley
304:seabed
194:Romans
190:Greece
482:basil
455:crops
444:weeds
379:. In
341:beans
329:Wheat
230:Forms
430:The
345:flax
288:kelp
660:doi
219:).
188:to
680::
658:.
648:10
646:.
642:.
402:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
259:.
129:).
666:.
662::
654::
102:.
91:.
30:.
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