597:
922:
is the concentration the hydrogen ion that has been added to the solution. The self-dissociation of water is ignored. A quantity in square brackets, , represents the concentration of the chemical substance X. It is understood that the symbol H stands for the hydrated
2188:
1488:
2582:
317:
1902:
135:
1657:
421:
1269:
548:
2019:
1796:
2806:
Hasselbalch, K. A. (1917). "Die
Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des Blutes aus der freien und gebundenen Kohlensäure desselben, und die Sauerstoffbindung des Blutes als Funktion der Wasserstoffzahl".
1097:
2074:
711:
2389:
909:
810:
2277:
2231:
2432:
474:
2054:
1150:
1348:
2056:
is ca. 14 at 25°C. This approximation can be used when the correct value is not known. Thus, the
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be used, without modification, for bases.
1659:. In these expressions, the quantities in square brackets signify the concentration of the undissociated acid, HA, of the hydrogen ion H, and of the anion A; the quantities
221:
2467:
1563:
209:
1804:
44:
2283:. However, the solubility of carbonic acid in water may be exceeded. When this happens carbon dioxide gas is liberated and the following equation may be used instead.
1677:
1583:
1310:
1274:
the concentration of the sodium ion, can be ignored. This is a good approximation for 1:1 electrolytes, but not for salts of ions that have a higher charge such as
2459:
1340:
331:
1588:
1683:. If the quotient of activity coefficients can be assumed to be a constant which is independent of concentrations and pH, the dissociation constant,
1167:
2840:
1696:
481:
1956:
2778:
Lawrence J. Henderson (1908). "Concerning the relationship between the strength of acids and their capacity to preserve neutrality".
2630:
2697:
2835:
2850:
2723:
434:
by approximating the actual concentration ratio as the ratio of the analytical concentrations of the acid and of a salt, MA.
2845:
964:. In this case the mass-balance equation for hydrogen should be extended to take account of the self-ionization of water.
437:
The equation can also be applied to bases by specifying the protonated form of the base as the acid. For example, with an
2183:{\displaystyle {\ce {HCO3-}}+\mathrm {H^{+}} \rightleftharpoons {\ce {H2CO3}}\rightleftharpoons {\ce {CO2}}+{\ce {H2O}}}
212:
2666:
The ABC of Acid-Base
Chemistry: The Elements of Physiological Blood-Gas Chemistry for Medical Students and Physicians
970:
932:
631:
583:
150:
2620:
2616:
2289:
956:
can be ignored. This assumption is not, strictly speaking, valid with pH values close to 7, half the value of pK
2808:
961:
953:
2068:
the pH of a biological solution is maintained at a constant value by adjusting the position of the equilibria
816:
717:
2634:
2461:
is a mixed equilibrium constant relating to both chemical and solubility equilibria. It can be expressed as
2240:
2196:
1483:{\displaystyle K^{*}={\frac {}{}}\times {\frac {\gamma _{{\ce {H+}}}\gamma _{{\ce {A^-}}}}{\gamma _{HA}}}}
2396:
2434:
represents the carbon dioxide liberated as gas. In this equation, which is widely used in biochemistry,
444:
2577:{\displaystyle \mathrm {pH} =6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{0.0307\times P_{\mathrm {CO} _{2}}}}\right)}
312:{\displaystyle \mathrm {{\underset {(acid)}{HA}}\leftrightharpoons {\underset {(base)}{A^{-}}}+H^{+}} }
2027:
1105:
2752:
1680:
142:
2742:
Po, Henry N.; Senozan, N. M. (2001). "Henderson–Hasselbalch
Equation: Its History and Limitations".
1801:
Rearrangement of this expression and taking logarithms provides the
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
1496:
1275:
167:
938:
The
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be applied to a polybasic acid only if its consecutive p
2719:
2693:
2650:
17:
1568:
2788:
2760:
2664:
2600:
1662:
1295:
1318:
2780:
2437:
943:
559:
431:
2756:
2744:
2604:
1159:
596:
575:
567:
2829:
2280:
1897:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}={\ce {p}}K_{{\ce {a}}}+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{}}\right)}
161:
130:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}={\ce {p}}K_{{\ce {a}}}+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{}}\right)}
2792:
35:
1950:, which is simply related to the dissociation constant of the conjugate acid, BH.
2714:
Skoog, Douglas A.; West, Donald M.; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley R. (2004).
1652:{\displaystyle {\frac {\gamma _{{\ce {H+}}}\gamma _{{\ce {A^-}}}}{\gamma _{HA}}}}
416:{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}CO_{2}H\leftrightharpoons CH_{3}CO_{2}^{-}+H^{+}} }
2234:
2065:
571:
323:
1312:, is a constant under the experimental conditions covered by the calculations.
1264:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Na(CH_{3}CO_{2})\rightarrow Na^{+}+CH_{3}CO_{2}^{-}} }
619:
To derive the equation a number of simplifying assumptions have to be made.
2638:
924:
601:
146:
31:
2587:
where is the molar concentration of bicarbonate in the blood plasma and
1283:
625:: The acid, HA, is monobasic and dissociates according to the equations
2764:
1158:: The salt MA is completely dissociated in solution. For example, with
2688:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002).
543:{\displaystyle \mathrm {RNH_{3}^{+}\leftrightharpoons RNH_{2}+H^{+}} }
2619:
derived an equation to calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of a
2014:{\displaystyle \mathrm {pK_{a}=\mathrm {pK_{w}} -\mathrm {pK_{b}} } }
2718:(8th ed.). Belmont, Ca (USA): Brooks/Cole. pp. 251–263.
595:
438:
593:
of the acid, and the concentrations of the species in solution.
582:
of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the
563:
426:
The
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be used to estimate the
1911:
The equilibrium constant for the protonation of a base, B,
27:
Equation used to estimate pH of a weak acid or base solution
2670:(Sixth ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1791:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {K^{*}}{\Gamma }}={\frac {}{}}}
579:
427:
138:
2173:
2155:
2137:
2124:
2641:
terms, resulting in the
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
2141:
2110:
1690:can be expressed as a quotient of concentrations.
660:
2470:
2440:
2399:
2292:
2243:
2199:
2077:
2030:
1959:
1807:
1699:
1665:
1591:
1571:
1499:
1351:
1321:
1298:
1170:
1108:
973:
819:
720:
634:
484:
447:
334:
224:
170:
47:
2712:For details and worked examples see, for instance,
2663:
2576:
2453:
2426:
2383:
2271:
2225:
2182:
2048:
2013:
1896:
1790:
1671:
1651:
1577:
1557:
1482:
1334:
1304:
1263:
1144:
1091:
903:
804:
705:
542:
468:
415:
311:
203:
129:
918:is the analytical concentration of the acid and C
668:
667:
650:
649:
578:. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the
1092:{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{H}=+/K_{a}+K_{w}/} }
706:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA <=> H^+ + A^-}}}
2633:introduced the pH terminology, which allowed
1493:is a product of a quotient of concentrations
8:
2692:(8th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 718.
2623:solution, which rearranged looks like this:
2384:{\displaystyle \mathrm {} =\mathrm {K^{m}} }
570:of the acid. For example, the acid may be
2559:
2551:
2549:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2505:
2492:
2471:
2469:
2445:
2439:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2362:
2346:
2341:
2328:
2323:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2262:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2216:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2003:
1995:
1985:
1977:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1879:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1840:
1826:
1825:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1777:
1762:
1757:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1664:
1638:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1570:
1544:
1529:
1524:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1469:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1409:
1394:
1389:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1326:
1320:
1297:
1292:: The quotient of activity coefficients,
1254:
1249:
1236:
1220:
1201:
1188:
1171:
1169:
1132:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1014:
995:
979:
974:
972:
894:
885:
876:
860:
841:
825:
820:
818:
795:
786:
777:
761:
742:
726:
721:
719:
696:
683:
669:
662:
661:
659:
651:
644:
642:
641:
639:
635:
633:
604:of an acidified solution of a weak acid (
533:
520:
501:
496:
485:
483:
459:
448:
446:
406:
393:
388:
375:
356:
343:
335:
333:
302:
267:
261:
226:
225:
223:
190:
177:
171:
169:
112:
99:
93:
80:
66:
65:
56:
48:
46:
1315:The thermodynamic equilibrium constant,
1152:can be omitted to a good approximation.
904:{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{H}=+/K_{a}} }
805:{\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{A}=+/K_{a}} }
2680:
643:
554:Derivation, assumptions and limitations
2637:to re-express Henderson's equation in
2272:{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}CO_{3}} }
2226:{\displaystyle \mathrm {HCO_{3}^{-}} }
164:and the ratio of the concentrations,
7:
2737:
2735:
2716:Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry
2427:{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}(g)} }
2555:
2552:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2475:
2472:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2298:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2100:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1725:
1572:
1299:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1129:
1115:
1111:
1076:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1027:
1011:
992:
980:
976:
895:
891:
873:
857:
838:
826:
822:
796:
792:
774:
758:
739:
727:
723:
530:
517:
513:
510:
493:
489:
486:
469:{\displaystyle \mathrm {RNH_{2}} }
456:
452:
449:
403:
385:
381:
372:
368:
362:
353:
349:
340:
336:
299:
286:
283:
280:
277:
264:
249:
246:
243:
240:
232:
229:
25:
2049:{\displaystyle \mathrm {pK_{w}} }
1145:{\displaystyle \mathrm {K_{w}/} }
2793:10.1152/ajplegacy.1908.21.2.173
2841:Eponymous equations of physics
2534:
2508:
2420:
2414:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2352:
2334:
2310:
2307:
2294:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1856:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1754:
1751:
1736:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1521:
1518:
1503:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1386:
1383:
1368:
1210:
1207:
1178:
1138:
1125:
1085:
1072:
1036:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1001:
988:
882:
869:
866:
853:
847:
834:
783:
770:
767:
754:
748:
735:
670:
645:
507:
365:
289:
274:
258:
252:
237:
195:
187:
182:
174:
149:to the numerical value of the
117:
109:
104:
96:
40:Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
18:Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
1:
2662:Davenport, Horace W. (1974).
942:values differ by at least 3.
562:consists of a solution of an
322:For example, the acid may be
2631:Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen
1943:is an association constant,
1558:{\displaystyle {\frac {}{}}}
204:{\displaystyle {\frac {}{}}}
1585:, of activity coefficients
2867:
933:acid dissociation constant
584:acid dissociation constant
151:acid dissociation constant
2617:Lawrence Joseph Henderson
2809:Biochemische Zeitschrift
2607:in the supernatant gas.
962:self-ionization of water
954:self-ionization of water
2851:Mathematics in medicine
2635:Karl Albert Hasselbalch
2060:Biological applications
1672:{\displaystyle \gamma }
1578:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
1305:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
2578:
2455:
2428:
2385:
2273:
2227:
2184:
2050:
2015:
1898:
1792:
1679:are the corresponding
1673:
1653:
1579:
1559:
1484:
1336:
1306:
1265:
1146:
1093:
905:
806:
707:
616:
544:
470:
417:
313:
205:
131:
2846:Equilibrium chemistry
2579:
2456:
2454:{\displaystyle K^{m}}
2429:
2386:
2274:
2228:
2185:
2051:
2016:
1899:
1793:
1681:activity coefficients
1674:
1654:
1580:
1560:
1485:
1337:
1335:{\displaystyle K^{*}}
1307:
1266:
1147:
1094:
906:
807:
708:
599:
545:
471:
418:
314:
206:
132:
2468:
2438:
2397:
2290:
2241:
2197:
2075:
2028:
1957:
1907:Application to bases
1805:
1697:
1663:
1589:
1569:
1497:
1349:
1319:
1296:
1168:
1106:
971:
817:
718:
632:
574:and the salt may be
482:
445:
332:
222:
215:in an equilibrium.
211:of the acid and its
168:
45:
2836:Acid–base chemistry
2757:2001JChEd..78.1499P
2533:
2333:
2221:
2175:
2157:
2139:
2126:
2093:
1259:
960:, the constant for
656:
506:
398:
2765:10.1021/ed078p1499
2621:bicarbonate buffer
2574:
2511:
2451:
2424:
2381:
2319:
2269:
2223:
2207:
2180:
2163:
2145:
2127:
2114:
2079:
2046:
2011:
1894:
1788:
1669:
1649:
1575:
1555:
1480:
1332:
1302:
1276:magnesium sulphate
1261:
1245:
1142:
1102:However, the term
1089:
901:
802:
703:
675:
617:
566:and a salt of the
540:
492:
466:
413:
384:
309:
293:
256:
201:
127:
2751:(11): 1499–1503.
2690:General Chemistry
2651:Davenport diagram
2568:
2178:
2166:
2148:
2130:
2117:
2082:
1888:
1882:
1863:
1829:
1819:
1811:
1786:
1780:
1761:
1743:
1728:
1647:
1623:
1604:
1553:
1547:
1528:
1510:
1478:
1454:
1435:
1418:
1412:
1393:
1375:
946:is such an acid.
695:
682:
677:
638:
262:
227:
199:
193:
180:
143:chemical solution
121:
115:
102:
69:
59:
51:
16:(Redirected from
2858:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2685:
2671:
2669:
2601:partial pressure
2598:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2478:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2351:
2350:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2306:
2305:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1973:
1972:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1565:and a quotient,
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1241:
1240:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1019:
1018:
1000:
999:
984:
983:
910:
908:
907:
902:
900:
899:
898:
889:
881:
880:
865:
864:
846:
845:
830:
829:
811:
809:
808:
803:
801:
800:
799:
790:
782:
781:
766:
765:
747:
746:
731:
730:
712:
710:
709:
704:
702:
701:
700:
693:
688:
687:
680:
678:
676:
674:
673:
666:
658:
657:
655:
648:
640:
636:
614:
549:
547:
546:
541:
539:
538:
537:
525:
524:
505:
500:
475:
473:
472:
467:
465:
464:
463:
422:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
410:
397:
392:
380:
379:
361:
360:
348:
347:
318:
316:
315:
310:
308:
307:
306:
294:
292:
272:
271:
257:
255:
235:
210:
208:
207:
202:
200:
198:
194:
191:
185:
181:
178:
172:
136:
134:
133:
128:
126:
122:
120:
116:
113:
107:
103:
100:
94:
85:
84:
72:
71:
70:
67:
60:
57:
52:
49:
21:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2781:Am. J. Physiol.
2777:
2776:
2772:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2659:
2657:Further reading
2647:
2627:
2613:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2466:
2465:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2358:
2342:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2195:
2194:
2099:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2035:
2026:
2025:
1999:
1981:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1875:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1821:
1803:
1802:
1773:
1758:
1740:
1735:
1715:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1661:
1660:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1567:
1566:
1540:
1525:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1390:
1372:
1367:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1232:
1216:
1197:
1184:
1166:
1165:
1128:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1075:
1057:
1044:
1026:
1010:
991:
975:
969:
968:
959:
944:Phosphoric acid
930:
921:
917:
890:
872:
856:
837:
821:
815:
814:
791:
773:
757:
738:
722:
716:
715:
692:
679:
630:
629:
612:
605:
592:
560:buffer solution
556:
529:
516:
480:
479:
455:
443:
442:
432:buffer solution
402:
371:
352:
339:
330:
329:
298:
273:
263:
236:
228:
220:
219:
186:
173:
166:
165:
159:
108:
95:
89:
76:
61:
43:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2798:
2787:(2): 173–179.
2770:
2745:J. Chem. Educ.
2731:
2724:
2705:
2698:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2625:
2612:
2609:
2605:carbon dioxide
2594:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2448:
2444:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2061:
2058:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2021:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1908:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1824:
1815:
1799:
1798:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1687:
1668:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1329:
1325:
1301:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1160:sodium acetate
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
987:
982:
978:
957:
928:
919:
915:
912:
911:
897:
893:
888:
884:
879:
875:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
833:
828:
824:
812:
798:
794:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
769:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
745:
741:
737:
734:
729:
725:
713:
699:
691:
686:
672:
665:
654:
647:
610:
590:
576:sodium acetate
568:conjugate base
555:
552:
551:
550:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
512:
509:
504:
499:
495:
491:
488:
462:
458:
454:
451:
424:
423:
409:
405:
401:
396:
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
359:
355:
351:
346:
342:
338:
320:
319:
305:
301:
297:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
270:
266:
260:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
234:
231:
213:conjugate base
197:
189:
184:
176:
157:
125:
119:
111:
106:
98:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
64:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2863:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2699:0-13-014329-4
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2570:
2560:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2409:
2363:
2338:
2329:
2324:
2302:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:carbonic acid
2263:
2250:
2236:
2217:
2212:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2132:
2119:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2024:The value of
1992:
1974:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1865:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1813:
1763:
1745:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1666:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1606:
1596:
1530:
1512:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1427:
1420:
1395:
1377:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1255:
1250:
1237:
1226:
1221:
1202:
1189:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1133:
1121:
1080:
1068:
1054:
1040:
1031:
1015:
1004:
996:
985:
967:
966:
965:
963:
955:
951:
947:
945:
941:
936:
934:
926:
886:
877:
861:
850:
842:
831:
813:
787:
778:
762:
751:
743:
732:
714:
697:
689:
684:
663:
652:
628:
627:
626:
624:
620:
615:) with alkali
609:
603:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
534:
526:
521:
502:
497:
478:
477:
476:
460:
440:
435:
433:
429:
407:
399:
394:
389:
376:
357:
344:
328:
327:
326:
325:
303:
295:
268:
218:
217:
216:
214:
163:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
123:
90:
86:
81:
77:
73:
62:
53:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2748:
2743:
2725:0-03035523-0
2715:
2708:
2689:
2683:
2665:
2660:
2628:
2614:
2589:
2586:
2393:
2192:
2063:
2023:
1944:
1942:
1910:
1800:
1684:
1492:
1314:
1290:Assumption 4
1289:
1288:
1282:, that form
1273:
1156:Assumption 3
1155:
1154:
1101:
950:Assumption 2
949:
948:
939:
937:
913:
623:Assumption 1
622:
621:
618:
607:
587:
557:
436:
425:
321:
154:
137:relates the
39:
36:biochemistry
29:
2639:logarithmic
2235:bicarbonate
2066:homeostasis
572:acetic acid
324:acetic acid
2830:Categories
2816:: 112–144.
2675:References
600:Simulated
2615:In 1908,
2543:×
2530:−
2499:
2330:−
2218:−
2142:⇌
2111:⇌
2090:−
1993:−
1866:−
1847:
1764:−
1726:Γ
1721:∗
1667:γ
1636:γ
1626:−
1616:γ
1597:γ
1573:Γ
1531:−
1467:γ
1457:−
1447:γ
1428:γ
1421:×
1396:−
1358:∗
1328:∗
1300:Γ
1284:ion pairs
1256:−
1211:→
1032:−
925:hydronium
878:−
779:−
744:−
698:−
671:⇀
664:−
653:−
646:↽
602:titration
558:A simple
508:⇋
395:−
366:⇋
269:−
259:⇋
147:weak acid
87:
32:chemistry
2645:See also
2629:In 1909
2237:ion and
2753:Bibcode
2611:History
2599:is the
2233:is the
2722:
2696:
2540:0.0307
2193:where
1935:(acid)
1927:+ H ⇌
1922:(base)
1278:, MgSO
952:. The
931:is an
927:ion. K
38:, the
2626:= K
2064:With
613:= 4.7
439:amine
430:of a
160:, of
145:of a
141:of a
2720:ISBN
2694:ISBN
1286:.
564:acid
192:Acid
179:Base
162:acid
114:Acid
101:Base
34:and
2789:doi
2761:doi
2603:of
2490:log
2483:6.1
2279:is
2081:HCO
1838:log
1342:,
78:log
30:In
2832::
2814:78
2812:.
2785:21
2759:.
2749:78
2734:^
2593:CO
2494:10
2147:CO
2129:CO
1931:BH
1881:HA
1842:10
1810:pH
1779:HA
1546:HA
1411:HA
935:.
637:HA
586:,
580:pH
441:,
428:pH
153:,
139:pH
82:10
50:pH
2795:.
2791::
2767:.
2763::
2755::
2728:.
2702:.
2595:2
2590:P
2571:)
2561:2
2556:O
2553:C
2547:P
2535:]
2525:3
2520:O
2517:C
2514:H
2509:[
2503:(
2486:+
2480:=
2476:H
2473:p
2447:m
2443:K
2421:)
2418:g
2415:(
2410:2
2406:O
2402:C
2378:]
2375:)
2372:g
2369:(
2364:2
2360:O
2356:C
2353:[
2348:m
2344:K
2339:=
2335:]
2325:3
2321:O
2317:C
2314:H
2311:[
2308:]
2303:+
2299:H
2295:[
2264:3
2260:O
2256:C
2251:2
2247:H
2213:3
2209:O
2205:C
2202:H
2177:O
2169:2
2165:H
2160:+
2151:2
2133:3
2120:2
2116:H
2105:+
2101:H
2096:+
2085:3
2041:w
2037:K
2033:p
2005:b
2001:K
1997:p
1987:w
1983:K
1979:p
1975:=
1970:a
1966:K
1962:p
1948:b
1945:K
1918:B
1891:)
1885:]
1877:[
1872:]
1862:A
1857:[
1851:(
1834:+
1828:a
1823:K
1818:p
1814:=
1783:]
1775:[
1770:]
1760:A
1755:[
1752:]
1746:+
1742:H
1737:[
1731:=
1717:K
1711:=
1706:a
1702:K
1688:a
1685:K
1643:A
1640:H
1622:A
1607:+
1603:H
1550:]
1542:[
1537:]
1527:A
1522:[
1519:]
1513:+
1509:H
1504:[
1474:A
1471:H
1453:A
1438:+
1434:H
1415:]
1407:[
1402:]
1392:A
1387:[
1384:]
1378:+
1374:H
1369:[
1363:=
1354:K
1324:K
1280:4
1251:2
1247:O
1243:C
1238:3
1234:H
1230:C
1227:+
1222:+
1218:a
1214:N
1208:)
1203:2
1199:O
1195:C
1190:3
1186:H
1182:C
1179:(
1176:a
1173:N
1139:]
1134:+
1130:H
1126:[
1122:/
1116:w
1112:K
1086:]
1081:+
1077:H
1073:[
1069:/
1063:w
1059:K
1055:+
1050:a
1046:K
1041:/
1037:]
1028:A
1024:[
1021:]
1016:+
1012:H
1008:[
1005:+
1002:]
997:+
993:H
989:[
986:=
981:H
977:C
958:w
940:K
929:a
920:H
916:A
914:C
896:a
892:K
887:/
883:]
874:A
870:[
867:]
862:+
858:H
854:[
851:+
848:]
843:+
839:H
835:[
832:=
827:H
823:C
797:a
793:K
788:/
784:]
775:A
771:[
768:]
763:+
759:H
755:[
752:+
749:]
740:A
736:[
733:=
728:A
724:C
694:A
690:+
685:+
681:H
611:a
608:K
606:p
591:a
588:K
535:+
531:H
527:+
522:2
518:H
514:N
511:R
503:+
498:3
494:H
490:N
487:R
461:2
457:H
453:N
450:R
408:+
404:H
400:+
390:2
386:O
382:C
377:3
373:H
369:C
363:H
358:2
354:O
350:C
345:3
341:H
337:C
304:+
300:H
296:+
290:)
287:e
284:s
281:a
278:b
275:(
265:A
253:)
250:d
247:i
244:c
241:a
238:(
233:A
230:H
196:]
188:[
183:]
175:[
158:a
155:K
124:)
118:]
110:[
105:]
97:[
91:(
74:+
68:a
63:K
58:p
54:=
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
