867:
872:
871:
869:
873:
870:
213:
823:
252:. These fibers create a narrow convoluted pathway through which air passes. When the largest particles are passing through this pathway, the bundles of fibers behave like a kitchen sieve which physically blocks the particles from passing through. However, when smaller particles pass with the air, as the air twists and turns, the smaller particles cannot keep up with the motion of the air and thus they collide with the fibers. The smallest particles have very little inertia and move randomly as a result of collisions with individual air molecules (
256:). Because of their movement, they end up crashing into the fibers. Key factors affecting its functions are fiber diameter, filter thickness, and face velocity is the measured air speed at an inlet or outlet of a heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Face velocity is measured in m/s and can be calculated as the volume flow rate (m/s) divided by the face area (m). The air space between HEPA filter fibers is typically much greater than 0.3 μm. HEPA filters in very high level for smallest particulate matter. Unlike
229:
858:(MERV) rating. These ratings are used to rate the ability of an air cleaner filter to remove dust from the air as it passes through the filter. MERV is a standard used to measure the overall efficiency of a filter. The MERV scale ranges from 1 to 16, and measures a filter's ability to remove particles from 10 to 0.3 micrometer in size. Filters with higher ratings not only remove more particles from the air, but they also remove smaller particles.
40:
787:
948:
another solution for operational headquarters, where individual gas masks were impractical. The Army
Chemical Corps developed a combination mechanical blower and air purifier unit, which incorporated cellulose-asbestos paper in a deeply-pleated form with spacers between the pleats. It was referred to as an "absolute" air filter and laid the groundwork for further research to come in developing the HEPA filter.
740:
687:
381:
868:
304:
point in the filter's performance, the HEPA specifications use the retention of particles near this size (0.3 μm) to classify the filter. However it is possible for particles smaller than the MPPS to not have filtering efficiency greater than that of the MPPS. This is due to the fact that these particles can act as
673:
filter in a timely fashion will result in it putting stress on the machine or system and not removing particles from the air properly. Additionally, depending on the gasketing materials chosen in the design of the system, a clogged HEPA filter can result in extensive bypassing of airflow around the filter.
672:
To ensure that a HEPA filter is working efficiently, the filters should be inspected and changed at least every six months in commercial settings. In residential settings, and depending on the general ambient air quality, these filters can be changed every two to three years. Failing to change a HEPA
918:
aircraft is, in fact, brought in from the outside, circulated through the cabin and then exhausted through outflow valves in the rear of the aircraft. About 40 percent of the cabin's air goes through a HEPA filter and the other 60 percent comes from outside the plane. Certified air filters block and
652:
In general terms (and allowing for some variation depending on factors such as the air-flow rate, the physical properties of the particles being filtered, as well as engineering details of the entire filtration-system design and not just the filter-media properties), HEPA filters experience the most
947:
worn by soldiers fighting in World War II. A piece of paper found inserted into a German gas mask had a remarkably high capture efficiency for chemical smoke. The
British Army Chemical Corps duplicated this and began to manufacture it in large quantities for their own service gas masks. They needed
303:
Diffusion predominates below the 0.1 μm diameter particle size, whilst impaction and interception predominate above 0.4 μm. In between, near the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) 0.21 μm, both diffusion and interception are comparatively inefficient. Because this is the weakest
853:
Some newer models claim to be better than the earlier ones with the inclusion of "washable" filters. Generally, washable true HEPA filters are expensive. A high-quality HEPA filter can trap 99.97% of dust particles that are 0.3 microns in diameter. For comparison, a human hair is about 50 to 150
643:
Some companies use a marketing term known as "True HEPA" to give consumers assurance that their air filters meet the HEPA standard, although this term has no legal or scientific meaning. Products that are marketed to be "HEPA-type," "HEPA-like," "HEPA-style" or "99% HEPA" do not satisfy the HEPA
845:
the air drawn into the machine is expelled through the filter, with none of the air leaking past it. This is often referred to as "Sealed HEPA" or sometimes the more vague "True HEPA". Vacuum cleaners simply labeled "HEPA" may have a HEPA filter, but not all air necessarily passes through it.
854:
microns in diameter. So, a true HEPA filter is effectively trapping particles several hundred times smaller than the width of a human hair. Some manufacturers claim filter standards such as "HEPA 4," without explaining the meaning behind them. This refers to their
1917:
964:
to recommend filter test methods and other general recommendations for creating the material to filter out these radioactive particles. He identified 0.3 micron size particles to be the "most penetrating size"—the most difficult and concerning.
264:, where particles smaller than openings or pores can pass through, HEPA filters are designed to target a range of particle sizes. These particles are trapped (they stick to a fiber) through a combination of the following three mechanisms:
971:
Over the decades filters have evolved to satisfy the higher and higher demands for air quality in various high technology industries, such as aerospace, pharmaceutical industry, hospitals, health care, nuclear fuels, nuclear power, and
388:
HEPA filters, as defined by the United States
Department of Energy (DOE) standard adopted by most American industries, remove at least 99.97% of aerosols 0.3 micrometers (μm) in diameter. The filter's minimal resistance to airflow, or
298:
Impaction; larger particles are unable to avoid fibers by following the curving contours of the air stream and are forced to embed in one of them directly; this effect increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow
913:
in recirculated air. Critics have expressed concern about the effectiveness and state of repair of air filtering systems, since they think that much of the air in an airplane cabin is recirculated. Almost all of the air in a
3896:
959:
contaminants. The US Army
Chemical Corps and National Defense Research Committee needed to develop a filter suitable for removing radioactive materials from the air. The Army Chemical Corps asked Nobel Laureate
279:
by the smallest particles, especially those below 0.1 μm in diameter. The small particles are effectively blown or bounced around and collide with the filter media fibers. This behavior is similar to
1909:
43:
HEPA filter corrugated internal structure and aluminium support along with the description of its functioning principle (interception, impact and diffusion of dust particles through a dense non-woven fiber
2424:
360:
A HEPA bag filter can be used in conjunction with a pre-filter (usually carbon-activated) to extend the usage life of the more expensive HEPA filter. In such setup, the first stage in the
100:
Filters meeting the HEPA standard must satisfy certain levels of efficiency. Common standards require that a HEPA air filter must remove—from the air that passes through—at least 99.95% (
850:
to HEPA, but without the filtering efficiency. Because of the extra density of a true HEPA filter, HEPA vacuum cleaners require more powerful motors to provide adequate cleaning power.
340:(charcoal) or other type of filter instead of or in addition to a HEPA filter. Carbon cloth filters, claimed to be many times more efficient than the granular activated carbon form at
2346:
834:
also use HEPA filters as part of their filtration systems. This is beneficial for asthma and allergy sufferers, because the HEPA filter traps the fine particles (such as pollen and
3846:
1242:
3876:
1563:
2260:
404:: European Standard EN 1822-1:2019, from which ISO 29463 is derived, defines several classes of filters by their retention at the given most penetrating particle size (MPPS):
2592:
204:, such as the manufacturing of hard disk drives, medical devices, semiconductors, nuclear, food and pharmaceutical products, as well as in hospitals, homes, and vehicles.
2392:
180:
oxidation (PCO). A HEPA filter is also able to capture some viruses and bacteria which are ≤0.3 μm. A HEPA filter is also able to capture floor dust which contains
644:
standard and may not have been tested in independent laboratories. Although such filters may come reasonably close to HEPA standards, others fall significantly short.
2050:
888:(HVAC) is technology that uses air filters, such as HEPA filters, to remove pollutants from the air either indoors or in vehicles. Pollutants include smoke, viruses,
1254:
1836:
368:, PM10 and pollen particles from the air. The second stage high-quality HEPA filter removes the finer particles that escape from the pre-filter. This is common in
1156:
101:
3891:
1372:
1745:
2414:
3384:
2633:
885:
878:
3886:
3818:
1978:
968:
It was commercialized in the 1950s, and the original term became a registered trademark and later a generic trademark for highly efficient filters.
105:
1212:
2229:
841:) which trigger allergy and asthma symptoms. For a HEPA filter in a vacuum cleaner to be effective, the vacuum cleaner must be designed so that
2460:
3691:
1235:
Guidance for
Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks
620:
348:, are known as high efficiency gas adsorption filters (HEGA) and were originally developed by the British Armed Forces as a defense against
3851:
3813:
2488:
2451:
2360:
1799:
1947:
631:
particles, under 30 CFR 11 and 42 CFR 84. Since the transition to 42 CFR 84 in 1995, use of the term HEPA has been deprecated except for
284:
and raises the probability that a particle will be stopped by either interception or impaction; this mechanism becomes dominant at lower
2539:
2170:
1870:
653:
difficulty in capturing particles in the size range of 0.15 to 0.2 μm. HEPA filtration works by mechanical means, unlike ionic and
2323:
3674:
1626:
1033:
1015:
855:
109:
2568:
1547:
120:, with the filtration efficiency increasing for particle diameters both less than and greater than 0.3 μm. HEPA filters capture
3716:
3429:
2965:
2694:
2525:
2252:
1557:
1126:
744:
726:
2080:
1190:
American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME AG-1a–2004, "Addenda to ASME AG-1–2003 Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment", 2004
2785:
2191:
632:
3866:
3680:
3060:
1714:
2382:
770:
Some of the best-rated HEPA units have an efficiency rating of 99.995%, which assures a very high level of protection against
2624:
2292:
1160:
708:
418:(ULPA). The averaged efficiency of the filter is called "overall", and the efficiency at a specific point is called "local":
2042:
931:
would have the world's first HEPA-grade filter in a Tesla car. Following the release of the Model X, Tesla has updated the
4027:
4017:
3828:
3772:
3767:
3344:
2872:
1400:
1009:
767:
light units or panels with anti-microbial coating to kill off the live bacteria and viruses trapped by the filter media.
1791:
1768:
3389:
2940:
2861:
2820:
2356:
1233:
248:
with diameters between 0.5 and 2.0 micrometers. Most of the time, these filters are composed of tangled bundles of fine
822:
3732:
3534:
3045:
2980:
2898:
2810:
2674:
610:
1480:"Bacterial community analysis of floor dust and HEPA filters in air purifiers used in office rooms in ILAS, Beijing"
1097:
759:
HEPA filters are critical in the prevention of the spread of airborne bacterial and viral organisms and, therefore,
3881:
3762:
3469:
3234:
3078:
1003:
166:
697:
4022:
4007:
3934:
3793:
3757:
3559:
3189:
3144:
3072:
2924:
2867:
414:
325:
2415:"2016 Tesla Model S gets styling update, 48-amp charger, new interior options, $ 1,500 price increase (updated)"
3981:
3803:
3499:
3099:
2878:
2769:
2754:
1592:
1650:
Christopherson, David A.; Yao, William C.; Lu, Mingming; Vijayakumar, R.; Sedaghat, Ahmad R. (July 14, 2020).
1039:
3976:
3901:
3823:
3752:
3696:
3628:
3524:
3439:
3349:
3314:
2790:
1702:
991:
2102:
Christopherson, David A.; Yao, William C.; Lu, Mingming; Vijayakumar, R.; Sedaghat, Ahmad R. (2020-07-14).
1153:"INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 29463-1—High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air"
1066:
320:
HEPA filters are designed to arrest very fine particles effectively, but they do not filter out gasses and
3966:
3928:
3808:
3519:
2950:
228:
1970:
1421:
Chuaybamroong, P.; Chotigawin, R.; Supothina, S.; Sribenjalux, P.; Larpkiattaworn, S.; Wu, C.-Y. (2010).
892:, etc., and can originate either outside or inside. HVAC is used to provide environmental comfort and in
661:
and ozone gas respectively. So, the likelihood of potential triggering of pulmonary side-effects such as
3986:
3664:
3623:
3339:
3010:
2830:
1890:
1204:
771:
704:
201:
31:
2419:
2221:
1030:– Removes 99.999% of dust, pollen, mold, bacteria, and particles larger than 120 nm (0.12 μm)
1062:
4012:
3788:
3778:
3722:
3659:
3554:
3134:
3083:
2649:
1812:
1491:
1434:
1348:
1291:
394:
160:
3654:
3644:
3618:
3404:
3066:
2975:
2945:
2845:
2815:
2709:
2669:
2351:
1092:
261:
3917:
3861:
3798:
3575:
3454:
3449:
3239:
3050:
3035:
2617:
2480:
2141:
1681:
1317:
973:
747:(PAPR) fitted with a HEPA filter, used to protect from airborne or aerosolised pathogens such as
384:
A portable HEPA filtration unit used to clean air after a fire, or during manufacturing processes
2446:
1337:"Penetration and pressure drop of a HEPA filter during loading with submicron liquid particles"
212:
3489:
3444:
3199:
3194:
3124:
3020:
2856:
2659:
2531:
2521:
2472:
2133:
2125:
2023:
1939:
1882:
1874:
1828:
1760:
1673:
1632:
1622:
1553:
1525:
1507:
1460:
1452:
1364:
1309:
956:
952:
628:
197:
172:
154:
2602:
2511:
2315:
2160:
1280:"Influence of relative humidity on HEPA filters during and after loading with soot particles"
3956:
3711:
3706:
3289:
2995:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2800:
2464:
2115:
2013:
1820:
1750:
1663:
1515:
1499:
1442:
1356:
1299:
1246:
349:
337:
54:
3951:
3923:
3565:
3479:
3474:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3329:
3269:
3184:
3169:
2990:
2985:
2960:
2955:
2825:
2749:
2593:
TSI Application Note ITI-041: Mechanisms of
Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters
2560:
2517:
2288:
1618:
1205:"Specification for HEPA Filters Used by DOE Contractors — DOE Technical Standards Program"
1181:
European
Standard EN 1822-1:2009, "High efficiency air filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA)", 2009
961:
835:
281:
253:
1118:
846:
Finally, vacuum cleaner filters marketed as "HEPA-like" will typically use a filter of a
2072:
1816:
1495:
1438:
1352:
1336:
1295:
3701:
3598:
3374:
3354:
3319:
3254:
3174:
3015:
3005:
2914:
2764:
2734:
2689:
2684:
2104:"High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters in the Era of COVID-19: Function and Efficacy"
2018:
2001:
1652:"High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters in the Era of COVID-19: Function and Efficacy"
1520:
1479:
915:
831:
401:
221:
177:
39:
2199:
1824:
786:
4001:
3783:
3634:
3529:
3494:
3264:
3259:
3214:
3209:
3055:
3030:
3025:
3000:
2970:
2840:
2739:
2719:
2699:
2610:
2484:
2145:
1740:
1685:
1447:
1422:
1360:
1321:
932:
928:
390:
241:
149:
1706:
739:
3961:
3639:
3539:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3434:
3369:
3249:
3219:
3159:
3154:
3129:
3040:
2919:
2835:
2759:
2744:
2729:
1478:
Guo, Jianguo; Xiong, Yi; Kang, Taisheng; Xiang, Zhiguang; Qin, Chuan (2020-04-14).
985:
748:
309:
295:
of a fiber and adhere to it. Mid size particles are being captured by this process.
291:
Interception; particles following a line of flow in the air stream come within one
237:
2282:
1741:"Particle size for greatest penetration of HEPA filters—and their true efficiency"
1304:
1279:
1152:
192:. HEPA was commercialized in the 1950s, and the original term became a registered
200:
for highly efficient filters. HEPA filters are used in applications that require
3971:
3613:
3570:
3544:
3484:
3464:
3459:
3334:
3294:
3279:
3224:
3149:
3119:
3114:
2930:
2795:
2714:
2387:
1894:
951:
The next phase of the HEPA filter was designed in the 1940s and was used in the
764:
686:
369:
181:
2468:
1503:
1394:
1393:
Schentag, Jerome J.; Akers, Charles; Campagna, Pamela; Chirayath, Paul (2004).
380:
3727:
3649:
3580:
3549:
3424:
3394:
3324:
3274:
3244:
3229:
3204:
3109:
2909:
2805:
2724:
2664:
2000:
Spelce, David; Rehak, Timothy R; Meltzer, Richard W; Johnson, James S (2019).
1861:
Glover, Norman J. (May 2002). "Countering chemical and biological terrorism".
1636:
1021:
763:. Typically, medical use HEPA filtration systems also incorporate high-energy
616:
598:
361:
341:
333:
305:
245:
185:
117:
94:
90:
2535:
2476:
2129:
2120:
2103:
1886:
1878:
1832:
1668:
1651:
1615:
Modern Trends in
Planning and Designing of Hospitals: Principles and Practice
1511:
1456:
1368:
1313:
1250:
3686:
3364:
3359:
3309:
3284:
3139:
2935:
997:
893:
760:
345:
329:
269:
217:
193:
2137:
2027:
1677:
1529:
1464:
393:, is usually specified around 300 pascals (0.044 psi) at its nominal
364:
process is made up of a pre-filter which removes most of the larger dust,
3669:
3603:
3104:
2904:
2704:
2679:
2654:
2002:"History of U.S. Respirator Approval (Continued) Particulate Respirators"
1808:
1087:
944:
910:
276:
137:
133:
113:
1746:
U.S. Department of Energy Office of
Scientific and Technical Information
3179:
2851:
711: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
666:
285:
189:
145:
141:
2383:"Putting the Tesla HEPA Filter and Bioweapon Defense Mode to the Test"
1764:
1119:"Efficiency of the HEPA air filter: HEPA filter quality and bypassing"
3856:
3608:
3414:
3164:
1018: – Measurement scale for the effectiveness of air filters (MERV)
889:
662:
292:
232:
Classic Collection Efficiency Curve with Filter Collection Mechanisms
121:
1755:
1584:
17:
909:
Modern airliners use HEPA filters to reduce the spread of airborne
272:
in a HEPA filter. This mechanism is a result of the collision with
3871:
3304:
2192:"How do HEPA Filters Help in Cleaning Indoor Air - Complete Guide"
2165:
1024: – Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants
865:
838:
821:
738:
654:
624:
379:
257:
249:
211:
38:
1423:"Efficacy of photocatalytic HEPA filter on microorganism removal"
943:
The idea behind the development of the HEPA filter was born from
3299:
1940:"Air Purifier Pre-Filter Replacement: The Prefilter Experiments"
1335:
Payet, S.; Boulaud, D.; Madelaine, G.; Renoux, A. (1992-10-01).
1058:
1027:
365:
321:
129:
125:
2606:
988: – Device that removes contaminants from the air in a room
826:
HEPA original filter for Philips FC87xx-series vacuum cleaners
781:
680:
658:
273:
2253:"Understanding the Home Air Purifier Technology in Use Today"
1006: – Filtration device – trap particles with high voltage
69:
63:
1971:"Do HEPA filters or air purifiers remove carbon monoxide?"
1792:"Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from polluted air"
2043:"Air Conditioners, HEPA Filters, And Airborne Allergens"
1910:"Air Purifier Acronyms - Stripping Out The Tech Jargon"
798:
627:
define HEPA as filters blocking ≥ 99.97% of 0.3 micron
268:
Diffusion; particles below 0.3 μm are captured by
2452:
Journal of the American Biological Safety Association
1243:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1800:
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
1790:
Khan, Faisal I; Ghoshal, Aloke Kr. (November 2000).
66:
3944:
3910:
3837:
3741:
3589:
3092:
2778:
2640:
1036: – Disinfection method using ultraviolet light
60:
57:
1278:Godoy, Charlotte; Thomas, Dominique (2020-07-02).
881:system: without (OUTdoor) and with filter (INdoor)
224:attraction (air flow direction from left to right)
2510:Ogunseitan, Oladele; Robbins, Paul, eds. (2011).
1000: – Dust-free room for research or production
324:molecules. Circumstances requiring filtration of
1012:– vacuum cleaner with high efficiency air filter
1613:Gupta, Shakti Kumar; Kant, Sunil (2007-12-01).
216:The four primary filter collection mechanisms:
1157:International Organization for Standardization
2618:
919:capture 99.97 percent of airborne particles.
8:
2222:"How Often Should A HEPA Filter Be Changed"
1697:
1695:
1147:
1145:
1143:
657:treatment technologies, which use negative
3385:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2634:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2625:
2611:
2603:
935:to also have an optional HEPA air filter.
886:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
862:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2161:"HEPA Filter Benefits for Allergy Relief"
2119:
2017:
1754:
1667:
1519:
1446:
1303:
727:Learn how and when to remove this message
144:(0.02–0.3 μm), and submicron liquid
3819:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
538:
493:
440:
420:
227:
220:, interception, inertial impaction, and
2073:"HEPA-Type Filter: The Great Pretender"
1734:
1732:
1050:
994: – Filtration efficacy measurement
410:High Efficiency Particulate Air filters
240:. The fibers are typically composed of
2461:American Biological Safety Association
2083:from the original on February 25, 2021
1842:from the original on February 15, 2017
1260:from the original on February 10, 2020
87:high-efficiency particulate arrestance
3692:Programmable communicating thermostat
2295:from the original on January 15, 2021
1969:Perryman, Oliver (December 3, 2020).
1541:
1539:
83:high-efficiency particulate absorbing
7:
3814:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2108:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
1656:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
1198:
1196:
709:adding citations to reliable sources
116:whose diameter is equal to 0.3
2571:from the original on March 26, 2021
2053:from the original on March 10, 2021
1871:American Society of Civil Engineers
1739:da Roza, R. A. (December 1, 1982).
927:In 2016, it was announced that the
669:is much lower with HEPA purifiers.
597:See also the different classes for
3675:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2445:First, Melvin W. (March 1, 1998).
2251:Anand, Mohit (November 23, 2020).
2232:from the original on March 8, 2021
1163:from the original on March 8, 2021
1034:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
1016:Minimum efficiency reporting value
955:to prevent the spread of airborne
856:Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value
312:and form particles near the MPPS.
176:are captured by HEPA filters with
27:Efficiency standard of air filters
25:
3717:Standard temperature and pressure
3430:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2966:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2695:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2491:from the original on May 16, 2021
2347:"How clean is the air on planes?"
2345:Read, Johanna (August 28, 2020).
2263:from the original on May 16, 2021
2169:. Reviewed by Nayana Ambardekar.
1981:from the original on May 16, 2021
1771:from the original on May 16, 2021
1399:. National Academies Press (US).
745:powered, air-purifying respirator
633:powered air-purifying respirators
415:Ultra Low Particulate Air filters
406:Efficient Particulate Air filters
2786:Absorption-compression heat pump
2326:from the original on May 6, 2021
2314:Smith, Patrick (July 22, 2012).
2159:Dunkin, Mary Anne (2010-04-30).
2041:Bretag, Scott (March 18, 2020).
1448:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00651.x
785:
685:
104:, European Standard) or 99.97% (
53:
3681:Normal temperature and pressure
3061:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2542:from the original on 2021-05-17
2427:from the original on 2021-02-24
2395:from the original on 2021-04-27
2220:Kelly, Tammy (March 14, 2018).
2173:from the original on 2021-03-29
1950:from the original on 2020-04-20
1920:from the original on 2020-04-20
1717:from the original on 2020-04-20
1707:"How do HEPA air filters work?"
1595:from the original on 2020-04-20
1566:from the original on 2021-05-16
1403:from the original on 2021-01-05
1375:from the original on 2021-05-16
1215:from the original on 2020-04-20
1129:from the original on 2020-04-20
1100:from the original on 2020-04-20
1069:from the original on 2020-04-20
877:HEPA filter effect inside home
696:needs additional citations for
238:mat of randomly arranged fibers
236:HEPA filters are composed of a
79:high-efficiency particulate air
1284:Aerosol Science and Technology
605:Specifications for respirators
400:The specification used in the
1:
3829:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3773:Building information modeling
3768:Building services engineering
3345:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2873:Demand controlled ventilation
2821:Building insulation materials
2561:"The History of HEPA Filters"
2513:Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide
1825:10.1016/S0950-4230(00)00007-3
1549:The Vacuum Cleaner: A History
1546:Gantz, Carroll (2012-09-21).
1305:10.1080/02786826.2020.1726278
1245:. April 2003. pp. 8–12.
1010:Hypoallergenic vacuum cleaner
772:airborne disease transmission
336:odors call for the use of an
3390:High-pressure cut-off switch
2941:Ice storage air conditioning
2862:Dedicated outdoor air system
2413:Völcker, John (2016-04-12).
2357:National Geographic Partners
1908:Jonathan (August 19, 2016).
1361:10.1016/0021-8502(92)90039-X
584:
581:
564:
561:
544:
541:
521:
518:
501:
498:
488:
478:
475:
470:
460:
457:
452:
446:
443:
3733:Thermostatic radiator valve
3535:Thermostatic radiator valve
3046:Underfloor air distribution
2981:Radiant heating and cooling
2899:Energy recovery ventilation
2811:Automobile air conditioning
2675:Domestic energy consumption
2316:"The truth about cabin air"
896:cities to maintain health.
743:Hospital staff modelling a
611:NIOSH air filtration rating
4044:
3882:Institute of Refrigeration
3763:Architectural technologist
3235:Electrostatic precipitator
2469:10.1177/109135059800300111
1552:. McFarland. p. 128.
1504:10.1038/s41598-020-63543-1
1341:Journal of Aerosol Science
1004:Electrostatic precipitator
608:
356:Pre-filter and HEPA filter
326:volatile organic compounds
167:Staphylococcus epidermidis
29:
3935:Volatile organic compound
3794:Environmental engineering
3758:Architectural engineering
3560:Ultra-low particulate air
3145:Automatic balancing valve
3073:Variable refrigerant flow
2925:Heat recovery ventilation
2868:Deep water source cooling
148:(0.02–0.5 μm). Some
3982:Template:Home automation
3804:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3500:Solar-assisted heat pump
3100:Air conditioner inverter
2879:Displacement ventilation
2770:Vapour pressure of water
2755:Thermal destratification
2121:10.1177/0194599820941838
1669:10.1177/0194599820941838
1251:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003136
81:) filter, also known as
3977:World Refrigeration Day
3824:Refrigerant reclamation
3753:Architectural acoustics
3697:Programmable thermostat
3629:Clean air delivery rate
3525:Thermal expansion valve
3440:Pressurisation ductwork
3350:Ground source heat pump
2791:Absorption refrigerator
992:Clean air delivery rate
3967:Glossary of HVAC terms
3929:Sick building syndrome
3809:Mechanical engineering
3520:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2951:Mixed-mode ventilation
1396:SARS: CLEARING THE AIR
882:
827:
751:
385:
328:, chemical vapors, or
233:
225:
45:
3987:Template:Solar energy
3665:Intelligent buildings
3624:Carbon dioxide sensor
3011:Room air distribution
2831:Central solar heating
2567:. November 21, 2019.
2006:J Int Soc Respir Prot
1209:www.standards.doe.gov
876:
825:
742:
383:
231:
215:
202:contamination control
42:
32:HEPA (disambiguation)
4028:Indoor air pollution
4018:Cleanroom technology
3789:Duct leakage testing
3779:Deep energy retrofit
3723:Thermographic camera
3660:Infrared thermometer
3135:Air source heat pump
3084:Water heat recycling
2650:Air changes per hour
2257:Honeywell Connection
1869:(5). New York City:
1159:. October 15, 2011.
848:similar construction
705:improve this article
433:Retention (averaged)
395:volumetric flow rate
161:Penicillium citrinum
30:For other uses, see
3655:HVAC control system
3645:Home energy monitor
3619:Building automation
3405:Inverter compressor
3067:Variable air volume
2976:Passive ventilation
2946:Kitchen ventilation
2846:Constant air volume
2816:Autonomous building
2352:National Geographic
1975:Dehumidifier Critic
1817:2000JLPPI..13..527K
1496:2020NatSR..10.6417G
1439:2010InAir..20..246C
1353:1992JAerS..23..723P
1296:2020AerST..54..790G
1093:The Free Dictionary
1040:Corsi–Rosenthal Box
648:Efficacy and safety
140:(0.2–2.0 μm),
3918:Indoor air quality
3862:ASTM International
3799:Hydronic balancing
3576:Wood-burning stove
3455:Radiator reflector
3240:Evaporative cooler
3051:Underfloor heating
3036:Thermal insulation
2077:Air-Purifier-Power
1944:Air-Purifier-Power
1711:Explain That Stuff
1484:Scientific Reports
1241:. Cincinnati, OH:
1123:Air-Purifier-Power
974:integrated circuit
883:
828:
797:. You can help by
752:
386:
370:air handling units
234:
226:
46:
3995:
3994:
3911:Health and safety
3490:Scroll compressor
3445:Process duct work
3200:Convection heater
3195:Condensing boiler
3125:Air-mixing plenum
3021:Solar combisystem
2857:Cross ventilation
2660:Building envelope
2420:Green Car Reports
1863:Civil Engineering
1203:Barnette, Sonya.
953:Manhattan Project
874:
815:
814:
737:
736:
729:
595:
594:
436:Retention (spot)
308:sites for mostly
198:generic trademark
173:Bacillus subtilis
155:Aspergillus niger
16:(Redirected from
4035:
4023:Gas technologies
4008:Building biology
3957:Building science
3712:Smart thermostat
3707:Room temperature
3290:Fireplace insert
2996:Radon mitigation
2894:Electric heating
2889:District heating
2884:District cooling
2801:Air conditioning
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2359:. Archived from
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2198:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2123:
2114:(6): 1153–1155.
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2047:Pulse Electrical
2038:
2032:
2031:
2021:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1758:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1705:(May 21, 2008).
1699:
1690:
1689:
1671:
1662:(6): 1153–1155.
1647:
1641:
1640:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1307:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1063:HEPA Corporation
1055:
875:
810:
807:
789:
782:
732:
725:
721:
718:
712:
689:
681:
601:for comparison.
421:
350:chemical warfare
338:activated carbon
262:membrane filters
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
21:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3952:ASHRAE Handbook
3940:
3924:Passive smoking
3906:
3839:
3833:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3591:
3585:
3566:Whole-house fan
3480:Run-around coil
3475:Reversing valve
3420:Mechanical room
3410:Kerosene heater
3400:Infrared heater
3330:Gasoline heater
3270:Fan filter unit
3185:Condensate pump
3170:Centrifugal fan
3088:
2991:Radiant heating
2986:Radiant cooling
2961:Passive cooling
2956:Microgeneration
2826:Central heating
2774:
2750:Thermal comfort
2642:
2636:
2631:
2601:
2589:
2587:Further reading
2584:
2574:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2528:
2518:SAGE Publishing
2516:. Los Angeles:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2320:AskThePilot.com
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2289:Merriam-Webster
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2040:
2039:
2035:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1756:10.2172/6241348
1738:
1737:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1703:Woodford, Chris
1701:
1700:
1693:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1629:
1621:. p. 199.
1619:Jaypee Brothers
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1560:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
982:
962:Irving Langmuir
941:
925:
907:
902:
866:
864:
836:house dust mite
832:vacuum cleaners
820:
818:Vacuum cleaners
811:
805:
802:
795:needs expansion
780:
757:
733:
722:
716:
713:
702:
690:
679:
650:
641:
613:
607:
576:
571:
566:
556:
551:
546:
533:
528:
523:
513:
508:
503:
485:
480:
467:
462:
378:
358:
318:
282:Brownian motion
254:Brownian motion
210:
152:, for example,
56:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Psychrometrics
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3599:Air flow meter
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Heating system
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Heat exchanger
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Gas compressor
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:Expansion tank
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:Ceramic heater
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Solar air heat
3013:
3008:
3006:Renewable heat
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2915:Forced-air gas
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:Thermodynamics
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Psychrometrics
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Gas compressor
2687:
2685:Fluid dynamics
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2599:External links
2597:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2552:
2526:
2520:. p. 13.
2502:
2447:"HEPA Filters"
2437:
2405:
2374:
2363:on May 6, 2021
2337:
2306:
2274:
2243:
2212:
2183:
2151:
2094:
2064:
2033:
1992:
1961:
1931:
1900:
1853:
1782:
1728:
1691:
1642:
1628:978-8180619120
1627:
1605:
1576:
1558:
1535:
1470:
1433:(3): 246–254.
1413:
1385:
1347:(7): 723–735.
1327:
1290:(7): 790–801.
1270:
1225:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1139:
1110:
1079:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
981:
978:
940:
937:
924:
923:Motor vehicles
921:
906:
903:
901:
898:
863:
860:
819:
816:
813:
812:
792:
790:
779:
776:
756:
753:
735:
734:
693:
691:
684:
678:
675:
649:
646:
640:
637:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
540:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
482:
477:
473:
472:
469:
464:
459:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
402:European Union
377:
376:Specifications
374:
357:
354:
317:
316:Gas filtration
314:
301:
300:
296:
289:
209:
206:
178:photocatalytic
150:microorganisms
89:filter, is an
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4040:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:organizations
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Duct cleaning
3782:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Control valve
3633:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Turning vanes
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Thermal wheel
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Solar chimney
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Fan coil unit
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Cooling tower
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Vapor barrier
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Solar heating
3029:
3027:
3026:Solar cooling
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Refrigeration
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Passive house
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Chilled water
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Sensible heat
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Noise control
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Heat transfer
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2527:9781412996884
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2202:on 2019-10-20
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1914:Air Enhancing
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1565:
1561:
1559:9780786493210
1555:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
977:
976:fabrication.
975:
969:
966:
963:
958:
954:
949:
946:
938:
936:
934:
930:
929:Tesla Model X
922:
920:
917:
912:
904:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
880:
861:
859:
857:
851:
849:
844:
840:
837:
833:
824:
817:
809:
800:
796:
793:This section
791:
788:
784:
783:
777:
775:
773:
768:
766:
762:
754:
750:
746:
741:
731:
728:
720:
710:
706:
700:
699:
694:This section
692:
688:
683:
682:
676:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
647:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
604:
602:
600:
590:
587:
580:
574:
569:
560:
554:
549:
537:
531:
526:
517:
511:
506:
496:
492:
483:
474:
465:
456:
449:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
419:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:pressure drop
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
275:
271:
267:
266:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:polypropylene
239:
230:
223:
222:electrostatic
219:
214:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
162:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
74:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3962:Fireproofing
3746:and services
3742:Professions,
3640:Gas detector
3540:Trickle vent
3515:Smoke damper
3510:Smoke canopy
3505:Space heater
3435:Plenum space
3379:
3370:Heating film
3250:Exhaust hood
3220:Dehumidifier
3160:Blast damper
3155:Barrier pipe
3130:Air purifier
3041:Thermosiphon
2920:Free cooling
2836:Chilled beam
2760:Thermal mass
2745:Stack effect
2730:Particulates
2710:Infiltration
2641:Fundamental
2573:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2544:. Retrieved
2512:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2456:
2450:
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2391:2016-05-02.
2386:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2350:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2319:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2283:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2256:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2225:
2215:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2195:
2186:
2175:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2046:
2036:
2012:(2): 37–55.
2009:
2005:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1913:
1903:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1804:
1798:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1744:
1719:. Retrieved
1710:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1614:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1588:
1585:"About HEPA"
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1548:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1395:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1344:
1340:
1330:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1234:
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1208:
1186:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1131:. Retrieved
1122:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1053:
986:Air purifier
970:
967:
950:
942:
926:
908:
884:
852:
847:
842:
829:
803:
799:adding to it
794:
769:
758:
749:tuberculosis
723:
714:
703:Please help
698:verification
695:
677:Applications
671:
651:
642:
614:
596:
588:≥ 99.999995%
494:
413:
412:(HEPA), and
409:
405:
399:
387:
359:
319:
310:condensation
302:
235:
196:and later a
171:
165:
159:
153:
99:
93:standard of
86:
82:
78:
48:
47:
36:
4013:Air filters
3972:Warm Spaces
3614:Blower door
3592:and control
3590:Measurement
3571:Windcatcher
3545:Trombe wall
3485:Sail switch
3465:Refrigerant
3460:Recuperator
3335:Grease duct
3295:Freeze stat
3280:Fire damper
3150:Back boiler
3120:Air ionizer
3115:Air handler
3079:Ventilation
2931:Hybrid heat
2796:Air barrier
2715:Latent heat
2565:APC Filters
2388:Tesla, Inc.
2196:Pure Air Hu
1811:: 527–545.
1490:(1): 6417.
957:radioactive
916:pressurized
765:ultraviolet
617:respirators
599:air filters
591:≥ 99.9999%
577:≥ 99.9999%
575:≥ 99.99975%
572:≥ 99.99999%
570:≥ 99.99995%
557:≥ 99.9995%
344:of gaseous
182:bacteroidia
95:air filters
85:filter and
4002:Categories
3728:Thermostat
3650:Humidistat
3581:Zone valve
3550:TurboSwing
3425:Oil heater
3395:Humidifier
3325:Gas heater
3275:Fan heater
3245:Evaporator
3230:Economizer
3205:Compressor
3110:Air filter
3093:Components
2910:Forced-air
2806:Antifreeze
2779:Technology
2725:Outgassing
2665:Convection
2546:2016-12-18
2431:2021-05-16
2399:2021-05-16
2206:2021-05-16
2177:2021-05-16
1637:1027907136
1599:2019-06-05
1570:2020-11-11
1427:Indoor Air
1407:2021-03-04
1379:2021-03-05
1264:2020-02-09
1219:2019-06-05
1133:2021-05-14
1104:2021-05-14
1073:2021-05-14
1059:"GLOSSARY"
1046:References
1022:Respirator
755:Biomedical
555:≥ 99.9975%
552:≥ 99.9999%
550:≥ 99.9995%
534:≥ 99.995%
424:Efficiency
362:filtration
346:pollutants
342:adsorption
334:flatulence
306:nucleation
246:fiberglass
186:clostridia
91:efficiency
3838:Industry
3687:OpenTherm
3365:Heat pump
3360:Heat pipe
3310:Fume hood
3285:Fireplace
3190:Condenser
3140:Attic fan
2936:Hydronics
2536:793012578
2485:207941359
2477:1091-3505
2463:: 33–42.
2226:Janitized
2146:220518635
2130:0194-5998
1895:228557557
1887:926218714
1879:0885-7024
1873:: 62–67.
1833:0950-4230
1686:220518635
1512:2045-2322
1457:1600-0668
1369:0021-8502
1322:214275203
1314:0278-6826
998:Cleanroom
945:gas masks
911:pathogens
806:June 2024
761:infection
717:June 2024
667:allergies
639:Marketing
532:≥ 99.975%
529:≥ 99.999%
527:≥ 99.995%
514:≥ 99.95%
430:ISO 29463
332:, pet or
330:cigarette
299:velocity.
277:molecules
270:diffusion
218:diffusion
208:Mechanism
194:trademark
114:particles
44:material)
3945:See also
3670:LonWorks
3604:Aquastat
3470:Register
3450:Radiator
3105:Air door
2905:Firestop
2705:Humidity
2680:Enthalpy
2670:Dilution
2655:Bake-out
2643:concepts
2569:Archived
2540:Archived
2489:Archived
2425:Archived
2393:Archived
2324:Archived
2293:Archived
2261:Archived
2230:Archived
2171:Archived
2138:32662746
2081:Archived
2051:Archived
2028:32572305
1979:Archived
1948:Archived
1918:Archived
1891:ProQuest
1837:Archived
1809:Elsevier
1769:Archived
1715:Archived
1678:32662746
1593:Archived
1589:hepa.com
1564:Archived
1530:32286482
1465:20573124
1401:Archived
1373:Archived
1255:Archived
1213:Archived
1161:Archived
1127:Archived
1098:Archived
1067:Archived
980:See also
905:Airlines
900:Vehicles
894:polluted
778:COVID-19
585:ISO 75 U
567:ISO 70 U
565:ISO 65 U
547:ISO 60 U
545:ISO 55 U
524:ISO 50 U
522:ISO 45 H
512:≥ 99.75%
509:≥ 99.99%
507:≥ 99.95%
504:ISO 40 H
502:ISO 35 H
481:ISO 30 E
479:ISO 25 E
463:ISO 20 E
461:ISO 15 E
138:bacteria
134:moisture
110:U.S. DOE
3744:trades,
3315:Furnace
3180:Chiller
2852:Coolant
2575:May 16,
2495:May 16,
2367:May 16,
2330:May 16,
2299:May 16,
2267:May 16,
2236:May 16,
2087:May 16,
2057:May 16,
2019:7307331
1985:May 16,
1954:May 16,
1924:May 16,
1846:May 15,
1813:Bibcode
1775:May 15,
1765:6241348
1721:May 15,
1521:7156680
1492:Bibcode
1435:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1292:Bibcode
1167:May 16,
939:History
933:Model S
890:powders
486:≥ 99.9%
484:≥ 99.5%
427:EN 1822
408:(EPA),
286:airflow
190:bacilli
146:aerosol
142:viruses
3897:SMACNA
3857:ASHRAE
3677:(MERV)
3631:(CADR)
3609:BACnet
3562:(ULPA)
3415:Louver
3340:Grille
3215:Damper
3165:Boiler
3063:(VCRS)
2864:(DOAS)
2534:
2524:
2483:
2475:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2026:
2016:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1831:
1763:
1684:
1676:
1635:
1625:
1556:
1528:
1518:
1510:
1463:
1455:
1367:
1320:
1312:
1088:"HEPA"
663:asthma
293:radius
258:sieves
250:fibers
188:, and
170:, and
122:pollen
3937:(VOC)
3931:(SBS)
3920:(IAQ)
3877:CIBSE
3872:BSRIA
3775:(BIM)
3719:(STP)
3683:(NTP)
3305:Freon
3075:(VRF)
3069:(VAV)
2927:(HRV)
2901:(ERV)
2875:(DCV)
2848:(CAV)
2481:S2CID
2459:(1).
2166:WebMD
2142:S2CID
1840:(PDF)
1807:(6).
1795:(PDF)
1682:S2CID
1318:S2CID
1258:(PDF)
1239:(PDF)
839:feces
830:Many
655:ozone
625:NIOSH
539:ULPA
468:≥ 99%
466:≥ 95%
450:≥ 85%
112:) of
3892:LEED
3852:AMCA
3847:AHRI
3380:HEPA
3300:Flue
3225:Duct
2577:2021
2532:OCLC
2522:ISBN
2497:2021
2473:ISSN
2369:2021
2332:2021
2301:2021
2284:Hvac
2269:2021
2238:2021
2134:PMID
2126:ISSN
2089:2021
2059:2021
2024:PMID
1987:2021
1956:2021
1926:2021
1883:OCLC
1875:ISSN
1848:2021
1829:ISSN
1777:2021
1761:OSTI
1723:2021
1674:PMID
1633:OCLC
1623:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1526:PMID
1508:ISSN
1461:PMID
1453:ISSN
1365:ISSN
1310:ISSN
1169:2021
1028:ULPA
879:HVAC
665:and
659:ions
623:and
621:MSHA
615:For
495:HEPA
441:EPA
366:hair
322:odor
130:dust
126:dirt
106:ASME
49:HEPA
18:Hepa
3902:UMC
3887:IIR
3867:BRE
3260:Fan
2465:doi
2116:doi
2112:163
2014:PMC
1821:doi
1751:doi
1664:doi
1660:163
1516:PMC
1500:doi
1443:doi
1357:doi
1300:doi
1247:doi
843:all
801:.
707:by
629:DOP
582:U17
562:U16
542:U15
519:H14
499:H13
476:E12
458:E11
444:E10
274:gas
260:or
244:or
102:ISO
4004::
2563:.
2538:.
2530:.
2487:.
2479:.
2471:.
2455:.
2449:.
2423:.
2417:.
2385:.
2355:.
2349:.
2322:.
2318:.
2291:.
2287:.
2259:.
2255:.
2228:.
2224:.
2194:.
2163:.
2140:.
2132:.
2124:.
2110:.
2106:.
2079:.
2075:.
2049:.
2045:.
2022:.
2010:36
2008:.
2004:.
1977:.
1973:.
1946:.
1942:.
1916:.
1912:.
1889:.
1881:.
1867:72
1865:.
1835:.
1827:.
1819:.
1805:13
1803:.
1797:.
1767:.
1759:.
1749:.
1743:.
1731:^
1713:.
1709:.
1694:^
1680:.
1672:.
1658:.
1654:.
1631:.
1617:.
1591:.
1587:.
1562:.
1538:^
1524:.
1514:.
1506:.
1498:.
1488:10
1486:.
1482:.
1459:.
1451:.
1441:.
1431:20
1429:.
1425:.
1371:.
1363:.
1355:.
1345:23
1343:.
1339:.
1316:.
1308:.
1298:.
1288:54
1286:.
1282:.
1253:.
1211:.
1207:.
1195:^
1155:.
1142:^
1125:.
1121:.
1096:.
1090:.
1065:.
1061:.
774:.
635:.
619:,
489:—
471:—
453:—
397:.
372:.
352:.
184:,
164:,
158:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
118:μm
108:,
97:.
77:,
2626:e
2619:t
2612:v
2579:.
2549:.
2499:.
2467::
2457:3
2434:.
2402:.
2371:.
2334:.
2303:.
2271:.
2240:.
2209:.
2180:.
2148:.
2118::
2091:.
2061:.
2030:.
1989:.
1958:.
1928:.
1897:.
1850:.
1823::
1815::
1779:.
1753::
1725:.
1688:.
1666::
1639:.
1602:.
1573:.
1532:.
1502::
1494::
1467:.
1445::
1437::
1410:.
1382:.
1359::
1351::
1324:.
1302::
1294::
1267:.
1249::
1222:.
1171:.
1136:.
1107:.
1076:.
808:)
804:(
730:)
724:(
719:)
715:(
701:.
447:—
288:.
73:/
70:ə
67:p
64:ɛ
61:h
58:ˈ
55:/
51:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
