614:" This was a follow-up to his first book in which he collected and presented more information and history of perpetual motion devices. In these two works, Dircks worked to carefully classify attempts at creating perpetual motion devices by the year that they were created and in some instances by patent applications. For Henry this turned out to be a difficult task as perpetual motion devices have been attempted across many different countries and time periods. Dircks also broke down perpetual motion devices down into three different categories of how the motion would generally be produced. These three types of devices were motion by chemical extractions, motion by magnetical virtues, and motion by the natural affection of gravity.
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A more self-willed, self-satisfied, or self-deluded class of the community, making at the same time pretension to superior knowledge, it would be impossible to imagine. They hope against hope, scorning all opposition with ridiculous vehemence, although centuries have not advanced them one step in the
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Dircks' original plan to give rational explanations to dispel the popular appetite for spiritualism was certainly helped by Pepper. Further, Pepper's ghost has been hailed as a key development in stage magic and "the cornerstone upon which much subsequent magic was founded". In one of his later books
505:
Dircks developed a way of projecting an actor onto a stage using a hidden room, a sheet of glass, and a clever use of lighting, calling the technique "Dircksian
Phantasmagoria". The actor would then have an ethereal, ghost-like appearance while seemingly able to perform alongside other actors. Dircks
601:
There is something lamentable, degrading, and almost insane in pursuing the visionary schemes of past ages with dogged determination, in paths of learning which have been investigated by superior minds, and with which such adventurous persons are totally unacquainted. The history of
Perpetual Motion
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machine. Interestingly enough, Dircks interest in perpetual motion was not due to his enjoyment of the subject, but more due to his disdain for it. It has also been noted that Dircks felt "contemptuous pity" for anyone that was seriously interested in studying the topic of perpetual motion. In 1861,
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describing how the idea came to him and how Pepper produced it. Either way, the effect became known as "Pepper's ghost" and this name was used by those who replicated the technique. Because of this Dircks became increasingly convinced that his invention had been stolen from him, believing that a
506:
is believed to have described this invention to the
British Association in 1858. The unwieldy implementation of his system meant that theatres would need to be entirely rebuilt to accommodate the technique and some refinements would therefore be needed if it were to be adopted on a wide scale.
1032:
Scientific
Studies, Or, Practical, in Contrast with Chimerical Pursuits, Exemplified in Two Popular Lectures. I. The Life of Edward Somerset, Second Marquis of Worcester, Inventor of the Steam Engine. II. Chimeras of Science: Astrology, Alchemy, Squaring the Circle, Perpetuum Mobile,
156:
He was apprenticed to a mercantile firm and spent much of his free time studying practical mechanics, chemistry, and literature. Around the mid-1820s he began lecturing about chemistry and electricity while writing literary articles in the local press and scientific papers in the
33:
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He became a practical engineer, conducting railway, canal, and mining works, before progressing to the role of consulting engineer. He continued to investigate technologies and invent new devices, taking out several patents between 1840 and 1857. Dircks joined the
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This admirable ghost is the offspring of two fathers, of a learned member of the
Society of Civil Engineers, Henry Dircks, Esq., and of Professor Pepper, of the Polytechnic. To Mr. Dircks belongs the honour of having invented him, or as the disciplines of
450:, "Give me to learn each secret cause; Let numbers, figures. Nature's laws, Reveal'd before me stand: Then to great Nature's scenes apply, And, round the globe, and thro' the sky, Disclose her working hand." He later defines nature in his book
975:
Worcesteriana: a
Collection of Literary Authorities: Affording Historical, Biographical, and Other Notices Relating to Edward Somerset, Sixth Earl and Second Marquis of Worcester, Inventor of the Steam Engine; and His Immediate Family
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would express it, evolved him from out of the depths of his own consciousness; and
Professor Pepper has the merit of having improved him considerably, fitting him for the intercourse of mundane society, and even educating him for the
171:, first printed in Liverpool in 1840. In 1843, Dircks and Thomas Hoblyn wrote an overview of the smokeless argand furnace, which was created by Charles Wye Williams in an attempt to solve the issue of smoky air in London.
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The Ghost! as
Produced in the Spectre Drama, Popularly Illustrating the Marvellous Optical Illusions Obtained by the Apparatus Called the Dircksian Phantasmagoria: Being a Full Account of Its History, Etc
167:, and afterwards contributed papers to its proceedings. Two years later he wrote a pamphlet regarding a proposed union of mechanics' and literary institutions. He also wrote a short treatise entitled
834:
A Biographical Memoir of Samuel
Hartlib, Milton's Familiar Friend; with Bibliographical Notices of Works Published by Him; and a Reprint of His Pamphlet, Entitled "An Invention of Engines of Motion."
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Pepper would insist that Dircks should have a share of the credit, and though the technique is still today named after the man who popularised it Dircks is hailed as the originator of the invention.
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performers plied their trade by attempting to convince audiences that they were able to contact the dead. To add weight to their claims they would use various projection techniques, particularly
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Affording
Historical, Biographical, and Other Notices Relating to Edward Somerset, Sixth Earl and Second Marquis of Worcester, Inventor of the Steam Engine; and His Immediate Family Connections.
588:, published in 1861, examined many attempts at creating such a device, and has since been cited by other science writers on the subject. Dircks summarised the ongoing efforts of inventors:
490:, that would seemingly make a ghost appear. Dircks was frustrated by such trickery and developed a better technique that could help dispel the simpler methods. He saw this as a triumph of
465:, he again discusses mostly religious poetry, exploring the poems individually, and deciphering them. He concludes his book by discussing the perfection, creativity, and beauty of nature.
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Inventors and Inventions: In Three Parts: I. The Philosophy of Invention ... II. The Rights and Wrongs of Inventors ... III. Early Inventors' Inventories of Secret Inventions ...
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Naturalistic poetry, selected from psalms and hymns of the last three centuries : In four essays, developing the progress of nature-study, in connection with sacred song
894:"Jordantype, otherwise called 'electrotype : its early history, being a vindication of the claims of C.J. Jordan as the inventor of electrometallurgy / by Henry Dircks"
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Pisano, R., and P. Bussotti. "Historical and Epistemological Reflections on the Culture of Machines Around the Renaissance: Machines, Machineries and Perpetual Motion."
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Naturalistic Poetry, Selected From Psalms and Hymns of the Last Three Centuries. In Four Essays, Developing the Progress of Nature-Study, in Connection With Sacred Song.
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Inventors and Inventions, In Three Parts: I. The Philosophy of Invention, II. The Rights and Wrongs of Inventors, III. Early Inventors' Inventories of Secret Inventions.
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270:
Most of Dircks' literary work involved conducting critical reviews of emerging technologies as well as biographies of scientific figures. One major exception is
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Milton’s Familiar Friend, With Bibliographical Notices of Works Published By Him, and a Reprint of His Pamphlet Entitled, "An Invention of Engines of Motion."
234:
Milton’s Familiar Friend, With Bibliographical Notices of Works Published By Him, and a Reprint of His Pamphlet Entitled, "An Invention of Engines of Motion."
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Nature-study: Or, The Art of Attaining Those Excellencies in Poetry and Eloquence which are Mainly Dependent on the Manifold Influences of Universal Nature
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saw the concept and replicated it on a larger scale, taking out a joint patent with Dircks. Pepper debuted his creation with a Christmas Eve production of
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I. The Life of Edward Somerset, Second Marquis of Worcester. II. Chimeras of Science: Astrology, Alchemy, Squaring the Circle, Perpetuum Mobile, etc.
127:
FCS (26 August 1806– 17 September 1873) was an English engineer who is considered to have been the main designer of the projection technique known as
1365:
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conspiracy had been perpetrated against him at first by the Polytechnic and then latterly by the newspapers and advertisers who omitted his name.
206:. Faraday became a prominent 19th century scientific figure, and both Dircks and Faraday were members of their Royal Societies. Dircks dedicated
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or, The Art of Attaining Those Excellencies in Poetry and Eloquence which are Mainly Dependent On the Manifold Influences of Universal Nature.
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Dircks writes a series of four essays studying psalms and hymns written in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. In
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Statistics of Invention. Illustrating the Policy of a Patent Law. Part II of a Letter Addressed to the Right Hon. Lord Stanley, M.P.
877:
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over superstition and hoped that the scientific explanations would educate people enough to keep them away from such charlatans.
1077:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : Simpkin, Marshall & Company ; Edinburgh : William P. Nimmo.
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Some reports have suggested that, at the time, Pepper claimed to have developed the technique after reading the 1831 book
240:, in which Dircks references their 25 year friendship and expresses his gratitude for founding the Patent Office Museum.
188:
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he commented on the subject in his book that "The subject of Perpetual Motion opposes paradox to paradox." His book
314:. He also lists encyclopedic definitions of perpetual motion, as well as new scientific journals and recent patents.
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who implemented a working version of the device in 1862. Dircks also investigated attempts at the invention of a
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194:
The dedications of Dircks' works help give a glimpse into some of his personal and professional acquaintances.
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in 1862. This debut was to a small audience of press members held at the Polytechnic. Written permission from
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Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce
479:
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159:
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Scientific Studies or Practical in Contrast With Chimerical Pursuits Exemplified in Two Popular Lectures:
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Popular Education, a series of Papers on the Nature, Objects, and Advantages of Mechanics' Institutions.
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device, writing that those who sought to create such a thing were "half-learned" or "totally ignorant".
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169:
Popular Education, a series of Papers on the Nature, Objects, and Advantages of Mechanics' Institutions
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Perpetuum Mobile: Or, A History of the Search for Self-motive Power from the 13th to the 19th Century
514:
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The pair's involvement in the development of Pepper's ghost was summarised in an 1863 article from
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and an attempt to absolve C.J. Jordan from rumors that he was not the inventor of this technology.
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310:. This book includes opinions from Dircks and other scientists on the likelihood of achieving
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a History of the Search for Self-Motive Power from the Thirteenth, to the Nineteenth Century.
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Setup of Pepper's Ghost Illusion. Appears to the audience that there is a ghost on the stage.
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as anything "distinguished from Art, includes the entire Creation, animate and inanimate."
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To Which Is Added, a Reprint of His Century of Inventions, 1663, With a Commentary Thereon
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To Which Is Added, a Reprint of His Century of Inventions, 1663, With a Commentary Thereon
199:
625:, who wrote: “It is not true that the globe moves by itself with an endless movement ”.
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Joseph Anstey: or, The Patron and The Protégé. A Story of Chequered Experiences in Life.
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is a history of the fool-hardiness of either half-learned, or totally ignorant persons.
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Dircks wrote that these study's of poems are to progress the study of nature, quoting
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Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
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even after Dircks signed over all financial rights. Dirck's published his book
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A History of the Search for Self-Motive Power from the 13th to The 19th Century
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Scare Quotes from Shakespeare: Marx, Keynes, and the Language of Reenchantment
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Account of a patent improved metallic railway wheel with wood-faced tyre ...
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The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester.
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The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester.
183:, and other scientific bodies. In 1867 he was elected a full Fellow of the
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The Life, Times and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester
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Account of a Patent Improved Metallic Roadway Wheel With Wood-faced Tyre.
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685:"No. III. ON THE SMOKELESS ARGAND FURNACE OF CHARLES WYE WILLIAMS, ESQ"
274:, a fictional novel written by Dircks under the pseudonym D.S. Henry.
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Victorian Popularizers of Science: Designing Nature for New Audiences
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to exhibit the ghost illusion. This exhibit ran for fifteen months.
1287:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Perpetual Motion, by Percy Verance"
124:
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In 1870, Dircks had a second book published under the title "
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Joseph Anstey; or, The patron and the protégé: by D.S. Henry
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and other journals. In 1837 he became a life member of the
364:, an inventor, engineer and long-time friend of Dircks.
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and the mechanical section of the British Association.
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Liverpool: Printed by Mitchell, Heaton, and Mitchell.
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built upon the earlier exploration of the subject by
332:
Contribution Towards a History of Electro-Metallurgy.
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Contribution Towards a History of Electro-metallurgy
196:
Contribution Towards a History of Electro-Metallurgy
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
579:Dircks had an interest in ongoing the search for a
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95:
80:
64:
45:
23:
1312:Acta Baltica Historiae Et Philosophiae Scientiarum
924:Perpetuum mobile; or, Search for self-motive power
586:Perpetuum mobile; or, Search for self-motive power
1240:"The History of the Discovery of Cinematography"
1318:, www.scopus.com, doi:10.11590/abhps.2015.1.04.
669:. Vol. 15. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1103:. Stanford University Press. pp. 27–40.
730:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
8:
435:in 1869 and 1872 respectively. He dedicated
439:to the "poet, philosopher, and statesman,"
325:The Ghost! as Produced in the Spectre Drama
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544:The ghost as produced in the Spectra Drama
408:. Dircks' second book on perpetual motion.
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1371:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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243:In 1868 he was given an honorary degree (
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297:Jordantype, Otherwise Called Electrotype
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37:Portrait of Henry Dircks from his book
683:Dircks, Henry; Hoblyn, Thomas (1843).
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1163:"Quick and Magical Shaper of Science"
1131:Lightman, Bernard (15 October 2009).
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1097:Harries, Martin (1 September 2000).
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525:was later given to display his play
215:Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort
221:(1867) begins with a dedication to
1161:Secord, J. A. (6 September 2002).
14:
1211:Preston, John (9 November 2004).
1314:, vol. 3, no. 1, 2015, pp. 69-87
666:Dictionary of National Biography
653:Sutton, Charles William (1888).
198:(1863) includes a dedication to
1366:Fellows of the Chemical Society
1219:. Telegraph Media Group Limited
1137:. University of Chicago Press.
360:This treatise was dedicated to
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1:
1186:10.1126/science.297.5587.1648
189:William John Macquorn Rankine
282:Dircks read this before the
1264:. The Mercury. 21 July 1863
177:Royal Society of Literature
133:in 1858. It is named after
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185:Royal Society of Edinburgh
181:Royal Society of Edinburgh
853:www.victorianresearch.org
509:Popular science lecturer
369:A Biographical Memoir of
227:A Biographical Memoir of
115:
88:
30:
1361:Engineers from Liverpool
219:Inventors and Inventions
1015:Statistics of invention
423:Dircks studied natural
262:on 17 September 1873.
236:(1867) is dedicated to
1242:. precinemahistory.net
1071:Dircks, Henry (1872).
1047:Dircks, Henry (1870).
1029:Dircks, Henry (1869).
1012:Dircks, Henry (1869).
995:Dircks, Henry (1869).
972:Dircks, Henry (1866).
955:DIRCKS, Henry (1863).
938:Dircks, Henry (1863).
876:Dircks, Henry (1840).
849:"Author: Henry Dircks"
831:Dircks, Henry (1865).
811:Dircks, Henry (1867).
789:Dircks, Henry (1865).
769:Dircks, Henry (1863).
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540:Étienne-Gaspard Robert
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1332:Works by Henry Dircks
1053:. E. & F.N. Spon.
961:. E. & F.N. Spon.
921:Henry Dircks (1861).
837:. John Russell Smith.
656:"Dircks, Henry"
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284:Liverpool Polytechnic
187:, his proposer being
927:. Oxford University.
515:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
459:Naturalistic Poetry,
1213:"Smoke and Mirrors"
898:Wellcome Collection
433:Naturalistic Poetry
165:British Association
160:Mechanics' Magazine
153:on 26 August 1806.
149:Dircks was born in
1262:"The Patent Ghost"
747:on 24 January 2013
536:Recreative Memoirs
503:
106:Significant design
90:Engineering career
59:Liverpool, England
1336:Project Gutenberg
1291:www.gutenberg.org
1144:978-0-226-48117-3
1110:978-0-8047-3621-3
979:. author and pub.
817:E. and F.N. Spon.
538:by famed showman
511:John Henry Pepper
301:electrometallurgy
204:Electrometallurgy
135:John Henry Pepper
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75:Brighton, England
68:17 September 1873
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