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back into
Florence during the night. Siena, Bologna, Lucca, and smaller cities, sent men to help man the walls. So began the siege of Florence, Henry possessing some 15,000 infantrymen and 2,000 cavalry, up against a combined Florentine strength of 64,000 defenders. Florence was able to keep every gate open except that which faced the emperor, and it kept all of her commercial routes open. For six weeks Henry battered the walls of Florence, and was eventually forced to abandon the siege. Nevertheless, by the end of 1312, he had subdued a large part of Tuscany, and had treated his defeated enemies with great leniency. By March 1313, Henry was back in his stronghold of Pisa, and from here he formally charged Robert of Naples with treason after Robert finally agreed to accept the office of the captain of the Guelph League. By now his patience was at an end, and he ordered that throughout Italy, all the inhabitants of all rebellious cities were to be captured, stripped and hanged for treason. While he loitered in Pisa, waiting for reinforcements from Germany, he attacked
1025:, Henry was forced to perform his coronation on 29 June 1312 at the Lateran. The ceremony was performed by three Ghibelline cardinals who had joined Henry on his way through Italy. The imperial party was fired upon by hostile crossbowmen in the Lateran’s banqueting hall shortly after the coronation. Robert of Naples, in the meantime, had made increasing demands upon Henry, including Henry making Robert's son the Imperial vicar of Tuscany, and that Henry had to depart Rome within four days of his coronation. Henry, in his turn, declared that the imperial prerogative overrode papal authority, and that the entirety of Italy was subject to the emperor. He then refused to commit, as Pope Clement V had requested, to seek a truce with Robert of Naples, and he didn't rule out attacking the southern kingdom. After Henry concluded a formal treaty signed with Robert's rival to the Sicilian throne,
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1059:, Clement was unwilling to fully support Henry, since Robert, of a cadet line of the French, was the representative of French power in Italy, and Clement was far from independent of French policies, as well as considerations about encirclement by Henry should he successfully defeat Robert. But before Henry could move against Robert of Naples, he had to deal with the troublesome Florentines, who had been sending money to the Lombard cities that held out against Henry, and who had been strengthening the city's fortifications in anticipation of a siege.
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rulers in all of the
Italian city-states had usurped their powers. He insisted that the towns should come under the immediate control of the Empire, and that their exiles should be recalled. He eventually forced the cities to comply with his demands, and the despots had to surrender their keys. Although Henry rewarded their submission with titles and fiefs, it did cause a great deal of resentment that only grew over time. This was the situation confronting the king when he arrived in
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853:, as the vicar-general in Lombardy. These measures, plus a massive levy imposed on the Italian towns, caused the Guelph cities to turn against Henry, and he encountered further resistance when he sought to enforce imperial claims on what had become communal lands and rights, and attempted to replace communal regulations with imperial laws. Nevertheless, Henry managed to restore some semblance of imperial power in parts of northern Italy. Cities such as
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In mid
September, Henry approached the city and very quickly, it was obvious that the city militia and the Guelph cavalry could not match the emperor in an open battle against his battle-hardened soldiers from the north. The Florentine army was outmanoeuvred and lacking in provisions, so it retreated
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On 15 August 1309, Henry VII announced his intention to travel to Rome, having sent his ambassadors to Italy to prepare for his arrival, and so consequently expected his troops to be ready to travel by 1 October 1310. Prior to leaving
Germany, he sought to smooth relations with the Habsburgs, who had
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to welcome back their exiles, of whatever their political stripe. He received both parties, Guelph or
Ghibelline, courteously; in the beginning he showed no obvious favoritism to either party, hoping that his magnanimity would be reciprocated by both sides. Nevertheless, he insisted that the current
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on 28 September 1322, which was lost by
Frederick. Ludwig's Italian expedition (1327–29), made in the spirit of righting the wrongs done to Henry, was also abortive. The legacy of Henry was clearest in the successful careers of two among the local despots he made Imperial Vicars in northern cities,
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Given his background, although he was a vassal of Philip the Fair, Henry was bound by few national ties, an aspect of his suitability as a compromise candidate among the electors, the great territorial magnates who had lived without a crowned emperor for decades, and who were unhappy with both
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Scorrano, Gabriele; Mazzuca, Claudia; Valentini, Federica; Scano, Giuseppina; Buccolieri, Alessandro; Giancane, Gabriele; Manno, Daniela; Valli, Ludovico; Mallegni, Francesco; Serra, Antonio (September 2017). "The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem
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After spending two months in Genoa, Henry continued on to Pisa by ship, where he was eagerly received by the inhabitants, who were the traditional enemies of
Florence and were Ghibelline. Here he again began negotiating with Robert of Naples, before deciding to enter into an alliance with
1187:; a couple of statues were put on the top of the façade and a number of statues portraying Henry VII himself and his counsellors were in the Cemetery. Nowadays the statues, the textiles and goldwork gathered around the funeral shroud have been moved to and are featured in the
797:, but he did not reckon on the bitterly divided state that Italy had now become. Decades of warfare and strife had seen the rise of dozens of independent city-states, each one nominally Guelph or Ghibelline, backed by either urban nobles supporting a powerful ruler (such as
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was the first to feel Henry's wrath, after the
Torriani family and their supporters had fled from Milan, falling on 26 April 1311, after which he razed the city walls. Henry then expended much of his initial capital of good-will with delays, such as the four-month siege of
901:, and engaging in a propaganda war against the king. This was successful in that Pope Clement V, under increasing pressure from King Philip of France, began to distance himself from Henry and to take up the cause of the Italian Guelphs who had been appealing to the
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Henry felt he needed to obtain a papal imperial coronation, partly because of the lowly origins of his house, and partly because of the concessions he had been forced to make to obtain the German crown in the first place. He also saw it, together with the crowns of
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once he had been crowned emperor. Yet the newly crowned king had local issues to deal with before he could seek the imperial crown. Henry was approached by part of the
Bohemian nobility and some important and influential ecclesiastics to intervene in
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died. Also while in Genoa he discovered that King Robert of Naples had decided to oppose the spread of imperial power in the
Italian peninsula, and resumed his traditional position as head of the Guelph parties, as Florence, Lucca, Siena and
1071:), he began his long delayed campaign against Robert of Naples on 8 August 1313. His Italian allies were loath to join him, and so his army consisted of some 4,000 knights, while a fleet was prepared to attack Robert's realm directly.
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and the Vatican quarter were securely in the hands of Robert, the Angevin king of Naples, who had decided, with help from the Florentines that his own dynastic interests were not in favour of renewed Imperial presence in Italy.
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as the savior who will bring imperial rule back to Italy, and end the inappropriate temporal control of the Church. In 1921, on the occasion of the 600th anniversary of Dante's death, Henry VII's tomb was opened and examined.
805:). Each of these contests had created bitter losers, each of whom looked to the emperor-elect for restitution. Henry expressed both his high-minded idealism and lack of political craft in his plan to require all the cities of
545:), and that his prospects of bringing the empire into the orbit of the French royal house were good. He lavishly spread French money in the hope of bribing the German electors. Although Charles of Valois had the backing of
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Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 2. Lieferung: 1. September 1309–23. Oktober
565:, won over a number of the electors, including the Archbishop of Cologne, in exchange for some substantial concessions. Consequently, Henry skillfully negotiated his way to the crown, elected with six votes at
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on 6 January 1311. The Tuscan Guelphs refused to attend the ceremony, and began preparing for resistance to Henry's imperial dreams. As part of his program of political rehabilitation, he recalled the
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when he died on 24 August 1313. His body was taken to Pisa. Henry was only 40 years old when he died, and the high hopes for an effective Imperial power in Italy died with him.
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all declared their support for Robert. Henry attempted to intimidate Robert by ordering him to attend his imperial coronation, and to swear fealty for his imperial fiefs in
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Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 1. Lieferung: 1288/1308 – August 1309.
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Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 1. Lieferung: 1288/1308 – August 1309.
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Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 1. Lieferung: 1288/1308 – August 1309.
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At Henry's death, and for the following decades, the central figure in Italian policy remained his nemesis, Robert of Naples. In the Empire, Henry's son,
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Henry VII's tomb was opened and studied again in 2013, 700 years after his death. The remains had been wrapped in a large rectangular colorful silk
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While these negotiations were taking place, Henry began his descent into northern Italy in October 1310, with his eldest son John remaining in
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circulated an optimistic open letter addressed to the rulers and the people. As emperor, Henry had planned to restore the glory of the
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city, which means that the city supported the Holy Roman Emperor. When Henry VII died, Pisans built a monumental tomb inside their
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where Henry intervened in the political affairs in the town, much to the consternation of the Italian Guelphs, Henry proceeded to
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threw their weight behind Henry. With their partisans fighting in the streets, Henry was also confronted with the news that the
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At Arezzo, in September 1312, Henry proceeded to pass a sentence against Robert of Naples, as a rebel vassal. Meanwhile, at
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and travelled into the Lombard plain, nobles and prelates of both Guelph and Ghibelline factions hastened to greet him, and
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was ruthlessly suppressed; however, the punishments levied on cities that submitted stiffened the resistance of others.
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Despite plague and desertions, he managed to extract Brescia's surrender in September 1311. Henry then passed through
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been forced against their will to accept the accession of Henry's son in Bohemia, cowed by the threats of making the
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xxx.137f is "He who came to reform Italy before she was ready for it". Dante also alludes to him numerous times in
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dependent on the Bohemian crown. He therefore confirmed them in their imperial fiefs by October 1309; in exchange,
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Actes des 15es Journées Lotharingiennes, 14 – 17 octobre 2008, Université du Luxembourg. Linden, Luxemburg 2010,
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flared into open rebellion against Henry, with uprisings throughout December 1311 and January 1312, while in the
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His first target was the Guelph city of Siena, which he began to besiege, but within a week, Henry succumbed to
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on 1 May 1308. Almost immediately, King Philip of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother,
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History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I
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to be crowned as emperor, but on his way he discovered that Clement V was not going to crown him there.
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Europäische Governance im Spätmittelalter Heinrich VII. von Luxemburg und die großen Dynastien Europas.
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Gouvernance européenne au bas moyen âge. Henri VII de Luxembourg et l’Europe des grandes dynasties.
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21:"Henry VII of Germany" redirects here. For the son and co-ruler of the Emperor Frederick II, see
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agreed to accompany Henry in his Italian expedition, and to provide a body of troops as well.
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that was ruthlessly put down, and the Visconti were returned to power, with Henry appointing
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In July 1309, Pope Clement V confirmed Henry's election. He agreed to crown Henry emperor at
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in 1311, delaying his journey to Rome. Popular opinion began to turn against Henry, with
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who had some legitimate claim on the crown, they convinced Henry to marry his son
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Rome was in a state of confusion as Henry approached the city walls. The
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in November 1310, at the head of 5,000 soldiers, including 500 cavalry.
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There is a plaster cast (1890) of the tomb in the Cast Courts of the
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Henry became caught up in the internal political machinations of the
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as the Imperial vicar of Milan. He also imposed his brother-in-law,
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on 27 November 1308. The only elector who did not support him was
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On 7 May 1312, Henry's German troops forced their way across the
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1312 personally, the title having been vacant since the death of
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Fundamental for the study of Henry VII and his time are the new
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The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415
1834:"Tomb of Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg | Camaino, Tino di"
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The Holy Roman Empire - A Thousand Years of Europe's History
1117:, laid claim to the crown. Their dispute culminated in the
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and entered Rome, but found it impossible to throw out the
1433:, Vol. 35, No. 138 (Apr. 1920), pp. 224–231, here pg. 227.
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Tomb of Henry VII, Codex Balduini Trevirensis (ca 1340).
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in 1310. After the death of Henry VII, two rivals, the
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in mid-1310, with the intent of marrying his daughter,
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had adopted the cause of Robert of Naples, while the
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Kaiser Heinrich VII. im Spiegel der Historiographie
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History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages
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1523:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
2043:Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau (Bearbeiter):
2024:Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau (Bearbeiter):
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1299:(1305 – 11 November 1319), married 1318 to King
837:, the ousted former rulers of Milan from exile.
1904:"A medieval treasure in the tomb of Enrico VII"
997:The Coronation of Henry VII by three cardinals.
1289:), married in Paris 21 September 1322 to King
889:allying itself with the Guelph communities of
429:. He was the first emperor since the death of
3941:
3650:
3077:
2308:
1867:Opera della Primaziale Pisana: sito ufficiale
872:At the same time any resistance of the north
8:
727:The knights of emperor Henry VII defeat the
628:The seven prince-electors voting for Henry,
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1958:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
1202:, while the tomb remains in the cathedral.
409:from 1312. He was the first emperor of the
387:; c. 1273 – 24 August 1313), also known as
42:Detail of a miniature depicting Henry VII,
3948:
3934:
3926:
3657:
3643:
3635:
3084:
3070:
3062:
2955:
2941:
2617:
2603:
2349:
2335:
2315:
2301:
2293:
2142:
1828:
1826:
1427:The Date of the Emperor Henry VII's Birth,
973:Wars against Florence and Robert of Naples
27:
2095:Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1
1252:to study medieval post-mortem practices.
953:against the city and placing it under an
933:. With Florence's encouragement, much of
753:captain Teobaldo Brusati at the siege of
1898:
1896:
1894:
2107:Sismondi, J. C. L., Boulting, William,
1363:Cf. Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau:
1324:
303: 1292; died 1311)
517:Arms of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor.
679:for leadership, and the pro-imperial
561:Charles and Rudolf. Henry's brother,
421:factions, and inspired the praise of
7:
1336:Catalogue of illuminated manuscripts
573:. Henry was subsequently crowned at
16:Holy Roman Emperor from 1312 to 1313
1408:Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau:
2090:, Cambridge University Press, 2000
1332:Detailed record for Royal 20 C VII
1272:, and had the following children:
945:, and he received an embassy from
14:
4738:14th-century Luxembourgian people
4733:13th-century Luxembourgian people
2048:Böhlau, Cologne u. a. 2014,
1910:. University of Pisa. 19 May 2014
1279:(10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346)
1124:Cangrande I della Scala of Verona
110:27 November 1308 – 24 August 1313
4743:14th-century Holy Roman Emperors
3983:
3910:
3909:
2991:
2689:
2431:
1154:
1142:
763:
742:
720:
695:
605:, and wary of the claims of the
474:Arms of the House of Luxembourg.
36:
1838:V&A Explore The Collections
1804:H. Header and D.P. Waley, eds,
1412:Böhlau, Vienna 2006, Regest a (
1314:Towers and palaces of the Roero
1161:Tomb of Henry VII, August 2012.
525:with the assassination of King
300:
156:6 January 1311 – 24 August 1313
2147:Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor
1303:. Beatrix died in child birth.
506:of France. During his rule of
466:Election as King of the Romans
1:
4788:14th-century counts in Europe
4783:13th-century counts in Europe
4768:Luxembourgian Roman Catholics
4718:Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor
2219:
1871:Museum of the Opera del Duomo
1431:The English Historical Review
1189:Museum of the Opera del Duomo
749:Torture and execution of the
62:29 June 1312 – 24 August 1313
43:
2137:Luxemburg in the Middle Ages
1250:scanning electron microscopy
1015:Basilica of St. John Lateran
563:Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier
547:Henry, Archbishop of Cologne
206:5 June 1288 – 24 August 1313
1040:The Empire under Henry VII,
601:. Unhappy with the rule of
254:24 August 1313 (aged c. 40)
4804:
3586:North German Confederation
3502:Confederation of the Rhine
2895:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
1842:Victoria and Albert Museum
1207:Victoria and Albert Museum
611:John I, Count of Luxemburg
330:Beatrice, Queen of Hungary
20:
4763:Burials at Pisa Cathedral
3981:
3905:
3672:
2989:
2954:
2947:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
2940:
2687:
2616:
2602:
2429:
2354:Elder House of Luxembourg
2348:
2334:
2280:
2272:
2261:
2253:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2212:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2145:
2132:, Köln/Weimar/Wien, 1992.
1978:10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4
1046: House of Luxembourg
669:Charles, Duke of Calabria
533:, to be elected the next
453:, contesting the rule of
35:
4748:People from Valenciennes
4396:(title disputed 887–933)
3554:Archduke John of Austria
3002:House of Nassau-Weilburg
2700:House of Valois-Burgundy
2128:Maria Elisabeth Franke,
2093:Kleinhenz, Christopher,
1863:"Opera del Duomo Museum"
1806:A Short History of Italy
1425:Georgina R. Cole-Baker,
1367:Vienna 2006, Request a (
1212:Henry VII is the famous
1128:Matteo Visconti of Milan
482:, he was a son of Count
1285:(1304 – 26 March 1324,
1277:John I, King of Bohemia
1270:John I, Duke of Brabant
963:Frederick III of Sicily
869:all accepted his rule.
825:, where he was crowned
634:picture chronicle, 1341
4773:Luxembourgian soldiers
2960:House of Orange-Nassau
2782:Isabella Clara Eugenia
2064:Secondary literature:
1111:Frederick the Handsome
1048:
998:
831:Iron Crown of Lombardy
817:After a brief stay at
661:Robert, King of Naples
635:
571:Henry, King of Bohemia
543:established at Avignon
518:
484:Henry VI of Luxembourg
475:
355:Henry VI of Luxembourg
325:Marie, Queen of France
23:Henry (VII) of Germany
2465:House of Hohenstaufen
2102:The Holy Roman Empire
2028:Böhlau, Vienna 2006,
1260:Henry was married in
1246:infrared spectroscopy
1039:
996:
770:The Emperor in Italy.
627:
592:, and also agreed to
516:
473:
419:Guelph and Ghibelline
320:John, King of Bohemia
4753:Counts of Luxembourg
4606:Lothair III (or II)
3959:between 476 and 1556
3567:German Confederation
3521:German Confederation
2841:House of Wittelsbach
2068:Michel Pauly (Ed.):
1808:(Cambridge) 1963:60.
1301:Charles I of Hungary
1291:Charles IV of France
1019:Santa Maria Maggiore
1011:St. Peter's Basilica
843:revolt against Henry
785:. As he crossed the
675:, who looked to the
478:Born around 1273 in
433:in 1250, ending the
4778:Deaths from malaria
4758:House of Luxembourg
3666:Holy Roman emperors
3106:Carolingian dynasty
3093:Monarchs of Germany
2341:County of Luxemburg
2188:Count of Luxembourg
2152:House of Luxembourg
2121:William M. Bowsky,
1970:2017ArAnS...9.1215S
1266:Margaret of Brabant
1256:Family and children
1027:Frederick of Aragon
1009:troops from around
918:Margaret of Brabant
912:before arriving in
645:Leopold of Habsburg
577:on 6 January 1309.
500:Count of Luxembourg
411:House of Luxembourg
393:Count of Luxembourg
389:Henry of Luxembourg
345:House of Luxembourg
289:Margaret of Brabant
193:Count of Luxembourg
3191:Kingdom of Germany
3155:Kingdom of Germany
2609:Duchy of Luxemburg
2283:Holy Roman Emperor
2237:King of the Romans
2123:Henry VII in Italy
1934:Medieval Histories
1930:"Magnificent Silk"
1583:Kleinhenz, pg. 495
1395:Kleinhenz, pg. 494
1119:Battle of Mühldorf
1049:
999:
987:Castel Sant'Angelo
957:in December 1311.
706:army crossing the
702:Henry VII and the
687:Descent into Italy
636:
617:, the daughter of
603:Henry of Carinthia
535:King of the Romans
519:
476:
451:Frederick the Fair
407:Holy Roman Emperor
365:Beatrice d'Avesnes
101:King of the Romans
53:Holy Roman Emperor
4705:
4704:
4516:Holy Roman Empire
3923:
3922:
3632:
3631:
3558:
3557:(Imperial Regent)
3196:Holy Roman Empire
3125:Louis the Younger
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2886:
2878:
2864:House of Habsburg
2855:
2832:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2748:House of Habsburg
2739:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2682:
2674:
2663:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2524:
2516:
2505:
2479:
2456:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2291:
2290:
2244:Succeeded by
2195:Succeeded by
2097:, Routledge, 2004
2082:978-2-919979-22-6
2054:978-3-412-22181-2
1936:. 25 October 2013
1786:Sismondi, pg. 271
1777:Sismondi, pg. 294
1763:Count of Provence
1725:Wilson, Peter H.
1629:Sismondi, pg. 232
1557:Sismondi, pg. 253
1350:6.4.1, Regest a (
1242:X-ray diffraction
1115:House of Habsburg
1107:Ludwig of Bavaria
847:Matteo I Visconti
839:Guido della Torre
795:Holy Roman Empire
733:Guido della Torre
667:to Robert's son,
531:Charles of Valois
523:Holy Roman Empire
496:Holy Roman Empire
439:Holy Roman Empire
435:Great Interregnum
370:
369:
245:County of Hainaut
4795:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4510:Kingdom of Italy
4500:
4492:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4448:
4434:
4426:
4412:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4090:
4082:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3987:
3975:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3913:
3912:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3556:
3115:Louis the German
3086:
3079:
3072:
3063:
2995:
2956:
2942:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2884:
2876:
2853:
2830:
2818:House of Bourbon
2807:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2737:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2693:
2680:
2669:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2622:House of Limburg
2618:
2604:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2533:House of Limburg
2522:
2511:
2500:
2477:
2454:
2435:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2350:
2336:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2273:Preceded by
2254:Preceded by
2227:Preceded by
2221:
2205:Preceded by
2178:Preceded by
2168:
2161:
2143:
2125:, Lincoln, 1960.
2086:Jones, Michael,
2006:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1964:(6): 1215–1222.
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1681:
1678:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1630:
1627:
1618:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1584:
1581:
1558:
1555:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1514:
1511:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1197:
1158:
1146:
1045:
874:Italian communes
851:Amadeus of Savoy
767:
746:
724:
699:
641:Duchy of Austria
492:House of Avesnes
405:) from 1308 and
304:
302:
164:6 January 1311,
118:6 January 1309,
45:
40:
28:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4518:
4513:
4504:
4498:
4490:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4446:
4432:
4424:
4410:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4296:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4088:
4080:
4065:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3988:
3979:
3973:
3960:
3954:
3924:
3919:
3901:
3668:
3663:
3633:
3628:
3599:
3580:
3561:
3539:
3515:
3496:
3363:Frederick (III)
3194:
3185:
3153:
3144:
3140:Louis the Child
3130:Charles the Fat
3104:
3095:
3090:
3060:
3047:
3004:
2996:
2987:
2962:
2950:
2928:
2897:
2889:
2866:
2858:
2843:
2835:
2820:
2812:
2750:
2742:
2702:
2694:
2685:
2624:
2612:
2590:
2535:
2527:
2490:
2482:
2467:
2459:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2356:
2344:
2330:
2321:
2286:
2278:
2267:
2259:
2249:
2240:
2232:
2218:
2215:Count of Durbuy
2210:
2200:
2191:
2183:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2135:John A. Gades,
2114:Comyn, Robert.
2018:Regesta Imperii
2014:
2009:
2004:
1993:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1587:
1582:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1517:
1512:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1406:Regesta Imperii
1403:
1399:
1394:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1348:Regesta Imperii
1346:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1264:9 July 1292 to
1258:
1191:
1181:Tino di Camaino
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1136:
1100:King of Bohemia
1092:
1047:
1043:
1041:
975:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
768:
759:
758:
757:
747:
738:
737:
736:
725:
716:
715:
714:
700:
689:
504:Philip the Fair
468:
463:
443:John of Bohemia
427:Dante Alighieri
397:King of Germany
334:
306:
298:
294:
291:
278:
255:
239:
47:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4686:Frederick III
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4494:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4450:
4436:
4428:
4414:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4092:
4084:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3957:Kings of Italy
3955:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3576:Franz Joseph I
3572:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Lothair II/III
3261:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3024:Marie-Adélaïde
3021:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3005:(1890–present)
2998:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2664:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2506:
2494:
2492:
2488:House of Namur
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2442:House of Namur
2438:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:Regnal titles
2170:
2169:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:, Brill, 1951.
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2100:Bryce, James,
2098:
2091:
2084:
2062:
2061:
2041:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2005:Gades, pg. 119
1991:
1947:
1921:
1890:
1854:
1822:
1810:
1797:
1795:Jones, pg. 537
1788:
1779:
1767:
1754:
1752:Jones, pg. 536
1732:
1717:
1715:Comyn, pg. 448
1703:
1701:Bryce, pg. 279
1694:
1692:Jones, pg. 472
1682:
1680:Jones, pg. 535
1660:
1658:Comyn, pg. 444
1651:
1649:Comyn, pg. 447
1631:
1619:
1617:Jones, pg. 443
1607:
1605:Jones, pg. 534
1585:
1559:
1547:
1545:Jones, pg. 533
1535:
1533:Jones, pg. 532
1515:
1513:Jones, pg. 531
1497:
1495:Comym, pg. 410
1488:
1486:Comyn, pg. 408
1479:
1477:Jones, pg. 529
1470:
1468:Jones, pg. 517
1461:
1458:Jones, pg. 530
1435:
1418:
1397:
1373:
1356:
1340:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1280:
1268:, daughter of
1257:
1254:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1098:, was elected
1096:John the Blind
1091:
1088:
1042:
983:Colonna family
974:
971:
783:Imperial vicar
769:
762:
761:
760:
748:
741:
740:
739:
726:
719:
718:
717:
701:
694:
693:
692:
691:
690:
688:
685:
677:King of Naples
555:Count Palatine
539:Pope Clement V
467:
464:
462:
459:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
342:
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
322:
316:
314:
308:
307:
296:
292:
287:
286:
284:
280:
279:
270:
268:
264:
263:
252:
248:
247:
236:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
72:29 June 1312,
70:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4800:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4646:Frederick II
4644:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Ferdinand III
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Maximilian II
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Frederick III
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Frederick III
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:German Empire
3602:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:German Empire
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Ferdinand III
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Maximilian II
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Frederick III
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2851:Maximilian II
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:(1411–1415),
2668:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2640:Wenceslaus II
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:(1197–1214),
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:(1197–1247),
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:King of Italy
2258:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:3-412-01906-2
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:. p. 68.
1728:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1185:Saint Ranieri
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
979:Orsini family
972:
970:
968:
964:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
906:
905:for support.
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:King of Italy
824:
820:
815:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
766:
756:
752:
745:
734:
730:
723:
713:
709:
705:
698:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
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39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
4723:1270s births
4653:
4622:Frederick I
4489:Berengar II
4482:
4452:
4438:
4416:
4402:
4394:Non-dynastic
4366:Charles III
4310:Charlemagne
4302:Carolingians
4095:
3965:Non-dynastic
3852:Ferdinand II
3822:Maximilian I
3796:
3792:Frederick II
3452:Ferdinand IV
3442:Ferdinand II
3412:Maximilian I
3389:
3372:
3352:
3330:
3315:Henry (VIII)
3313:
3299:Frederick II
3254:Conrad (III)
3246:
3239:
3173:
3150:East Francia
3101:East Francia
3044:(since 2000)
2949:(since 1815)
2735:Maximilian I
2671:
2660:
2659:(1411–1443)
2632:Wenceslaus I
2583:Wenceslaus I
2558:
2513:
2502:
2281:
2276:Frederick II
2262:
2235:
2213:
2186:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2044:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2012:Bibliography
1961:
1957:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:www.unipi.it
1907:
1881:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1837:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1757:
1726:
1720:
1697:
1654:
1491:
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1421:
1409:
1405:
1404:Cf. the new
1400:
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1347:
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1335:
1327:
1259:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1178:
1167:
1093:
1080:Buonconvento
1073:
1061:
1050:
1003:Ponte Milvio
1000:
976:
959:
955:Imperial ban
951:Lèse majesté
907:
871:
816:
776:
649:
637:
629:
619:Wenceslas II
590:Papal States
586:Frederick II
579:
559:
520:
480:Valenciennes
477:
431:Frederick II
400:
388:
384:
381:Vulgar Latin
376:
372:
371:
257:Buonconvento
241:Valenciennes
84:Frederick II
18:
4728:1313 deaths
4696:(1530–1556)
4688:(1452–1493)
4680:(1431–1437)
4672:(1355–1378)
4670:Charles IV
4664:(1327–1347)
4656:(1311–1313)
4648:(1212–1250)
4640:(1209–1212)
4632:(1186–1197)
4624:(1154–1186)
4616:(1138–1152)
4614:Conrad III
4608:(1125–1137)
4600:(1106–1125)
4592:(1093–1101)
4584:(1056–1105)
4576:(1039–1056)
4568:(1026–1039)
4560:(1004–1024)
4552:(1002–1014)
4475:Lothair II
4409:Berengar I
4404:Unruochings
4350:Charles II
4289:Desiderius
4265:Hildeprand
4241:Aripert II
4096:Interregnum
3877:Charles VII
3832:Ferdinand I
3777:Frederick I
3772:Lothair III
3702:Charles III
3677:Charlemagne
3607:(1871–1918)
3588:(1867–1871)
3569:(1850–1866)
3547:(1848/1849)
3535:Ferdinand I
3523:(1815–1848)
3504:(1806–1813)
3472:Charles VII
3422:Ferdinand I
3304:Henry (VII)
3279:Frederick I
3038:(1964–2000)
3032:(1919–1964)
3026:(1912–1919)
3020:(1905–1912)
3014:(1890–1905)
2984:(1849–1890)
2982:William III
2978:(1840–1849)
2972:(1815–1840)
2963:(1815–1890)
2924:(1792–1794)
2916:(1790–1792)
2908:(1780–1790)
2898:(1780–1794)
2885:(1740–1780)
2877:(1713–1740)
2867:(1713–1780)
2854:(1712–1713)
2844:(1712–1713)
2831:(1700–1712)
2821:(1700–1712)
2808:(1665–1700)
2800:(1621–1665)
2792:(1598–1621)
2785:(1598–1621)
2777:(1556–1598)
2769:(1506–1556)
2766:Charles III
2761:(1482–1506)
2751:(1482–1700)
2738:(1477–1482)
2729:(1477–1482)
2721:(1467–1477)
2713:(1443–1467)
2703:(1443–1482)
2681:(1418–1425)
2651:(1388–1411)
2643:(1383–1388)
2635:(1354–1383)
2625:(1354–1443)
2611:(1354–1794)
2586:(1353–1354)
2578:(1346–1353)
2570:(1313–1346)
2562:(1288–1313)
2554:(1281–1288)
2546:(1247–1281)
2536:(1247–1354)
2523:(1214–1226)
2491:(1197–1247)
2478:(1196–1197)
2468:(1196–1197)
2455:(1136–1189)
2445:(1136–1189)
2423:(1131–1136)
2415:(1096–1131)
2407:(1086–1096)
2399:(1059–1086)
2391:(1047–1059)
2383:(1026–1047)
1956:practice".
1874: [
1216:in Dante's
1214:alto Arrigo
1192: [
1168:Pisa was a
1104:Wittelsbach
731:faction of
681:Ghibellines
211:Predecessor
172:Predecessor
126:Predecessor
80:Predecessor
4712:Categories
4694:Charles V
4678:Sigismund
4654:Henry VII
4590:Conrad II
4574:Henry III
4566:Conrad II
4544:(996–1002)
4519:(962–1556)
4334:Lothair I
4257:Liutprand
4233:Raginpert
4193:Perctarit
4169:Perctarit
4153:Aripert I
4018:Theodahad
4010:Athalaric
4002:Theodoric
3994:Ostrogoths
3897:Francis II
3892:Leopold II
3872:Charles VI
3842:Rudolph II
3807:Charles IV
3697:Charles II
3624:William II
3511:Napoleon I
3492:Francis II
3487:Leopold II
3467:Charles VI
3380:Wenceslaus
3368:Charles IV
3274:Henry (VI)
3269:Conrad III
3198:(962–1806)
3193:within the
3103:during the
3018:William IV
2976:William II
2805:Charles IV
2774:Philip III
2718:Charles II
2375:(998–1026)
2357:(963–1136)
2343:(963–1354)
2328:Luxembourg
2287:1312–1313
2268:1311–1313
2241:1308–1313
2222:1298–1313
2192:1288–1313
1320:References
1229:Purgatorio
1170:Ghibelline
1053:Carpentras
631:Balduineum
508:Luxembourg
161:Coronation
115:Coronation
68:Coronation
4662:Louis IV
4630:Henry VI
4582:Henry IV
4558:Henry II
4550:Arduin I
4542:Otto III
4536:(980–983)
4528:(962–973)
4499:(950–963)
4497:Adalbert
4491:(950–963)
4484:Anscarids
4477:(945–950)
4469:(926–947)
4461:(900–905)
4459:Louis II
4447:(922–933)
4433:(891–897)
4425:(889–894)
4418:Guideschi
4411:(887–924)
4376:(896–899)
4368:(879–887)
4360:(877–879)
4358:Carloman
4352:(875–877)
4344:(855–875)
4336:(818–855)
4328:(810–818)
4320:(781–810)
4312:(774–814)
4291:(756–774)
4283:(749–756)
4275:(744–749)
4259:(712–744)
4249:Ansprand
4243:(702–712)
4227:(700–702)
4225:Liutpert
4219:(689–700)
4217:Cunipert
4203:(688–689)
4201:Cunipert
4195:(671–688)
4185:Garibald
4179:(662–671)
4177:Grimoald
4171:(661–662)
4163:(661–662)
4161:Godepert
4155:(653–661)
4147:(652–653)
4139:(636-652)
4131:(626–636)
4123:(616–626)
4121:Adaloald
4115:(590–616)
4107:(584–590)
4099:(574–584)
4089:(572–574)
4081:(568–572)
4060:(552–553)
4052:(541–552)
4036:(540–541)
4028:(536–540)
4020:(534–536)
4012:(526–534)
4004:(493–526)
3974:(476–493)
3887:Joseph II
3882:Francis I
3862:Leopold I
3827:Charles V
3812:Sigismund
3797:Henry VII
3757:Henry III
3752:Conrad II
3722:Louis III
3687:Lothair I
3614:William I
3595:William I
3530:Francis I
3482:Joseph II
3477:Francis I
3457:Leopold I
3432:Rudolf II
3417:Charles V
3402:Albert II
3397:Sigismund
3353:Henry VII
3309:Conrad IV
3230:Henry III
3225:Conrad II
3157:(919–962)
3152:(911–919)
3108:(843–911)
3030:Charlotte
2970:William I
2874:Charles V
2797:Philip IV
2758:Philip II
2656:Elisabeth
2575:Charles I
2559:Henry VII
2498:Ermesinde
2420:Conrad II
2412:William I
2404:Henry III
2388:Giselbert
2367:(963–998)
2364:Siegfried
2257:Conrad IV
1986:163989438
1940:23 August
1914:23 August
1883:23 August
1847:23 August
1174:cathedral
1023:Colosseum
829:with the
615:Elizabeth
607:Habsburgs
582:Candlemas
567:Frankfurt
490:from the
447:anti-king
375:(German:
373:Henry VII
221:Successor
182:Successor
176:Conrad IV
136:Successor
90:Successor
46:1380–1400
31:Henry VII
4638:Otto IV
4598:Henry V
4534:Otto II
4454:Bosonids
4445:Rudolph
4431:Lambert
4342:Louis I
4326:Bernard
4281:Aistulf
4273:Ratchis
4145:Rodoald
4137:Rothari
4129:Arioald
4113:Agilulf
4105:Authari
4071:Lombards
4034:Ildibad
4026:Vitiges
3972:Odoacer
3915:Category
3867:Joseph I
3847:Matthias
3802:Louis IV
3782:Henry VI
3762:Henry IV
3747:Henry II
3742:Otto III
3727:Berengar
3692:Louis II
3462:Joseph I
3437:Matthias
3358:Louis IV
3348:Albert I
3338:Rudolf I
3284:Henry VI
3235:Henry IV
3220:Henry II
3215:Otto III
3164:Conrad I
3120:Carloman
2828:Philip V
2710:Philip I
2672:and then
2551:Henry VI
2514:and then
2509:Theobald
2452:Henry IV
2396:Conrad I
2380:Henry II
2324:Monarchs
2247:Louis IV
2230:Albert I
2208:Gérard I
2181:Henry VI
1820:1963:72.
1308:See also
1287:Issoudun
1262:Tervuren
1224:Paradiso
1219:Paradiso
1021:and the
935:Lombardy
931:Provence
927:Piedmont
887:Florence
835:Visconti
807:Lombardy
803:Florence
735:in Milan
704:Imperial
527:Albert I
488:Béatrice
455:Louis IV
377:Heinrich
215:Henry VI
186:Louis IV
140:Louis IV
130:Albert I
94:Louis IV
4526:Otto I
4512:within
4382:Ratold
4374:Arnulf
4209:Alahis
4079:Alboin
4050:Totila
4042:Eraric
3787:Otto IV
3767:Henry V
3737:Otto II
3712:Lambert
3682:Louis I
3374:Günther
3332:Alfonso
3326:Richard
3321:William
3294:Otto IV
3259:Henry V
3248:Hermann
3210:Otto II
3169:Henry I
3012:Adolphe
2921:Francis
2913:Leopold
2882:Mary II
2678:John II
2667:Anthony
2543:Henry V
2520:Waleran
2372:Henry I
2160:c. 1273
1966:Bibcode
1818:History
1297:Beatrix
1113:of the
1076:malaria
1069:florins
1057:Avignon
1007:Angevin
943:Vicenza
939:Romagna
923:Perugia
899:Bologna
883:Brescia
878:Cremona
781:as the
755:Brescia
673:Guelphs
665:Beatrix
599:Bohemia
437:of the
305:
297:
293:
238:c. 1273
4318:Pepin
4087:Cleph
3732:Otto I
3717:Arnulf
3385:Rupert
3289:Philip
3241:Rudolf
3205:Otto I
3181:Otto I
3175:Arnulf
3135:Arnulf
2905:Joseph
2789:Albert
2726:Mary I
2567:John I
2163:
2118:. 1851
2111:, 1906
2104:, 1913
2080:
2058:online
2052:
2038:online
2032:
1984:
1414:online
1369:online
1352:online
1248:, and
1238:shroud
1090:Legacy
1044:
1031:Arezzo
947:Venice
903:Papacy
863:Verona
779:Prague
751:Guelph
729:Guelph
575:Aachen
553:, the
551:Rudolf
391:, was
385:Arrigo
361:Mother
351:Father
283:Spouse
267:Burial
225:John I
120:Aachen
4467:Hugh
4440:Welfs
4384:(896)
4267:(744)
4251:(712)
4235:(701)
4211:(689)
4187:(671)
4058:Teia
4044:(541)
3391:Jobst
3343:Adolf
3042:Henri
2648:Jobst
2165:Died:
2158:Born:
2046:1310.
1982:S2CID
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1283:Marie
1196:]
1084:Siena
1082:near
1065:Lucca
1055:near
914:Genoa
910:Pavia
895:Siena
891:Lucca
867:Padua
855:Parma
823:Milan
812:Turin
799:Milan
791:Dante
712:Italy
710:into
657:Arles
653:Italy
415:Italy
340:House
312:Issue
299:(
295:
261:Italy
203:Reign
197:Arlon
166:Milan
153:Reign
107:Reign
59:Reign
4514:the
4423:Guy
3036:Jean
2787:and
2661:with
2503:with
2475:Otto
2198:John
2167:1313
2078:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2030:ISBN
1942:2021
1916:2021
1885:2021
1849:2021
1429:in:
1200:Pisa
1134:Tomb
1126:and
1109:and
967:Rome
929:and
897:and
865:and
859:Lodi
819:Asti
787:Alps
708:Alps
655:and
486:and
461:Life
425:and
276:Pisa
251:Died
235:Born
195:and
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2731:and
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