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364:, a classic in psychology, which includes a description of the Thematic Apperception Test. In 1938 Murray acted as a consultant for the British Government, setting up the Officer Selection Board. Murray's work at The Harvard Psychological Clinic enabled him to apply his theories in the design of the selection processes with a "situation test", an assessment based on practical tasks and activities, an analysis of
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through psychology, this studied episode gives an incomplete picture of the entire life unit. To properly analyze the entire life cycle, Murray favored a narrative approach to studying personality, which he called "personology". The personological system has been used as an approach for multiple academic disciplines: philosophy, humanism, biological chemistry, and societal and cultural studies.
265:. Murray had an older sister and a younger brother. Carver and Scheier note that "he got on well with his father but had a poor relationship with his mother", resulting in a deep-seated feeling of depression. They hypothesize that the disruption of this relationship led Murray to be especially aware of people's needs and their importance as underlying determinants of behavior.
314:; he experienced a serious conflict as he did not want to leave his wife. This was a turning point in Murray's life as it raised his awareness of conflicting needs, the pressure that can result, and the links to motivation. Carver and Scheier note that it was Morgan who was "fascinated by the psychology of Carl Jung" and it was as a result of her urging that he met
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1934:
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activity and movement in their lives and then relaxing. (3) An individual's personality continues to develop over time and is influenced by all of the events that occur over a person's lifetime. (4) Personality is not fixed and it can change and progress, and (5) Each person has some unique characteristics and others which are shared by everyone.
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896:
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Murray divided personology into five principles: (1) Cerebral physiology, rooted in the brain, governs all aspects of personality. (2) People act to reduce physiological and psychological tension to gain satisfaction, but do not strive to be tension-free, and rather cycle between seeking excitement,
588:
is an important part of the personological system. and developed while personality theory in psychology was becoming dominated by the statistics of trait theory. Personology was a holistic approach that studied the person at many levels of complexity all at the same time by an interdisciplinary team
338:
In 1927, at the age of 33, Murray became assistant director of the
Harvard Psychological Clinic. He developed the concepts of latent needs (not openly displayed), manifest needs (observed in people's actions), "press" (external influences on motivation) and "thema"—"a pattern of press and need that
638:
However, Murray's legacy is also marked by the ethical concerns raised regarding the
Harvard experiments he conducted between 1959 and 1962. These experiments, which involved subjecting undergraduate students, including Ted Kaczynski, to significant psychological stress, have been the subject of
592:
According to Murray's ideas, an individual's personality develops dynamically as each person responds to complex elements in her or his specific environment. Murray viewed an individual's entire life as one unit, and pointed out that although a specific element of a person's life can be studied
318:
in
Switzerland. He described Jung as "The first full blooded, spherical—and Goethean, I would say, intelligence I had ever met." He was analyzed by him and studied his works. "The experience of bringing a problem to a psychologist and receiving an answer that seemed to work had a great impact on
480:
From late 1959 to early 1962, Murray was responsible for unethical experiments in which he used twenty-two
Harvard undergraduates as research subjects. Among other goals, experiments sought to measure individuals' responses to extreme stress. The unwitting undergraduates were submitted to what
452:
and political psychology. In addition to predicting that Hitler would choose suicide if defeat for
Germany was near, Murray's collaborative report stated that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned and that there was a possibility that Hitler had participated in a
600:
Murray's theory of personality is rooted in psychoanalysis, and the chief business and aim of personology is the reconstruction of the individual's past life experiences in order to explain their present behavior. To study personality, Murray used free association and dream analysis to bring
2112:
346:, Bullard Professor of Neuropathology at the Medical School, to introduce psychoanalysis into the Harvard curriculum but to keep those who taught it away from the decision-making apparatus in Vienna. He and Cobb set the stage for the founding of the
2072:
388:(OSS). James Miller, in charge of the selection of secret agents at the OSS during World War II, said the situation test was used by British War Officer Selection Board and OSS to assess potential agents.
2082:
1560:
481:
Murray called "vehement, sweeping and personally abusive" attacks. Specifically tailored assaults to their egos, cherished ideas, and beliefs were used to cause high levels of stress and
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2107:
224:. From 1959 to 1962, he conducted a series of psychologically damaging and purposefully abusive experiments on minors and undergraduate students. One of those students was
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353:
In 1935, Murray and Morgan developed the concept of apperception and the assumption that everyone's thinking is shaped by subjective processes, the rationale behind the
625:'s. McClelland, Boyatzis and Spencer went on to found the McBer Consultancy. However, Murray's contribution is rarely acknowledged in contemporary academic literature.
2097:
492:, a mathematician who went on to become the domestic terrorist known as the 'Unabomber', who targeted academics and technologists for 17 years. Alston Chase's book
510:
Some sources have suggested that Murray's experiments were part of, or indemnified by, the United States government's research into mind control, known as the
2062:
1111:
703:
393:
1113:
Analysis of the
Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of his Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and After Germany's Surrender
453:
homosexual relationship. The report stated: "The belief that Hitler is homosexual has probably developed (a) from the fact that he does show so many
522:
In 1962, shortly after the death of his wife, Murray became emeritus professor, and earned the
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the
458:
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unconscious material to light. Murray's personality theories have been questioned by some psychologists, and extended by others, such as
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Murray was born in New York City into a wealthy family of Henry
Alexander Murray Sr. and Fannie Morris Babcock, daughter of financier
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527:
417:
231:
Murray was
Director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic in the School of Arts and Sciences after 1930. Murray developed a theory of
1938:
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In 1916, Murray married at age 23 to
Josephine Lee Rantoul. In 1923, after seven years of marriage, he met and fell in love with
51:
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368:(e.g. "leadership") by a number of raters across a range of activities. Results were pooled to achieve an overall assessment.
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347:
31:
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1017:"The Effect of Fear upon Estimates of the Maliciousness of Other Personalities in Understanding Human Motivation." In:
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357:. They used the term "apperception" to refer to the process of projecting fantasy imagery onto an objective stimulus.
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617:, including Achievement, Affiliation and Power (1938) provided the theoretical basis for the later research of
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methodology, now widely used to assess management potential in both private and public sector organisations.
461:
during the early days and many continue to occupy important positions. It is probably true that Hitler calls
2019:
1957:
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Laughlin, Charles D. (1973), "Discussion: The Influence of Whitehead's Organism Upon Murray's Personology",
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and amassed a collection of books, manuscripts and artifacts relating to Melville which he donated to the
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247:(TAT), which he referred to as "the second best-seller that Harvard ever published, second only to the
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1726:"Is Psychology Responsible for the Unabomber?: 'Manhunt' partly blames research by Henry Murray."
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485:. The subjects then viewed recorded footage of their reactions to this verbal abuse repeatedly.
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In 1947, he returned to Harvard as a chief researcher, lectured and established with others the
1988:
1930:
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
1980:
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110:
75:
1897:(Oct. 1971). "Allport, Murray, and Lewin on personality theory: Notes on a confrontation."
360:
In 1937, Murray became director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic. In 1938 he published
1802:
1750:, and Tim J. Juckes (Sep. 1997). "Personology and the Narrative Interpretation of Lives."
963:
747:
743:
707:
557:
545:
465:'Bubi', which is a common nickname employed by homosexuals in addressing their partners."
437:
1280:
Anderson, J. W. (1988). "Henry Murray's Early Career: A Psychobiographical Exploration".
1237:
621:
and underpins development of competency-based models of management effectiveness such as
1776:
Hutt, Max L., and John N. Buck (1953). New York: Ronald Press Company. pp. 636–701.
1876:
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marked his philosophical and metaphysical thinking throughout his professional career.
204:
123:
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269:
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connects Kaczynski's abusive experiences under Murray to his later criminal career.
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in 1919. For the following two years he was an instructor in physiology at Harvard.
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characteristics, and (b) from the fact that there were so many homosexuals in the
773:"The Effect of Fear Upon Estimates of the Maliciousness of other Personalities."
2006:
1814:
1034:
539:
1984:
17:
1759:
Fry, Franklyn D. (1953). "Manual for Scoring the Thematic Apperception Test."
1451:
841:
673:
454:
177:
2015:
1947:
1908:
1796:
723:
Assessment of Men: Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Service
2010:
1805:(2012). "On the History and Future Study of Personality and its Disorders."
670:
315:
292:
he excelled in medicine and completed his M.D. and also received an M.A. in
1916:
1871:
Endeavors in Psychology: Selections from the Personology of Henry A. Murray
1834:
1328:
1321:
10.1002/1520-6696(197307)9:3<251::AID-JHBS2300090308>3.0.CO;2-4
1216:
631:
underlying principles were later adopted by AT&T in the development of
1992:
1817:(Feb. 2003). "Interviews on Freud and Jung with Henry A. Murray in 1965."
50:
1698:
The Psychology of Human Leadership: How To Develop Charisma and Authority
1564:
882:
350:
after 1931, but both were excluded from membership on political grounds.
1979:, vol. 47, no. 2 (published February 1992), pp. 299–307,
1004:
890:
1973:
Triplet, R G (1992), "Henry A. Murray: The Making of a Psychologist?",
983:
511:
293:
1030:
867:
2073:
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
1263:"Resource: Josephine Lee (Rantoul) Murray Papers, 1903-1947, undated"
926:
823:
421:
285:
859:
319:
Murray, leading him to seriously consider psychology as a career".
544:
119:
1561:"Henry A. Murray is dead at 95; developer of personality theory."
1040:"Historical Trends in Personality Research" (Part One: Overview).
530:. He later married Caroline "Nina" Fish, a child psychologist at
494:
Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist
1368:
Harvard and the Unabomber The Education of an American Terrorist
1046:, edited by Henry P. David and Johannes C. Brengelmann. Berlin:
236:
556:
Murray was a leading authority on the works of American author
132:
1465:"MKUltra: Inside the CIA's Cold War mind control experiments"
1427:
Mind Wars: Brain Science and the Military in the 21st Century
1784:"Needs (Murray, 1938) and State-variables (Skinner, 1938)."
1618:
Storytelling, Narrative, and the Thematic Apperception Test
1085:"The Possible Nature of a 'Mythology' to Come" (Chapter 17)
526:
and the Gold Medal Award for lifetime achievement from the
327:
During his period at Harvard, Murray sat in on lectures by
941:
Personality: A Biosocial Approach to Origins and Structure
986:
The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes
1956:
In: Schultz, Duane P., and Sydney Ellen Schultz (2008).
1701:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 233–.
288:. His academic pursuits at Harvard were lacking, but at
1935:"Henry A. Murray (1893-1988): Humanistic Psychologist."
1141:
Taylor, Eugene (1999). "Murray, Henry Alexander, Jr.".
1021:, by C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (eds). Cleveland:
1405:"Harvard's Experiment on the Unabomber, Class of '62."
1147:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
507:
at Harvard, which Murray is said to have supervised.
239:" and "press". Murray was also a co-developer, with
1762:
Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied
1642:
Ram Nath Sharma, S.S. Chandra; S.S. Chandra (2003).
613:
Murray's identification of psychological needs, the
216:(May 13, 1893 – June 23, 1988) was an American
2083:
Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
915:"Studies of Stressful Interpersonal Disputations."
372:
World War II, Office of Strategic Services, 1939–45
197:
183:
173:
153:
139:
102:
83:
57:
41:
1671:Obeying the Voice of God: Jack MacDonald's Journey
1365:
999:, vol. 36, no. 2 (Spring 1967), pp. 308–312.
874:"Introduction to the Issue 'Myth and Mythmaking.'"
1900:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
1648:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 490–.
1539:. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. 107–108.
1312:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
837:, vol. 37, no. 10 (Oct. 1948), pp. 411–415.
276:, where he majored in history while competing in
1172:Carver, Charles S., and Michael Scheier (1992).
972:, vol. 65, no. 1 (Feb. 1963), pp. 139–140.
854:, vol. 24, no. 4 (Dec. 1951), pp. 435–452.
549:Portrait of Murray by Franklin Chenault Watkins.
953:, vol. 37, no. 3 (Mar. 1948), pp. 167–168.
1448:Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense
904:, vol. 18, no. 4 (Oct. 1962), pp. 36–54.
448:. The groundbreaking study was the pioneer of
27:American psychologist and academic (1893–1988)
553:Murray died from pneumonia at the age of 95.
8:
1846:Love's Story Told: A Life of Henry A. Murray
1315:, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 251–57,
576:Murray's Theory of Personality, also called
401:. The report was done in collaboration with
394:Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler
339:coalesces around particular interactions".
2103:Human subject research in the United States
739:Personality in Nature, Society, and Culture
2108:People of the Office of Strategic Services
1488:
1486:
1347:"Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber."
779:, vol. 4, no. 3 (1933), pp. 310–329.
420:. The report used many sources to profile
49:
38:
1695:Michael Paschen; Erich Dihsmaier (2013).
1509:
1507:
1153:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400869
921:, vol. 18, no. 1 (1963), pp. 28–36.
818:, vol. 10, no. 2 (1946), pp. 76–80.
30:For other people with the same name, see
1954:"Henry Murray: Personology" (Chapter 5).
1341:
1339:
1337:
800:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250220107009
1674:. Brian Van Brunt. 2008. pp. 11–.
1168:
1166:
1133:
2098:Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts
1494:"Papers of Henry A. Murray, 1925-1988"
897:"The Personality and Career of Satan."
1093:, by Henry A. Murray (ed). New York:
1073:, by Henry A. Murray (ed). New York:
7:
1808:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
1765:, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 181–195.
1048:Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
1044:Perspectives in Personality Research
984:"The Freudian Hawthorne." Review of
939:"This is 'Psychology'..." Review of
792:Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry
2063:20th-century American psychologists
1791:, vol. 70, no. 2. pp. 407–50.
1756:, vol. 65, no. 3. pp. 693–718.
1204:"Henry A. Murray: An Appreciation."
639:considerable debate and criticism.
488:Among the subjects was 17-year-old
1296:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00465.x
1178:, 2nd ed. Needham Heights, Mass.:
910:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1962.tb00424.x
883:Special Issue: Myth and Mythmaking
536:Massachusetts Mental Health Center
524:American Psychological Association
469:Harvard human experiments, 1959–62
25:
1942:, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 6–13.
885:(Spring 1959), pp. 211–222.
790:"Psychology and the University."
528:American Psychological Foundation
418:New York Psychoanalytic Institute
1939:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
1821:, vol. 48, no. 1. pp. 1–2.
1819:Journal of Analytical Psychology
1621:. Guilford Press. pp. 11–.
1208:Journal of Projective Techniques
815:Journal of Consulting Psychology
434:Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe
397:, commissioned by OSS boss Gen.
380:, he left Harvard and worked as
228:, later known as the Unabomber.
203:
2025:Sandra K. Webster: Henry Murray
1559:Fowler, Glenn (Jun. 24, 1988).
424:, including informants such as
391:In 1943 Murray helped complete
1645:General Psychology 2 Vols. Set
1225:10.1080/08853126.1958.10380835
1019:Understanding Human Motivation
806:"Assessment of OSS Personnel,"
410:New School for Social Research
235:called personology, based on "
1:
2068:Analysands of Franz Alexander
1827:10.1111/1465-5922.t01-1-00001
1771:10.1080/00223980.1953.9712851
1354:, vol. 285, no. 6, pp. 41-65.
978:10.1525/aa.1963.65.1.02a00140
959:Anthropology and the Classics
785:10.1080/00224545.1933.9919325
348:Boston Psychoanalytic Society
299:He received his doctorate in
32:Henry Murray (disambiguation)
1118:Office of Strategic Services
776:Journal of Social Psychology
676:created by Andrew Sodroski,
580:, is explained in his book,
538:who was a former student of
386:Office of Strategic Services
1903:, vol. 7. pp. 353–62.
1345:Chase, Alston (Jun. 2000).
1175:Perspectives on Personality
1144:American National Biography
696:Explorations in Personality
629:Explorations in Personality
582:Explorations in Personality
399:William "Wild Bill" Donovan
362:Explorations in Personality
250:Harvard Dictionary of Music
2129:
1985:10.1037/0003-066X.47.2.299
1446:. Originally published as
1374:W. W. Norton & Company
1242:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
1211:, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 143.
1025:(1958). pp. 327–342.
706:November 20, 2022, at the
654:
475:Psychological Clinic Annex
355:Thematic apperception test
245:Thematic Apperception Test
148:Thematic Apperception Test
29:
566:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
342:Murray collaborated with
202:
193:
166:
48:
1948:10.1177/0022167890301002
1909:10.1177/0022167890301002
1866:Shneidman, Edwin S., ed.
1852:Harvard University Press
1811:, vol. 8, pp. 1–19.
1797:10.2466/PR0.70.2.407-450
1536:The Body Keeps the Score
901:Journal of Social Issues
661:Murray was portrayed by
657:Manhunt (2017 TV series)
615:Murray's system of needs
586:Murray's system of needs
257:Early life and education
95:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2020:University of Tennessee
1959:Theories of Personality
1531:Van der Kolk, Bessel A.
1438:. Revised and updated.
1432:Bellevue Literary Press
1159:(subscription required)
1023:Howard Allen Publishers
969:American Anthropologist
794:, vol. 34 (Oct. 1935).
718:(1938); reissue (2008).
716:Oxford University Press
305:University of Cambridge
129:University of Cambridge
2088:Mind control theorists
2078:Harvard College alumni
1753:Journal of Personality
1584:"Herman Melville Room"
1436:NYU School of Medicine
1364:Chase, Alston (2003).
1283:Journal of Personality
550:
329:Alfred North Whitehead
263:Samuel Denison Babcock
214:Henry Alexander Murray
144:Personality psychology
2038:McGraw-Hill Education
1976:American Psychologist
1788:Psychological Reports
1615:Phebe Cramer (2004).
1518:McGraw-Hill Education
918:American Psychologist
851:New England Quarterly
633:the Assessment Centre
548:
2034:Biographical profile
1841:Robinson, Forrest G.
1596:on September 7, 2017
1514:Biographical profile
1450:. Washington, D.C.:
1267:Peabody Essex Museum
996:The American Scholar
847:"In Nomine Diaboli."
830:"America's Mission."
680:and Tony Gittelson.
584:, written in 1938.
518:Retirement and death
503:started research in
2029:Westminster College
1589:Berkshire Athenaeum
1422:Moreno, Jonathan D.
1401:Moreno, Jonathan D.
1090:Myth and Mythmaking
1070:Myth and Mythmaking
810:Donald W. MacKinnon
755:Myth and Mythmaking
728:OSS Selection Staff
562:Berkshire Athenaeum
323:Professional career
290:Columbia University
158:Bruno Klopfer Award
116:Columbia University
1962:, 9th ed. Boston:
1931:Smith, M. Brewster
1895:Smith, M. Brewster
1570:The New York Times
991:Frederick C. Crews
881:, vol. 88, no. 2,
667:Manhunt: Unabomber
663:Brian d'Arcy James
649:Manhunt: Unabomber
643:In popular culture
589:of investigators.
551:
450:offender profiling
430:Hermann Rauschning
382:lieutenant colonel
333:process philosophy
307:in 1928, aged 35.
274:Harvard University
222:Harvard University
188:Harvard University
107:Harvard University
1708:978-3-642-37054-0
1681:978-0-9778545-1-6
1655:978-81-269-0303-0
1628:978-1-59385-071-5
1546:978-0-14-312774-1
1180:Allyn & Bacon
1031:10.1037/11305-034
532:Boston University
505:psychedelic drugs
442:Friedelind Wagner
426:Ernst Hanfstaengl
366:specific criteria
312:Christiana Morgan
241:Christiana Morgan
211:
210:
168:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2120:
1995:
1964:Cengage Learning
1803:Millon, Theodore
1734:
1730:Psychology Today
1724:(Nov. 9, 2017).
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1592:. Archived from
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1409:Psychology Today
1403:(May 25, 2012).
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927:10.1037/h0045502
824:10.1037/h0057480
623:Richard Boyatzis
619:David McClelland
603:David McClelland
414:Bertram D. Lewin
406:Walter C. Langer
207:
162:
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2043:
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2007:Henry A. Murray
2003:
1998:
1972:
1850:Cambridge, MA:
1743:
1741:Further reading
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18:Henry A. Murray
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1892:
1889:978-0060140397
1877:Harper-Collins
1863:
1860:978-0674539280
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1780:Meehl, Paul E.
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1238:"Henry Murray"
1229:
1192:
1188:978-0205131990
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501:Timothy Leary
497:
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87:June 23, 1988
86:
82:
77:
73:
72:New York City
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2016:TAT Research
1974:
1968:pp. 181–203.
1958:
1937:
1898:
1870:
1845:
1818:
1815:Roazen, Paul
1806:
1786:
1760:
1751:
1728:
1717:
1697:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1617:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1587:
1578:
1568:
1555:
1534:
1525:
1497:
1475:December 23,
1473:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1447:
1430:. New York:
1426:
1417:
1407:
1396:
1372:. New York:
1367:
1359:
1351:The Atlantic
1349:
1310:
1304:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1207:
1195:
1174:
1142:
1136:
1112:
1095:G. Braziller
1089:
1075:G. Braziller
1069:
1065:Introduction
1043:
1018:
994:
985:
967:
958:
948:
940:
916:
899:
876:
849:
832:
813:
791:
774:
761:G. Braziller
754:
746:. New York:
737:
730:. New York:
722:
714:. New York:
695:
678:Jim Clemente
666:
660:
648:
637:
628:
627:
612:
599:
595:
591:
581:
577:
575:
555:
552:
521:
509:
498:
493:
487:
479:
474:
472:
446:Kurt Ludecke
392:
390:
378:World War II
375:
365:
361:
359:
352:
344:Stanley Cobb
341:
337:
326:
309:
301:biochemistry
298:
272:he attended
267:
260:
248:
230:
218:psychologist
213:
212:
184:Institutions
167:
89:(1988-06-23)
68:May 13, 1893
43:Henry Murray
36:
2058:1988 deaths
2053:1893 births
1498:Harvard.edu
1376:. pp.
1290:: 138–171.
1247:December 8,
1099:pp. 300-353
842:Full audio.
839:Full issue.
669:, the 2017
578:personology
572:Personology
540:Jean Piaget
233:personality
2047:Categories
1885:0060140399
1875:New York:
1452:Dana Press
1387:0393020029
1128:References
1122:Full text.
957:Review of
759:New York:
674:miniseries
178:Psychology
64:1893-05-13
2011:Neurotree
1925:145612190
1573:, p. D17.
1052:pp. 3-39.
1035:Abstract.
699:, with a
671:docudrama
514:project.
499:In 1960,
316:Carl Jung
303:from the
243:, of the
198:Signature
1966:(2008).
1917:11609526
1843:(1992).
1835:12664714
1565:obituary
1533:(2015).
1469:The Week
1424:(2012).
1329:11609728
1217:13550260
1202:(1958).
1120:(1943).
1097:(1960).
1079:pp. 9-17
1077:(1960).
1050:(1960).
1005:41209472
891:20026491
878:Daedalus
768:Articles
732:Rinehart
704:Archived
701:foreword
534:and the
483:distress
455:feminine
384:for the
331:, whose
278:football
76:New York
2018:at the
1993:1567091
1868:(1981)
1600:July 1,
1454:(2006).
1106:Reports
934:Reviews
763:(1960).
750:(1953).
742:, with
734:(1948).
726:, with
512:MKUltra
376:During
294:biology
1991:
1923:
1915:
1883:
1858:
1833:
1705:
1678:
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1087:. In:
1057:
1003:
889:
868:361337
866:
651:(2017)
609:Legacy
444:, and
422:Hitler
412:, and
286:boxing
282:rowing
268:After
174:Fields
161:(1967)
154:Awards
97:, U.S.
78:, U.S.
1921:S2CID
1378:18–19
1001:JSTOR
989:, by
962:, by
943:, by
887:JSTOR
864:JSTOR
808:with
748:Knopf
689:Books
459:Party
1989:PMID
1913:PMID
1881:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1831:PMID
1703:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1602:2016
1541:ISBN
1477:2017
1440:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1325:PMID
1249:2022
1213:PMID
1184:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1042:In:
284:and
237:need
84:Died
58:Born
2036:at
2027:at
2009:at
1981:doi
1944:doi
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1767:doi
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120:MD
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