205:
next ten years this amounted to the amount of nearly £58 000 on seemingly little security beyond the value of the business. It was the accepted practice for clerks in the Pay Office to temporarily use surplus funds for their own benefit. As part of the arrangement, Jellicoe's son Samuel became a partner in the
Fontley Works. The deal was later to have unfortunate repercussions for Cort.
214:
33:
305:
per ton. However, there were a series of production problems and the death of Adam
Jellicoe in 1789 precipitated legal actions by the Crown to recover the money lent by Adam Jellicoe to Cort. As a result of which, Cort was declared bankrupt and although he soon rectified his financial status he never
221:
Cort developed his ideas at the
Fontley Works (as he had renamed Titchfield Hammer) resulting in a 1783 patent for a simple reverberatory furnace to refine pig iron followed by a 1784 patent for his puddling furnace, with grooved rollers which mechanised the formerly laborious process. His work built
253:
hammer, after which it was rolled in the rolling mill. The original process of Cort was ineffectual until significant alterations were made by
Richard Crawshay and other Merthyr Tydfil ironmasters as Cort used iron from charcoal furnaces rather than the coke smelted pig iron in general production by
262:
When Adam
Jellicoe died suddenly on 30 August 1789, it became apparent that the £58 000 lent to Cort could not be repaid. As a result, the Crown seized all the Property of Adam Jellicoe as well as that of the partnership of Cort and Samuel Jellicoe. Cort was held responsible for Jellicoe's debt and
204:
at an existing iron mill in
Titchfield which was later used for the production of bar iron. Short of funds, he turned to Adam Jellicoe, at that time chief clerk in the Pay Office of the Royal Navy, who agreed to loan Cort funds to develop a new method of converting cast iron to bar iron, over the
314:
Cort's marriage to
Elizabeth Heysham produced 13 children. His business ventures did not bring him wealth, even though vast numbers of the puddling furnaces that he developed were eventually used (reportedly 8,200 by 1820), they used a modified version of his process and thus avoided payment of
395:
Evans, C., Jackson, O., and Ryden, G. ‘Baltic iron and the
British iron industry in the eighteenth century’. Econ. Hist. Rev. (2nd ser.), 55, 642–665. 2002: King, P. ‘The production and consumption of bar iron in early modern England and Wales’ Econ. Hist. Rev. (2nd ser.), 58, 1-33.
155:
but living in
Jamaica at the time of his (possible) father; another Henry Cort although his parents are not definitely known. Although his date of birth is traditionally given as 1740, this can not be confirmed and his early life remains an enigma. By 1765, Cort had become a
187:
whose estates included
Titchfield. Her uncle William Attwick, although a successful London attorney, had inherited the family ironmongery business in Gosport which supplied the navy with mooring chains, anchors and hundreds of different items of ironmongery.
629:
249:
while the "puddler" extracted a mass of iron from the furnace using an iron "rabbling bar". The extracted ball of metal was then processed into a "shingle" by a
675:
160:
pay agent, acting on commission collecting half pay and widows' pensions from an office in Crutched Friars near Aldgate in London. At that time, despite
670:
272:
419:
200:
reached an agreement with Cort, who had taken over Attwick's business, to convert scrap iron hoops for their barrels. He had recently taken over a
665:
552:
573:
480:
131:, for refining cast iron, although its commercial viability was only realised in the 1790s, through further innovations introduced by
358:
623:
680:
660:
271:
The importance of Cort's improvements to the process of bar purported iron making were recognised as early as 1786 by
617:
263:
declared bankrupt. The Crown later gave back to Samuel Jellicoe possession of the works at Titchfield and Gosport
315:
royalties. He was later awarded a government pension, but died a ruined man, and was buried in the churchyard of
238:' puddling process where iron is stirred to separate out impurities and extract the higher quality wrought iron.
197:
183:
In 1768, Cort's second marriage was to Elizabeth Heysham, the daughter of a Romsey solicitor and steward of the
176:
fuel, the resultant product was still only convertible to bar iron by a laborious process of decarburization in
151:
Little is known of Cort's early life other than that he was possibly born into a family coming originally from
504:
302:
123:(or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1784, he obtained a patent for an improved version of
250:
201:
91:
650:
423:
227:
152:
128:
112:
87:
111:(c. 1740 – 23 May 1800) was an English ironware producer who was formerly a Navy pay agent. During the
655:
316:
284:
136:
456:
444:
405:
337:
569:
563:
548:
529:
476:
470:
363:
294:
223:
184:
132:
161:
140:
637:- extensive research carried out by Eric Alexander on the life of the British inventor
644:
533:
231:
180:. As a result, bar iron imported from the Baltic undercut that produced in Britain.
173:
280:
235:
177:
124:
120:
382:
297:
whereby all iron manufactured according to the former's patents would result in a
288:
165:
213:
545:
The most powerful idea in the world: a story of steam, industry, and invention
367:
291:
276:
157:
352:
605:
The Case of Henry Cort and his Inventions in the Manufacture of British Iron
298:
246:
242:
505:
https://issuu.com/jeremygreenwood6/docs/the_early_life_and_times_of_henry_c
169:
116:
32:
230:(where heat is applied from above, rather than through the use of
212:
634:
457:
https://salthistory.yolasite.com/early-life-of-henry-cort.php
445:
https://salthistory.yolasite.com/early-life-of-henry-cort.php
406:
https://salthistory.yolasite.com/early-life-of-henry-cort.php
338:
https://salthistory.yolasite.com/early-life-of-henry-cort.php
241:
The puddling furnace lowered the carbon content of the
475:. Books for Libraries; Reprint edition. p. 110.
98:
82:
74:
66:
58:
42:
23:
568:. Europ Ischer Hochschulverlag Gmbh & Co. Kg.
565:Industrial Biography: Iron Workers and Tool Makers
351:
459:The early life and times of Henry Cort.
447:The early life and times of Henry Cort
408:The early life and times of Henry Cort
340:The early life and times of Henry Cort
589:Dickinson, H. W. Henry Cort's Bicentenary, in
164:'s improvements in the smelting of iron using
8:
362:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
287:. In 1787, Cort came to an agreement with
115:in England, Cort began refining iron from
20:
593:, Transactions 1940–41, volume XXI, 1943.
422:. Fareham Borough Council. Archived from
306:again engaged in industrial activities.
630:The Gosport Iron Foundry and Henry Cort
359:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
330:
217:Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace
507:Henry Cort ; a revised biography
78:Inventor, pioneer in the iron industry
538:. London: Simpkin Marshall, & Co.
7:
635:Henry Cort, Father of the Iron Trade
676:People of the Industrial Revolution
600:, The Metals Society, London 1983)
14:
671:People from Lancaster, Lancashire
209:Rolling mill and puddling furnace
192:Partnership with Samuel Jellicoe
31:
16:English ironmaster (c.1740-1800)
469:Matschoss, Conrad (June 1970).
234:from below) and (particularly)
666:18th-century British inventors
1:
596:Mott, R. A. (ed. P. Singer),
275:who regarded them along with
222:on the existing ideas of the
383:UK public library membership
607:, Mechanics' Magazine, 1859
598:Henry Cort: the Great Finer
283:as more important than the
94:in the manufacture of iron.
697:
547:. New York: Random House.
353:"Cort, Henry (1741?–1800)"
196:In 1780, the Royal Navy's
626:– another brief biography
198:Victualling Commissioners
30:
495:Espinasse (1877), p. 233
562:Smiles, Samuel (2010).
543:Rosen, William (2010).
516:Espinasse (1877), p.225
420:"History of Henry Cort"
86:Inventions relating to
258:Death of Adam Jellicoe
218:
681:British metallurgists
368:10.1093/ref:odnb/6359
350:Evans, Chris (2006).
267:Patents and royalties
228:reverberatory furnace
216:
113:Industrial Revolution
591:The Newcomen Society
317:St John-at-Hampstead
661:British ironmasters
535:Lancashire Worthies
137:Cyfarthfa Ironworks
135:and Homfray of the
530:Espinasse, Francis
219:
62:Friday 23 May 1800
620:– brief biography
554:978-0-679-60361-0
381:(Subscription or
106:
105:
688:
603:Webster, Thomas
579:
558:
539:
517:
514:
508:
502:
496:
493:
487:
486:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
435:
433:
431:
426:on 19 March 2012
415:
409:
403:
397:
393:
387:
386:
378:
376:
374:
355:
347:
341:
335:
295:Richard Crawshay
224:Cranege brothers
185:Duke of Portland
133:Richard Crawshay
129:puddling process
35:
21:
696:
695:
691:
690:
689:
687:
686:
685:
641:
640:
614:
586:
584:Further reading
576:
561:
555:
542:
528:
525:
520:
515:
511:
503:
499:
494:
490:
483:
472:Great Engineers
468:
467:
463:
455:
451:
443:
439:
429:
427:
417:
416:
412:
404:
400:
394:
390:
380:
372:
370:
349:
348:
344:
336:
332:
328:
322:
312:
285:loss of America
279:'s work on the
269:
260:
245:charge through
211:
194:
149:
54:
51:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
694:
692:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
643:
642:
639:
638:
632:
627:
621:
613:
612:External links
610:
609:
608:
601:
594:
585:
582:
581:
580:
575:978-3867414654
574:
559:
553:
540:
524:
521:
519:
518:
509:
497:
488:
482:978-0836918373
481:
461:
449:
437:
410:
398:
388:
342:
329:
327:
324:
311:
308:
273:Lord Sheffield
268:
265:
259:
256:
210:
207:
193:
190:
148:
145:
141:Merthyr Tydfil
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
84:
83:Known for
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
693:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
646:
636:
633:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
587:
583:
577:
571:
567:
566:
560:
556:
550:
546:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
526:
522:
513:
510:
506:
501:
498:
492:
489:
484:
478:
474:
473:
465:
462:
458:
453:
450:
446:
441:
438:
425:
421:
414:
411:
407:
402:
399:
392:
389:
384:
369:
365:
361:
360:
354:
346:
343:
339:
334:
331:
325:
323:
320:
318:
310:Personal life
309:
307:
304:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
264:
257:
255:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
208:
206:
203:
199:
191:
189:
186:
181:
179:
178:finery forges
175:
174:blast furnace
171:
167:
163:
162:Abraham Darby
159:
154:
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:Occupation(s)
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
651:1740s births
604:
597:
590:
564:
544:
534:
512:
500:
491:
471:
464:
452:
440:
428:. Retrieved
424:the original
413:
401:
391:
371:. Retrieved
357:
345:
333:
321:
313:
281:steam engine
270:
261:
240:
236:Peter Onions
220:
202:rolling mill
195:
182:
150:
125:Peter Onions
121:wrought iron
108:
107:
102:Richard Cort
18:
656:1800 deaths
418:Pam Moore.
301:of 10
289:South Wales
168:instead of
67:Nationality
645:Categories
624:Henry Cort
618:Henry Cort
523:References
385:required.)
319:, London.
292:ironmaster
277:James Watt
232:forced air
226:and their
158:Royal Navy
109:Henry Cort
50:Circa 1740
47:Henry Cort
37:Henry Cort
25:Henry Cort
303:shillings
251:shingling
247:oxidation
243:cast iron
153:Lancaster
147:Biography
532:(1877).
373:5 August
170:charcoal
117:pig iron
99:Children
88:puddling
299:royalty
92:rolling
70:English
53:Unknown
572:
551:
479:
430:6 June
379:
254:then.
396:2005:
326:Notes
570:ISBN
549:ISBN
477:ISBN
432:2012
375:2010
166:coke
90:and
59:Died
43:Born
364:doi
172:as
139:in
127:'s
119:to
647::
356:.
143:.
578:.
557:.
485:.
434:.
377:.
366::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
