287:
584:, the dodder can germinate. Once germinated, the plant has 6 days to find and establish a connection with its host plant before its resources are exhausted. Dodder seeds germinate above ground, then the plant sends out stems in search of its host plant reaching up to 6 cm before it dies. It is believed that the plant uses two methods of finding a host. The stem detects its host plant's scent and orients itself in that direction. Scientists used volatiles from
1016:
392:
31:
2280:
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into the surrounding soil. These chemical cues are a variety of compounds that are unstable and rapidly degraded in soil and are present within a radius of a few meters of the plant exuding them. Parasitic plants germinate and follow a concentration gradient of these compounds in the soil toward the
112:
connect to both the xylem and phloem of the host. This provides them with the ability to extract resources from the host. These resources can include water, nitrogen, carbon and/or sugars. Parasitic plants are classified depending on the location where the parasitic plant latches onto the host (root
1011:
in the community. Parasitic plants are major shapers of their community, affecting not just the host species but indirectly affecting others. Competition amongst host species will change due to the parasitic plant. Plant parasitism have been shown to keep invasive species under control and become
512:
in several methods. These can either be chemical or mechanical and the means used by seeds often depends on whether or not the parasites are root parasites or stem parasites. Most parasitic plants need to germinate near their host plants because their seeds are limited in the number of resources
140:
There is a wide range of effects that may occur to a host plant due to the presence of a parasitic plant. Often there is a pattern of stunted growth in hosts especially in hemi-parasitic cases, but may also result in higher mortality rates in host plant species following introduction of larger
676:
A parasitic plant has many obstacles to overcome to attach to a host. Distance from the host and stored nutrients are some of the problems, and the host's defenses are an obstacle to overcome. The first hurdle is penetrating the host since the host has systems to reinforce the cell wall by
550:
was the first of the germination stimulants to be isolated. It was isolated from a non-host cotton plant and has been found in true host plants such as corn and millets. The stimulants are usually plant-specific, examples of other germination stimulants include
795:
is the name given to plants/algae that use rocks or boulders for attachment), while not necessarily parasitic, some species occur in high correlation with a certain host species, suggesting that they rely on the host plant in some way or another. In contrast,
1654:
Schneeweiss, G. 2007. Correlated evolution of life history and host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants
Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). Journal Compilation. European Society for Evolutionary Biology. 20
1644:
Runyon, J. Tooker, J. Mescher, M. De Moraes, C. 2009. Parasitic plants in agriculture: Chemical ecology of germination and host-plant location as targets for sustainable control: A review. Sustainable
Agriculture Reviews 1. pp.
565:. Strigolactones are apocarotenoids that are produced via the carotenoid pathway of plants. Strigolactones and mycorrhizal fungi have a relationship in which Strigolactone also cues the growth of mycorrhizal fungus.
606:
and found that the stem orients itself in the direction of the odor. Some studies suggest that by using light reflecting from nearby plants dodders can select hosts with higher sugar because of the levels of
1769:
Landa, B. B.; Navas-Cortés, J. A.; Castillo, P.; Vovlas, N.; Pujadas-Salvà, A. J.; Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (2006-08-01). "First Report of
Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) Infecting Lettuce in Southern Spain".
1568:
803:
Marine parasites occur as a higher proportion of marine flora in temperate rather than tropical waters. While no full explanation for this is available, many of the potential host plants such as
903:
can reach 100% and has caused farmers in some regions of the world to abandon certain staple crops and begin importing others as an alternative. Much research has been devoted to the control of
815:
infect hosts in the same taxonomic family as themselves, these are given the designation adelphoparasites. Other marine parasites, deemed endozoic, are parasites of marine invertebrates (
827:) and can be either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic, some retaining the ability to photosynthesize after infection. These are the only parasitic plants that parasitize animal hosts.
530:
will only grow about 4 mm after germination. Chemical compound cues sensed by parasitic plant seeds are from host plant root exudates that are leached nearby from the host's
520:
Root parasitic plant seeds tend to use chemical cues for germination. For germination to occur, seeds need to be quite close to the host plant. For example, the seeds of witchweed (
449:, lateral haustoria develop along the surface of the roots in these species. Later evolution led to the development of terminal or primary haustoria at the tip of the juvenile
787:, meaning that they are sedentary or attached to another structure. Plants and algae that grow on the host plant, using it as an attachment point are given the designation
266:
to at least some degree. Hemiparasites may obtain only water and mineral nutrients from the host plant, or many also obtain a part of their organic nutrients from the host.
611:
in the leaves. Once the dodder finds its host, it wraps itself around the host plant's stem. Using adventitious roots, the dodder taps into the host plant's stem with a
1075:), are parasitic on mycorrhizal fungi. This effectively gives these plants the ability to become associated with many of the other plants around them. They are termed
481:, lineages which independently has evolved further into endoparasites that, except for the flowers, spend their entire life cycle within the tissue of their host.
1371:
627:
There are several methods of seed dispersal, but all the strategies aim to put the seed in direct contact with, or within a critical distance of, the host.
513:
necessary to survive without nutrients from their host plants. Resources are limited due in part to the fact that most parasitic plants are not able to use
279:
A holoparasitic plant derives all of its fixed carbon from the host plant. Commonly lacking chlorophyll, holoparasites are often colors that are not green.
1572:
526:) need to be within 3 to 4 millimeters (mm) of its host to receive chemical signals in the soil to trigger germination. This range is important because
975:
Parasitic plants are important in research, especially on the loss of photosynthesis and the co-dependency of functional, genetic and lifestyle changes.
500:
that produces no chlorophyll; they live on sugars from neighbouring trees, usually the parent tree from which they have grown (via a somatic mutation).
286:
568:
Stem parasitic plants, unlike most root parasites, germinate using the resources inside their endosperms and can survive for some time. For example,
800:
plants and algae grow inside their host plant, these have a wide range of host dependence from obligate holoparasites to facultative hemiparasites.
1954:"Comparative plastome analysis of root- and stem-feeding parasites of Santalales untangle the footprints of feeding mode and lifestyle transitions"
847:
alone are estimated to cost billions of dollars a year in crop yield loss annually, infesting over 50 million hectares of cultivated land within
2024:
1815:"Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty"
432:) is the only family that contains both holoparasitic and hemiparasitic species, making it a model group for studying the evolutionary rise of
642:
seed is large and has stored nutrients to sustain its life. This is also useful for seeds that get digested by animals and are excreted.
705:. This creates a toxic environment for the parasitic plant, eventually killing it. The fourth hurdle is the host's ability to ruin the
1342:
911:
species, which are even more devastating in developing areas of the world, though no method has been found to be entirely successful.
2042:"Do Native Parasitic Plants Cause More Damage to Exotic Invasive Hosts Than Native Non-Invasive Hosts? An Implication for Biocontrol"
1753:
1259:
1216:
376:
484:
To maximize resources, many parasitic plants have evolved 'self-incompatibility', to avoid parasitizing themselves. Others such as
400:
witchweeds (white, center, attached to roots of the host) are economically important pests of the crop plants that they parasitize.
2162:
Těšitel, Jakub; Li, Ai-Rong; Knotková, Kateřina; McLellan, Richard; Bandaranayake, Pradeepa C G; Watson, David M (April 2021).
1451:
Westwood, James H.; Yoder, John I.; Timko, Michael P.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (2010). "The evolution of parasitism in plants".
459:. Lastly, holoparasitic plants, always forms of obligate parasites, evolved over the loss of photosynthesis, seen in the genus
648:
use a sticky seed for dispersal. The seed sticks to nearby animals and birds and then comes into direct contact with the host.
721:
Some parasitic plants are generalists and parasitize many different species, even several different species at once. Dodder (
656:
seeds have a similarly sticky seed as the mistletoe but they do not rely on animals and birds, they mainly disperse by fruit
733:) are generalist parasites. Other parasitic plants are specialists that parasitize a few or just one species. Beech drops (
113:
or stem), the amount of nutrients it requires, and their photosynthetic capability. Some parasitic plants can locate their
1676:
Walters, D. (2010). Plant
Defense Warding off an attack by pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants. Hoboken: Wiley.
923:
produces the world's largest flowers at about one meter in diameter. It is a tourist attraction in its native habitat.
2284:
987:) sometimes damages underground cables. It mistakes the cables for host roots and tries to parasitize them using its
1369:
408:. Roughly 1% of all angiosperm species are parasitic, with a large degree of host dependence. The taxonomic family
2310:
2305:
1115:, known for extensive mycorrhizal relationships, there are the Monotropoids. The Monotropoids include the genera
443:. The first, most ancestral, haustoria are thought to be similar to that of the facultative hemiparasites within
540:
490:
usually avoid parasitizing other members of their species, but some parasitic plants have no such limits. The
1153:
Kokla, Anna; Melnyk, Charles W. (2018-10-01). "Developing a thief: Haustoria formation in parasitic plants".
783:
Parasitism also evolved within aquatic species of plants and algae. Parasitic marine plants are described as
60:
that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of
1519:
1514:
1275:
Smith, David (January 2000). "The
Population Dynamics and Community Ecology of Root Hemiparasitic Plants".
638:
can live for 3–7 days and extend out 35 cm in search of the host before it dies. This is because the
1667:
Lesica, P. 2010. Dodder: Hardly
Doddering. Kelsey Newsletter of Montana Native Plant Society. Vol 23. 2, 6
1587:
2163:
660:. Once the seed makes contact with the host, rainwater can help position the seed in a suitable position.
1547:
1093:
1624:
Scott, P. 2008. Physiology and behavior of plants: parasitic plants. John Wiley & sons pp. 103–112.
1922:
1864:"Mechanistic model of evolutionary rate variation en route to a nonphotosynthetic lifestyle in plants"
297:
For hemiparasites, one from each of the three sets of terms can be applied to the same species, e.g.
2112:
2053:
1875:
1699:
1460:
880:
496:
405:
209:
2018:
735:
404:
Parasitic behavior evolved in angiosperms roughly 12-13 times independently, a classic example of
2144:
1723:
1501:
1424:
1300:
1186:
1099:
1081:
1025:
983:
919:
848:
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302:
159:
118:
27:
Type of plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant
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A few other parasitic plants are occasionally cultivated for their attractive flowers, such as
2244:
2193:
2136:
2128:
2081:
1983:
1903:
1862:
Wicke, S.; Müller, K.F.; dePamphilis, C.W.; Quandt, D.; Bellot, S.; Schneeweiss, G.M. (2016).
1844:
1795:
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1416:
1408:
1338:
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among others. Myco-heterotrophic behavior is commonly accompanied by the loss of chlorophyll.
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species) have many important cultural uses and their fragrant oils have high commercial value.
741:
602:
191:
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332:
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Endoparasitic plants and fungi show evolutionary convergence across phylogenetic divisions
1375:
1067:
1015:
876:
682:
616:
561:
522:
157:, while other families have only a few representatives. One example is the North American
154:
134:
2116:
2057:
1879:
1703:
1688:"Parasite Impacts on Host Communities: Plant Parasitism in a California Coastal Prairie"
1464:
391:
76:, which penetrates the host plant, connecting them to the host vasculature – either the
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2212:
2188:
2076:
2041:
1978:
1953:
1898:
1863:
1839:
1814:
1357:
Nickrent, D. L. and
Musselman, L. J. 2004. Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants.
1004:
556:
491:
263:
122:
114:
30:
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fungi. There is evidence that parasites also practice self-discrimination, species of
439:
The evolutionary event which gave rise to parasitism in plants was the development of
2299:
988:
837:
536:
478:
466:
410:
380:
315:
168:
2001:
1190:
619:. Dodder makes several of these connections with the host as it moves up the plant.
580:
for up to five years before they find a host plant. Using the resources in the seed
149:
Parasitic plants occur in multiple plant families, indicating that the evolution is
2148:
1428:
1304:
1251:
995:
Some parasitic plants are destructive while some have positive influences in their
951:
862:
652:
597:
552:
150:
1472:
697:
environment at the location where the parasitic plant attaches. The host secretes
593:
2213:"An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya"
2066:
1166:
1123:
1058:
808:
767:
762:
690:
608:
589:
514:
509:
486:
474:
445:
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362:
262:
A hemiparasitic plant lives as a parasite under natural conditions, but remains
61:
1938:
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2124:
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1053:
1030:
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612:
470:
433:
367:
310:
92:
73:
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1791:
1719:
1480:
1412:
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17:
2100:
1888:
1830:
1389:"The Population Dynamics and Community Ecology of Root Hemiparasitic Plants"
1204:
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108:
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2197:
2140:
2085:
1987:
1907:
1848:
1799:
1488:
1420:
1296:
1182:
978:
A few dozen parasitic plants have occasionally been used as food by people.
841:
are some of the most economically destructive species on Earth. Species of
465:. The most specialized forms of holoparasitic plants are the four families
96:
connect only to the xylem, via xylem bridges (xylem-feeding). Alternately,
2279:
693:
of the parasitic seed. The third hurdle is the host's ability to create a
1969:
1241:
1226:
1087:
956:
893:
858:
820:
816:
788:
710:
706:
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217:
A facultative parasite can complete its life cycle independent of a host.
69:
46:
1783:
1332:
964:
943:
888:
866:
784:
775:. The mechanism for self-discrimination in parasites is not yet known.
723:
698:
632:
569:
547:
450:
352:
339:
130:
102:
35:
1923:"Molecular evolution of plastid genomes in parasitic flowering plants"
1727:
1687:
811:
are generally restricted to temperate areas. Roughly 75% of parasitic
328:
Holoparasites are always obligate so only two terms are needed, e.g.
884:
853:
843:
824:
585:
455:
422:
396:
306:(Western Australian Christmas tree) is an obligate root hemiparasite.
163:(Indian pipe or corpse plant) which is a member of the heath family,
153:. Some families consist mostly of parasitic representatives such as
97:
86:
81:
41:
1388:
436:. The remaining groups contain only hemiparasites or holoparasites.
2290:
1711:
1569:"A Creepy Monster of the Forest: The Albino, Vampiric Redwood Tree"
1404:
1288:
771:
experience reduced haustorium development in the presence of other
198:
An obligate parasite cannot complete its life cycle without a host.
1038:
1014:
390:
285:
77:
65:
57:
29:
2261:
Judd, Walter S., Christopher
Campbell, and Elizabeth A. Kellogg.
915:
Mistletoes cause economic damage to forests and ornamental trees.
875:
also threatens a wide range of important crops, including peas,
804:
685:
of the host's roots. The second hurdle is the host's ability to
667:
produced in the host's roots and start to grow towards the host.
531:
126:
1044:, parasitic plants are used for medicinal and ritual purposes.
2164:"The bright side of parasitic plants: what are they good for?"
167:, better known for its member blueberries, cranberries, and
2101:"Parasitic plants: parallels and contrasts with herbivores"
555:
from sorghum, Orobanche and electoral from red clover, and
1515:"It's no snow job - handful of redwoods are rare albinos"
546:
There are a variety of chemical germination stimulants.
535:
host plants if close enough. These compounds are called
2040:
Song, Wenjing; Jin, Zexin; Li, Junmin (April 6, 2012).
2099:
Pennings, Steven C.; Callaway, Ragan M. (2002-05-01).
1813:
Yang, Z.; Wafula, E.K.; Honaas, L.A.; et, al. (2015).
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
517:
nutrition to establish the early stages of seeding.
133:
of parasitic plants in approximately 20 families of
365:. Plants usually considered hemiparasites include
2265:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2008. Print.
739:) is a root holoparasite only on American beech (
709:using gums and gels or injecting toxins into the
576:drop their seeds to the ground. These may remain
2211:O'Neill, Alexander; Rana, Santosh (2017-07-16).
2019:Sclerenchymatic guillotine in the haustorium of
1052:About 400 species of flowering plants, plus one
453:, seen in obligate hemiparasitic species within
347:Plants usually considered holoparasites include
681:so that it stops the parasitic progress at the
174:Parasitic plants are characterized as follows:
857:can infest both grasses and grains, including
72:plants develop a specialized organ called the
1571:. Discover Magazine Discoblog. Archived from
897:(e.g. cabbage and broccoli). Yield loss from
8:
1952:Chen, X.; Fang, D.; Wu, C.; et, al. (2020).
1211:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
615:, an absorptive organ within the host plant
1079:. Some myco-heterotrophs are Indian pipe (
2263:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
246:A root parasite attaches to the host root.
233:A stem parasite attaches to the host stem.
2291:The International Parasitic Plant Society
2238:
2228:
2217:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
2187:
2075:
2065:
1977:
1897:
1887:
1838:
1663:
1661:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1543:"Albino redwoods hold scientific mystery"
1209:The biology of parasitic flowering plants
869:, some of the most important food crops.
1739:
1737:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1007:. This results in the reduced damage of
176:
1142:
1596:
1585:
689:germination inhibitors. This prevents
318:) is a facultative root hemiparasite.
121:in the air or soil given off by host
7:
1331:Heide-Jørgensen, Henning S. (2008).
1148:
1146:
543:in seeds causing them to germinate.
84:, or both. For example, plants like
1012:keystone species in an ecosystem.
981:Western Australian Christmas tree (
1029:), a flowering plant parasitic on
25:
1513:Stienstra, T. (11 October 2007).
1240:Heide-Jørgensen, Henning (2008).
663:Some seeds detect and respond to
377:Western Australian Christmas tree
324:is an obligate stem hemiparasite.
2278:
1921:Wicke, S.; Naumann, J. (2018).
1109:). Within the taxonomic family
1037:In many regions, including the
999:. Some parasitic plants damage
293:, an obligate stem hemiparasite
1927:Advances in Botanical Research
1252:10.1163/ej.9789004167506.i-438
751:is a holoparasite on the vine
64:and are found in almost every
1:
1686:Marvier, Michelle A. (1998).
1541:Krieger, L. M. (2010-11-28).
1473:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.004
1387:Smith, David (January 2000).
891:, and varieties of the genus
141:parasitic plant populations.
117:plants by detecting volatile
39:, a stem holoparasite, on an
2200:– via Oxford Academic.
2067:10.1371/journal.pone.0034577
1868:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1746:The Biology of Marine Plants
672:Obstacles to host attachment
343:spp. are root holoparasites.
129:, respectively. About 4,500
1459:(4). Elsevier BV: 227–235.
1359:The Plant Health Instructor
1167:10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.013
539:. Strigolactone stimulates
2327:
1939:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.014
1367:10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0330-01
1334:Parasitic flowering plants
1243:Parasitic flowering plants
955:) is the floral emblem of
600:) to test the reaction of
2230:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y
2125:10.1007/s00442-002-0923-7
1048:Plants parasitic on fungi
942:) is the state flower of
414:(encompassing the genera
251:
222:
179:
939:Castilleja linariaefolia
779:Aquatic parasitic plants
2006:parasiticplants.siu.edu
1889:10.1073/pnas.1607576113
1595:Cite magazine requires
1520:San Francisco Chronicle
1453:Trends in Plant Science
1393:The American Naturalist
1277:The American Naturalist
1097:), bird's nest orchid (
1091:), underground orchid (
387:Evolution of parasitism
335:is a stem holoparasite.
2180:10.1093/plphys/kiaa069
2002:"Parasitic Plant Food"
1034:
952:Phoradendron serotinum
807:and other macroscopic
727:spp.) and red rattle (
401:
294:
186: a
49:
1831:10.1093/molbev/msu343
1748:. London: E. Arnold.
1744:Dring, M. J. (1982).
1548:San Jose Mercury News
1155:Developmental Biology
1094:Rhizanthella gardneri
1018:
679:protein cross-linking
665:chemical stimulations
541:ethylene biosynthesis
394:
289:
33:
2287:at Wikimedia Commons
761:become parasites of
497:Sequoia sempervirens
406:convergent evolution
106:and some members of
2117:2002Oecol.131..479P
2058:2012PLoSO...734577L
1880:2016PNAS..113.9045W
1784:10.1094/PD-90-1112B
1704:1998Ecol...79.2616M
1465:2010TPS....15..227W
1103:), and sugarstick (
949:The oak mistletoe (
936:Indian paintbrush (
736:Epifagus virginiana
701:compounds into the
2027:2006-07-26 at the
2021:Nuytsia floribunda
1970:10.1093/gbe/evz271
1374:2016-10-05 at the
1100:Neottia nidus-avis
1088:Sarcodes sanguinea
1082:Monotropa uniflora
1035:
1026:Sarcodes sanguinea
984:Nuytsia floribunda
920:Rafflesia arnoldii
849:sub-Saharan Africa
402:
303:Nuytsia floribunda
295:
160:Monotropa uniflora
50:
2283:Media related to
1958:Genome Biol. Evol
1874:(32): 1091–6490.
1337:. Leiden: Brill.
1106:Allotropa virgata
1077:myco-heterotrophs
1042:Eastern Himalayas
755:. Plants such as
742:Fagus grandifolia
508:Parasitic plants
284:
283:
16:(Redirected from
2318:
2311:Plant physiology
2306:Parasitic plants
2285:Parasitic plants
2282:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2174:(4): 1309–1324.
2168:Plant Physiology
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2089:
2079:
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2016:
2010:
2009:
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1981:
1964:(1): 3663–3676.
1949:
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1741:
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1698:(8): 2616–2623.
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989:sclerenchymatic
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617:vascular tissue
562:Lotus japonicus
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1563:
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1518:
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1526:December 6,
1124:Monotropsis
1031:mycorrhizal
997:communities
991:guillotine.
809:brown algae
773:Triphysaria
768:Triphysaria
763:mycorrhizal
753:Tetrastigma
691:germination
609:chlorophyll
532:root system
515:autotrophic
487:Triphysaria
446:Triphysaria
417:Triphysaria
363:Hydnoraceae
210:Facultative
137:are known.
62:angiosperms
2300:Categories
2223:(14): 14.
1579:2012-11-23
1554:2012-11-23
1205:Kuijt, Job
1137:References
1130:Pterospora
1062:) and one
1054:gymnosperm
1021:snow plant
1003:more than
927:Sandalwood
831:Importance
798:endophytic
758:Pterospora
717:Host range
613:haustorium
471:Cytinaceae
434:parasitism
368:Castilleja
361:, and the
311:Rhinanthus
93:Rhinanthus
74:haustorium
2133:1432-1939
2105:Oecologia
1792:0191-2917
1720:0012-9658
1481:1360-1385
1413:0003-0147
1246:. BRILL.
1175:0012-1606
1118:Monotropa
1112:Ericaceae
1068:liverwort
1064:bryophyte
970:broomrape
905:Orobanche
900:Orobanche
877:chickpeas
872:Orobanche
821:flatworms
813:red algae
793:epilithic
789:epiphytic
748:Rafflesia
646:Mistletoe
594:β-myrcene
582:endosperm
510:germinate
462:Orobanche
441:haustoria
429:Orobanche
373:mistletoe
358:Rafflesia
349:broomrape
322:Mistletoe
291:Mistletoe
165:Ericaceae
119:chemicals
109:Orobanche
70:parasitic
2249:26912113
2198:33793868
2141:28547541
2086:22493703
2046:PLOS ONE
2025:Archived
1988:31845987
1908:27450087
1849:25534030
1800:30781327
1655:471-478.
1645:123-136.
1489:20153240
1421:10657173
1372:Archived
1297:10657173
1207:(1969).
1191:49394142
1183:29935146
957:Oklahoma
931:Santalum
894:Brassica
881:tomatoes
817:mollusks
711:tubercle
707:tubercle
703:apoplast
699:phenolic
636:seedling
590:α-pinene
588:plants (
192:Obligate
47:Pakistan
45:tree in
2240:4765049
2189:8133642
2149:6496538
2113:Bibcode
2077:3321012
2054:Bibcode
1979:6953812
1899:4987836
1876:Bibcode
1840:4327159
1700:Bibcode
1692:Ecology
1461:Bibcode
1429:4437738
1305:4437738
965:Nuytsia
944:Wyoming
929:trees (
889:lettuce
885:carrots
867:sorghum
851:alone.
825:sponges
785:benthic
724:Cuscuta
687:secrete
640:Cuscuta
634:Cuscuta
578:dormant
572:Cuscuta
548:Strigol
451:radicle
340:Hydnora
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683:cortex
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586:tomato
456:Striga
426:, and
423:Striga
397:Striga
379:, and
353:dodder
333:Dodder
314:(e.g.
275:Holo-
258:Hemi-
123:shoots
98:plants
87:Striga
82:phloem
68:. All
42:Acacia
2145:S2CID
1724:JSTOR
1425:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1227:85341
1187:S2CID
1066:(the
1039:Nepal
1033:fungi
695:toxic
574:spp.)
559:from
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229:Stem
127:roots
100:like
78:xylem
66:biome
58:plant
56:is a
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2137:PMID
2129:ISSN
2082:PMID
1984:PMID
1904:PMID
1845:PMID
1796:PMID
1788:ISSN
1750:ISBN
1716:ISSN
1601:help
1528:2010
1485:PMID
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1165::
1056:(
1023:(
972:.
959:.
946:.
791:(
20:)
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