Henry Clifford, 10th Baron Clifford

224: 846:. This does not seem to have restored Clifford in the eyes of the city officialdom, as the following year they again refused him entry, claiming that his intentions threatened the city's liberties. This may well have been prescient, suggests Summerson, as in 1513 Clifford attempted to claim the city's troops for his own army. In 1489 the townspeople, "denyed the entrie of the Lords Clifford and othre, that in nowise noon othre gentilman of what degreor condiconhe he of be suffred to enter this the Kyngs Chaumbre and so all to be excludet and noon to have reule bot the Maiour, Aldermen and the Shireffs". The city's statement came just before 414: 643: 1441:, "more lyk a duke than a pore baron's sonne as hee is". He protested about "the ungodly and ungudely disposition of my son Henrie Clifforde, in such wise as yt was abominable to heare it". Among his complaints was that Henry had threatened Clifford's servants and disobeyed his father. Clifford also alleged that his son had assaulted Clifford's old servant Henry Popely, had damaged and stolen Clifford's possessions and had sought to retain important men from Clifford's "countree" for himself. He had also harmed Clifford's close relations with local religious institutions, said Clifford, by stealing 764:, one of Gloucester's closest advisers; both Middleham and Richmond had been Neville strongholds before that. Conyers seems to have been placed in Clifford's custody around this time, although relations between the two men seem to have improved: Clifford later jointly shared in a £1,000 bond to the King for Conyers's good behaviour. In October 1486 Clifford sat on a commission to "levy for the King, all profits arising from the King's manors and lands in the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland, the lordship of Penrith and the forest of Inglewood" in expectation of an invasion by Scotland. 1484: 949: 1580:. The elevation of the Clifford family to the upper peerage, suggests Summerson, "owed much to Henry Clifford 's labours to revive the fortunes of his family". Spence explains Clifford's wealth as resulting from "the prudence and economy of a lifetime's residence on his estates", combined with abstinence of court and its expense, except when made unavoidable by summonses to parliament. Spence also notes, though, that the first Earl was to go on to both waste and neglect his estates in favour of extravagant court living. 1611:, written between 1806 and 1807 describes Clifford as being "most happy in the shy recess / of Barden's lowly quietness". Wordsworth depicts various aspects of Clifford's life: the loss of his estates in 1461, his rustic upbringing—and the role his father-in-law, Sir Lancelot Threlkeld played—his post-Bosworth revival and his castle building. Wordsworth also imagines the Christmas celebration at Brough Castle "and the peculiarly Wordsworthian results" of Clifford's early life. The poem, suggests the scholar 1120: 1177: 463:

in which Margaret deliberately defies the crown for the sake of her dead husband's heir. Anne clearly believed that King Edward sought revenge for the murder of his younger brother, which put young Clifford's life in danger. Malay suggests that, while Anne Clifford believed the story of the shepherd's family taking her ancestor in, modern historians generally discount it as folklore, to greater or lesser degrees. It has received some traction; the 19th-century

1751:, writing contemporaneously says that Clifford killed Rutland on Wakefield Bridge as the earl attempted to flee the battle. In the sixteenth century, Worcester's report was expanded by Hall, and this became the source for Shakespeare's account. Various historical inaccuracies were introduced, says Summerson. These included Rutland being aged twelve at the time of his death rather than, as he actually was, seventeen, and also that Clifford 895: 49: 171:, the civic leadership of which was particularly independently minded. When another Yorkist rebellion broke out in 1487, Clifford suffered an embarrassing military defeat by the rebels outside the city walls. Generally, however, royal service was extremely profitable for him: King Henry needed trustworthy men in the region and was willing to build up their authority in order to protect his own. 179:

cousin of the King, yet Clifford's infidelity to her was notorious among his contemporaries. This also drew the King's ire, to the extent that the couple's separation was mooted. Clifford's first wife had died by 1511, and Clifford remarried. This was also a tempestuous match, and on one occasion he and his wife ended up in court accusing each other of

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unsuccessfully, to influence the civic celebrations the city organised for the King's first visit to York later the same year. He wished, says Lee, to show the King the degree to which he was in control now that he had been returned to his family's traditional position; he was told by Vavasour that the city would do as it saw fit.

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By September 1522 Clifford was described as "feebled with sickness". The Scottish war was ongoing, and it had been planned that Clifford would again lead an army; in the event, he was too ill to do so, and his son took his place. Clifford died on 23 April 1523. His widow, Florence, later remarried to

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towards his son's expenses encouraged his heir's behaviour, perhaps combined with irritation at his father's longevity. Furthermore, Dickens asserts, young Henry's sojourn at court forced a great distance between him and his father, which prevented him from learning at first-hand the responsibilities

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was suggested. Anne's chaplain began negotiating this with the King and Lady Margaret Beaufort, who went as far as to offer Anne and her daughters a position in Margaret's household expressing the wish that Anne "shall come up and attend upon my Lady". In the event, the crisis passed and Clifford and

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VIII over what he believed were grave injustices carried out by the King's father against members of his nobility, including Clifford. The period Clifford spent in the south was one of the few occasions in Clifford's life where he spent a lengthy period away from his northern heartlands. According to

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for observation purposes. Clifford grew ill in 1522 and died in April of the following year; his widow later remarried. Young Henry inherited the title as 11th Baron Clifford as well as a large fortune and estate, the result of his father's policy of frugality and avoiding the royal court for most of

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has suggested that his presence in the north, even though still attainted, made Gloucester's hold on the Clifford lands more fragile than was comfortable for the Duke: "no doubt Gloucester himself could keep what he had, but could his heirs?" Clifford had been one of a number of stalwart Lancastrian

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seeking revenge—Henry was spirited away by his mother. As a result, it was said, he grew up ill-educated, living a pastoral life in the care of a shepherd family. Thus, ran the story, Clifford was known as the "shepherd lord". More recently, historians have questioned this narrative, noting that for

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and Clifford; for example, on 13 December 1522, Wilson wrote to Clifford informing him that because of the patronage of a London merchant, the priory now possessed a new guest house: "wee have a proper lodging at our place which a marchand of London did buld and he is now departed from hus and made

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VI—now supposedly a hermit—around the north, and casts them together: "both are in hiding: each is content with his lot. The boy does not dream that the hermit is really a king. That he is a man of God is clear, and young Clifford loves him, for his goodness, and most willingly places himself under

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has speculated that it was his witnessing the eclipse that sparked Clifford's interest in the subject, "in which he did greatly delight". It is likely that Clifford's obsession with the skies—which led him to spend most of his time as a recluse in Barden Tower—was the cause of his wife's consistory

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Historians have speculated on Clifford's personality. Summerson, for example, suggests that Clifford was often an abrasive individual, particularly to his tenants and regularly caused the very kind of social disorder that he was expected to suppress. Ross has speculated that Clifford's early years,

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with a member of his household, one Roger Wharton. Wharton, under examination in court, confessed that "I will never denye ffor a man may be in bedd with a woman and yett do noo hurte". Thornton and Carlton continue, "in one simple statement, Wharton shed light upon the sexual mores of the Clifford

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of Craven. This argues that the young lord could not have been difficult to find, comments Ross. He also, though, suggests that Clifford may well have kept a low profile after Towton, if only temporarily: "it may not have been with a shepherd, but surely Clifford was in hiding in secret somewhere".

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IV on the throne (elder brother of the Earl of Rutland) and the Clifford hereditary lands forfeit, the Clifford dynasty was threatened with extinction". Lady Anne was, she says, "keen to emphasise the role of women in the survival of the Clifford dynasty", and as such created a "dramatic narrative"

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Ross argues that, notwithstanding Summerson's hypothesis, "it would seem strange that, if Clifford's whereabouts were known, he was not taken into custody. He was a potential focus for Lancastrian resistance, his lands were valuable, and securing his person would give those in possession rather

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Where ye dide of laite presente your clerk unto the church of Conesburgh of your patronege, surely I cane nott (of my conscience) admytte hym to itt, fore his connyng is mervyllus slendure. I haue scyne few prestis so symple lernede in my life. If itt please you to commande some of your lernede

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in 1513) he fell out with the King on numerous occasions. Clifford was not an easy-going personality; his abrasiveness caused trouble with his neighbours, occasionally breaking out in violent feuds. This was not the behaviour the King expected from his lords. Furthermore, Clifford had married a

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for him, and Clifford's career as a loyal Tudor servant began. Soon after Bosworth, the King gave him responsibility for crushing the last remnants of rebellion in the north. Clifford was not always successful in this, and his actions were not always popular. On more than one occasion, he found

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Summerson suggests that Clifford was to a degree culpable for his son's behaviour, considering that if he "had ideas above his station, the responsibility was largely his father's, who not only placed him at court but also set about marrying him into the high aristocracy". It is also probable,

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on the property of a trusted family nurse where he employed himself tending the family's sheep. Whenever his mother believed him likely to be discovered he would be moved. Precisely where to is unknown, but both Yorkshire and Cumberland are possible; in the latter case, for example, Clifford's

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and Common Council that he intended "to mynistre as myn auncistres haith done here to fore in all thinges that accordith to my dewtie". In response, York's officials "firmly" informed Clifford that he had no such duty as his ancestors had never wielded such authority. Clifford also attempted,

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VIII. The relationship between father and son appears to have been as turbulent as that between Clifford and his wives, with a relationship "strained to breaking point", suggests Dickens. In 1511, Clifford complained that young Henry was both wild and a wastrel, who dressed flamboyantly in

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40 to his son towards his upkeep at court, which Clifford had done. Clifford had urged his son "to forsake the dangerous counsels of certain evilly-disposed young gentlemen". Clifford's exhortations were not wholly successful, as on at least one occasion his son was incarcerated in the

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VII. It is probable that the King and his mother had a hand in arranging Anne's marriage to Clifford. Their relationship does not seem to have been peaceful, and this probably exacerbated the King's disfavour of Clifford. Clifford's marriage problems were in part due to his conspicuous

546:. In reality, says Summerson, Clifford "was later to be not just literate but even bookish, owning volumes on law and medicine". Summerson agrees that "it may be that the Clifford heir thought it prudent to keep a low profile" in the early years of the new regime. While the medievalist 1679:, "following the Tudor historians, Shakespeare made Rutland a child at the time of his death. The cruelty of Rutland's slaughter, compounded when Margaret flourished in York's face a handkerchief dipped in Rutland's blood, is an outrage many times recalled by the Yorkist characters in 926:

On occasion, Clifford made the enmity of his neighbours as a direct result of his royal service. For example, it was often to the Crown's advantage that, where possible, it influenced civic elections in favour of royal candidates. A particularly important such office was that of the

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This situation would continue into the career of Clifford's son, the Earl of Cumberland, during the 1540s, which was a period of much military activity and therefore one which Clifford made frequent demands on York which were equally as frequently rejected by that

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were planning an insurrection. On 18 August Clifford was commissioned to raise a force to crush dissent in the region. He sent the earls to London under arrest and received into the King's grace those who wished to make peace with the new regime ("for all", notes

542:, also refutes the theory, "later stories to the contrary notwithstanding, that the seven-year-old Henry Clifford was ever pursued by vengeful Yorkists". Summerson notes, for example, that Hall wrote that Clifford—due to his upbringing by remote shepherds—was 558:

Ross described the Clifford estates—centred on Cumberland, Westmorland, Durham and Yorkshire—as "valuable and strategically important in the troubled north". The 9th Baron had never, though, been as wealthy as some of the neighbouring families, such as the

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Henry Summerson has called "considerable notoriety". Further expansive lurid details, he says, were "first reported only several decades after the event". He dates the first published description of "Butcher Clifford" as being not until the 1540s, when

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Clifford's success at improving his finances eventually placed him in the top third of the English nobility and enabled him to successfully create new connections and strengthen existing ones. This he achieved through both marriage alliances with, and

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Retaining was the predominant method by which the nobility attempted to control their areas of influence, and the country gentry, as the most numerous political class in any area, were "the natural allies of the peerage", argues the medievalist

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a few weeks later, destroyed the remnants of Lancastrian resistance and returned Edward to the throne. Despite Clifford's Lancastrian connections, he seems never to have been in any danger at this time, as on 16 March 1472 Edward granted him a

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Clifford, although a figure of political and social influence, only ever had regional interests. His approach to his estates was generally positive, suggests Summerson. Clifford regularly travelled between Westmorland and Yorkshire (visiting

815:. This forced Clifford to withdraw back to York and face the rebels on 13 June. The subsequent encounter was not an unqualified success, notes Summerson; Clifford was defeated in a scuffle outside the gates, and lost all his baggage. The 1085:, an important member of the local gentry, had started in the 1470s and continued well into Henry's reign. Another time, Clifford led local resistance to a royal tax. In retaliation, Henry challenged Clifford's hereditary right to the 2086:

had until recently been imprisoned with him; Clifford was reported, after two-week's imprisonment, as looking "waxen a sad gentleman". Dickens speculated that Darcy was one of the "ill-disposed gentlemen" whom Clifford warned his son

775:, and traditionally rejected all interference from the outside unless it was perceived as absolutely warranted. This resistance troubled Clifford throughout his career. During the Yorkist rebellion of 1487, which attempted to place 1995:, that it was "an urgent matter of religious duty, lest the salvation of the deceased monarch's soul should be imperilled and his ascent to heaven be impeded, because he had failed to do right and justice to many of his subjects". 1072:

chapplens to oppoise hym in your presence, I dowte not butte ye shall perceyue the truth. And fore the lakk of his lernynge (Which is manifesteo) I do putte hym bakk, ande fore noyne oder cause, nor at no mannys desire or motlon.

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suggests, a "touchstone for loyalty to Henry". The King attempted to impose his own man, but the city council disagreed. Clifford then attempted to intercede for the King, but to no avail, and in the end, a compromise candidate,

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comments that the city's reluctance to allow Clifford either office or military assistance is in stark contrast to the fervour with which they served "our ful gode and gracious lorde the duc of Gloucestre" as both Duke and King.

886:. Clifford's lordship of the north, posits Summerson, was reciprocal: Henry extended royal power in the region by strengthening Clifford, and likewise, Clifford strengthened and augmented his own position through royal service. 747:

and then under Gloucester. The latter had made Yorkshire his power base. Clifford, already loyal to Lancaster and then Tudor, was an obvious choice to act as the King's man, and Henry gradually increased Clifford's power. On

278:, was politically weak and occasionally incapacitated, which prevented him from ruling effectively. His failure to control his nobility, combined with the loss of England's French territories during the latter years of the 195:. Clifford later complained that young Henry not only lived above his station, he consorted with men of bad influence; Clifford also accused his son of regularly beating up his father's servants on his return to Yorkshire. 1095:

proceedings in 1505. Clifford's goods were sequestered until he could show by what authority he held the office, and he also had to provide a number of large obligations for his good behaviour. These included a £1,000

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The legal concept of dower had existed since the late twelfth century as a means of protecting a woman from being left landless if her husband died first. He would, when they married, assign certain estates to her—a

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Clifford made a natural ally for King Henry, and soon became one of his most trusted men in the north. Summerson suggests that Henry had little choice in restoring Clifford to his traditional regional position, as

931:. In the early years of Henry's reign the administration of York, as the capital of the north, keenly interested the King. Its regional position, combined with a history of Yorkist loyalism, made it, the scholar 966:. Oxford soon sold the rights (worth nearly £300 per annum) to Clifford. Within a short time, though, Elizabeth was taken from Clifford's custody ("without leave asking, and not without peril to his person") by 994:

calls it, his "poor opinion" of Clifford. Wyatt considered Clifford's wife, Lady Anne St John, to be a more able administrator than her husband, whom he considered inefficient, and told the King so plainly.

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16 June 1487. Clifford was again given responsibility for the safety of York, and he claimed "captenship" over the city, an assertion the city rejected. In 1488 Clifford and Lady Anne both joined the city's

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accepted the story of Clifford's being "(for security against the disfavour with which his family was viewed by the reigning house) concealed by his mother" and raised as a shepherd, as did the antiquarian

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of gentry pedigrees. Whereas children were rarely excluded from the record on account of illegitimacy, there is no mention of either Clifford's nor his son's such offspring in the Yorkshire visitation of

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of £200 in return for a pardon. Clifford's role was predominantly ceremonial; the undersheriff—appointed by Clifford only if they were acceptable to the King—usually performed the bulk of the work of the

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York after the battle, whereas the duke almost certainly fell in the fighting. Lander suggests that most of the later descriptions of Clifford at Wakefield "appear too late to be worthy of much credence".

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In the later years of the 15th century, Clifford was frequently the target of the King's displeasure. He often failed to act as the stabilising force in the north that Henry had intended. A feud with

1389:

Clifford had several illegitimate children by a number of mistresses, including two sons, Thomas and Anthony. They both later received positions within the family, Thomas becoming deputy-governor of

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Clifford was present at King Henry's first parliament on 15 September 1485, at which time he was legally still attainted. He attended every parliament until 23 November 1514, being summoned as

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land. Conversely, Clifford attempted to build good relations with his tenants and neighbours through financial generosity and hospitality, such as in 1521, when he held a "great Christmas" at

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he would at some point be expected to take up in the north. Young Henry also appears to have fallen out with his stepmother Florence. It was intended that he marry Margaret, daughter of

940:, was elected. Summerson notes that Clifford's attempts to insert himself into local politics were "not always well-received". Summerson highlights Clifford's declaration in 1486 to the 1222:

VIII had also opened old wounds by claiming to be the overlord of Scotland, further angering the Scots. The first—and as it turned out, the only—engagement of the Scottish campaign was

715:, "but a number of named men"). On 24 October 1486, Clifford wrote to the city of York (at the time, the capital of the north) warning them not to sell arms or armour to non-residents. 489:

PhD thesis on the later Cliffords (writing that Clifford was "brought up as a Shepherd boy to escape the fate of his father's victim"). Three years later Dickens (in his edition of the

583:. Summerson posits that this was a chance for Clifford to regain his inheritance. There was probably insufficient time to press his claim, however, as both Nevilles were killed at the 1108:. Although Clifford's shrieval rights were in the event upheld, the case took over a year to be decided, during which time the profits of the office went to the King. On 14 June 1506 907:"where no Clifford had been seen for a quarter of a century") and took the opportunity to rebuild and repair castles and other properties as he did. These he funded with traditional 321:, crying "by God's blood, thy father slew mine and so shall I slay thee", stabbed Rutland to death. Lord Clifford himself died on 28 March the following year during another clash at 147:

by King Edward in 1472. It may be that he deliberately avoided attracting Yorkist attention in his early years, although probably not to the extent portrayed in the local mythology.

870:. Clifford spent much of the remainder of the decade on service in the north. Although he never held office on the border, he led a major campaign in 1497, besieging and capturing 1907:. He suggests that, by this period, "most peers probably had at least a score of knights and esquires in their full-time retinues, while earls frequently had fifty or more". 1267:. King Henry offered to mediate, but this achieved little and by the end of the year England and the Empire were aligned together against France. Clifford provided 1,000 5684: 5642: 1960:

Lander describes the King's treatment of Clifford during this episode as "brutal", but highlights it—along with similarly heavy bonds from other nobles—as part of Henry

4335:

Coppack, G. (2008), "'Make Straight in the Desert a Highway for Our God': The Carthusians and Community in Late Medieval England", in Burton, J.; Stöber, K. (eds.),

1409:. Thomas and Anthony may have been illegitimate, but Clifford considered them men of "substance, education and experience gentlemen", and provided for them in his 477: 5111:

Malay, J. L. (2017), "Crossing Generations: Female Alliances and Dynastic Power in Anne Clifford's Great Books of Record", in Lucky, J. C.; O'Leary, N. J. (eds.),

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on 22 August 1485. Nothing is known of Clifford's career between his pardon in 1472 and the end of the Yorkist regime, except that he had remained in the country.

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in May that year, £200 if he departed the council without permission and £2,000 on condition that he, his servants, tenants and "part-takers" kept the peace with

1768:

IV's vengeance was not the only example of an exaggerated claim of Yorkist ferocity. Rumours such as these generally originated in the French visitor and writer

722:. During his first parliament Clifford successfully petitioned for the overturning of his father's attainder, which restored Clifford's patrimony to him. He was 448: 550:

subscribes to the theory that Clifford grew up ill-educated, she agrees that in later life "he did become an able administrator for his substantial estates".

223: 1938:

knight at the roddes". Grace Mount underwent much rebuilding in the early 16th-century, and this was a frequent topic of Wilson's in his letters to Clifford.

911:, such as offices, wardships and marriages that were within his purview. His determined augmentation of his estates occasionally led to summonses before the 1496:... must have been profoundly shocking and traumatic", while Goodman has suggested that Clifford's solo attack on the 1487 rebels at Brougham indicates a 206:

in 1509. While continuing to serve as the King's man in the north, Clifford carried on his feuds with the local gentry. He also indulged his interests in

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IV in 1472 and could hardly have been in danger from the King thereafter. Further, he notes, as early as 1466 Clifford was named publicly as receiving a

270:

has described the Clifford family as one of the greatest 15th-century families never to receive an earldom. By the time of Clifford's birth, the King,

5965: 5960: 5955: 4353:

Cunningham, S. (1996), "Henry VII and Rebellion in North-Eastern England, 1485–1492: Bonds of Allegiance and the Establishment of Tudor Authority",

2105: 1707: 1632: 1472: 1313: 808: 703: 538: 4283:

The Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire: Being Lives of the Most Distinguished Persons that Have Been Born In, or Connected with Those Provinces

1776:. Other examples from there are the tales of the Duke of Exeter, "barefoot and ragged in the Low Countries begging his bread door to door", and 1731:

While John Clifford undoubtedly was responsible for Rutland's death, it was not for many years that it brought Clifford much more than what the

325:. Tradition states that he was killed by a headless arrow to the throat and buried, along with those who died with him, in a common burial pit. 5970: 5930: 5925: 5895: 5863: 4898: 1572:, and Lady Anne Clifford later reported him rich "in money, chattells, goods and great stocks of land". His son Henry—no longer a minor—gained 1425: 1354: 707: 642: 184: 75: 690:

VII and from that point Clifford's position swiftly, and radically, improved. He received a number of local offices and sat on commissions in

279: 5940: 5788: 5770: 5752: 5734: 5632: 5614: 5580: 5508: 5490: 5468: 5450: 5432: 5410: 5392: 5374: 5356: 5308: 5290: 5272: 5254: 5236: 5178: 5160: 5142: 5120: 5102: 5084: 5062: 5028: 5010: 4988: 4970: 4916: 4860: 4842: 4824: 4762: 4716: 4622: 4604: 4550: 4532: 4478: 4460: 4442: 4424: 4406: 4344: 4306: 4236: 4218: 4200: 4182: 4164: 4110: 4072: 1464: 572: 353: 174:

Although Clifford's later years were devoted to service in the north and fighting the Scots (he took part in the decisive English victory at

4907:

Kenny, G. (2003), "The Power of Dower: The Importance of Dower in the Lives of Medieval Women in Ireland", in Meek, C.; Lawless, C. (eds.),

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to the throne. The Earl of Warwick—now aligned with the House of Lancaster against Edward—was in charge of the government, and his brother,

5846: 2026:

Little is known of these children. The major source for the country's gentry families in the mid-16th century is the extant records of the

963: 361: 674:

III. Richard's reign was brief; in 1485 the heir of Lancaster, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond invaded England and defeated Richard at the

649:

The North of England in Clifford's time: blue, Clifford's major castles; red, major towns and cities; green, other significant locations.

667: 854:

entry. Instead, the citizens not only allowed the rebels to enter, they provided them a degree of military assistance. The medievalist

103: 1557: 5383:

Rock, V. (2003), "Shadow Royals? The Political Use of the Extended Family of Lady Margaret Beaufort", in Eales, E.; Tyas, S. (eds.),

5945: 5330: 1703: 1699: 959: 834: 318: 119: 65: 5702: 5660: 974:

for rioting; they were each fined £20. King Henry was more likely to have been concerned, in cases such as these, with bending his

332:. After what is believed to be the biggest and possibly bloodiest battle ever to take place on English soil, the Lancastrians were 1851:, "the northern council existed not as an official organ of government, but as a series of temporary expedients of varying forms". 760:. The former had been one of Richard of Gloucester's most important headquarters. After Richard took the throne, he granted it to 5743:

Tscherpel, G. (2003), "The Political Function of History: The Past and Future of Noble Families", in Eales, E.; Tyas, S. (eds.),

5689: 5647: 2070:

Although the date of Clifford's letter to the council is unknown, Dickens has proposed a date of around 1517, because that year

702:, until 1497. Following Bosworth, the new King's biggest priority was securing the north, where it was suspected that the Earls 1991:

Dudley claimed these individuals had been charged with ruinous fines for the purposes of mulctation and believed, according to

1420:. With Anne, he also had four daughters, and by Florence, another daughter. A number of these married into the Bowes family of 1386:

household". Wharton also accused Clifford of having an extra-marital relationship with one Jane Browne, also of his household.

804: 563:. His 1461 attainder prevented his son from inheriting, but in 1470 King Edward was forced from the throne and into exile, and 130:

when Henry was around five years old. A local legend later developed that—on account of John Clifford having killed one of the

4227:

Clark, L. (1995), "Magnates and their Affinities in the Parliaments of 1386–1421", in Britnell, R. H.; Pollard, A. J. (eds.),

1047:. His extensive patronage did not always bring him success in his political negotiations with them. In 1518, for example, the 4415:

Dockray, K. (1986), "The Political Legacy of Richard III in Northern England", in Griffiths, R. A.; Sherborne, J. W. (eds.),

1921: 1370: 970:. By 1491, relations between the two men had deteriorated to the extent that the King personally prosecuted them both in the 2083: 1156:

Cokayne—possibly citing an unnamed contemporary—Clifford "seldom 'came to court, or London'", spending much of his time in

1615:, indicates that Wordsworth "was not entirely uninterested in the antiquarian romanticism so characteristic of his time". 1597: 1381:, "she did not perhaps expect her own conduct to be brought into question". Clifford, though, in his turn, accused her of 967: 413: 4063:

Arnold, C. E. (1984), "The Commission of the Peace for the West Riding ofYorkshire, 1437–1509", in Pollard, A. J. (ed.),

440:. This supposedly gave Clifford the soubriquet "shepherd lord". The story seems to have originated with the 16th-century 5975: 5950: 1309: 1211: 1116:. By this time Clifford had paid another £100 in cash ("redie money") to the King and had been pressured for £120 more. 1027:; Mount Grace was particularly favoured. Clifford was a regular correspondent with the heads of other houses, including 850:

in Yorkshire, this time against heavy taxes. The commons overran the city and refused to allow Clifford or the sheriff,

600:. This was despite an attempt by Clifford's brother Thomas to raise an—albeit unsuccessful—pro-Lancastrian rebellion in 4659:

Hicks, M. A. (1978), "Dynastic Change and Northern Society: The Career of the Fourth Earl of Northumberland, 1470–89",

982:. Hicks has suggested that this behaviour made Clifford less trustworthy in Henry's eyes as a crown agent. In 1496 the 5980: 1711: 1406: 1086: 827: 5591:

The Cliffords, Earls of Cumberland, 1579–1646: A Study of their Fortunes based on their Household and Estate Accounts

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Ross, J. A. (2015), "The Treatment of Traitors' Children and Edward IV's Clemency in the 1460s", in Clark, L. (ed.),

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The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Extant, Extinct, or Dormant

4487:

Grummitt, D. (2008), "War and Society in the North of England, c. 1477–1559: The Cases of York, Hull and Beverley",

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Post-1461, the Cliffords were one of only seven noble families to remain loyal to the old regime, the others being

883: 243: 1777: 1536:

suit for her conjugal rights. In Barden, says Jones and Underwood, Clifford led a "strange, reclusive existence".

5187:

Murphy, N. (2006), "Receiving Royals in Later Medieval York: Civic Ceremony and the Municipal Elite, 1478–1503",

1715: 1358: 1293: 1207: 757: 679: 605: 394: 251: 1365:

of Guisborough Abbey. Their marriage, too, was fraught with difficulties, and Florence sued her husband in York

5935: 5535: 1483: 1338: 847: 402: 263: 1374: 1044: 364:

received the Lordship of Westmorland and the Barony of Skipton respectively. The latter included the Clifford

1248: 1737: 1561: 1191: 948: 879: 826:

describes his efforts as a "fiasco". The city scribes "laconically recorded the disastrous outcome", writes

796: 512: 314: 192: 1817:

While Clifford was tailing the rebels, the Earl of Northumberland brought his own "great host" to the city.

1603: 932: 5885: 1780:

forced to live on charity and "what she myght get with her nedyll or other such conyng as she excercysed".

1641: 1505: 987: 843: 564: 500: 357: 1934: 1417: 1082: 983: 683:

lords excluded from local power in the region during Gloucester's hegemony, first as Duke and then King.

5878: 2061:

Possibly he was raised by Margaret Beaufort, who occasionally had charge of Henry and other royal wards.

1305: 1128: 863: 788: 670:

were declared illegitimate by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who took the throne himself as Richard

560: 493:) described how Clifford "aged about seven, lay in real danger and was brought up first as a shepherd". 467: 383: 322: 299: 255: 231: 199: 1378: 1301: 1206:

VIII's English troops from their campaign against the French, against whom England was a member of the

5387:, Proceedings of the 1997 Harlaxton Symposium, vol. IX, Donington: Shaun Tyas, pp. 193–210, 1974: 1560:; she died in 1558. Clifford was buried in either Bolton Priory or that of Shap. Following his death, 1501: 1350: 1297: 1284:

Clifford is known to have married twice. Possibly at the end of 1486—and certainly by 1493—he had wed

524: 17: 5920: 5915: 5747:, Proceedings of the 1997 Harlaxton Symposium, vol. IX, Donington: Shaun Tyas, pp. 87–104, 4269:, vol. III: Canonteign–Cutts (14 volumes, 1910–1959, 2nd ed.), London: St Catherine Press, 1769: 1616: 1612: 1334: 1148: 875: 695: 592: 486: 337: 151: 5761:

Walker, G. (1992), "John Skelton, Cardinal Wolsey and the Tudor Nobility", in Bernard, G. W. (ed.),

2101: 2079: 855: 630: 2027: 1532: 1285: 1260: 1187: 1101: 1048: 867: 851: 659: 547: 455: 452: 310: 2071: 1676: 1527:

crossed England in 1502, for which occasion Clifford is supposed to have built Barden Tower as an

1342: 1056: 508: 482: 352:

and his estates and barony forfeited to the Crown. The bulk of the Clifford lands were granted to

317:, on Wakefield Bridge, as the latter was attempting to flee the destruction of his father's army. 5837: 5822: 5552: 5212: 4950: 4512: 4144: 1904: 1681: 1577: 1410: 1326: 1105: 1032: 1020: 941: 823: 675: 503:

expressed doubt as to the 'shepherd lord' story's veracity in 1821. More recently, the historian

431:

following his father's death. For his own protection, so it went, his mother sent him to live in

291: 267: 159: 127: 4043:

Ailes, A. (2009), "The Development of the Heralds' Visitations in England and Wales 1450–1600",

1992: 1104:. Clifford had an ongoing feud with Tempest and had attacked and pulled down Tempest's house in 472: 1882: 5853: 5814: 5784: 5766: 5748: 5730: 5628: 5610: 5594: 5576: 5560: 5522: 5504: 5486: 5464: 5446: 5428: 5406: 5388: 5370: 5352: 5336: 5326: 5304: 5286: 5268: 5250: 5232: 5204: 5174: 5156: 5138: 5116: 5098: 5080: 5058: 5042: 5024: 5019:

Lee, J. (2003), "Urban Recorders and the Crown in Late Medieval England", in Clark, L. (ed.),

5006: 4984: 4966: 4942: 4912: 4894: 4878: 4856: 4838: 4820: 4804: 4788: 4758: 4742: 4712: 4696: 4676: 4648: 4618: 4600: 4584: 4564: 4546: 4528: 4504: 4474: 4456: 4438: 4420: 4402: 4386: 4370: 4340: 4324: 4302: 4286: 4270: 4254: 4232: 4214: 4196: 4178: 4160: 4136: 4106: 4090: 4068: 4052: 1748: 1346: 1256: 1223: 1040: 1016: 830:, and emphasised how the King's man in the north "had signally failed" to contain the rising. 427:

Popular belief later held that as a boy of seven, Clifford was spirited away from his home in

287: 207: 175: 123: 791:) Clifford was responsible for guarding the city. He reinforced the garrison with 200 of his 752:

May 1486 Clifford received the stewardship of the Lordship of Middleham and bailiwick of the

290:) broke out in 1455. By 1461 a number of battles had been fought between nobles loyal to the 5806: 5694: 5652: 5544: 5463:, The Fifteenth Century, vol. XIV, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, pp. 131–142, 5283:

North-Eastern England during the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500

5196: 4934: 4780: 4734: 4668: 4640: 4496: 4362: 4265:

Cokayne, G. E. (1913), Gibb, V.; Doubleday, H. A.; White, G. H. & de Walden, H. (eds.),

4128: 1865: 1668: 1663: 1628: 1576:

of his patrimony on 18 July 1523. He was summoned two years later to parliament and created

1573: 1421: 1402: 1366: 975: 928: 816: 761: 744: 740: 584: 528:

Malay also suggests that "in all likelihood, he spent only a few years in rural retreat" in

329: 163: 1119: 803:

overnight, where word was brought to him that a small force of rebels, led by Lords Scrope

2097: 1861: 1860:

Brough Castle burned down shortly afterwards, following which Clifford seems to have made

1394: 1390: 1268: 1144: 1140: 838: 819: 533: 504: 306: 247: 115: 1445:

and beating their tenants and servants. The King, meanwhile, had ordered Clifford to pay

1059:

wrote to Clifford explaining why he had refused to accept Clifford's favoured nominee as

958:

In 1487 the Earl of Oxford had been granted the wardship and marriage of the 17-year-old

143:

only a few years after his father's death, and that in any case, Clifford was officially

4453:

The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The Fourteenth-century Political Community

4175:

Rural Society and Economic Change in County Durham: Recession and Recovery, c. 1400–1640

5797:

Yorath, D. M. (2016), "Sir Christopher Moresby of Scaleby and Windermere, c. 1441–99",

5319: 5073: 4999: 4317: 2049: 2005: 1848: 1744:. Leland wrote that "for killing of men at this bataill was caullid the boucher". The 1719: 1475:, which further augmented the Clifford family's wealth and influence in the northeast. 1289: 776: 428: 371: 366: 1176: 604:. Henry Clifford was duly allowed to inherit the estates of his maternal grandfather, 5909: 5826: 5781:

The Livery Collar in Late Medieval England and Wales: Politics, Identity and Affinity

5479: 5216: 5023:, The Fifteenth Century, vol. VII, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, pp. 163–177, 4954: 4644: 4516: 4148: 1845: 1672: 1438: 1362: 1231: 1199: 1109: 1060: 1036: 1008: 937: 920: 912: 908: 871: 712: 432: 390: 328:

The next day, the bulk of the Yorkist and Lancastrian armies faced each other at the

295: 271: 131: 5443:

The Foremost Man of the Kingdom: John de Vere, Thirteenth Earl of Oxford (1442–1513)

4543:

Stewards, Lords and People: The Estate Steward and his World in Later Stuart England

5347:

Pugh, T. B. (1992), "Henry VII and the English Nobility", in Bernard, G. W. (ed.),

2075: 1978: 1553: 1451: 1157: 1097: 1091: 1052: 1028: 991: 971: 597: 283: 211: 144: 5810: 5717: 5675: 4119:

Bradford, C. B. (1938), "Wordsworth's "White Doe of Rylstone" and Related Poems",

1123:

Panoramic view of Mount Grace Priory, much patronised by Clifford, as seen in 2013

382:

Henry Clifford was born around 1454, the eldest son and heir of John Clifford and

286:

has called a "chaos of factional quarrels". Civil war (known to historians as the

5625:

Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series

4297:

Condon, M. (1979), "Ruling Elites in the Reign of Henry VII", in Ross, C. (ed.),

1007:. Clifford was also a major patron to local abbeys, monasteries and priories. To 5607:

The Shepherd Lord of Skipton Castle: Henry Clifford 10th Lord Clifford 1454–1523

5225: 1732: 1589: 1528: 1398: 1330:

Anne stayed together until her death in 1508. She was buried in Skipton Church.

1064: 904: 812: 792: 699: 691: 609: 580: 444: 441: 387: 188: 155: 5421: 4784: 4738: 4366: 1508:

have described Clifford as "eccentric", possibly on account of his upbringing.

637:

Tudor England: red, major towns and cities; green, other significant locations.

48: 5818: 5698: 5656: 5598: 5208: 4938: 4792: 4771:

Hoyle, R. W. (1986), "The First Earl of Cumberland: A Reputation Reassessed",

4746: 4680: 4588: 4508: 4374: 4258: 1948: 1917: 1619:

compares Clifford in his shepherd hut to the roaming of the deposed King Henry

1592: 1322: 1132: 1024: 878:

around the turn of the century. This body was under the nominal leadership of

601: 576: 543: 529: 497: 282:

had seen the political situation in England deteriorate into what the scholar

5623:

Summerson, H.; Trueman, M.; Harrison, S. (1998), "Brougham Castle, Cumbria",

5564: 5340: 5200: 5046: 4946: 4808: 4700: 4672: 4568: 4500: 4390: 4328: 4290: 4274: 4193:

The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509

4140: 4094: 4056: 2004:

A medieval English mark was a unit of currency equivalent to two-thirds of a

1947:

Which feud Clifford's younger brother Robert joined in, assaulting Moresby's

1539:

Clifford had religious interests also and in 1515 spent a large sum on a new

5727:

The Gentleman's Mistress: Illegitimate Relationships and Children, 1450–1640

4882: 1516: 1512: 1468: 1459: 1181: 979: 916: 894: 800: 780: 772: 464: 437: 349: 313:

in December 1460 Clifford's father supposedly encountered York's second son

135: 5526: 4652: 1271:

towards funding the campaign, one of the highest sums the crown received.

5533:

Scrope, K.; Skeat, T. C. (1957), "Letters from the Reign of Henry VIII",

4891:

The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby

2082:

on 25 October that year and reported that Henry Clifford the younger and

1808:

of. By the fifteenth century, the widow was deemed entitled to her dower.

1636: 1565: 1497: 1382: 1239: 1165: 799:. He attempted to engage it on 10 June, but was beaten off. He camped in 612:. Further, as his mother was still alive, a third of his inheritance—her 419: 398: 239: 180: 140: 5627:(8), Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 5171:

The English Noble Household, 1250–1600: Good Governance and Politic Rule

1242:. King James was killed in battle, and Clifford captured three Scottish 348:

November 1461, at Edward's first parliament, the dead Lord Clifford was

5556: 2044:

Thomas spent much of his career on royal service in the north for Henry

1524: 1520: 1416:

From his first marriage to Anne, he left two sons, his heir Henry, and

1243: 1127:

King Henry died on 21 April 1509, and Clifford attended his funeral in

1000: 520: 259: 4725:

Hicks, M. A. (1986b), "The Yorkshire Rebellion of 1489 Reconsidered",

4687:

Hicks, M. A. (1984), "Attainder, Resumption and Coercion, 1461–1529",

4337:

Monasteries and Society in the British Isles in the Later Middle Ages

3681: 3679: 2031: 1837: 1805: 1752: 1745: 1540: 1235: 1161: 1113: 1004: 753: 723: 5548: 4417:

Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages: A Tribute to Charles Ross

898:

Skipton Castle, the traditional seat of the Clifford family, in 2014

4229:

The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society

4132: 978:

to his political will than the revenue these forfeits added to his

4339:(new ed.), Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, pp. 168–180, 2096:

A lavish description of the wedding festivities is contained in a

2048:

VIII, for which he was knighted; his offices included governor of

1569: 1482: 1442: 1429: 1175: 1118: 947: 893: 862:

Clifford was in London in 1494 when he and the King's second son,

613: 412: 305:

These engagements became increasingly bloody, comments the author

222: 183:. Clifford's relations with his eldest son and heir, the eventual 3666: 3664: 3651: 3649: 3609: 3607: 507:

has gone further, arguing that it was probably "apocryphal", and

423:

14th Baroness Clifford, who wrote the first history of her family

5519:

English Baronies: A Study of Their Origin and Descent, 1086–1327

5097:, Seminar Studies in History (3rd ed.), London: Routledge, 1977:, was also forced to defend his office in court, and had to pay 1446: 1215: 768: 397:, brought Clifford's father a "questionable claim" to the title 333: 168: 5115:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 207–224, 4065:

Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History

795:; when the rebel army passed close by, Clifford followed it to 309:, "either in the actual battle or the subsequent rout". At the 150:

The Yorkist regime came to an end in 1485 with the invasion of

1471:. In 1512 young Henry married Margaret Percy, daughter of the 5765:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 111–133, 5021:

Conflicts, Consequences and the Crown in the Late Middle Ages

4925:

Lander, J. R. (1961), "Attainder and Forfeiture, 1453–1509",

4909:

Studies on Medieval and Early Modern Women: Pawns Or Players?

3217: 3215: 2345: 2343: 1246:

which he took to "decorate" Skipton Castle; the contemporary

952:

Brougham Castle became one of Clifford's favoured residences.

191:

himself, but sent his son to be raised with the King's heir,

5351:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 49–110, 4801:

The History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham

3386: 3384: 1325:, which caused sufficient tension between him and Anne that 641: 629: 5573:

The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales: 1377–1540

5137:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 398–416, 4575:

Hampton, W. E. (1985), "John Hoton of Hunwick and Tudhoe",

2948: 2946: 2894: 2892: 2673: 2671: 1627:

The life and career of Henry Clifford was fictionalised by

743:

had been firmly Yorkist for over 20 years, first under the

5481:

Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama

3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3125: 3123: 3121: 2017:

Says Dickens, "famed alike for tapestry-making and piety".

198:

Clifford outlived the King and attended the coronation of

162:. Henry's victory meant that he needed men to control the 5041:, vol. I–III (repr. ed.), London: George Bell, 4631:

Harrison, C. J. (1972), "The Petition of Edmund Dudley",

4319:

Henry VII's Relations with Scotland and Ireland 1485-1498

3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3468: 3466: 3108: 3106: 3069: 3067: 3054: 3052: 2921: 2919: 2514: 2512: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 1964:

VII's new regime in bringing recalcitrant nobles to heel.

1500:

streak, as personal bravery was a highly prized quality.

5575:, vol. III, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4803:, vol. III, Newcastle: S. Hodgson & Robinsons, 3558: 3556: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3232: 3230: 3189: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2499: 2497: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 1198:, declared war on England. James intended to honour the 5113:

The Politics of Female Alliance in Early Modern England

4709:

Richard III as Duke of Gloucester: A Study in Character

4299:

Patronage, Pedigree and Power in Later Medieval England

3636: 3634: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 1543:, which was intended to be as extravagant as possible. 666:

was intended to succeed to the throne. However, he and

187:, were equally turbulent. Clifford rarely attended the 4597:

The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670

3543: 3541: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2432: 2430: 1885:

as Wyatt MSS.13, and is reprinted in full in Conway's

874:

from the Scots. Clifford was probably a member of the

616:—remained out of his control until her death in 1493. 5133:: Remembrances of a Dynasty", in Phillippy P. (ed.), 3202: 3200: 3198: 1920:

was returned to the Cliffords following the priory's

134:'s royal princes in battle, and the new Yorkist King 5247:

Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England

4615:

Edward Stafford, Third Duke of Buckingham, 1478–1521

1011:, for example, he donated a manuscript now known as 837:, had won a decisive victory over the rebels at the 515:

has pointed out that Clifford was pardoned by Edward

5685:"Clifford, Henry, Ninth Baron Clifford (1435–1461)" 5643:"Clifford, Henry, Tenth Baron Clifford (1454–1523)" 4837:(repr. ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4399:

Church and Society in the Medieval North of England

1891:

VII's Relations with Scotland and Ireland 1485–1498

694:and Yorkshire, although he was not to be appointed 401:. She also brought Clifford extensive lands in the 89: 81: 71: 61: 34: 5478: 5420: 5318: 5224: 5072: 4998: 4419:, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 205–227, 4316: 1361:. Clifford and Lady Florence were enjoined to the 1252:refers to "Lord Clifford with his clapping guns". 1180:The Battle of Flodden as envisaged by a Victorian 1143:. Shortly after, Dudley—by then imprisoned in the 5039:The Itinerary of John Leland in England and Wales 822:writes that Clifford was "utterly disgraced" and 1804:, or dower—usually a third of everything he was 1393:in 1537, and Anthony being appointed steward of 1230:September. Clifford brought 207 archers and 116 1190:broke out again in 1513 when the Scottish King, 4853:English Local Administration in the Middle Ages 3733: 3709: 3685: 3670: 1069: 1013:A Treatise of Natural Philosophy in Old French. 608:—who had died in 1469—but not yet his Clifford 3655: 3613: 1635:—the former writing the music, the latter the 336:, and the son of the Duke of York was crowned 139:a supposedly ill-educated man, he was signing 4301:, Gloucester: Alan Sutton, pp. 109–142, 3484: 2108:—as part of a chronicle of the Earl's family. 1511:Clifford is known to have had an interest in 8: 5693:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 5651:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 5427:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 5405:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 4981:Government and Community: England, 1450–1509 4473:(2nd ed.), New York: Barnes and Noble, 3332: 2937: 2257: 5745:Family and Dynasty in Late Medieval England 5729:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 5385:Family and Dynasty in Late Medieval England 5129:Malay, J. L. (2018), "Lady Anne Clifford's 4869:Johnson, S. J. (1905), "Annular Eclipses", 4617:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 4525:Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses 4245:Clay, J. W. (1905), "The Clifford Family", 4105:(repr. ed.), Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 4081:Bearne, D. (1906), "Concerning Shepherds", 3402: 3390: 5833: 3769: 3745: 3000: 2952: 2898: 2334: 2221: 2100:manuscript (BL Royal 18.D.II), written by 1933:Correspeondence exists between the prior, 1661:Shakespeare immortalised the scene in his 1405:. Both were also made master foresters of 451:, in her 17th-century family history. The 47: 31: 5135:A History of Early Modern Women's Writing 4893:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4757:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 4599:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4545:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4383:Clifford Letters of the Sixteenth Century 4323:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4231:, Stroud: Alan Sutton, pp. 127–154, 4195:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3857: 2847: 2650: 2542: 2373: 2305: 2293: 2281: 658:Edward IV died in April 1483 and his son 5501:Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat 5001:English Justices of the Peace, 1461–1509 4067:, Gloucester: Sutton, pp. 116–138, 4001: 3508: 3421: 3177: 3129: 2518: 2361: 1881:June 1496, survives in the Wyatt family 1428:was born around 1493, and was raised at 890:Patronage, alliances and local relations 167:himself at loggerheads with the city of 114: – 23 April 1523) was an 5690:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5648:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4911:, Dublin: Four Courts, pp. 59–74, 4889:Jones, M. K.; Underwood, M. G. (1992), 4159:, Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited, 3989: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3905: 3893: 3833: 3814: 3757: 3721: 3625: 3598: 3375: 3351: 3320: 3248: 3153: 3112: 3085: 3073: 3058: 2925: 2910: 2859: 2787: 2756: 2566: 2503: 2467: 2421: 2349: 2245: 2233: 2121: 1654: 1316:, making Anne half-cousin to King Henry 1280:Marriages, children and family problems 1234:from Yorkshire under his banner of the 882:and managed by the Archbishop of York, 539:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5093:Lockyer, R.; Thrush, A., eds. (2014), 5075:Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict 5055:Politics and Nation: England 1450–1660 4013: 3977: 3929: 3845: 3793: 3586: 3574: 3532: 3496: 3472: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3260: 3236: 3190:Summerson, Trueman & Harrison 1998 3141: 3024: 3012: 2883: 2871: 2835: 2744: 2662: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2578: 2554: 2409: 2317: 2269: 1844:April 1502, following which, says the 1607:—romanticising Clifford's career. The 1458:suggests Dickens, that Clifford's own 623: 587:on 14 April the following year. Edward 302:, who had claimed the throne in 1460. 228:The Murder of Rutland by Lord Clifford 185:Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland 76:Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland 18:Henry Clifford, 10th Baron de Clifford 5325:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 5321:The House of Lords in the Middle Ages 5317:Powell, J. Enoch; Wallis, K. (1968), 4563:(repr. ed.), London: AMS Press, 4211:Isaac Albéniz: Portrait of a Romantic 4025: 3869: 3781: 3697: 3562: 3520: 3363: 3272: 3043: 2823: 2799: 2720: 2488: 2397: 1764:Lander notes that this fear of Edward 1564:assessed his annual income at £1332 2 1432:with the King's son, the future Henry 238:The Clifford family, originally from 7: 5783:, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 5593:(PhD thesis), University of London, 5445:, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 5267:, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 5265:English Castles: A Guide by Counties 4177:, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 3917: 3881: 3640: 3547: 3221: 3165: 3097: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2811: 2732: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2597: 2530: 2436: 2385: 1598:Song at the Feast at Brougham Castle 1373:. In doing so, suggest the scholars 1139:VIII on 23 June, when he was made a 962:, granddaughter and sole heiress of 686:Henry Tudor took the throne as Henry 485:also repeated the story in his 1959 5485:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4855:, Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 4819:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4455:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 4213:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3206: 2106:Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland 1487:The remains of Barden Tower in 2008 1333:By July 1511, Clifford had married 990:, wrote to the King expressing, as 591:IV's victory at Barnet, and at the 575:, was granted the Henry Clifford's 100:Henry Clifford, 10th Baron Clifford 5725:Thornton, T.; Carlton, K. (2019), 4559:Hall, E. (1965), AMS Press (ed.), 1492:particularly "the impact of Towton 25: 5461:Essays Presented to Michael Hicks 5057:(3rd ed.), London: Fontana, 833:Meanwhile, the King's army under 720:Henrico Clifford de Clifford ch'r 246:. The family was elevated to the 154:, who defeated Edward's brother, 120:John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford 66:John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford 5966:15th-century English politicians 5961:16th-century English politicians 5301:Late Medieval England, 1399–1509 5153:England in the Fifteenth Century 4835:The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485 4711:, York: Borthwick Publications, 4247:Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 1164:, from where most of his extant 523:of a sword and a silver bowl by 511:calls it "very dubious indeed". 478:Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 55:Chequy or and azure a fess gules 5956:People of the Wars of the Roses 1112:delivered Clifford his general 393:, Margaret, as sole heiress to 266:in Westmoreland. The historian 242:, settled in England after the 5249:, London: Simon and Schuster, 5079:, Kew: The National Archives, 4755:Border Liberties and Loyalties 4645:10.1093/ehr/LXXXVII.CCCXLII.82 1558:Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset 1371:restitution of conjugal rights 1292:. She was the daughter of Sir 1202:with France by diverting Henry 436:father-in-law held estates in 1: 5971:English justices of the peace 5931:16th-century English nobility 5926:15th-century English nobility 5811:10.1080/0078172X.2016.1178941 4963:Crown and Nobility, 1450–1509 4633:The English Historical Review 108: 5941:High sheriffs of Westmorland 5718:UK public library membership 5676:UK public library membership 5536:The British Museum Quarterly 1778:Margaret, Countess of Oxford 1667:, with some adjustments for 1212:War of the League of Cambrai 1172:War with Scotland and France 835:John de Vere, Earl of Oxford 323:Ferrybridge, North Yorkshire 5609:, Skipton: Skipton Castle, 5521:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 5367:Flodden: A Scottish Tragedy 5285:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 5173:, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 5155:, London: Hambledon Press, 5005:, Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 4385:, Durham: Surtees Society, 4285:, London: Frederick Warne, 4157:Jasper Tudor: Dynasty Maker 3734:Thornton & Carlton 2019 3710:Thornton & Carlton 2019 3686:Thornton & Carlton 2019 3671:Thornton & Carlton 2019 2074:, then incarcerated in the 1790:greater security of title". 1645:, which premiered in 1895. 811:had launched an assault on 606:Henry Bromflete, Lord Vescy 358:Richard, Duke of Gloucester 5997: 4785:10.1179/007817286790616570 4739:10.1179/007817286790616444 4541:Hainsworth, D. R. (1992), 4367:10.1179/007817296790175182 3656:Jones & Underwood 1992 3614:Jones & Underwood 1992 1973:Clifford's under-sheriff, 1467:, but she died before the 1465:George, Earl of Shrewsbury 1341:. She was the daughter of 1131:. He stayed to attend the 866:, among others, were made 475:in a 1905 article for the 458:, argues that "with Edward 5892: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5851: 5843: 5836: 5151:McFarlane, K. B. (1981), 4983:, London: Edward Arnold, 4965:, London: Edward Arnold, 4939:10.1017/S0018246X0002313X 4451:Given-Wilson, C. (1996), 4437:, London: HarperCollins, 3485:Lockyer & Thrush 2014 2030:, a form of genealogical 1479:Personality and interests 1424:, Co. Durham. Clifford's 1308:. Anne's grandmother was 1087:shrievalty of Westmorland 848:rebellion again broke out 626: 46: 41: 5946:People from Loughborough 5201:10.1179/174587006X116167 4673:10.1179/nhi.1978.14.1.78 4501:10.1179/174587008X256665 4101:Boardman, A. W. (1996), 3860:, pp. 98–99 + n.40. 2938:Powell & Wallis 1968 1562:inquisition post mortems 1168:and letters are signed. 676:Battle of Bosworth Field 532:. Clifford's biographer 354:Richard, Earl of Warwick 160:Battle of Bosworth Field 5683:Summerson, H. (2004b), 5641:Summerson, H. (2004a), 5517:Sanders, I. V. (1960), 5299:Pollard, A. J. (2000), 5281:Pollard, A. J. (1990), 4799:Hutchinson, W. (1794), 4753:Holford, M. L. (2010), 4381:Dickens, A. G. (1962), 3403:Scrope & Skeat 1957 3391:Scrope & Skeat 1957 2078:, wrote to his brother 1249:Ballad of Flodden Field 554:Inheritance and estates 447:and been reiterated by 315:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 262:in North Yorkshire and 210:, for which he built a 5886:Sheriff of Westmorland 5605:Spence, R. T. (1994), 5589:Spence, R. T. (1959), 5369:, Edinburgh: Birlinn, 5223:Neillands, R. (1992), 5053:Loades, D. M. (1988), 4997:Lander, J. R. (1989), 4979:Lander, J. R. (1980), 4961:Lander, J. R. (1976), 4927:The Historical Journal 4851:Jewell, H. M. (1972), 4707:Hicks, M. A. (1986a), 4613:Harris, B. J. (1986), 4433:Fraser, G. M. (1971), 4401:, London: Bloomsbury, 4397:Dobson, R. B. (1996), 4315:Conway, A. E. (1932), 4281:Coleridge, H. (1836), 4191:Carpenter, C. (1997), 4155:Breverton, T. (2014), 1488: 1473:Earl of Northumberland 1257:Emperor Charles V 1184: 1124: 1074: 1015:Other houses included 964:Ralph, Baron Greystoke 953: 899: 771:jealously guarded its 646: 634: 620:Accession of Henry VII 573:John, Marquess Montagu 501:Thomas Dunham Whitaker 453:early modern historian 424: 235: 5879:Sir Richard Ratcliffe 5699:10.1093/ref:odnb/5654 5657:10.1093/ref:odnb/5646 5571:Smith, D. M. (2008), 5263:Pettifer, A. (2002), 5227:The Wars of the Roses 5131:Great Books of Record 4833:Jacob, E. F. (1993), 4689:Parliamentary History 4523:Haigh, P. A. (1997), 4471:The Wars of the Roses 4209:Clark, W. A. (2002), 4173:Brown, A. T. (2015), 3224:, p. 101 + n.56. 2814:, chapters IV and XI. 2104:—priest-secretary to 1868:, his main residence. 1772:'s late 15th-century 1664:Henry VI, Part 3 1604:White Doe of Rylstone 1486: 1179: 1122: 951: 897: 789:Richard of Shrewsbury 645: 633: 468:George Edward Cokayne 416: 386:. In the view of the 378:Family and early life 300:Richard, Duke of York 232:Charles Robert Leslie 226: 5441:Ross, J. A. (2011), 5419:Ross, C. D. (1981), 5401:Ross, C. D. (1975), 4595:Harding, V. (2002), 4469:Goodman, A. (1996), 4103:The Battle of Towton 3884:, pp. 138, 140. 3287:, pp. 100, 102. 2680:, pp. 138, 139. 2412:, p. 24 +n.128. 2028:Heraldic visitations 1951:manor in autumn 1487 1770:Philippe de Commines 1633:Francis Money-Coutts 1617:Charlotte Mary Yonge 1506:Malcolm G. Underwood 1149:constructive treason 876:Council of the North 844:Corpus Christi Guild 779:on the throne (as a 696:justice of the peace 593:Battle of Tewkesbury 487:University of London 417:Lady Anne Clifford, 254:, and also held the 122:, was killed in the 5976:Knights of the Bath 5951:People from Skipton 5499:Sadler, J. (2006), 5477:Saccio, P. (1977), 5303:, London: Longman, 5231:, London: Cassell, 5169:Mertes, K. (1988), 5071:Loades, D. (2009), 5037:Leland, J. (1907), 4028:, pp. 113–114. 3944:, pp. 294–295. 3299:, pp. 236–239. 3088:, pp. 103–104. 2747:, p. 136 n.55. 2735:, pp. 152–153. 2692:, p. 199 n.20. 2581:, p. 134 n.55. 2352:, pp. 293–294. 2284:, pp. 253–254. 1624:Henry's tutelage". 1584:Cultural depictions 1355:Christopher Conyers 1083:Christopher Moresby 984:Captain of Carlisle 960:Elizabeth Greystoke 868:Knights of the Bath 852:Marmaduke Constable 734:Career in the north 319:John, Lord Clifford 311:Battle of Wakefield 42:10th Baron Clifford 5981:Barons de Clifford 5838:Peerage of England 5763:The Tudor Nobility 5705:on 3 November 2019 5663:on 3 November 2019 5503:, Oxford: Osprey, 5365:Reese, P. (2003), 5349:The Tudor Nobility 4900:978-0-521-4-4794-2 4527:, Stroud: Sutton, 3992:, p. 294 n.e. 3956:, p. 22 n.32. 3724:, p. 22 n.29. 3628:, p. 294 n.d. 2826:, p. 29 n.19. 2424:, p. 294 n.a. 1905:Chris Given-Wilson 1593:William Wordsworth 1578:Earl of Cumberland 1489: 1310:Margaret Beauchamp 1300:, daughter of Sir 1238:and commanded the 1185: 1125: 1065:Conisbrough Church 968:Thomas, Lord Dacre 954: 900: 817:military historian 647: 635: 449:Lady Anne Clifford 425: 384:Margaret Bromflete 280:Hundred Years' War 268:Chris Given-Wilson 236: 234:, imagined in 1815 128:House of Lancaster 53:Arms of Clifford, 5902: 5901: 5893:Succeeded by 5861:Succeeded by 5854:Baron de Clifford 5790:978-1-78327-115-3 5779:Ward, M. (2016), 5772:978-0-71903-625-5 5754:978-1-90028-954-2 5736:978-1-52611-409-9 5716:(Subscription or 5674:(Subscription or 5634:978-1-8731-2425-3 5616:978-0-95069-752-9 5582:978-0-52186-508-1 5510:978-1-84176-959-2 5492:978-0-19502-156-1 5470:978-1-78327-048-4 5452:978-1-78327-005-7 5434:978-0-52005-075-4 5412:978-0-52002-781-7 5394:978-1-90028-954-2 5376:978-0-85790-582-6 5358:978-0-71903-625-5 5310:978-0-58203-135-7 5292:978-0-19820-087-1 5274:978-0-85115-782-5 5256:978-1-43919-157-6 5245:Penn, T. (2013), 5238:978-1-78022-595-1 5180:978-0-63115-319-1 5162:978-0-90762-801-9 5144:978-1-10857-628-4 5122:978-1-49620-199-7 5104:978-1-31789-432-2 5086:978-1-90561-542-1 5064:978-0-00686-013-6 5030:978-1-84383-333-8 5012:978-0-86299-488-4 4990:978-0-67435-794-5 4972:978-0-77359-317-6 4918:978-1-85182-775-6 4862:978-0-06493-330-8 4844:978-0-19285-286-1 4826:978-0-19921-759-5 4815:Ives, E. (2007), 4764:978-0-74863-217-6 4718:978-0-90070-162-7 4624:978-0-80471-316-0 4606:978-0-52181-126-2 4552:978-0-52105-976-3 4534:978-0-93828-990-6 4480:978-0-88029-484-3 4462:978-0-41514-883-2 4444:978-0-00747-428-8 4435:The Steel Bonnets 4426:978-0-31200-080-6 4408:978-1-44115-912-0 4346:978-1-84383-386-4 4308:978-0-84766-205-0 4238:978-0-75090-626-5 4220:978-0-19925-052-3 4202:978-0-52131-874-7 4184:978-1-78327-075-0 4166:978-1-44563-402-9 4112:978-0-75091-245-7 4083:The Irish Monthly 4074:978-0-86299-163-0 3700:, pp. 18–21. 3688:, p. 94 n.4. 3335:, pp. 79–80. 3333:Given-Wilson 1996 3192:, pp. 30–32. 2802:, pp. 59–60. 2258:Given-Wilson 1996 1749:William Worcester 1595:wrote two pieces— 1531:. The astronomer 1426:heir and namesake 1379:Katherine Carlton 1314:Margaret Beaufort 1302:Thomas Bradshaigh 1259:resumed war with 1224:fought at Flodden 1214:, supporting the 1188:War with Scotland 1151:—petitioned Henry 1003:among, the local 787:IV's second son, 704:of Northumberland 656: 655: 536:, writing in the 294:and those of the 288:Wars of the Roses 126:fighting for the 124:Wars of the Roses 97: 96: 16:(Redirected from 5988: 5876:Preceded by 5871:Honorary titles 5844:Preceded by 5834: 5829: 5799:Northern History 5793: 5775: 5757: 5739: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5701:, archived from 5679: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5659:, archived from 5637: 5619: 5601: 5585: 5567: 5529: 5513: 5495: 5484: 5473: 5455: 5437: 5426: 5415: 5397: 5379: 5361: 5343: 5324: 5313: 5295: 5277: 5259: 5241: 5230: 5219: 5189:Northern History 5183: 5165: 5147: 5125: 5107: 5089: 5078: 5067: 5049: 5033: 5015: 5004: 4993: 4975: 4957: 4921: 4903: 4885: 4865: 4847: 4829: 4811: 4795: 4773:Northern History 4767: 4749: 4727:Northern History 4721: 4703: 4683: 4661:Northern History 4655: 4627: 4609: 4591: 4571: 4561:Hall's Chronicle 4555: 4537: 4519: 4489:Northern History 4483: 4465: 4447: 4429: 4411: 4393: 4377: 4355:Northern History 4349: 4331: 4322: 4311: 4293: 4277: 4261: 4241: 4223: 4205: 4187: 4169: 4151: 4121:Modern Philology 4115: 4097: 4077: 4059: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3210: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3056: 3047: 3041: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2486: 2471: 2465: 2440: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2109: 2094: 2088: 2084:Sir George Darcy 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1975:Roger Bellingham 1971: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1914: 1908: 1900: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1877:The letter, of 4 1875: 1869: 1858: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1729: 1723: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1659: 1639:—in their opera 1622: 1502:Micheal K. Jones 1495: 1435: 1367:consistory court 1351:Margaret Conyers 1327:their separation 1319: 1312:, the mother of 1264: 1229: 1221: 1205: 1195: 1154: 1138: 1045:St. Mary's, York 976:tenants-in-chief 786: 762:Sir John Conyers 751: 741:Northern England 729: 689: 673: 663: 650: 638: 624: 590: 585:Battle of Barnet 568: 525:Henry Harlington 518: 461: 395:her father Henry 347: 341: 330:Battle of Towton 292:Lancastrian King 275: 244:conquest of 1066 203: 164:North of England 156:Richard III 116:English nobleman 113: 110: 106: 51: 32: 27:English nobleman 21: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5936:Clifford family 5906: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5881: 5866: 5857: 5849: 5832: 5796: 5791: 5778: 5773: 5760: 5755: 5742: 5737: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5682: 5673: 5666: 5664: 5640: 5635: 5622: 5617: 5604: 5588: 5583: 5570: 5549:10.2307/4422548 5532: 5516: 5511: 5498: 5493: 5476: 5471: 5458: 5453: 5440: 5435: 5418: 5413: 5400: 5395: 5382: 5377: 5364: 5359: 5346: 5333: 5316: 5311: 5298: 5293: 5280: 5275: 5262: 5257: 5244: 5239: 5222: 5186: 5181: 5168: 5163: 5150: 5145: 5128: 5123: 5110: 5105: 5092: 5087: 5070: 5065: 5052: 5036: 5031: 5018: 5013: 4996: 4991: 4978: 4973: 4960: 4924: 4919: 4906: 4901: 4888: 4871:The Observatory 4868: 4863: 4850: 4845: 4832: 4827: 4814: 4798: 4770: 4765: 4752: 4724: 4719: 4706: 4686: 4658: 4630: 4625: 4612: 4607: 4594: 4574: 4558: 4553: 4540: 4535: 4522: 4486: 4481: 4468: 4463: 4450: 4445: 4432: 4427: 4414: 4409: 4396: 4380: 4352: 4347: 4334: 4314: 4309: 4296: 4280: 4264: 4244: 4239: 4226: 4221: 4208: 4203: 4190: 4185: 4172: 4167: 4154: 4118: 4113: 4100: 4080: 4075: 4062: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3821: 3813: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3770:Hutchinson 1794 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3746:Hainsworth 1992 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3119: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3001:Cunningham 1996 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2953:Cunningham 1996 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2899:Cunningham 1996 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862:, p. 2337. 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2604: 2596: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2474: 2466: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2335:Summerson 2004b 2333: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2222:Summerson 2004a 2220: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2098:British Library 2095: 2091: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1986: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1928: 1915: 1911: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1862:Brougham Castle 1859: 1855: 1841: 1836:Arthur died in 1835: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1730: 1726: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1671:. Comments the 1669:dramatic effect 1660: 1656: 1651: 1620: 1613:Curtis Bradford 1586: 1549: 1493: 1481: 1433: 1391:Carlisle Castle 1335:Florence Pudsey 1317: 1282: 1277: 1262: 1227: 1219: 1208:Catholic League 1203: 1193: 1174: 1152: 1145:Tower of London 1141:knight banneret 1136: 1079: 892: 839:Battle of Stoke 828:Anthony Goodman 820:Philip A. Haigh 784: 749: 736: 730:November 1485. 727: 687: 671: 661: 652: 651: 648: 639: 636: 622: 588: 569:VI was returned 566: 556: 534:Henry Summerson 516: 505:K. B. McFarlane 491:Clifford Papers 459: 411: 409:"Shepherd Lord" 380: 362:William Stanley 345: 339: 307:Robin Neillands 273: 252:Barons Clifford 221: 201: 111: 102: 57: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5899: 5896:Henry Clifford 5894: 5891: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5864:Henry Clifford 5862: 5859: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5805:(2): 173–188, 5794: 5789: 5776: 5771: 5758: 5753: 5740: 5735: 5722: 5680: 5638: 5633: 5620: 5615: 5602: 5586: 5581: 5568: 5530: 5514: 5509: 5496: 5491: 5474: 5469: 5456: 5451: 5438: 5433: 5416: 5411: 5398: 5393: 5380: 5375: 5362: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5314: 5309: 5296: 5291: 5278: 5273: 5260: 5255: 5242: 5237: 5220: 5195:(2): 241–255, 5184: 5179: 5166: 5161: 5148: 5143: 5126: 5121: 5108: 5103: 5090: 5085: 5068: 5063: 5050: 5034: 5029: 5016: 5011: 4994: 4989: 4976: 4971: 4958: 4933:(2): 119–151, 4922: 4917: 4904: 4899: 4886: 4866: 4861: 4848: 4843: 4830: 4825: 4812: 4796: 4768: 4763: 4750: 4722: 4717: 4704: 4684: 4656: 4628: 4623: 4610: 4605: 4592: 4572: 4556: 4551: 4538: 4533: 4520: 4484: 4479: 4466: 4461: 4448: 4443: 4430: 4425: 4412: 4407: 4394: 4378: 4350: 4345: 4332: 4312: 4307: 4294: 4278: 4262: 4242: 4237: 4224: 4219: 4206: 4201: 4188: 4183: 4170: 4165: 4152: 4133:10.1086/388348 4116: 4111: 4098: 4078: 4073: 4060: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3968:, p. 295. 3958: 3946: 3934: 3932:, p. 140. 3922: 3920:, p. 199. 3910: 3908:, p. 175. 3898: 3896:, p. 103. 3886: 3874: 3872:, p. 217. 3862: 3858:Tscherpel 2003 3850: 3848:, p. 123. 3838: 3819: 3798: 3786: 3784:, p. 119. 3774: 3772:, p. 254. 3762: 3750: 3738: 3736:, p. 125. 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3675: 3660: 3658:, p. 164. 3645: 3643:, p. 198. 3630: 3618: 3616:, p. 163. 3603: 3601:, p. xiv. 3591: 3579: 3567: 3565:, p. 112. 3552: 3537: 3535:, p. 191. 3525: 3523:, p. 129. 3513: 3501: 3499:, p. 357. 3489: 3487:, p. 105. 3477: 3475:, p. 283. 3462: 3460:, p. 186. 3450: 3448:, p. 178. 3438: 3436:, p. 159. 3426: 3407: 3395: 3380: 3378:, p. 176. 3368: 3366:, p. 385. 3356: 3337: 3325: 3323:, p. 420. 3313: 3311:, p. 102. 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3263:, p. 133. 3253: 3251:, p. 391. 3241: 3239:, p. 220. 3226: 3211: 3209:, p. 173. 3194: 3182: 3180:, p. 266. 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3132:, p. 136. 3117: 3115:, p. 222. 3102: 3100:, p. 118. 3090: 3078: 3076:, p. 218. 3063: 3061:, p. 377. 3048: 3046:, p. 173. 3029: 3027:, p. 245. 3017: 3015:, p. 183. 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2942: 2940:, p. 530. 2930: 2928:, p. 370. 2915: 2913:, p. 352. 2903: 2888: 2886:, p. 129. 2876: 2864: 2852: 2850:, p. 224. 2848:Carpenter 1997 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2761: 2759:, p. 301. 2749: 2737: 2725: 2706: 2704:, p. 138. 2694: 2682: 2667: 2665:, p. 140. 2655: 2653:, p. 243. 2651:McFarlane 1981 2643: 2631: 2629:, p. 141. 2619: 2602: 2600:, p. 372. 2583: 2571: 2569:, p. 293. 2559: 2547: 2545:, p. 249. 2543:Coleridge 1836 2535: 2533:, p. 255. 2523: 2508: 2493: 2491:, p. 410. 2472: 2470:, p. 294. 2441: 2439:, p. 137. 2426: 2414: 2402: 2400:, p. 539. 2390: 2378: 2376:, p. 131. 2374:Breverton 2014 2366: 2354: 2339: 2322: 2320:, p. 160. 2310: 2306:Neillands 1992 2298: 2294:Neillands 1992 2286: 2282:Carpenter 1997 2274: 2262: 2250: 2248:, p. 140. 2238: 2236:, p. 143. 2226: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2102:William Peeris 2089: 2063: 2054: 2050:Berwick Castle 2037: 2019: 2010: 1997: 1984: 1966: 1953: 1940: 1926: 1909: 1895: 1870: 1853: 1849:John A. Wagner 1829: 1819: 1810: 1792: 1782: 1757: 1740:published his 1724: 1691: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1642:Henry Clifford 1585: 1582: 1548: 1545: 1480: 1477: 1353:, daughter of 1290:Bletsoe Castle 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1173: 1170: 1147:on charges of 1078: 1075: 891: 888: 856:David Grummitt 777:Lambert Simnel 735: 732: 708:of Westmorland 654: 653: 640: 628: 627: 621: 618: 555: 552: 481:. The scholar 429:Skipton Castle 410: 407: 379: 376: 372:Skipton Castle 367:caput baroniae 256:minor baronies 220: 217: 136:Edward IV 118:. His father, 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 39: 38: 36:Henry Clifford 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5993: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5847:John Clifford 5842: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5332:9780297761051 5328: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577:The Ricardian 4573: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4016:, p. 14. 4015: 4010: 4007: 4004:, p. 61. 4003: 4002:Bradford 1938 3998: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3836:, p. 22. 3835: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3817:, p. 21. 3816: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3796:, p. 34. 3795: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3760:, p. 17. 3759: 3754: 3751: 3748:, p. 23. 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3712:, p. 43. 3711: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673:, p. 80. 3672: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3589:, p. 69. 3588: 3583: 3580: 3577:, p. 50. 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3550:, p. 88. 3549: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3511:, p. 95. 3510: 3509:Harrison 1972 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3424:, p. 94. 3423: 3422:Harrison 1972 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3354:, p. 20. 3353: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3275:, p. 79. 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178:Pettifer 2002 3174: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3144:, p. 56. 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130:Grummitt 2008 3126: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3003:, p. 57. 3002: 2997: 2994: 2991:, p. 15. 2990: 2985: 2982: 2979:, p. 50. 2978: 2973: 2970: 2967:, p. 53. 2966: 2961: 2958: 2955:, p. 55. 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2901:, p. 58. 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874:, p. 28. 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838:, p. 29. 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2790:, p. 19. 2789: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2723:, p. 64. 2722: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2557:, p. 40. 2556: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521:, p. 60. 2520: 2519:Bradford 1938 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506:, p. 18. 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2364:, p. ix. 2363: 2362:Boardman 1996 2358: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2308:, p. 98. 2307: 2302: 2299: 2296:, p. 93. 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2272:, p. 11. 2271: 2266: 2263: 2260:, p. 64. 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1979:recognizances 1976: 1970: 1967: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1846:encyclopedist 1839: 1833: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1673:Shakespearean 1670: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Isaac Albéniz 1625: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1590:Romantic poet 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1533:S. J. Johnson 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:cloth of gold 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:confraternity 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339:Thomas Talbot 1336: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Anne St. John 1279: 1275:Personal life 1274: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1255:In 1521, the 1253: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1200:Auld Alliance 1197: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1135:of King Henry 1134: 1130: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1110:Edmund Dudley 1107: 1103: 1102:Roger Tempest 1099: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1061:parish priest 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Bolton Priory 1006: 1002: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 950: 946: 943: 939: 938:John Vavasour 934: 930: 929:city recorder 924: 922: 921:Brough Castle 918: 914: 913:royal council 910: 906: 896: 889: 887: 885: 884:Thomas Savage 881: 880:Prince Arthur 877: 873: 872:Norham Castle 869: 865: 860: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 746: 742: 733: 731: 725: 721: 716: 714: 713:A. J. Pollard 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 684: 681: 680:Michael Hicks 677: 669: 665: 644: 632: 625: 619: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 562: 553: 551: 549: 548:Vivienne Rock 545: 541: 540: 535: 531: 526: 522: 514: 510: 506: 502: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479: 474: 469: 466: 457: 456:Jessica Malay 454: 450: 446: 443: 439: 434: 433:Londesborough 430: 422: 421: 415: 408: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391:A. G. Dickens 389: 385: 377: 375: 373: 369: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 343: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 233: 229: 225: 218: 216: 213: 209: 205: 196: 194: 193:Prince Arthur 190: 186: 182: 177: 172: 170: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 137: 133: 132:House of York 129: 125: 121: 117: 105: 101: 93:23 April 1523 92: 88: 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 67: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 5903: 5884: 5852: 5802: 5798: 5780: 5762: 5744: 5726: 5707:, retrieved 5703:the original 5688: 5665:, retrieved 5661:the original 5646: 5624: 5606: 5590: 5572: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5500: 5480: 5460: 5442: 5422: 5402: 5384: 5366: 5348: 5320: 5300: 5282: 5264: 5246: 5226: 5192: 5188: 5170: 5152: 5134: 5130: 5112: 5094: 5074: 5054: 5038: 5020: 5000: 4980: 4962: 4930: 4926: 4908: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4852: 4834: 4816: 4800: 4776: 4772: 4754: 4730: 4726: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4664: 4660: 4636: 4632: 4614: 4596: 4580: 4576: 4560: 4542: 4524: 4492: 4488: 4470: 4452: 4434: 4416: 4398: 4382: 4358: 4354: 4336: 4318: 4298: 4282: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4228: 4210: 4192: 4174: 4156: 4124: 4120: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4064: 4048: 4047:, 3rd ser., 4045:Coat of Arms 4044: 4036:Bibliography 4021: 4009: 3997: 3990:Cokayne 1913 3985: 3980:, p. 9. 3973: 3966:Cokayne 1913 3961: 3954:Dickens 1962 3949: 3942:Cokayne 1913 3937: 3925: 3913: 3906:Johnson 1905 3901: 3894:Goodman 1996 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3834:Dickens 1962 3815:Dickens 1962 3789: 3777: 3765: 3758:Hampton 1985 3753: 3741: 3729: 3722:Dickens 1962 3717: 3705: 3693: 3626:Cokayne 1913 3621: 3599:Harding 2002 3594: 3582: 3570: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3405:, p. 6. 3398: 3393:, p. 4. 3376:Coppack 2008 3371: 3359: 3352:Dickens 1962 3328: 3321:Holford 2010 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3249:Pollard 1990 3244: 3185: 3173: 3168:, p. 1. 3161: 3156:, p. 1. 3154:Dickens 1962 3149: 3137: 3113:Dockray 1986 3093: 3086:Goodman 1996 3081: 3074:Dockray 1986 3059:Pollard 1990 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2933: 2926:Pollard 1990 2911:Pollard 2000 2906: 2879: 2867: 2860:Pollard 1990 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2788:Dickens 1962 2757:Pollard 2000 2752: 2740: 2728: 2697: 2685: 2658: 2646: 2641:, p. 1. 2634: 2622: 2617:, p. 8. 2574: 2567:Cokayne 1913 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2504:Dickens 1962 2468:Cokayne 1913 2422:Cokayne 1913 2417: 2405: 2393: 2388:, p. 2. 2381: 2369: 2357: 2350:Cokayne 1913 2313: 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2246:Sanders 1960 2241: 2234:Sanders 1960 2229: 2092: 2076:Fleet Prison 2072:Thomas Leeke 2066: 2057: 2040: 2022: 2013: 2000: 1987: 1969: 1956: 1943: 1929: 1912: 1898: 1886: 1873: 1856: 1832: 1822: 1813: 1802:dos nominata 1801: 1795: 1785: 1773: 1760: 1741: 1727: 1694: 1680: 1677:Peter Saccio 1662: 1657: 1640: 1626: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1587: 1554:Richard Grey 1550: 1538: 1510: 1490: 1456: 1452:Fleet Prison 1415: 1388: 1375:Tim Thornton 1343:Henry Pudsey 1332: 1294:John St John 1283: 1254: 1247: 1186: 1158:Barden Tower 1126: 1092:quo warranto 1090: 1080: 1070: 1057:Brian Higton 1012: 997: 992:Agnes Conway 972:Star Chamber 957: 955: 925: 901: 864:Prince Henry 861: 832: 767:The city of 766: 737: 719: 717: 685: 657: 598:royal pardon 557: 537: 509:J. R. Lander 495: 490: 483:R. T. Spence 476: 426: 418: 381: 365: 327: 304: 284:David Loades 237: 227: 212:small castle 197: 173: 149: 99: 98: 54: 29: 5921:1523 deaths 5916:1454 births 5423:Richard III 4877:: 173–175, 4495:: 125–140, 4253:: 355–411, 4014:Bearne 1906 3978:Spence 1959 3930:Mertes 1988 3846:Walker 1992 3794:Harris 1986 3587:Loades 2009 3575:Sadler 2006 3533:Jewell 1972 3497:Lander 1980 3473:Lander 1976 3458:Yorath 2016 3309:Conway 1932 3297:Conway 1932 3285:Conway 1932 3261:Condon 1979 3237:Fraser 1971 3142:Hicks 1986b 3025:Murphy 2006 3013:Yorath 2016 2884:Arnold 1984 2872:Lander 1989 2836:Hicks 1986a 2745:Arnold 1984 2663:Lander 1976 2639:Spence 1994 2627:Lander 1976 2615:Spence 1959 2579:Lander 1961 2555:Leland 1907 2410:Lander 1976 2318:Saccio 1977 2270:Loades 1988 1935:John Wilson 1922:dissolution 1738:John Leland 1733:medievalist 1529:observatory 1399:Grassington 1337:, widow of 1129:Westminster 1077:Later years 1041:Holmcultram 1021:Mount Grace 988:Henry Wyatt 909:feudal dues 824:R. W. Hoyle 813:Bootham Bar 793:men at arms 700:West Riding 692:Westmorland 668:his brother 579:during his 498:topographer 465:genealogist 445:Edward Hall 442:antiquarian 403:East Riding 388:medievalist 338:King Edward 250:in 1299 as 189:royal court 152:Henry Tudor 112: 1454 62:Predecessor 5910:Categories 5890:1485–1523 5858:1485–1524 5819:1001980641 5720:required.) 5709:3 November 5678:required.) 5667:3 November 5599:1124256460 5543:(1): 4–8, 5209:1001980641 4817:Henry VIII 4793:1001980641 4747:1001980641 4681:1001980641 4667:: 78–107, 4589:1006085142 4509:1001980641 4375:1001980641 4259:1034295219 4026:Clark 2002 3870:Malay 2017 3782:Brown 2015 3698:Ailes 2009 3563:Reese 2003 3521:Clark 1995 3446:Yorath2016 3434:Dobson1996 3364:Smith 2008 3273:Hicks 1978 3044:Haigh 1997 2824:Hicks 1984 2800:Kenny 2003 2721:Hoyle 1986 2489:Malay 2018 2398:Jacob 1993 2116:References 1993:T. N. Pugh 1949:Irthington 1918:manuscript 1712:Hungerford 1523:. A major 1498:chivalrous 1323:infidelity 1236:Red Wyvern 1133:coronation 1017:Gisborough 783:for Edward 602:Hartlepool 544:illiterate 530:Cumberland 513:James Ross 473:J. W. 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Henry 1210:in the 1037:Furness 698:in the 521:bequest 260:Skipton 248:peerage 176:Flodden 85:c. 1454 5825: 5817: 5787: 5769: 5751: 5733: 5714: 5672: 5631: 5613: 5597: 5579: 5563: 5555: 5525: 5507: 5489: 5467: 5449: 5431: 5409: 5391: 5373: 5355: 5339: 5329: 5307: 5289: 5271: 5253: 5235: 5215: 5207: 5177: 5159: 5141: 5119: 5101: 5083: 5061: 5045: 5027: 5009: 4987: 4969: 4953: 4945: 4915: 4897: 4881: 4859: 4841: 4823: 4807: 4791: 4761: 4745: 4715: 4699: 4679: 4651: 4621: 4603: 4587: 4567: 4549: 4531: 4515: 4507: 4477: 4459: 4441: 4423: 4405: 4389: 4373: 4343: 4327: 4305: 4289: 4273: 4257: 4235: 4217: 4199: 4181: 4163: 4147: 4139: 4109: 4093: 4071: 4055: 2046: 2032:census 1962: 1889: 1879: 1842: 1838:Ludlow 1806:seised 1766: 1700:Exeter 1684: 1621: 1574:livery 1541:chapel 1494: 1443:tithes 1434: 1418:Thomas 1407:Craven 1403:Sutton 1359:Hornby 1318: 1263: 1228: 1220: 1204: 1194: 1162:Bolton 1153: 1137: 1114:pardon 1029:Byland 1005:gentry 905:manors 797:Braham 785: 754:Honour 750: 728: 688: 672: 662: 660:Edward 589: 567: 561:Darcys 517: 460: 346: 344:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Henry Clifford, 10th Baron Clifford

Index