965:. The Middle East historian R. Stephen Humphreys speculates that Kaykhusrau was offered control of Amida and Hisn Kayfa in return for joining the alliance. Although al-Ashraf had assembled a formidable alliance against his brother, he was unable to use this to engage al-Kamil's forces as he was already ill by the time of the negotiations with the Seljuks, and he died on 4 Muharram 635/28 August 1237. His rival, al-Kamil, died on 6 March 1238, and the Ayyubid domain was thrown into fresh turmoil.
1501:
1656:
513:(324–361) built a fort at Kepha, but it is unclear whether this was on the current citadel site. The existence of a Roman bridge across the Tigris at Hasankeyf has been viewed as "highly probable" by one scholar who speculates that (like the later bridge) it may have had "a wooden superstructure based on piers of masonry and natural stone". However, none of the remaining structure of the bridge appears to date from Roman times.
888:. Troubled by the alliance with Khwarazm, al-Ashraf and al-Kamil resolved to attack Amida, and used as a pretext reports of al-Masʿud's misrule, including his abuse of local women. The combined Ayyubid armies, swelled by contributions from many of their vassals, besieged Amida on October 1232. By 18 October 1232, al-Masʿud surrendered Amida to al-Kamil. Al-Kamil then sent his brother, al-Ashraf, along with al-Muzaffar Ghazi of
560:. While Kiphas had been administered as part of Arzanene up to 363, it lay on the south bank of the Tigris and was not surrendered to the Sasanians. Before the treaty, the fort at Kiphas had been on the border between Roman territory and the Armenian vassal kingdom of Arzanene. Now the border with Persia ran along the Tigris and the legionnaires at Kiphas were stationed right on it. Their role was chiefly to protect the
1737:. These standards were 153 requirements on environmental protection, resettlement of villages, protection of cultural heritage, and resource management with neighbouring states. As Turkey did not fulfil any of them, the three ECAs indicated in a joint press release issued on 7 July 2009 that they withdrew from the project. Shortly after, in another joint press release issued on the same day, the three banks (
1632:
58:
1756:, on a number of platforms, declared that the government would build the Dam despite all obstacles - and objections. That the Ilısu Dam has become a "project of honour" for the Turkish State has been made very clear by Eroğlu. "We do not need their money. We will construct this dam at any cost." Since 2009 the construction has proceeded with the financial support of Turkish banks;
4106:
2663:
1121:. Baybars sent two eunuchs as emissaries to al-Muwaḥḥid to try to persuade him to abandon the Mongols, and apparently the emir of Hisn Kayfa agreed. However, the envoys were caught by a local Mongol commander as they attempted to carry al-Muwaḥḥid's reply to Baybars. Abaqa had the envoys executed, and al-Muwaḥḥid was banished to the
1014:
takeover, al-Muwaḥḥid ʿAbd Allāh ruled Hisn Kayfa for more than three decades, from AH 647 (1249/1250) to AH 693 (1293/1294), and was essentially the founder of the local
Ayyubid dynasty. Although little remains standing from this prosperous period of the town's history, there is a detailed
1623:
Dynasty which ruled over
Hasankeyf in the 15th century. Zeynel Bey died in battle in 1473, and was buried in this circular brick mausoleum glazed with navy blue and turquoise tiles built by architect Pir Hasan. The building resembles in its architectural style mausoleums in Central Asia. This shrine
614:
By the sixth century, the
Persians were mounting frequent attacks on the eastern border of the Byzantine empire. As a consequence, the Byzantines built a great number of military installations in the region during the early and mid-sixth century. Despite this the Persians seized the opportunity of a
1709:
ambassador to Turkey and representatives of the Swiss led consortium of contractors for the dam project have suggested what they believe to be a suitable nearby spot for moving the historical heritage of
Hasankeyf, an operation for which the Turkish Ministry of Culture pledged to provide 30 million
1468:
Hasankeyf is rich in history throughout the ages and aside from the sites below, thousands of caves exist in the cliffs that surround the city. Many of the caves are multi-storied and have their own water supply. Churches and mosques were also carved into the cliffs and numerous ancient cemeteries
1103:. Mardin was captured by the end of 1260, but Hisn Kayfa appears to have escaped a concerted assault because it controlled only a minor trade route and could simply be bypassed. Nevertheless, it seems that al-Muwaḥḥid decided to submit to being a Mongol vassal at about this time. While most of the
1129:
Mongol rule of the region continued until 1335, and this badly damaged both trade and agriculture, which had been the sources of the region's prosperity. The impact was felt hardest between 1260 and 1315, and traders essentially avoided the region because of ongoing war between Mamluk and Mongol
1717:
to list the city on its 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most
Endangered Sites in the world. While this listing has created more awareness of the project, it has failed to prompt the Ilısu Consortium to develop alternate plans that are sympathetic to this site of exceptional historical and cultural
627:
and probably the rest of the Tur Abdin, and these were held for most of the rest of the war. The treaty that concluded the war restored Kiphas to
Byzantine control, but the gain was to prove short-lived. Writing between about 600 and 610, the Byzantine geographer
991:
It appears that as-Salih's son al-Muazzam
Turanshah remained prince of Hisn Kayfa from 1238 until 1249. When as-Salih Ayyub died suddenly on 12 November 1249, Turanshah had to be recalled in a hurry to take control of the Ayyubid empire. As-Salih's widow,
316:). "Hisn" means "fortress" in Arabic, so the name overall means "rock fortress". Western reports about the town before the 20th century refer to it by various names that are transliterated from Arabic or Ottoman Turkish. The most popular of these were
1067:
on 1 March. It seemed inevitable that all of the region's cities, including Hisn Kayfa, would fall to the
Mongols, and indeed most of them did. Hulagu's plan appears to have been to proceed to Palestine and Egypt. But while he was in
1125:
for seven years. By AH 672 (1273/1274) al-Muwaḥḥid had returned as the nominal ruler of Hisn Kayfa, where he remained until his death, variously reported as having occurred in AH 682 (1283/1284) or AH 693 (1293/1294).
1015:
contemporary first-hand account by the topographer ʿIzz ad-Dīn Ibn Shaddād, whose last visit was in AH 657 (1258/1259). He lists many buildings in the lower town, including a Dār as-Salṭana (near the bridge), a mosque, three
988:. As-Salih Ayyub, meanwhile, gathered an army to take Damascus and challenge al-Adil's rule over Egypt. By June 1240 as-Salih Ayyub's soldiers had captured al-Adil and as-Salih became paramount ruler of the Ayyubid possessions.
892:
to Hisn Kayfa to obtain its surrender. Even though, the
Ayyubid force had brought with them al-Masʿud as a captive, the garrison at Hisn Kayfa resisted for some time, and the city was captured only in Safar 630/November 1232.
1601:– This cube-shaped tomb lies west of the new bridge in Hasankeyf and is the tomb of Imam Abdullah. Abdullah was the grandson of Cafer-i Tayyar, (Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: جَعْفَر ابْن أَبِي طَالِب) cousin of the prophet
1234:, attacked Azran, breaching its walls and destroying the town in order to get revenge on the local ruler. After this victory the town was abandoned and al-Adil bestowed control of the surrounding region on a Kurdish family.
1334:
was erected in
Hasankeyf in about 1474 on the orders of either Uzun Hassan, or Zeynel's elder brother, Khalil. The shrine is currently moved to a new location to avoid inundation by the rising waters of the nearby dam.
1035:
notes that almost none of the buildings that Ibn Shaddād describes can be identified in present-day Hasankeyf, and attributes that to neglect following the subsequent Mongol invasions and political instability.
3278:[Notice of two Armenian manuscripts from the Bibliothèque Impériale, numbers 95 and 99, containing the history recorded by Matthew Eretz, and an extract relating to the history of the First Crusade],
1749:) financing the Ilısu Dam project also stated – in line with the decision of the ECAs – that the export credit granted by the three banks for the construction of the Ilısu Dam would no longer be available.
1490:. Support for the bridge was built with wood in case the bridge had to be removed in order to prevent an attack. Because of this, two piles and some foundation work are all that exist of the bridge today.
1667:
With its history that spans nine civilizations, the archaeological and religious significance of Hasankeyf is considerable. Many of the city's historical treasures were inundated as construction of the
800:, building the Small Palace and the Great Palace as well as the Tigris bridge. The infrastructure, location and significance of the city helped increase trade and made Hisn Kayfa a staging post on the
1311:. Uzun Hassan responded by attacking Hasankeyf in 1461; he finally captured the town in 1462 after a six-month siege. It seems that Uzun Hassan then appointed his son Zeynel as governor of Hasankeyf.
220:
Hasankeyf was an ancient settlement that has borne many names from a variety of cultures during its history. The variety of these names is compounded by the many ways that non-Latin alphabets such as
789:
generated prosperity for the Artuqids and ensured their power in the region. Consequently, the existence of a reliable river crossing for goods and people was a priority, and the Artuqids built a
1787:
river. It makes the winters milder, with lows of 6 °C (43 °F). Temperatures in summer can reach 43 °C (109 °F), and the yearly average temperature is 25 °C (77 °F).
1208:, which probably had been governed by a Mongol vassal up to that time. Soon after, Al-Adil installed Zeyd, a Kurdish chief of the Zraki (or Zirki) tribe previously based at the castle of
1230:
In 1349/50, the Kara Koyunlu rose to dominate the region of the Diyar Bakr, and local princes such as those at Hisn Kayfa, paid tribute to them. Also in 1349/50, the emir of Hisn Kayfa,
3276:"Notice de deux Manuscrits Arméniens, de la Bibliothèque impériale, n. 95 et 99, contentant l'histoire écrit par Mathieu Eretz, et Extrait relatif à l'histoire de la première croisade"
1031:. At the citadel, Ibn Shaddād mentions another mosque, an open square, and fields to grow enough grain "to feed the inhabitants from year to year". The German historian of Islamic art
611:
Rescue excavations from 2005 to 2008 uncovered evidence of the base of a Roman gateway to the upper city, a row of shops from the late Roman period, and Roman floor and wall mosaics.
4311:
1165:, but this probably did not cause any population decline in the cities of Mardin or Hisn Kayfa, where building continued uninterrupted. Several other cities in the region, such as
4316:
3058:
1733:
announced suspending their support for the project amid concern about its environmental and cultural impact and gave the Turkish government 180 days to meet standards set by the
1216:
district), as his client ruler at Mayafaraqin. It seems that this was in payback for Zeyd's assistance in helping Hisn Kayfa repulse an attack by the Artuqid sultan of Mardin.
766:. After the death of Jikirmish in 1107 and the payment of a significant ransom, Baldwin II and Joscelin I were released. Coincidentally, both men later became prisoners of
961:
to propose an alliance. When they arrived at the Seljuk court they discovered that Kayqubād had died on 4 Shawwal 634/31 May 1237, and they now had to deal with his son,
1631:
1241:
Turkmen forces attacked Hisn Kayfa several times, but Ayyubid rulers managed to retain control of the city and the city prospered until very end of the 15th century.
4361:
1076:
had died the previous summer (on 11 August 1259). While Hulagu did not expect to succeed his elder brother, there was a struggle between two of his other brothers,
3698:
1496:– This structure sits 100 metres (330 ft) above the Tigris River, overlooking Hasankeyf. The Citadel has likely been used as a dwelling place for centuries.
4336:
934:. In Dhu-l-Hijja 632/August 1235, they laid siege to Amida, but were unsuccessful in capturing the city and consequently did not advance as far as Hisn Kayfa.
1185:
force waged war against the Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa in 1334, but were decisively defeated, with the Ayyubids gaining their possessions on the left bank of the
4356:
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1530:– With no inscriptions remaining, it is not exactly known when and by whom the mosque was built. However, it is thought that it dates from the period of the
4341:
937:
Only five years after Hisn Kayfa was captured by the Ayyubids, it had already become a pawn in the dynasty's power struggles. By AH 634 (1236/1237)
616:
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Taylor, J.G. (1865), "Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in their Neighbourhood",
648:
By the 630s, Muslim Arab forces had conquered large parts of Mesopotamia, Syria and Iran. Kiphas appears most likely to have been captured during the
1134:
and the Mamluks signed a treaty and trade restarted. This proved to be a boon for Hisn Kayfa. The previous primary routes across the region—through
4326:
2840:
1690:
There was considerable local opposition to the scheme, and calls for Hasankeyf to be recognised and protected as an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
722:
in 1071. Victory at Manzikert quickly resulted in Seljuk forces controlling large parts of Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia. The Seljuk sultan
1107:
came under direct control of the Mongol governor or Mosul, both Ayyubid Hisn Kayfa and Artukid Mardin were allowed to remain as vassal states.
149:
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has been relocated to the new Hasankeyf Cultural Park in 2017, set aside for historical artifacts impacted by the Ilısu Dam construction.
1314:
Aq Qoyunlu territory expanded further following their defeat of the Kara Koyunlu in Iran (1467–69), and Uzun Hassan moved his capital to
996:, dispatched a special embassy to bring her son to Egypt. Turanshah had left Hisn Kayfa with this party by 18 December 1249, heading for
3049:
3354:[Environment Minister Veysel Eroglu says the Ilisu Dam project is a 'head ache' for Turkey.]. Ekonomik Ayrıntı. Archived from
1010:
succeeded his father, Turanshah, as ruler of Hisn Kayfa. Although his father ruled Egypt for barely a year and was killed during the
585:
in October 451, which implies the settlement must have become a sizeable town by that time. As the use of Latin began to wane in the
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3637:
3610:
3590:
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after the construction of the dam is terminated. By July 2020, the ancient town was completely submerged in the waters of the dam.
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1047:
with leading a massive Mongol army to conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia. Hulagu first besieged
938:
874:
816:
391:
in the 1920s and '30s, many place names were modified to more Turkish-sounding forms and the town's official name was changed to
3378:
3351:
1752:
This meant that Turkey has had to finance the proposed project with internal sources. The Minister of Forestry and Environment,
228:
can be transliterated. Underlying these many names is much continuity between cultures in the basic identification of the site.
1299:, in an agreement signed by the Ayyubid emir in 1455. While Uzun Hassan managed to extend his influence throughout much of the
3188:
1544:; it occupies an area of 2,350 metres (7,710 ft) and has an associated rectangular tower that may have been a watchtower.
4321:
395:. This version appears occasionally in foreign reports in the mid 20th-century but only becomes prevalent after about 1980.
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near Erzincan in August 1473. While Uzun Hassan survived, his son Zeynel Bey was killed in battle. In commemoration, the
3923:
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3600:
1738:
436:
has been tentatively identified with Hasankeyf, although several locations in northeast Syria have also been proposed.
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3733:
3726:
1687:. Up to 80,000 people in Hasankeyf were displaced. Some of these people were moved to a new city above the waterline.
739:
1449:
3815:
1638:
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as prince of Hisn Kayfa in AH 636 (1238/1239), with one of his closest advisers, Husam al-Din, as Turanshah's
649:
205:
Despite local and international objections, the city and its archaeological sites have been flooded as part of the
1288:
65:
3352:"Çevre Bakanı Veysel Eroğlu öyle bir söz etti ki Ilısu Baraj projesi Türkiye'nin başını 'ağrıtmaya' devam ediyor"
3261:[Hasankeyf is moving to Mount Raman]. Buğday Association for Supporting Ecological Living. 3 October 2005
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in 1452. From there, Uzun Hassan embarked on a campaign of expanding his territory at the expense of the rival
1162:
840:
4019:
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1615:– Named after Zeynel Bey, this mausoleum is opposite Hasankeyf on the Tigris River. Zeynel Bey was the son of
659:
Over the subsequent five centuries, the town was ruled Arab dynasties under the name Hisn Kayfa, first by the
1331:
1968:
Thomas A. Carlson et al., "Ḥesno d-Kifo — ܚܣܢܐ ܕܟܐܦܐ " in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014,
1605:. The tomb is dated to the 14th century and an epitaph on the tomb states that the tomb was restored in the
1161:
The economy of the region gradually shrank during the 14th and early 15th centuries, according to historian
1007:
755:
388:
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1893:
1829:
870:
656:. An account from this period provides the earliest mention of any bridge across the Tigris at this site.
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3122:
Astour, Michael C. (1992), "The North Mesopotamian Kingdom of Ilānșurā", in Young, Gordon Douglas (ed.),
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Roads on the frontier between Rome and Persia: Euphratesia, Osrhoene and Mesopotamia from AD 363 to 602
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was in power in Egypt, and represented the primary force opposing the Mongols, now led by Hulagu's son
863:
911:, as governor of both Amida and Hisn Kayfa, beginning the period of Ayyubid rule over the Diyar Bakr.
796:
This period was something of a golden age for Hisn Kayfa, with the Artuqids and their successors, the
4052:
3779:
3335:
3206:
Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri
3189:"European banks withdraw from Ilisu dam project in Turkey:NGOs welcome pullout as the right decision"
1764:. As a result of the resettlement program for the population, many residents of Hasankeyf moved to a
1714:
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The balance of power in the region shifted significantly in 363. Following the death of the emperor
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Der arabische Dialekt von Hasankeyf am Tigris (Osttürkei). Geschichte – Grammatik – Texte – Glossar
2790:
Der arabische Dialekt von Hasankeyf am Tigris (Osttürkei). Geschichte – Grammatik – Texte – Glossar
1698:
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in Hasankeyf, seen from the Citadel, in 2008. Reed covered restaurants are visible along the river.
1500:
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1392:", upstream from the island of Eden, which he believed lay in the Tigris, based on his reading of
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3505:"3. Hasankeyf/Ḥiṣn Kaifā on the Tigris: A Regional Center on the Crossroad of Foreign Influences"
2264:
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1581:– The mosque is located east of the Süleyman Mosque and was likely built before the 15th century.
1178:
907:
Once the citadel fell to the Ayyubid forces, al-Kamil immediately installed his 27-year-old son,
855:. In the second half of 1204/1205, al-Salih Mahmud also lent his forces to help al-Ashraf attack
624:
573:
191:
125:
3509:
Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists
1307:
during the 1450s, the Ayyubid emir of Hasankeyf rebelled in 1460, attempting to take control of
209:
project. By 1 April 2020, water levels reached an elevation of 498.2m, covering the whole town.
1223:
soon after the Mongol withdrawal. They fought for control of Siirt with forces from Arzan, and
885:
247:(1800–1750 BC) may possibly be Hasankeyf, although other sites have also been proposed. By the
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euros, however current reports indicate that only eight historical monuments have been moved.
1684:
1361:
1304:
1248:
rebuilt the castle of Hisn Kayfa which served as their stronghold as vassals of consecutively
1150:(Diyarbakır)—both failed to attract many traders, and a new route from Iran to Aleppo through
1100:
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as his heir in Egypt. In his new role as sultan, as-Salih Ayyub installed his own young son,
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1032:
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fell to Hulagu's forces, presumably during their retreat towards Ahlat and Tabriz, leaving
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Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres bibliothèques
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2664:"550-year-old shrine moved before being inundated in Turkey"s Hasankeyf - ARCHAEOLOGY"
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Notices and extracts of manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale and other libraries
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In December 2008, following pressure from campaign groups, export credit insurers in
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families lived in the cave houses by the river. Many of these families immigrated to
1318:. However, Hassan followed up these successes with a disastrous campaign against the
1192:
During the 14th century, the emirs of Hisn Kayfa also controlled the interior of the
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962:
774:
3167:
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period as well. The section of the structure which is used as a mosque today was a
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3173:. Bollingen Series XCVI. Translated by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press.
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1084:, for control of the Mongol empire, and Hulagu decided it was wise to withdraw to
1081:
206:
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3504:
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2892:"'They are barbaric': Turkey prepares to flood 12,000-year-old city to build dam"
1571:– This mosque was built by Sultan Süleyman and is all but destroyed except for a
1268:
During the second half of the 15th century, Hisn Kayfa was still governed by the
17:
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Ayyubid rule of Hisn Kayfa was insecure almost from the start. During 1235, the
889:
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598:
296:
27:
For Hasankif, a village in Mazandaran province in Iran's Caspian mountains, see
2730:"Hasankeyf Dosyası 1: Herkes kültür kayboluyor diyor, ya kardeşim kültür benim"
1997:
57:
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3126:, Winona Lake, Indiana: American Oriental Society/Eisenbrauns, pp. 1–33,
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3475:"The Cultural Landscape of Sophene from Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Times"
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1587:– Located east of the Koc Mosque, the Kizlar mosque was also likely from the
1482:
Sultan Fahrettin Karaaslan, it replaced an older bridge. The bridge over the
444:
By the 14th century BC, the Hasankeyf area was within the Hurrian kingdom of
80:
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1926:"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI"
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who have subsequently restored the mosque in the years 1327, 1394 and 1396.
1376:
took Hasankeyf and the rest of the Safavid Diyarbakr Province. In his 1614
1295:
dynasty. Hasankeyf was one of the first towns to acknowledge Uzun Hassan's
1040:
2259:
Amedroz, Henry (1914). "An Embassy from Baghdad to the Emperor Basil II".
1984:
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By 1232, control of Amida and Hisn Kayfa had passed to the Artuqid prince
3560:(in Turkish). Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Development. Archived from
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2841:"550-year-old shrine moved before being inundated in Turkey's Hasankeyf"
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Byzantine civil war to attack the eastern provinces, in what became the
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3302:
3140:
Ayliffe, Rosie; Dubin, Marc; Gawthrop, John; Richardson, Terry (2003),
1726:
1722:
1702:
1606:
1588:
1572:
1562:
1551:
1479:
1437:
1231:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1114:
1077:
1048:
1016:
664:
660:
653:
605:
553:
537:
445:
413:
2755:
4175:
4165:
4145:
4125:
4068:
3718:
3536:, vol. Part 1, Book 1, London: Walter Burre, p. 44, line 23
2261:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1784:
1761:
1673:
1554:
1457:
1441:
1433:
1417:
1315:
1155:
1111:
1096:
1085:
1069:
1052:
1051:, which was captured on 13 February 1258 and destroyed. He conquered
1044:
1028:
1011:
985:
946:
931:
923:
856:
844:
832:
820:
620:
303:
199:
187:
101:
3683:
3292:
364:. Two early Armenian historians list additional names for the town:
302:
Following the Arab conquest of 640, the town became known under the
2668:
Hürriyet Daily News - LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION
4140:
4135:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1677:
1654:
1499:
1453:
1420:
that neither resembles that of Siirt nor Midyat. Until the 1980s,
1413:
1412:, the native Muslim population of the town used to be composed of
1409:
1308:
1220:
1151:
1135:
848:
836:
828:
778:
679:
453:
252:
976:, who had been emir of Hisn Kayfa, and named his younger brother
202:. It was declared a natural conservation area by Turkey in 1981.
3418:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
1680:
1345:
997:
950:
927:
495:
For a time the town became the capital of the Roman province of
4041:
3722:
3024:"'History disappears' as dam waters flood ancient Turkish town"
4170:
2615:
1969:
1769:
1768:(New Hasankeyf) on a hill which was to be at the shore of the
1181:
shrank or disappeared. After the breakup of the Ilkhanate, an
571:
Recording the situation at the end of the fourth century, the
4037:
945:'s ill-concealed ambition. al-Ashraf recruited the rulers of
2466:
2464:
2462:
1072:
in the spring of 1260, he received word that the great khan
564:
massif and the approach through it to the Roman province of
556:
and Nisibis, but not their inhabitants, and the fortress of
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2372:
2370:
2333:
2331:
2169:
2070:
2068:
1408:
While villages surrounding the town are almost exclusively
3579:
Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey
3544:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2005
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2180:
2178:
2085:
2083:
859:, which was controlled by another branch of the Artuqids.
448:. Between the 9th and 7th centuries BC it was part of the
2483:
2481:
2479:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2129:
2127:
2055:
2053:
2051:
1452:
escalated during the 1980s. During the same time period,
1364:, which consisted of six districts, including Hasankeyf.
1099:
and Hisn Kayfa as the only cities outside his control in
291:
portions of the Roman Empire split around AD 330, Κιφας (
3421:, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,
2114:
2112:
2110:
1326:'s Ottoman forces, armed with rifles and cannon, at the
619:. Early in the conflict they occupied Kiphas along with
3105:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
2282:
2280:
2278:
1783:
The local climate is moderated by the proximity of the
762:. Baldwin was imprisoned at Mosul by the Seljuk atabeg
324:, although a wide variety of others are used including
1287:(modern Diyarbakır), which he gained from his brother
781:
road paralleling the Tigris, and north–south between
577:
identifies Cepha as the seat of the commander of the
552:. This included 15 castles, along with the cities of
2021:
2019:
1898:
1834:
1575:. Süleyman's grave is missing from the site as well.
1276:
confederation. The Aq Qoyunlu dynasty was headed by
1227:
of Hisn Kayfa succeeded in capturing it in 1341/42.
953:
to his faction and sent ambassadors to the court of
4253:
4184:
4113:
4075:
3772:
3756:
3366:. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2017 (Semitica Viva 57),
1870:
1456:from nearby villages started settling in the town.
581:. The bishop of Cepha is recorded as attending the
164:
156:
144:
139:
131:
119:
107:
97:
39:
3166:
3141:
3048:
2950:
3644:, archived from the original on 12 September 2010
2042:
1998:"Water volume in Ilısu Dam 5 billion cubic metre"
1713:The threat of the Ilısu Dam project prompted the
412:the area around Hasankeyf was likely part of the
3602:International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties
3286:] (in French), vol. 9, pp. 275–364
3241:"Endangered Site: The City of Hasankeyf, Turkey"
3050:"Turkey's ancient valley lost to infrastructure"
3010:
1360:1501–1525) the Safavids founded the short-lived
1219:The Hisn Kayfa emirs also attacked and captured
922:had advanced into Southeast Anatolia, capturing
452:, and by the mid-6th century it was part of the
1322:. Hassan's army of light cavalry was routed by
62:View of the town from Hasankeyf Castle in 2010
1524:and overlooks Hasankeyf as it sits on a cliff.
1448:as the Turkish government's conflict with the
4312:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia
4053:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3734:
2537:
1512:dynasty, or White Sheep Turkomans (1378–1508)
432:, an important walled city on a large river.
8:
4317:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
2723:
2721:
528:was forced to surrender to the Persian King
307:
212:The town had a population of 4,329 in 2021.
2877:
2756:"Our future southeastern Turkish frontiers"
4060:
4046:
4038:
3741:
3727:
3719:
3102:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1 September 2005),
2828:"Batman", Ministry of Development & ND
1088:to await the resolution of this conflict.
36:
3672:Journal of the Royal Geographical Society
3482:Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft
2998:
2506:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2400:
2376:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2208:
1486:is considered to be the largest from the
568:from attack by the Persians in Arzanene.
267:, a name that appears to derive from the
3621:"Turkey Dam Project Back to Haunt Kurds"
2974:
2650:
2638:
2603:
2568:
2549:
2525:
2487:
2470:
2388:
2225:
2196:
2184:
2101:
2089:
2059:
1641:A panoramic photo of Hasankeyf with the
1212:(the present-day village of Boyunlu, in
667:caliphates and later by semi-autonomous
251:period, the fortified town was known in
3699:"Roman mosaics discovered in Hasankeyf"
3291:Comfort, Anthony Martin (14 May 2009).
2938:
2712:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2118:
2074:
1914:
1813:
1672:is completed. These include the ornate
1595:in the past, containing grave remnants.
1557:Süleyman and stands on the bank of the
1504:Mausoleum of Zeynel Bey, son of Sultan
163:
155:
138:
130:
96:
54:
4362:Kurdish settlements in Batman Province
3654:
2286:
2025:
1550:– The Mosque was built in 1409 by the
1237:In the early and middle 15th century,
714:, culminating in the Seljuk defeat of
652:in 640, shortly after the conquest of
3638:"Turkish history to sink to oblivion"
3330:Davidson, Christina (November 2008).
2865:
2775:
2700:
2688:
2580:
2237:
1985:"Hasankeyf", Ministry of Culture 2005
1958:(in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56.
1283:Uzun Hassan's initial capital was at
1272:, who owed allegiance to the Turkmen
143:
118:
106:
7:
4337:Populated places on the Tigris River
3636:Starr, Stephen (28 September 2010),
3619:Smith-Spark, Laura (5 August 2006).
2962:
1920:
1918:
1888:
941:had become resentful of his brother
862:By 1229/1230, al-Salih's successor,
793:at some time between 1147 and 1172.
632:mentions Cepha as a fortress in the
4357:Arab settlements in Batman Province
4332:Populated places in Batman Province
3436:"South-Eastern Anatolia: Hasankeyf"
3274:Chahan de Cirbied, Jacques (1813),
3259:"Hasankeyf Raman Dağı'na taşınıyor"
3224:"Insurers halt work on Turkish dam"
3208:. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers.
2986:
1956:Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî
1844:
1824:
1368:Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic
1343:In 1504, during the reign of king (
968:Al-Kamil had bequeathed control of
308:
299:name for this Byzantine bishopric.
3165:(1978). William C. Hickman (ed.).
2763:Centre for European Policy Studies
2170:Today's Zaman & 28 August 2007
1256:until they were supplanted by the
746:, was imprisoned at Hisn Kayfa by
384:is recorded by P. Lucas Ingigian.
25:
4342:District municipalities in Turkey
3169:Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time
1091:On 23 Rabiʿ II 658/7 April 1260,
617:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
4104:
3705:. 28 August 2007. Archived from
3605:, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.,
3379:"The Rising Tide of Destruction"
3377:Huggler, Justin (21 July 2000).
2754:Tocci, Nathalie (October 2001).
1630:
897:Ayyubids and Mongols (1232–1462)
807:In April 1204, the Artuqid emir
56:
3297:(Ph.D.). University of Exeter.
3061:from the original on 2022-05-09
1520:– This palace was built by the
1355:
1339:Safavid Empire (1504–1514/1517)
1204:Hisn Kayfa seized control over
1110:By AH 665 (1266/1267) the
4327:Assyrian communities in Turkey
3599:Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2000),
3415:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977),
3108:, Cambridge University Press,
1540:– The palace was built by the
1460:is still spoken in the city.
1270:last remaining Ayyubid dynasty
1200:(in the Tur Abdin). In 1334/5
735:to the Artuqids in 1101/1102.
686:, took control of the town in
34:Municipality in Batman, Turkey
1:
3511:, New York University Press,
3239:Bolz, Diane M. (March 2009),
1802:Southeastern Anatolia Project
1264:Aq Qoyunlu period (1462–1501)
750:after he was captured at the
682:mother of the Hamdanid ruler
404:Middle Bronze Age (Ilānṣurā?)
3082:Ahmed, Kamal (1 July 2001).
1899:
1055:on 24 January 1260, and the
963:Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusrau II
815:and Hisn Kayfa, joined with
742:, at that time the count of
503:was the headquarters of the
186:is a town located along the
4347:7 Most Endangered Programme
3310:Darke, Diana (1 May 2014),
3084:"UK drops Turkish dam plan"
2792:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1970:http://syriaca.org/place/92
1871:
1835:
1469:exist throughout the area.
1260:in the early 16th century.
873:against the Ayyubid rulers
773:Control of trade along the
597:) became formalized as the
468:times, Hasankeyf (known as
460:Roman and Byzantine empires
295:) became formalized as the
4378:
3191:. Bank Track. 10 July 2009
1645:in the background, in 2011
900:
694:Artuqid period (1102–1232)
650:Muslim conquest of Armenia
283:), meaning "rock". As the
26:
4102:
3661:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3494:10.14628/gfa.2014.0.74280
3204:Floor, Willem M. (2008).
3144:The Rough Guide to Turkey
2703:, pp. 180, 209, 252.
1860:
1852:
1565:that has remained intact.
1244:In the 14th century, the
1163:Thomas Alexander Sinclair
1059:Christian Mongol general
532:the eastern provinces of
488:on the frontier with the
373:
55:
46:
3534:The History of the World
3473:Marciak, Michał (2014),
3451:Lendering, Jona (2010).
2160:, p. 373, note 557.
1954:Avcıkıran, Adem (2009).
1561:. The mosque also has a
1508:(Hasan the Tall) of the
1416:, speaking a dialect of
1398:De Paradiso Commentarius
1039:In 1255, the great khan
841:Nur ad-Din Arslan Shah I
791:bridge across the Tigris
726:granted Hisn Kayfa as a
428:(1800–1750 BC) refer to
3577:Sinclair, T.A. (1989),
3530:"Chapter 3, Section 10"
3226:. BBC. 24 December 2008
2951:Buğday Association 2005
1697:, based in Turkey, Ms.
1478:– Built in 1116 by the
1332:Mausoleum of Zeynel Bey
819:, the Ayyubid ruler of
756:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
754:along with his kinsman
638:Descriptio Orbis Romani
4024:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
2788:Fink, Andreas (2017).
2043:Chahan de Cirbied 1813
1880:
1664:
1513:
1008:Al-Muwaḥḥid ʿAbd Allāh
871:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
866:, was allied with the
811:, who controlled both
4322:Roman sites in Turkey
3011:Ekonomik Ayrıntı 2009
2728:Kocaaslan, Nur Banu.
1658:
1503:
1475:The Old Tigris Bridge
1384:places "the Citie of
1130:forces. In 1315, the
901:Further information:
698:In the 11th century,
81:37.71472°N 41.41306°E
3336:The Atlantic Monthly
2552:, pp. 397, 398.
1715:World Monuments Fund
1613:Zeynel Bey Mausoleum
1378:History of the World
1043:charged his brother
982:al-Muazzam Turanshah
959:'Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād
920:'Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād
903:Emirate of Hasankeyf
839:to rout the army of
740:Joscelin I of Edessa
587:Eastern Roman Empire
583:Council of Chalcedon
3564:on 17 December 2014
3453:"Cepha (Hasankeyf)"
2845:Hürriyet Daily News
2653:, pp. 314–315.
2616:Ayliffe et al. 2003
2583:, pp. 203–204.
2456:, pp. 303–304.
2364:, pp. 222–223.
2301:, pp. 127–128.
1464:Archeological sites
1328:Battle of Otlukbeli
1280:from 1452 to 1478.
851:, in a battle near
823:, and princes from
720:Battle of Manzikert
450:Neo-Assyrian Empire
380:(Mesrob Eretz) and
77: /
4352:Hasankeyf District
3750:Hasankeyf District
3124:Mari in Retrospect
2538:Amitai-Preiss 2005
1797:Ilısu Dam Campaign
1705:of Hasankeyf, the
1695:Buğday Association
1665:
1599:Imam Abdullah Tomb
1514:
1372:In 1514/1517, the
1362:Diyarbakr Province
1196:and the castle of
1158:took their place.
710:allies moved into
574:Notitia Dignitatum
192:Hasankeyf District
148:Abdülvahap Küsen (
145: • Mayor
86:37.71472; 41.41306
4299:
4298:
4035:
4034:
3678:, London: 21–58,
3518:978-0-8147-5492-4
3501:Meinecke, Michael
3372:978-3-447-10898-0
3323:978-1-84162-490-7
3215:978-1-933823-23-2
2977:, pp. 30–31.
2799:978-3-447-10898-0
2473:, pp. 64–65.
2077:, pp. 63–64.
1897:
1869:
1833:
1693:According to the
1154:, Hisn Kayfa and
864:Rukn al-Din Madud
579:Legio II Parthica
522:Battle of Samarra
484:) was a base for
422:Northwest Semitic
410:Middle Bronze Age
389:Atatürk's Reforms
378:Matthew of Edessa
376:) is recorded by
241:Northwest Semitic
235:mentioned in the
181:
180:
18:Hesna d'Kifa
16:(Redirected from
4369:
4108:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4027:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3710:
3709:on 5 March 2016.
3694:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3615:
3595:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3537:
3521:
3496:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3431:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3359:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3338:. pp. 30–31
3326:
3306:
3287:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3219:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3158:
3148:, Rough Guides,
3147:
3136:
3118:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2878:Smith-Spark 2006
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2804:
2803:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2510:
2504:
2491:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2273:
2272:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:Martine & ND
2235:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1930:
1922:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1739:Société Générale
1651:Ilısu Dam impact
1634:
1528:Ulu (Big) Mosque
1359:
1357:
1033:Michael Meinecke
752:Battle of Harran
732:
630:George of Cyprus
524:, his successor
506:Dux Mesopotamiae
375:
311:
310:
135:18th century BC?
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
82:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
60:
37:
21:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4249:
4180:
4109:
4100:
4071:
4066:
4036:
4031:
3768:
3752:
3747:
3717:
3697:
3684:10.2307/3698077
3669:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3598:
3593:
3581:, vol. 3,
3576:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3526:Raleigh, Walter
3524:
3519:
3499:
3477:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3438:. Guide Martine
3434:
3429:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3383:The Independent
3376:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3309:
3290:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3163:Babinger, Franz
3161:
3156:
3139:
3134:
3121:
3116:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3055:The Independent
3047:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2807:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2513:
2509:, pp. 356.
2505:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:, pp. 251.
2440:
2436:
2432:, pp. 232.
2428:
2424:
2420:, pp. 231.
2416:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:, pp. 223.
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:, pp. 128.
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2276:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
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2144:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1793:
1781:
1758:Garanti Bankası
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1569:Süleyman Mosque
1488:Medieval Period
1466:
1406:
1370:
1354:
1341:
1266:
1123:Ilkhanate court
905:
899:
809:al-Salih Mahmud
760:count of Edessa
730:
712:Western Armenia
696:
646:
644:Muslim conquest
636:section of his
558:Castra Maurorum
490:Sasanian Empire
462:
442:
440:Late Bronze Age
406:
401:
218:
196:Batman Province
93:
85:
83:
79:
76:
71:
68:
66:
64:
63:
51:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4375:
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4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
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4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
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4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4182:
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4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
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4158:
4153:
4148:
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4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4103:
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4098:
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4073:
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4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
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3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3757:Municipalities
3754:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3716:
3715:External links
3713:
3712:
3711:
3695:
3667:
3633:
3616:
3611:
3596:
3591:
3574:
3554:
3538:
3522:
3517:
3497:
3470:
3448:
3432:
3427:
3412:
3394:
3374:
3360:
3358:on 2014-12-17.
3348:
3332:"Turkish bath"
3327:
3322:
3313:Eastern Turkey
3307:
3288:
3271:
3255:
3236:
3220:
3214:
3201:
3185:
3179:
3159:
3154:
3137:
3132:
3119:
3114:
3099:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3057:. 2020-07-18.
3040:
3015:
3003:
2999:BankTrack 2009
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2920:Yekta Uzunoglu
2907:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2832:
2805:
2798:
2780:
2768:
2746:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2691:, p. 180.
2681:
2655:
2643:
2641:, p. 404.
2620:
2618:, p. 913.
2608:
2606:, p. 399.
2585:
2573:
2571:, p. 397.
2554:
2542:
2540:, p. 150.
2530:
2528:, p. 396.
2511:
2507:Humphreys 1977
2492:
2475:
2458:
2454:Humphreys 1977
2446:
2442:Humphreys 1977
2434:
2430:Humphreys 1977
2422:
2418:Humphreys 1977
2405:
2403:, p. 227.
2401:Humphreys 1977
2393:
2381:
2377:Humphreys 1977
2366:
2362:Humphreys 1977
2354:
2352:, p. 222.
2350:Humphreys 1977
2342:
2340:, p. 221.
2338:Humphreys 1977
2327:
2325:, p. 218.
2323:Humphreys 1977
2315:
2311:Humphreys 1977
2303:
2299:Humphreys 1977
2291:
2274:
2251:
2242:
2230:
2213:
2209:Lendering 2010
2201:
2199:, p. 374.
2189:
2187:, p. 373.
2174:
2162:
2150:
2148:, p. 275.
2138:
2136:, p. 204.
2123:
2106:
2104:, p. 375.
2094:
2092:, p. 366.
2079:
2064:
2062:, p. 370.
2047:
2045:, p. 320.
2030:
2015:
2004:. 1 April 2020
1989:
1974:
1961:
1946:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1780:
1777:
1766:Yeni Hasankeyf
1718:significance.
1652:
1649:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1596:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1548:El Rizk Mosque
1545:
1535:
1525:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1465:
1462:
1430:Arab Christian
1405:
1402:
1394:Andreas Masius
1382:Walter Raleigh
1374:Ottoman Empire
1369:
1366:
1340:
1337:
1320:Ottoman Empire
1265:
1262:
1258:Ottoman Empire
1142:, and through
994:Shajar al-Durr
974:as-Salih Ayyub
909:as-Salih Ayyub
898:
895:
770:in 1122/1123.
718:forces at the
695:
692:
645:
642:
511:Constantius II
461:
458:
441:
438:
416:kingdoms. The
405:
402:
400:
397:
217:
214:
179:
178:
168:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
146:
142:
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137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
61:
53:
52:
47:
44:
43:
40:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4256:
4252:
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4225:Little Khabur
4223:
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4215:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
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3744:
3739:
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3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3703:Today's Zaman
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
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3668:
3664:
3658:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3612:81-261-0403-1
3608:
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3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:0-907132-34-0
3588:
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3580:
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3559:
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3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:
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3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:(17): 13–56,
3487:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:0-87395-263-4
3424:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3180:0-691-09900-6
3176:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:1-84353-071-6
3151:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3133:0-931464-28-5
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3115:0-521-46226-6
3111:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:Davidson 2008
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2847:. 12 May 2017
2846:
2842:
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2829:
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2822:
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2818:
2816:
2814:
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2810:
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2801:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:, p. 44.
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2670:. 12 May 2017
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:Babinger 1978
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:Sinclair 1989
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2604:Sinclair 1989
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:Sinclair 1989
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:Sinclair 1989
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:Sinclair 1989
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:, p. 65.
2489:
2488:Meinecke 1996
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:Meinecke 1996
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2391:, p. 64.
2390:
2389:Meinecke 1996
2385:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2289:, p. 34.
2288:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2249:Canard (1965)
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2228:, p. 58.
2227:
2226:Meinecke 1996
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:Sinclair 1989
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:Sinclair 1989
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:, p. 38.
2120:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:Sinclair 1989
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:Sinclair 1989
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:Sinclair 1989
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1919:
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1901:
1895:
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1831:
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1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:Veysel Eroğlu
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Huriye Küpeli
1696:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1622:
1619:ruler of the
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:Kizlar Mosque
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
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1515:
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1325:
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1228:
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1199:
1195:
1190:
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1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1061:Kitbuqa Noyan
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:caravanserais
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
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960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
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925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
904:
896:
894:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
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38:
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19:
4130:
3965:Kanîya mezin
3763:
3707:the original
3702:
3675:
3671:
3646:, retrieved
3641:
3625:. Retrieved
3601:
3583:Pindar Press
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3546:. Retrieved
3533:
3508:
3485:
3481:
3462:. Retrieved
3456:
3440:. Retrieved
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:
3386:. Retrieved
3382:
3363:
3356:the original
3340:. Retrieved
3312:
3293:
3283:
3279:
3263:. Retrieved
3248:, retrieved
3244:
3228:. Retrieved
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3168:
3143:
3123:
3104:
3091:. Retrieved
3088:The Observer
3063:. Retrieved
3054:
3043:
3032:. Retrieved
3030:. 2020-02-25
3027:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2939:Huggler 2000
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2896:The Guardian
2895:
2890:Fox, Tessa.
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2789:
2783:
2771:
2762:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2713:Raleigh 1614
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2667:
2658:
2646:
2611:
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2545:
2533:
2449:
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2357:
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2306:
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2245:
2233:
2204:
2192:
2165:
2158:Comfort 2009
2153:
2146:Comfort 2009
2141:
2134:Comfort 2009
2119:Marciak 2014
2097:
2075:Comfort 2009
2006:. Retrieved
2001:
1992:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1935:(in Turkish)
1932:
1900:Ḥesno d-Kifo
1816:
1782:
1765:
1751:
1720:
1712:
1692:
1689:
1666:
1661:Tigris River
1659:View of the
1643:Tigris River
1612:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1559:Tigris River
1547:
1538:Great Palace
1537:
1527:
1518:Small Palace
1517:
1493:
1484:Tigris River
1473:
1467:
1407:
1404:Demographics
1397:
1390:Fortis Petra
1389:
1388:, otherwise
1385:
1377:
1371:
1344:
1342:
1313:
1293:Kara Koyunlu
1282:
1267:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1218:
1191:
1187:Tigris River
1160:
1128:
1109:
1090:
1038:
1006:
990:
967:
936:
913:
906:
883:
868:Khwarazmshah
861:
806:
795:
772:
737:
728:
700:Seljuk Turks
697:
678:Fatima, the
677:
658:
647:
637:
613:
610:
594:
590:
572:
570:
515:
504:
494:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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443:
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429:
426:Mari Tablets
407:
392:
386:
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365:
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337:
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329:
325:
321:
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280:
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264:
260:
256:
245:Mari Tablets
232:
231:The city of
230:
219:
211:
204:
183:
182:
49:Municipality
4186:Tributaries
3977:Gundê Diyar
3648:17 December
3627:17 December
3568:17 December
3542:"Hasankeyf"
3442:11 November
3388:17 December
3342:17 December
3303:10036/68213
3265:17 December
3250:17 December
3245:Smithsonian
3230:17 December
3195:17 December
3093:17 December
2916:"Barbarity"
2287:Taylor 1865
2026:Astour 1992
1939:16 December
1836:Ḥiṣn Kayfa'
1731:Switzerland
1617:Uzun Hassan
1494:The Citadel
1446:Switzerland
1386:Hasan-Cepha
1278:Uzun Hassan
1254:Dulkadirids
1206:Mayafaraqin
1167:Mayafaraqin
1144:Mayafaraqin
1093:Mayafaraqin
890:Mayafaraqin
825:Mayafaraqin
768:Belek Ghazi
684:Abu Taghlib
634:Mesopotamia
499:, although
492:of Persia.
486:legionaries
408:During the
387:As part of
354:Hassan-Keyf
132:Established
84: /
4306:Categories
4235:Little Zab
4121:Diyarbakır
4097:(1,377 km)
4069:The Tigris
3833:Gundê Kola
3642:Asia Times
3623:. BBC News
3548:16 October
3458:Livius.org
3407:2019-09-19
3398:"Barbaric"
3065:2020-12-10
3034:2020-03-31
2925:2018-07-05
2901:2019-09-19
2866:Ahmed 2001
2851:13 January
2776:Starr 2010
2701:Floor 2008
2689:Floor 2008
2674:20 October
2581:Singh 2000
1910:References
1889:ܚܣܢܐ ܕܟܐܦܐ
1735:World Bank
1579:Koc Mosque
1510:Aq Qoyunlu
1506:Uzun Hasan
1301:Diyar Bakr
1297:suzerainty
1274:Aq Qoyunlu
1239:Aq Qoyunlu
1132:Il-Khanate
1119:Abaqa Khan
1105:Diyar Bakr
1101:the Jazira
970:the Jazira
955:Rum Seljuk
918:forces of
916:Rum Seljuk
775:Diyarbakır
724:Barkiyāruq
702:and their
350:Husn Kayfa
334:Ḥiṣn Kayfâ
330:Ḥiṣn Kayfā
326:Ḥiṣn Kaifā
322:Hisn Kayfa
318:Hisn Kaifa
314:Ḥiṣn Kayfa
157:Population
140:Government
72:41°24′47″E
69:37°42′53″N
29:Kelardasht
4230:Great Zab
4156:Kadhimiya
4131:Hasankeyf
4076:Countries
3941:Xirbe Kur
3816:Büyükdere
3764:Hasankeyf
3362:A. Fink:
3316:, Bradt,
2963:Bolz 2009
2002:Haberturk
1894:romanized
1866:romanized
1853:Հասանքեյֆ
1830:romanized
1773:reservoir
1743:UniCredit
1683:and cave
1670:Ilısu Dam
1621:Akkoyunlu
1593:mausoleum
1324:Mehmed II
1225:al-Ashraf
1194:Tur Abdin
1082:Ariq Böke
1057:Nestorian
1023:, tombs,
939:al-Ashraf
886:al-Masʿud
875:al-Ashraf
847:ruler of
817:al-Ashraf
802:Silk Road
787:Euphrates
764:Jikirmish
744:Turbessel
738:In 1104,
716:Byzantine
690:900 A.D.
606:bishopric
603:Byzantine
566:Sophanene
562:Tur Abdin
542:Zabdicene
530:Shapur II
393:Hasankeyf
366:Harsenkev
362:Husunkeïf
346:Hisn Kayf
342:Ḥiṣn Kîfâ
338:Ḥiṣn Kīfā
207:Ilısu Dam
190:, in the
184:Hasankeyf
166:Time zone
126:Hasankeyf
41:Hasankeyf
4085:(523 km)
3984:Uzundere
3972:Tepebaşı
3857:Kefralbê
3852:Irmakköy
3828:Çardaklı
3773:Villages
3657:citation
3558:"Batman"
3528:(1614),
3503:(1996),
3402:Globefox
3059:Archived
2987:BBC 2008
2269:25189237
1849:Armenian
1825:حصن كيفا
1791:See also
1747:DekaBank
1685:churches
1603:Mohammad
1542:Artukids
1532:Ayyubids
1522:Ayyubids
1426:Assyrian
1422:Armenian
1351:Ismail I
1289:Jihangir
1246:Ayyubids
1175:Nusaybin
1140:Nusaybin
1065:Damascus
1017:medreses
1002:Damascus
943:al-Kamil
879:al-Kamil
853:Nusaybin
798:Ayyubids
785:and the
783:Lake Van
675:rulers.
673:Marwanid
669:Hamdanid
550:Rehimena
546:Corduene
534:Arzanene
497:Arzanene
434:Ilānṣurā
430:Ilānṣurā
418:Akkadian
370:Armenian
358:Hosnkeif
309:حصن كيفا
237:Akkadian
233:Ilānṣurā
216:Toponymy
121:District
109:Province
4286:Samarra
4240:'Adhaim
4161:Baghdad
4151:Samarra
4091:(40 km)
4020:Yolüstü
4013:Xanikan
4008:Yakaköy
3960:Soğucak
3936:Palamut
3912:Kumluca
3900:Kelekçi
3888:Kayıklı
3876:Karaköy
3869:Derhawê
3864:İncirli
3840:Güneşli
3804:Bayırlı
3692:3698077
3076:Sources
3028:Reuters
2739:12 June
2263:: 924.
2008:1 April
1896::
1868::
1841:Kurdish
1832::
1779:Climate
1727:Germany
1723:Austria
1703:prefect
1678:Islamic
1674:mosques
1609:period.
1607:Ayyubid
1589:Ayyubid
1573:minaret
1563:minaret
1552:Ayyubid
1480:Artuqid
1438:Germany
1410:Kurdish
1358:
1250:Mamluks
1232:al-Adil
1202:al-Adil
1198:Haytham
1183:Artukid
1115:Baybars
1078:Kubilai
1049:Baghdad
1029:bazaars
1021:hammams
1019:, four
978:al-Adil
957:sultan
758:, then
704:Turkmen
680:Kurdish
665:Abbasid
661:Ummayad
654:Nisibis
554:Singara
538:Moxoene
520:at the
501:Nisibis
446:Mitanni
414:Hurrian
399:History
374:Հարսնքվ
289:western
285:eastern
98:Country
4281:Badush
4245:Diyala
4210:Garzan
4206:Batman
4176:Kemune
4171:Al-Kūt
4166:Amarah
4146:Tikrit
4126:Bismil
4114:Cities
4083:Turkey
3989:Wezrîn
3953:Lepêna
3929:Mebiya
3924:Öğütlü
3917:Merdîs
3905:Miwêlê
3893:Mîhîna
3881:Reşiye
3809:Kûneyn
3780:Akalın
3690:
3609:
3589:
3515:
3464:12 May
3425:
3370:
3320:
3212:
3177:
3152:
3130:
3112:
2796:
2267:
1885:Syriac
1845:Heskîf
1821:Arabic
1785:Tigris
1762:Akbank
1701:, the
1555:sultan
1458:Arabic
1442:Sweden
1434:France
1418:Arabic
1316:Tabriz
1305:Jazira
1214:Silvan
1156:Mardin
1112:Mamluk
1097:Mardin
1086:Tabriz
1074:Möngke
1070:Aleppo
1053:Aleppo
1045:Hulagu
1041:Möngke
1012:Mamluk
986:atabeg
947:Aleppo
932:Harran
924:Harput
857:Harput
845:Zengid
843:, the
833:Sinjar
821:Harran
748:Sökmen
621:Mardin
595:Kiphas
526:Jovian
518:Julian
482:Ciphas
382:Kentzy
304:Arabic
293:Kiphas
269:Syriac
265:Ciphas
226:Arabic
222:Syriac
200:Turkey
188:Tigris
114:Batman
102:Turkey
4276:Mosul
4271:Cizre
4266:Ilısu
4261:Dicle
4220:Botan
4216:Savur
4213:Göksu
4202:Hazro
4199:Pamuk
4193:Ambar
4141:Mosul
4136:Cizre
4089:Syria
4025:Kêdil
4001:Difnê
3996:Üçyol
3948:Saklı
3845:Şemsê
3785:Alînê
3688:JSTOR
3478:(PDF)
3282:[
2759:(PDF)
2734:SARAT
2265:JSTOR
1929:(XLS)
1881:Cepha
1877:Latin
1872:Kifas
1861:Κιφας
1857:Greek
1808:Notes
1707:Swiss
1681:tombs
1454:Kurds
1414:Arabs
1309:Siirt
1285:Amida
1221:Siirt
1210:Boşat
1171:Arzan
1152:Siirt
1148:Amida
1136:Cizre
1063:took
849:Mosul
837:Irbil
829:Cizre
813:Amida
779:Mosul
731:'
708:Oghuz
599:Greek
591:Κιφας
478:Cepha
474:Cephe
470:Kepha
466:Roman
306:name
297:Greek
271:word
261:Cepha
257:Cephe
253:Latin
249:Roman
171:UTC+3
160:4,329
4254:Dams
4196:Kuru
4095:Iraq
3821:Gerê
3797:Hizo
3792:Aksu
3663:link
3650:2014
3629:2014
3607:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3570:2014
3550:2019
3513:ISBN
3466:2020
3444:2014
3423:ISBN
3390:2014
3368:ISBN
3344:2014
3318:ISBN
3267:2014
3252:2014
3232:2014
3210:ISBN
3197:2014
3175:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3128:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3095:2014
2853:2019
2794:ISBN
2741:2022
2676:2017
2010:2020
1941:2022
1933:TÜİK
1760:and
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1729:and
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1177:and
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1138:and
1080:and
1027:and
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998:Anah
951:Homs
949:and
930:and
928:Urfa
877:and
835:and
729:iqtâ
706:and
671:and
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625:Dara
548:and
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360:and
320:and
287:and
281:kifo
277:kefa
273:ܟܐܦܐ
239:and
224:and
4291:Kut
3680:doi
3490:doi
3299:hdl
1770:dam
1450:PKK
1396:'s
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480:or
464:In
279:or
263:or
255:as
175:TRT
150:AKP
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