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distinguished though a difference between the ability for an individual to properly judge their own interests and the ability of a group of people to properly come to a point of maximum group happiness. He found two divergences in the outcomes of the decisions of the individual and of the group. One instance of this is the idea that there is more to life than the accumulation of wealth, so it is not always in the best interest of society to simply aim for wealth maximizing results. This effect may be due limitations of the individual, from attributes such as ignorance, immaturity, and disability. This can be a moral judgement, such as the decision to limit the sale of alcohol to an individual out of a concern of their well being. The second instance is the fact that wealth maximizing outcomes for society are simply not always a possibility when individuals within that society are all attempting to maximize their individual wealth. Contradictions are likely to emerge that cause one individual a lower maximum wealth due to another individual's actions, therefore disallowing the possibility of a society-wide wealth maximization. Problems also are possible to occur due to
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believed neither
Bentham nor Mill had an adequate answer as to how the prescription that someone ought to sacrifice their own interest to the general interest could have any force, given they combined that prescription with the claim that everyone will in fact always pursue their own individual interest. Ethical intuitions, such as those argued for by philosophers such as
446:. When, in 1880, the North Hall was added, Sidgwick lived there for two years. His wife became principal of the college after Clough's death in 1892, and they lived there for the rest of his life. During this whole period, Sidgwick took the deepest interest in the welfare of the college. In politics, he was a liberal, and became a
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are introduced. Such assumptions, for example, the existence of a personal God who rewards and punishes the agent in the afterlife, could reconcile egoism and utilitarianism. But without them, we have to admit a "dualism of practical reason" that constitutes a "fundamental contradiction" in our moral
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and John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism, between what he labels "psychological hedonism" and "ethical hedonism". Psychological hedonism states that everyone always will do what is in their self interest, whereas ethical hedonism states that everyone ought to do what is in the general interest. Sidgwick
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Besides his lecturing and literary labours, Sidgwick took an active part in the business of the university and in many forms of social and philanthropic work. He was a member of the
General Board of Studies from its foundation in 1882 to 1899; he was also a member of the Council of the Senate of the
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For
Sidgwick, ethics is about which actions are objectively right. Our knowledge of right and wrong arises from common-sense morality, which lacks a coherent principle at its core. The task of philosophy in general and ethics in particular is not so much to create new knowledge but to systematize
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According to Bart
Schultz, despite Sidgwick's prominent role in institutionalizing parapsychology as a discipline, he had upon it an "overwhelmingly negative, destructive effect, akin to that of recent debunkers of parapsychology"; he and his Sidgwick Group associates became notable for exposing
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Sidgwick believed self interest to be a centerpiece of human motivation. He believed that this self interest had immense utility in the economic world, and that people should not be blamed for wanting to sell a good for the highest possible price, or buy a good for the lowest possible price. He
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Despite his importance to contemporary ethicists, Sidgwick's reputation as a philosopher fell precipitously in the decades following his death, and he would be regarded as a minor figure in philosophy for a large part of the first half of the 20th century. Bart
Schultz argues that this negative
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Sidgwick had a lifelong interest in the paranormal. This interest, combined with his personal struggles with religious belief, motivated his gathering of young colleagues interested in assessing the empirical evidence for paranormal or miraculous phenomena. This gathering would be known as the
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sought to establish that
Sidgwick was a lifelong homosexual, but it is unknown whether he ever consummated his inclinations. According to the biographer, Sidgwick struggled internally throughout his life with issues of hypocrisy and openness in connection with his own forbidden desires.
983:, Sidgwick's importance to modern ethics rests with two contributions: providing the most sophisticated defense available of utilitarianism in its classical form, and providing in his comparative methodology an exemplar for how ethics is to be researched as an academic subject.
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to his research in ethics. He believed the dualism of practical reason might be solved outside of philosophical ethics if it were shown, empirically, that the recommendations of rational egoism and utilitarianism coincided due to the reward of moral behaviour after death.
1124:, independent from established religion. For the rest of his life, although he regarded Christianity as "indispensable and irreplaceable – looking at it from a sociological point of view," he found himself unable to return to it as a religion.
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364:, chancellor's medallist and Craven scholar. In the same year, he was elected to a fellowship at Trinity and soon afterwards he became a lecturer in classics there, a post he held for ten years. The
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basis". This reflects, and disputes, the rivalry then felt among
British philosophers between the philosophies of utilitarianism and ethical intuitionism, which is illustrated, for example, by
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In 1892 Sidgwick was the president of the second international congress for experimental psychology and delivered the opening address. From the first twelve such international congresses, the
937:: that moral language is robustly truth-apt, and that moral properties are not reducible to any natural properties. This non-naturalist realism is combined with an ethical intuitionist
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in mathematics, which would throw into question whether axiomatization provided an appropriate model for a foundationalist epistemology of the sort
Sidgwick tried to build for ethics.
438:. He helped to start the higher local examinations for women, and the lectures held at Cambridge in preparation for these. It was at his suggestion and with his help that
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As
Sidgwick sees it, one of the central issues of ethics is whether these three methods can be harmonized with each other. Sidgwick argues that this is possible for
953:: the position that a moral system (such as utilitarianism) may be acceptable, but that it is not acceptable for that moral system to be widely taught or accepted.
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1050:. Sidgwick responded to these changes by preferring to emphasize the similarities between the old economics and the new, choosing to base his work on J.S. Mill's
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In 1869 Henry
Sidgwick, who had become a devout agnostic, made protest against the survival of religious tests in Cambridge by resigning his Trinity fellowship.
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908:. But a full success of this project is impossible since egoism, which he considers as equally rational, cannot be reconciled with utilitarianism unless
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Collini, Stefan (1992). "The ordinary experience of civilized life: Sidgwick's politics and the method of reflective analysis". In Schultz, Bart (ed.).
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Board and the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate and chairman of the Special Board for Moral Science. While at Cambridge Sidgwick taught a young
385:(6th ed. 1901, containing emendations written just before his death), by common consent a major work, which made his reputation outside the university.
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Medema, Steven G. (1 December 2008). ""Losing My Religion": Sidgwick, Theism, and the Struggle for Utilitarian Ethics in Economic Analysis".
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Brought up in the Church of England, Sidgwick drifted away from orthodox Christianity, and as early as 1862 he described himself as a
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Official website of the 2nd International congress : Henry Sidgwick Ethics, Psychics, Politics. University of Catania – Italy
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describes Sidgwick-inspired comparative methodology as the "standard model" of research methodology among contemporary ethicists.
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assessment is explained by the tastes of groups which would be influential at Cambridge in the years following Sidgwick's death:
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Early in 1900 he was forced by ill-health to resign his professorship, and died a few months later. Sidgwick, who died an
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Sidgwick worked in economics at a time when the British economics mainstream was undergoing the transition from the
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Williams, Bernard (2009) . "The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and the Ambitions of Ethics".
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called it the "first truly academic work in moral theory, modern in both method and spirit".
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Politiques comparées, Henry Sidgwick et la politique moderne dans les "Éléments Politiques"
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Ghost hunters : William James and the search for scientific proof of life after death
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philosopher and economist and is best known in philosophy for his utilitarian treatise
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Sidgwick developed this position due to his dissatisfaction with an inconsistency in
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Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence; Leader, Damian Riehl (1988). "1: Prologue".
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from 1883 until his death. He was one of the founders and first president of the
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Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant and other philosophical lectures and essays
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Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr Herbert Spencer and J. Martineau
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on moral and political philosophy at Trinity, and in 1883 he was elected
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2059:(7th ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. p. v-vi.
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2278:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
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851:'s criticism of ethical intuitionism in the first chapter of his book
273:. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence. He was the
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that focuses on Sidgwick's thought on the subject, alongside that of
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Contains Sidgwick's "Methods of Ethics", modified for easier reading
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Sidgwick summarizes his position in ethics as utilitarianism "on an
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2483:, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at
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The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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existing knowledge. Sidgwick tries to achieve this by formulating
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889:, which only takes the agent's own well-being into account, and
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Henry Sidgwick - Eye of the Universe: An Intellectual Biography
442:
opened a house of residence for students, which developed into
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2442:. Comprehensive list of online writings by and about Sidgwick.
1336:. They had no children, and remained married until his death.
2477:, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 38 (April 1901), pp. 172–187
1918:"Secrecy in consequentialism: A defence of esoteric morality"
1096:, which would count Sidgwick as founder and first president.
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In 1869, he exchanged his lectureship in classics for one in
2463:, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 37 (January 1901), pp. 1–17
2024:(September 1980). "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory".
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de Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna; Singer, Peter (4 January 2010).
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Sidgwick would have a major influence on the development of
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An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
1943:
Deigh, John (12 November 2007). "Sidgwick's Epistemology".
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The Sense of the Past: Essays in the History of Philosophy
2159:(7th ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
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Sidgwick is closely, and controversially, associated with
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1229:, New Series, Volume IV, Number 14, April 1895, 145–158.
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to account for the possibility of knowing moral truths.
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would refer to Sidgwickian esoteric utilitarianism as "
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Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers.
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The Theory of Evolution in its application to Practice
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He was one of the founders and first president of the
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1373:
255:
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1092:"Sidgwick Group", and would be a predecessor of the
356:. While at Trinity, Sidgwick became a member of the
344:(where his cousin, subsequently his brother-in-law,
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2315:Geninet, Hortense (2009). Geninet, Hortense (ed.).
1844:
A History of the University of Cambridge: 1870–1990
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2381:Rational Egoism: A Selective and Critical History
1598:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
1196:1886 5th edition 1902 (enlarged from his article
897:, which is concerned with everyone's well-being.
2372:Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy
2204:. Princeton University Press. pp. 277–296.
1889:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–368.
450:(a party that later effectively merged with the
2109:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1545:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1069:, due to his own work on the subject inspiring
263:; 31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was an English
2032:(9). The Journal of Philosophy, Inc.: 515–572.
1829:Anonymous (9 November 1895). "Exit Eusapia!".
468:, is buried in Terling All Saints Churchyard,
2506:
1308:In 1876, Sidgwick married physics researcher
818:
16:English philosopher and economist (1838–1900)
8:
3453:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1595:Borchert, Donald (2006). "Sidgwick, Henry".
1509:
459:International Union of Psychological Science
2134:(1820). British Medical Association: 1263.
1909:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
1590:
1588:
1586:
1247:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2513:
2499:
2491:
2339:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1951:(4). Cambridge University Press: 435–446.
1837:(1819). British Medical Association: 1182.
1634:Honderich, Ted (2005). "Sidgwick, Henry".
1532:
1530:
1110:exposure of the fraud of Eusapia Palladino
825:
811:
483:
275:Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy
31:
20:
1933:
1846:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1799:
1617:Craig, Edward (1996). "Sidgwick, Henry".
1493:"The Congress of Experimental Psychology"
1172:, Volume I, Number 1 January 1876, 52–67,
1147:The Ethics of Conformity and Subscription
1108:fraud mediums. One such incident was the
1099:Sidgwick would connect his concerns with
3768:Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club
2350:Sidgwick and Contemporary Utilitarianism
2234:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2185:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1811:
1674:
1650:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1521:
1479:
1410:
1185:The Scope and Method of Economic Science
1054:, incorporating the insights of Jevons.
3485:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
2107:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1864:Bryce, James (1903). "Henry Sidgwick".
1787:
1775:
1734:
1710:
1543:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1379:
1357:
1136:Arthur & Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick,
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360:. In 1859, he was senior classic, 33rd
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1751:
3813:Knightbridge Professors of Philosophy
3803:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
1763:
1722:
1686:
1440:
1364:
7:
3733:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
2467:The Ethical System of Henry Sidgwick
2122:Sidgwick, Henry (16 November 1895).
2016:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1698:
1620:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1334:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
398:Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy
333:. Henry's mother was Mary Sidgwick,
3501:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1263:Philosophy; its Scope and Relations
1637:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1287:Miscellaneous Essays and Addresses
1279:The Development of European Polity
14:
3838:Presidents of the Cambridge Union
3728:19th-century English philosophers
3718:19th-century British male writers
2051:Rawls, John (1981). "Foreword to
1867:Studies in Contemporary Biography
1663:de Lazari-Radek & Singer 2010
1258:. London, 1898, 2nd edition 1909.
1217:. London, 1891, 4th edition 1919.
1180:. London, 1883, 3rd edition 1901.
1158:. London, 1874, 7th edition 1907.
963:" and claim that it reflects the
925:involve an explicit defense of a
3793:English male non-fiction writers
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3681:
2252:
1998:"The Epistemology of the Closet"
1935:10.1111/j.1467-9329.2009.00449.x
1911:. Vol. 4. pp. 328–329.
1221:"The Philosophy of Common Sense"
415:A 2004 biography of Sidgwick by
233:
187:Average and total utilitarianism
3843:Scholars of feminist philosophy
3828:People educated at Rugby School
3723:19th-century British economists
2183:Utilitarianism: For and Against
1564:Duignan, Brian; West, Henry R.
1242:Dictionary of Political Economy
1177:Principles of Political Economy
1052:Principles of Political Economy
971:setting of Sidgwick's thought.
961:Government House Utilitarianism
340:Henry Sidgwick was educated at
305:. In 1856, Sidgwick joined the
179:
3798:English political philosophers
3763:British political philosophers
3469:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
2839:Value monism – Value pluralism
2383:. Cambridge University Press.
2078:. Cambridge University Press.
1234:Economic science and economics
1094:Society for Psychical Research
996:ordinary language philosophers
709:Utilitarian social choice rule
425:Society for Psychical Research
283:Society for Psychical Research
1:
2348:Nakano-Okuno, Mariko (2011).
2181:(1973). Smart, J.J.C. (ed.).
2042:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1002:, and, most importantly, the
309:intellectual secret society.
3533:On the Genealogy of Morality
3493:Critique of Practical Reason
1974:History of Political Economy
1424:"Sidgwick, Henry (SGWK855H)"
1316:. A member of the Cambridge
1244:, 1896, v. 1, (reprinted in
2128:The British Medical Journal
1907:(1987). "Sidgwick, Henry".
1831:The British Medical Journal
1499:(3380): 198. 6 August 1892.
1428:A Cambridge Alumni Database
317:Henry Sidgwick was born at
3869:
3461:A Treatise of Human Nature
2310:. Oxford University Press.
2300:de Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna
2294:. New York: Penguin Press.
1640:. Oxford University Press.
1453:Russell, Bertrand (1950).
1430:. University of Cambridge.
836:
444:Newnham College, Cambridge
427:, and was a member of the
392:In 1875, he was appointed
354:Trinity College, Cambridge
109:Trinity College, Cambridge
3758:British parapsychologists
3677:
2210:10.1515/9781400827107.277
2155:Sidgwick, Henry (1981) .
2140:10.1136/bmj.2.1820.1263-e
2026:The Journal of Philosophy
1986:10.1215/00182702-2007-066
1957:10.1017/S0953820807002737
1320:, and later Principal of
436:higher education of women
331:Ermysted's Grammar School
295:Millicent Garrett Fawcett
291:higher education of women
222:
208:
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114:
37:Sidgwick photographed by
30:
2812:Universal prescriptivism
2379:Shaver, Robert (2009) .
2101:Schultz, Barton (2019).
2084:10.1017/CBO9780511498336
1887:Essays on Henry Sidgwick
1537:Schultz, Barton (2020).
1510:Brooke & Leader 1988
1328:, she was the sister of
1282:. 1903, 3rd edition 1920
1214:The Elements of Politics
1075:The Economics of Welfare
352:, was a master), and at
350:Archbishop of Canterbury
3808:Individualist feminists
2601:Artificial intelligence
2438:6 February 2006 at the
2414:Works by Henry Sidgwick
2275:Encyclopædia Britannica
2074:Schultz, Bart (2009) .
1870:. New York: Macmillan.
1570:Encyclopedia Britannica
1310:Eleanor Mildred Balfour
1205:Encyclopædia Britannica
1040:neo-classical economics
744:Replaceability argument
729:Demandingness objection
602:Types of utilitarianism
527:Claude Adrien Helvétius
279:University of Cambridge
155:University of Cambridge
123:19th-century philosophy
3818:Liberal Unionist Party
3753:British male feminists
2423:Henry Sidgwick Website
2352:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2290:Blum, Deborah (2006).
1459:. Simon and Schuster.
1141:
1044:William Stanley Jevons
779:Neoclassical economics
769:Rational choice theory
217:Liberal Unionist Party
3525:The Methods of Ethics
2763:Divine command theory
2758:Ideal observer theory
2319:(in French). France.
2157:The Methods of Ethics
2057:The Methods of Ethics
2053:The Methods of Ethics
1318:Ladies Dining Society
1250:, 1987, v. 2, 58–59.)
1155:The Methods of Ethics
1135:
933:. He is committed to
910:religious assumptions
839:The Methods of Ethics
734:Mere addition paradox
434:He also promoted the
382:The Methods of Ethics
270:The Methods of Ethics
3642:Political philosophy
975:Philosophical legacy
461:eventually emerged.
429:Metaphysical Society
406:Indian Civil Service
287:Metaphysical Society
285:and a member of the
195:ethical intuitionism
175:political philosophy
3833:People from Skipton
3612:Evolutionary ethics
3573:Reasons and Persons
3549:A Theory of Justice
2703:Uncertain sentience
1928:(1). Wiley: 34–58.
1778:, pp. 275–276.
1737:, pp. 340–341.
1367:, pp. 327–342.
1024:classical economics
739:Paradox of hedonism
699:Equal consideration
346:Edward White Benson
199:paradox of hedonism
3783:English economists
3738:British economists
3607:Ethics in religion
3602:Descriptive ethics
3437:Nicomachean Ethics
2485:Utilitarianism.net
2374:. Clarendon Press.
2368:Schneewind, Jerome
2014:Sidgwickian Ethics
1142:
1071:Arthur Cecil Pigou
998:, the remnants of
891:universal hedonism
789:Effective altruism
704:Felicific calculus
452:Conservative party
358:Cambridge Apostles
337:Crofts (1807–79).
307:Cambridge Apostles
133:Western philosophy
3853:Victorian writers
3788:English feminists
3778:English agnostics
3773:Consequentialists
3748:British feminists
3743:British ethicists
3695:
3694:
3662:Social philosophy
3647:Population ethics
3637:Philosophy of law
3617:History of ethics
3100:Political freedom
2777:Euthyphro dilemma
2568:Suffering-focused
2418:Project Gutenberg
2359:978-0-230-32178-6
2326:978-2-7466-1043-9
2219:978-0-691-13408-6
2192:978-0-521-09822-9
2179:Williams, Bernard
1653:, pp. 10–13.
1128:Works by Sidgwick
1067:welfare economics
951:esoteric morality
945:Esoteric morality
935:moral cognitivism
887:egoistic hedonism
875:methods of ethics
835:
834:
801:Philosophy portal
784:Population ethics
542:Francis Hutcheson
476:, with his wife.
377:Church of England
289:and promoted the
226:
225:
39:Elliott & Fry
3860:
3685:
3684:
3632:Moral psychology
3577:
3569:
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3557:Practical Ethics
3553:
3545:
3541:Principia Ethica
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3445:Ethics (Spinoza)
3441:
3080:Moral imperative
2538:Consequentialism
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2103:"Henry Sidgwick"
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2004:. United States.
1994:Nussbaum, Martha
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1456:Unpopular essays
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1346:Palm Sunday Case
1255:Practical Ethics
1207:Eleventh Edition
1036:John Stuart Mill
1004:Bloomsbury Group
1000:British idealism
957:Bernard Williams
849:John Stuart Mill
827:
820:
813:
694:Consequentialism
574:John Stuart Mill
484:
448:Liberal Unionist
410:Bertrand Russell
373:moral philosophy
297:, he co-founded
293:. In 1875, with
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3115:Self-discipline
3075:Moral hierarchy
3023:Problem of evil
2968:Double standard
2958:Culture of life
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2792:Non-cognitivism
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2440:Wayback Machine
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2284:Further reading
2270:Sidgwick, Henry
2268:, ed. (1911). "
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2008:
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1322:Newnham College
1306:
1266:. London, 1902.
1130:
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1089:
1081:Alfred Marshall
1048:Alfred Marshall
1020:
993:Wittgensteinian
977:
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913:consciousness.
867:William Whewell
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749:Utility monster
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105:Alma mater
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2772:Constructivism
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2746:Non-naturalism
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2481:Henry Sidgwick
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2455:Leslie Stephen
2451:Henry Sidgwick
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2433:Henry Sidgwick
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2232:Kantian Ethics
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2166:978-0915145287
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2124:"Exit Eusapia"
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3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:Good and evil
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Family values
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
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2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Quasi-realism
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
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2704:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:Environmental
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Particularism
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
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2465:
2462:
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2456:
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2447:
2444:
2441:
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2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2401:Thomas Hobbes
2398:
2392:
2390:9780521119962
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:Singer, Peter
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2261:public domain
2250:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Smart, J.J.C.
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
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2120:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2093:9780511498336
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:0-521-39151-2
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1877:9780790544946
1873:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1853:9780521343503
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1812:Sidgwick 1895
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
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1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1701:, p. 45.
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:Williams 2009
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:Phillips 2011
1647:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1621:
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1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
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1583:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Sidgwick 1981
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1497:The Athenaeum
1494:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:Nussbaum 2005
1476:
1473:
1468:
1466:9780671202538
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:Chisholm 1911
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1298:
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1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
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1227:
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1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
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1201:
1200:
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1190:
1187:
1186:
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1179:
1178:
1174:
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1165:
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1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:David Ricardo
1029:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
988:
986:
982:
979:According to
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
931:moral realism
928:
924:
916:
914:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
870:
868:
863:
858:
856:
855:
850:
846:
840:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
809:
808:
806:
805:
802:
799:
798:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
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767:
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742:
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719:
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661:
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612:
610:
607:
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587:
585:
582:
580:
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575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
557:
556:
548:
547:William Paley
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
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523:
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518:
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388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
369:
367:
366:Sidgwick Site
363:
359:
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343:
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336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
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196:
192:
188:
185:
182:Notable ideas
176:
172:
168:
165:
159:
156:
153:
149:
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143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
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117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
88:
84:
74:
70:
65:
61:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3848:Utilitarians
3666:
3622:Human rights
3565:After Virtue
3310:
3291:Schopenhauer
3065:Moral agency
2938:Common sense
2834:Universalism
2802:Expressivism
2782:Intuitionism
2753:Subjectivism
2698:Terraforming
2673:Professional
2474:
2458:
2380:
2371:
2349:
2316:
2307:
2291:
2273:
2231:
2201:
2182:
2156:
2131:
2127:
2111:. Retrieved
2106:
2075:
2056:
2052:
2038:cite journal
2029:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1977:
1973:
1948:
1944:
1925:
1921:
1908:
1886:
1866:
1857:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1807:
1795:
1788:Schultz 2019
1783:
1776:Schultz 2009
1771:
1759:
1735:Collini 1992
1730:
1718:
1713:, p. 4.
1711:Schultz 2009
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1636:
1629:
1623:. Routledge.
1619:
1601:. Macmillan.
1597:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1517:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1475:
1455:
1448:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1380:Schultz 2009
1360:
1307:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1224:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1119:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1056:
1021:
989:
978:
955:
950:
948:
939:epistemology
920:
909:
905:
902:intuitionism
901:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:intuitionism
878:
874:
871:
859:
853:
842:
657:Key concepts
589:Peter Singer
578:
505:Predecessors
463:
456:
433:
422:
417:Bart Schultz
414:
402:
391:
380:
370:
339:
316:
268:
228:
227:
151:Institutions
77:(1900-08-28)
18:
3713:1900 deaths
3708:1838 births
3440:(c. 322 BC)
3306:Kierkegaard
3125:Stewardship
2902:Rousseauian
2819:Rationalism
2731:Cognitivism
2678:Programming
2653:Meat eating
2626:Engineering
2395:– Study of
2228:Wood, Allen
2113:10 February
2022:Rawls, John
1752:Medema 2008
1575:29 December
1549:29 December
1332:, a future
969:colonialist
921:Sidgwick's
845:Intuitional
774:Game theory
454:) in 1886.
440:Anne Clough
265:utilitarian
95:Nationality
56:31 May 1838
3702:Categories
3336:Bonhoeffer
3045:Immorality
2988:Eudaimonia
2948:Conscience
2943:Compassion
2829:Skepticism
2824:Relativism
2741:Naturalism
2721:Absolutism
2693:Technology
2543:Deontology
2471:James Seth
2002:The Nation
1764:Deane 1987
1723:Deigh 2007
1687:Rawls 1981
1441:Rawls 1980
1365:Bryce 1903
1239:Palgrave's
1028:Adam Smith
1008:John Deigh
985:Allen Wood
981:John Rawls
923:metaethics
917:Metaethics
837:See also:
689:Eudaimonia
639:Preference
584:R. M. Hare
522:David Hume
517:Shantideva
394:praelector
387:John Rawls
52:1838-05-31
3597:Casuistry
3509:Either/Or
3416:Korsgaard
3411:Azurmendi
3376:MacIntyre
3316:Nietzsche
3246:Augustine
3241:Confucius
3221:Aristotle
3197:Ethicists
3155:Intrinsic
3120:Suffering
3030:Happiness
3003:Free will
2983:Etiquette
2928:Authority
2872:Epicurean
2867:Confucian
2862:Christian
2797:Emotivism
2621:Discourse
2558:Pragmatic
2530:Normative
2335:cite book
2148:220131916
1965:144210231
1699:Wood 2008
1352:Citations
1326:Cambridge
1018:Economics
684:Happiness
669:Suffering
644:Classical
624:Two-level
323:Yorkshire
313:Biography
167:Economics
89:, England
83:Cambridge
66:, England
64:Yorkshire
3687:Category
3627:Ideology
3592:Axiology
3421:Nussbaum
3371:Frankena
3366:Anscombe
3356:Williams
3311:Sidgwick
3231:Valluvar
3226:Diogenes
3211:Socrates
3135:Theodicy
3130:Sympathy
3095:Pacifism
3085:Morality
2998:Fidelity
2978:Equality
2933:Autonomy
2921:Concepts
2882:Feminist
2857:Buddhist
2787:Nihilism
2726:Axiology
2683:Research
2616:Computer
2611:Business
2436:Archived
2370:(1977).
2306:(2014).
2230:(2008).
2012:(2011).
1945:Utilitas
1340:See also
1116:Religion
1073:'s work
1060:monopoly
967:British
929:form of
883:hedonism
722:Problems
674:Pleasure
609:Negative
489:a series
487:Part of
466:agnostic
362:wrangler
348:, later
3585:Related
3331:Tillich
3296:Bentham
3271:Spinoza
3266:Aquinas
3251:Mencius
3165:Western
3140:Torture
3105:Precept
3060:Loyalty
3055:Liberty
3050:Justice
2963:Dignity
2953:Consent
2897:Kantian
2887:Islamic
2850:Schools
2736:Realism
2668:Nursing
2663:Medical
2648:Machine
2588:Applied
2263::
1822:Sources
1290:. 1904.
1274:. 1902.
1202:in the
1188:. 1885.
1150:. 1870.
1038:to the
679:Utility
634:Average
470:Terling
319:Skipton
277:at the
99:English
60:Skipton
3576:(1984)
3568:(1981)
3560:(1979)
3552:(1971)
3544:(1903)
3536:(1887)
3528:(1874)
3520:(1861)
3512:(1843)
3504:(1820)
3496:(1788)
3488:(1785)
3480:(1780)
3472:(1759)
3464:(1740)
3456:(1726)
3448:(1677)
3406:Taylor
3391:Parfit
3386:Singer
3361:Mackie
3236:Cicero
3177:Virtue
3110:Rights
3035:Honour
2892:Jewish
2688:Sexual
2596:Animal
2578:Virtue
2522:Ethics
2387:
2356:
2323:
2257:
2238:
2216:
2189:
2163:
2146:
2090:
2063:
1963:
1893:
1874:
1850:
1463:
1314:London
1304:Family
1199:Ethics
1140:, 1906
1122:theist
1034:, and
1012:axioms
480:Ethics
171:ethics
140:School
129:Region
3668:Index
3430:Works
3401:Adams
3396:Nagel
3351:Dewey
3346:Rawls
3326:Barth
3321:Moore
3286:Hegel
3261:Xunzi
3216:Plato
3206:Laozi
3187:Wrong
3160:Japan
3150:Value
3145:Trust
3040:Ideal
2907:Stoic
2658:Media
2643:Legal
2144:S2CID
1961:S2CID
1922:Ratio
1299:1905.
1223:, in
1166:, in
965:elite
629:Total
474:Essex
342:Rugby
3381:Hare
3341:Foot
3301:Mill
3281:Kant
3276:Hume
3256:Mozi
3172:Vice
3090:Norm
3018:Evil
3013:Good
2973:Duty
2713:Meta
2636:Land
2563:Role
2548:Care
2475:Mind
2460:Mind
2385:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2341:link
2321:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2115:2020
2088:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2044:link
1891:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1577:2020
1551:2020
1461:ISBN
1226:Mind
1169:Mind
1046:and
904:and
664:Pain
614:Rule
512:Mozi
72:Died
46:Born
3182:Vow
2912:Tao
2606:Bio
2416:at
2272:".
2206:doi
2136:doi
2080:doi
2055:".
1982:doi
1953:doi
1930:doi
1312:in
1042:of
1026:of
893:or
619:Act
335:née
321:in
119:Era
3704::
2473:,
2469:,
2457:,
2453:,
2337:}}
2333:{{
2302:;
2212:.
2177:;
2142:.
2130:.
2126:.
2105:.
2086:.
2040:}}
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2000:.
1978:40
1976:.
1959:.
1949:19
1947:.
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1924:.
1920:.
1856:.
1833:.
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1607:^
1585:^
1568:.
1541:.
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1495:.
1426:.
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1372:^
1324:,
1209:).
1112:.
1077:.
1062:.
1030:,
1006:.
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491:on
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412:.
329:,
247:dʒ
197:,
193:,
189:,
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2195:.
2169:.
2150:.
2138::
2132:2
2117:.
2096:.
2082::
2069:.
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1988:.
1984::
1967:.
1955::
1938:.
1932::
1899:.
1880:.
1835:2
1814:.
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1790:.
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