43:
100:
733:, however, only a minority of HCV-infected individuals develop cancer (1–4% annually), suggesting a complex interplay between viral gene expression and host and environmental factors to promote carcinogenesis. The risk is increased two-fold with active HBV coinfection and a 21% increase in mortality compared to those with latent HBV and HCV. HCV viral levels can be reduced to undetectable levels by a combination of
639:. The continued production of virus and countervailing antibodies is a likely cause of the immune complex disease seen in these patients. A vaccine is available to prevent infection for life. Hepatitis B infections result in 500,000 to 1,200,000 deaths per year worldwide due to the complications of chronic hepatitis,
954:
Risk factors that can lead to the development of HCC in those with chronic HCV include synchronous liver diseases, viral genotype, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Lifestyle factors such as liver steatosis, smoking, and alcohol use can accelerate progression to HCC and liver decompensation in patients
187:
Viral hepatitis is either transmitted through contaminated food or water (A, E) or via blood and body fluids (B, C). The viruses transmitted through water and food are mostly self-limited, resulting in acute illness with full resolution. The blood borne viruses (B, C) can cause both acute and chronic
853:
as it can only propagate in the presence of the hepatitis B virus, depending on the helper function of HBV for its replication and expression. It has no independent life cycle, but can survive and replicate as long as HBV infection persists in the host body. It can only cause infection when
728:
for decades. Patients with hepatitis C are susceptible to severe hepatitis if they contract either hepatitis A or B, so all persons with hepatitis C should be immunized against hepatitis A and hepatitis B if they are not already immune, and avoid alcohol. HCV can lead to the development of
918:
is a virus that is probably spread by blood and sexual contact. It was initially identified as
Hepatitis G virus. There is very little evidence that this virus causes hepatitis, as it does not appear to replicate primarily in the liver. It is now classified as GB virus C.
498:
against future infection. People with hepatitis A are advised to rest, stay hydrated and avoid alcohol. A vaccine is available that will prevent HAV infection for up to 10 years. Hepatitis A can be spread through personal contact, consumption of raw sea food, or drinking
4764:
4745:
628:. However, in about half of cases the source of infection cannot be determined. Blood contact can occur by sharing syringes in intravenous drug use, shaving accessories such as razor blades, or touching wounds on infected persons.
2245:
Anderson DR, Schwartz J, Hunter NJ, Cottrill C, Bisaccia E, Klainer AS (September 1994). "Varicella hepatitis: a fatal case in a previously healthy, immunocompetent adult. Report of a case, autopsy, and review of the literature".
515:. The time between the infection and the start of the illness averages 28 days. (ranging from 15 to 50 days), Most patients recover fully within 2 months, although approximately 15% of affected people may experience continuous or
607:
that can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis develops in the 15% of adults who are unable to eliminate the virus after an initial infection. Identified methods of transmission include contact with blood,
854:
encapsulated by hepatitis B virus surface antigens. The vaccine for hepatitis B protects against hepatitis D virus because of the latter's dependence on the presence of hepatitis B virus for it to replicate.
1948:
1906:
4271:
191:
The most common types of hepatitis can be prevented or treated. Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available but costly.
3014:
1590:
933:
In 2022, several hundred cases of acute hepatitis of probable infectious origin were reported worldwide. As of May 2023, the virus causing these cases has not been identified, but an
900:(HFV) is a hypothetical virus linked to certain cases of hepatitis. Several hepatitis F virus candidates emerged in the 1990s, but none of these reports have been substantiated.
188:
liver disease and can be transmitted from mother to child during birth, through contact with body fluids during sex, unsafe injections and through unscreened blood transfusions.
951:
A major risk for the development of HCC is persistent infection with HCV, and the highest risk for HCC development is associated with co-infection of HBV with HDV, HCV or HIV.
3449:
948:
HCC is a major cause of death in patients with chronic HCV infection. Regarding the pathogenesis of HCC associated with HCV, that virus may play direct or indirect roles.
879:
course in some patients, particularly pregnant women (mortality rate about 20%); chronic infections may occur in immune-compromised patients. It is more prevalent in the
2437:
3953:
945:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause acute and chronic infections that are a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), advanced hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis.
651:
in a number of (mainly South-East Asian) countries, making cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma big killers. There are eight treatment options approved by the
3028:
1914:
3548:
928:
652:
1755:
Linnen J, Wages J, Zhang-Keck ZY, et al. (1996). "Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent".
3587:
2694:
2525:
1016:
2565:
744:. The genotype of the virus is the primary determinant of the rate of response to this treatment regimen, with genotype 1 being the most resistant.
3442:
89:
716:. HCV can be transmitted through contact with blood (including through sexual contact if the two parties' blood is mixed) and can also cross the
2371:
Satoh K, Iwata-Takakura A, Osada N, et al. (October 2011). "Novel DNA sequence isolated from blood donors with high transaminase levels".
1178:"National Library of Medicine » Medical Subject Headings »Virus Diseases (C02) » Hepatitis, Viral, Human (C02.440) » Scope Note"
958:
The purpose of HCV treatment is to eliminate the infection, reduce the transmission to other people and decrease the risk of HCC development.
3815:
2430:
1459:
507:. Strict personal hygiene and the avoidance of raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. Infected people excrete HAV with their
4840:
2658:
2715:
4028:
3435:
1847:
4700:
4547:
3034:
2560:
2517:
2949:
4445:
3020:
2423:
4586:
4198:
4181:
3686:
3681:
3558:
3711:
194:
In 2013, about 1.5 million people died from viral hepatitis, most commonly due to hepatitis B and C. East Asia, in particular
4440:
4396:
4290:
4112:
2619:
2605:
1876:
1700:
4651:
4497:
2202:
Okano M, Gross TG (June 2012). "Acute or chronic life-threatening diseases associated with
Epstein–Barr virus infection".
206:
The most common cause of hepatitis is viral. Although the effects of various viruses are all classified under the disease
4406:
3925:
3533:
2824:
2818:
2729:
2723:
2613:
613:
3620:
1616:
3187:
3113:
3107:
2780:
1177:
3516:
1716:"Detection of the hepatitis G virus genome among injecting drug users, homosexual and bisexual men, and blood donors"
4830:
3986:
3915:
42:
1218:"The impact of antiviral therapy and the influence of metabolic cofactors on the outcome of chronic HCV infection"
4259:
4215:
4168:
3974:
3592:
3244:
2851:
783:
629:
4285:
4835:
4779:
4605:
3920:
3878:
3691:
3566:
3553:
3494:
2953:
2865:
2770:
2600:
2573:
2545:
2478:
1369:"The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
730:
644:
137:
54:
3523:
1808:"Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic"
4530:
4307:
4048:
3840:
3499:
2749:
1080:
1032:
625:
2943:
2539:
1102:
168:
4610:
4334:
4317:
3727:
3701:
3577:
3528:
3489:
3467:
3459:
3143:
3121:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2881:
2775:
2736:
1156:
and hepatitis is suspected based on a 2011 study that isolated KIs-V from four patients with raised serum
1106:
1084:
648:
635:
Patients with chronic hepatitis B have antibodies against the virus, but not enough to clear the infected
1877:"Joint ECDC-WHO Regional Office for Europe Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children Surveillance Bulletin"
4542:
4450:
4411:
4339:
3128:
2709:
2579:
1694:
684:
504:
72:
4461:
3642:
2550:
1652:
871:
is caused by the
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), from the family Hepeviridae. It produces symptoms similar to
791:
Results may be intermittent during course of infection. Negative result is not indicative of absence.
4581:
4525:
4346:
4242:
3825:
3820:
3654:
3572:
3538:
3392:
3224:
2859:
2688:
1962:
de
Oliveria Andrade LJ, D'Oliveira A, Melo RC, De Souza EC, Costa Silva CA, Paraná R (January 2009).
1764:
680:
660:
1367:
Stanaway JD, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Fitzmaurice C, Vos T, Abubakar I, et al. (September 2016).
99:
4808:
4768:
4675:
4485:
4378:
4361:
4322:
4295:
4247:
4090:
4067:
4060:
4009:
3981:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3810:
2810:
2531:
1591:"Hepatitis C, The Disease, Epidemiology, Treatment, Eradication Part 3: United States Epidemiology"
1475:
1157:
1145:
1118:
1114:
1110:
880:
748:
471:
808:
High false positive in those with autoimmune disorders and populations with low virus prevalence.
336:
4687:
4552:
4535:
4520:
4507:
4490:
4356:
3883:
3855:
3615:
3511:
3476:
2913:
2669:
2396:
2227:
1788:
967:
617:
516:
500:
495:
58:
3991:
3789:
2415:
1451:
1335:
1318:
4665:
4646:
4019:
3377:
3328:
3309:
3290:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
2985:
2890:
2594:
2472:
2388:
2353:
2304:
2263:
2219:
2184:
2157:
2122:
2071:
2044:
1995:
1829:
1780:
1737:
1682:
1674:
1572:
1554:
1455:
1398:
1300:
1249:
995:
705:
609:
520:
483:
269:
262:
255:
249:
241:
152:
148:
125:
84:
1949:"Investigation into acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children in England: case update"
4712:
4632:
4627:
4617:
4479:
4351:
4279:
4097:
4004:
3999:
3929:
3888:
3696:
3661:
3352:
3062:
2742:
2674:
2555:
2486:
2380:
2343:
2335:
2294:
2255:
2211:
2149:
2112:
2102:
2034:
2026:
1985:
1975:
1819:
1772:
1727:
1664:
1562:
1546:
1443:
1388:
1380:
1290:
1280:
1239:
1229:
1045:
845:
is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virus; it belongs to the genus
656:
479:
121:
93:
1495:
4670:
4600:
4466:
4401:
4366:
4102:
4038:
3940:
3859:
3850:
3800:
3740:
3625:
3602:
3204:
3199:
3181:
3101:
3090:
2961:
2925:
2845:
2631:
2492:
2324:"Liver involvement during influenza infection: perspective on the 2009 influenza pandemic"
1855:
1415:
Kuo, Infectious Causes of
Jaundice, ATSU School of Osteopathic Medicine Arizona, June 2012
1098:
987:
850:
164:
117:
3427:
2259:
1267:
Ahmed A, Granillo A, Burns E, Glassner K, Naseem N, Force C, Crumley SM, Drews A (2020).
2019:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1768:
1637:
4707:
4622:
4176:
4149:
4014:
3949:
3945:
3835:
3805:
2512:
2348:
2323:
2117:
2090:
2039:
2014:
1990:
1963:
1567:
1534:
1393:
1368:
1295:
1268:
1244:
1217:
1123:
1054:
1007:
991:
738:
621:
326:
303:
289:
282:
176:
2153:
2091:"SARS-associated viral hepatitis caused by a novel coronavirus: report of three cases"
1384:
486:. It causes an acute form of hepatitis and does not have a chronic stage. A patient's
143:
The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses
4824:
4640:
4593:
4386:
4329:
4312:
4224:
3969:
3796:
3671:
3637:
3582:
2507:
2502:
2450:
2384:
2339:
1669:
1444:
1067:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1003:
487:
4773:
2400:
2299:
2282:
2231:
1792:
4515:
4427:
4300:
4203:
4154:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4043:
3868:
3784:
3676:
3666:
3632:
3368:
3218:
2896:
2757:
1132:
1088:
1050:
978:
725:
713:
604:
475:
296:
172:
129:
1884:
1425:
76:
4784:
2215:
1776:
17:
4695:
4457:
4435:
4266:
4186:
3830:
3731:
3484:
3408:
3357:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3321:
3316:
3295:
3265:
3167:
3006:
2918:
2901:
2836:
2497:
2322:
Papic N, Pangercic A, Vargovic M, Barsic B, Vince A, Kuzman I (September 2011).
1732:
1715:
1094:
1063:
1041:
1036:
892:
872:
863:
837:
696:
672:
636:
595:
508:
462:
442:
None available, but not considered necessary; Hep B vaccine provides protection
310:
160:
156:
144:
61:
4803:
4471:
4144:
4122:
3767:
3706:
3258:
3042:
2799:
2140:
Naides SJ (May 1998). "Rheumatic manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection".
1269:"Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Hepatitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"
1072:
1012:
999:
983:
971:
934:
909:
734:
676:
491:
374:
50:
1935:
1678:
1558:
175:. There also have been scores of recorded cases of viral hepatitis caused by
4758:
4754:
4421:
4391:
4254:
4232:
4085:
3936:
3910:
3772:
3762:
3649:
3610:
3543:
3303:
3284:
3251:
3239:
3233:
3212:
3158:
3086:
3057:
2980:
2972:
2934:
2703:
2682:
2588:
2466:
2458:
2446:
1980:
1136:
1127:
1059:
876:
741:
721:
709:
668:
640:
341:
331:
321:
207:
133:
113:
2392:
2357:
2308:
2223:
2188:
2126:
2048:
2030:
1999:
1686:
1576:
1550:
1402:
1304:
1285:
1253:
2267:
2161:
2075:
1833:
1824:
1807:
1784:
1741:
1234:
4055:
4033:
3745:
3401:
3048:
2790:
2646:
1191:
1141:
717:
664:
512:
195:
4737:
1714:
Stark K, Bienzle U, Hess G, Engel AM, Hegenscheid B, Schluter V (1996).
1515:
4107:
3873:
3777:
3749:
3154:
1907:"Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children"
369:
68:
64:
infections (a type of viral hepatitis), and represent accumulations of
2107:
1539:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4749:
4573:
4191:
4077:
2763:
1595:
1076:
883:. The virus is feco-orally transmitted and is usually self-limited.
4023:
3753:
3414:
3173:
2805:
1533:
Ringehan, Marc; McKeating, Jane A.; Protzer, Ulrike (2017-10-19).
1153:
655:(FDA) available for persons with a chronic hepatitis B infection:
65:
825:
Fluctuating ALT levels is an indication of active liver disease.
751:
in the United States, and the leading cause of liver tranplants.
720:. Hepatitis C usually leads to chronic hepatitis, culminating in
3431:
2419:
1638:"U.S. National Library of Medicine "Delta Agent (hepatitis D)""
2640:
1964:"Association between hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma"
1216:
Persico M, Bruno S, Costantino A, Mazza M, Almasio PL (2011).
124:
form as a recent infection with relatively rapid onset, or in
632:
have been created in many countries as a form of prevention.
163:. Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation, including
2062:
Miguet JP, Coaquette A, Bresson-Hadni S, Lab M (1990). "".
1426:"Hepatitis a Q&As for Health Professionals | CDC"
425:
Mild in normal patients; severe in pregnant women; acute
1936:
Adenovirus probable cause of mysterious child hepatitis.
941:
Relationship between hepatitis C virus and liver cancer
1806:
Pessoa MG, Terrault NA, Detmer J, et al. (1998).
1516:"AccessMedicine – Internal Medicine Clinical Resource"
620:
or contact with bodily fluids), or mother-to-child by
511:
two weeks before and one week after the appearance of
2281:
Gallegos-Orozco JF, Rakela-Brödner J (October 2010).
2089:
Chau TN, Lee KC, Yao H, et al. (February 2004).
2013:
Ringelhan M, McKeating JA, Protzer U (October 2017).
4727:
4794:
4731:
4686:
4572:
4565:
4506:
4420:
4377:
4223:
4214:
4167:
4121:
4076:
3962:
3849:
3739:
3726:
3601:
3475:
3466:
3391:
3367:
3275:
3198:
3153:
3142:
2971:
2933:
2912:
2880:
2835:
2789:
2668:
2657:
2630:
2457:
2283:"Hepatitis viruses: not always what it seems to be"
1437:
1435:
83:
35:
1653:"New hepatitis viruses: Contenders and pretenders"
974:. Other viruses than can cause hepatitis include:
704:(originally "non-A non-B hepatitis") is caused by
1938:BBC News, 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
966:The virus first known to cause hepatitis was the
128:form, typically progressing from a long-lasting
1446:Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1152:Additionally, a casual role between the virus
433:2 injections; at least 20 years of protection
422:Exacerbates symptoms of HBV; chronic with HBV
3443:
2431:
8:
3549:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2204:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
929:2022 hepatitis of unknown origin in children
519:from six months to a year following initial
822:Peak in ALT coincides with peak in anti-HCV
4728:
4569:
4220:
3736:
3588:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3472:
3450:
3436:
3428:
3150:
2930:
2695:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
2665:
2438:
2424:
2416:
1657:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
98:
41:
32:
2566:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
2347:
2298:
2116:
2106:
2038:
1989:
1979:
1951:. UK Health Security Agency. 23 May 2023.
1823:
1731:
1668:
1566:
1392:
1294:
1284:
1243:
1233:
788:Demonstrates presence or absence of virus
27:Liver inflammation from a viral infection
753:
525:
474:is caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), a
212:
2328:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
1169:
1046:severe acute respiratory syndrome virus
747:Hepatitis C is the most common chronic
687:with a 65% rate of sustained response.
1692:
805:Demonstrates past or present infection
603:is caused by the hepatitis B virus, a
3816:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
1968:Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
1017:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
210:, these viruses are not all related.
7:
2260:10.1001/archinte.1994.00420180111013
445:Investigational (approved in China)
2716:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
2177:Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi
724:in some people. It usually remains
482:often associated with ingestion of
416:Occasionally severe; 5–10% chronic
2015:"Viral hepatitis and liver cancer"
1535:"Viral hepatitis and liver cancer"
1450:. Boston: Academic Press. p.
436:3 injections; lifetime protection
25:
4701:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4548:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
3035:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2561:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1689:– via Wiley Online Library.
802:Enzyme Immunoassay for antibodies
653:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
580:Enzyme immunoassay for antibodies
566:Enzyme immunoassay for antibodies
4446:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3021:Middle East respiratory syndrome
2385:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00848.x
2340:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00287.x
1670:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02405.x
923:2022 hepatitis of unknown origin
612:(now rare), unsanitary tattoos,
3687:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3682:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3559:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2300:10.4067/S0034-98872010001100016
624:; there is minimal evidence of
198:, is the region most affected.
4441:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
4291:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4113:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2620:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
2606:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
1:
4498:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2248:Archives of Internal Medicine
2175:Xiong W (November 2010). "".
2154:10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70014-4
1385:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30579-7
583:Old infection or reinfection
134:decompensated hepatic disease
4407:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3926:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3534:Esophageal motility disorder
2825:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2730:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
2216:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318236e02d
1777:10.1126/science.271.5248.505
1520:accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
1496:"CDC Hepatitis A Fact Sheet"
4841:Infectious causes of cancer
3188:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
3108:Human parainfluenza viruses
2781:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1160:without other known cause.
503:. This occurs primarily in
4857:
4392:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3916:Functional colonic disease
3712:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2142:Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am
1699:: CS1 maint: url-status (
926:
907:
890:
861:
835:
694:
630:Needle-exchange programmes
593:
460:
3593:Acute esophageal necrosis
2852:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1733:10.1093/infdis/174.6.1320
1340:World Health Organization
1323:World Health Organization
1192:"Hepatitis | MedlinePlus"
875:, although it can take a
419:Subclinical; 70% chronic
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
218:
49:
40:
3692:Gastric dumping syndrome
3567:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3554:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2954:Infectious mononucleosis
2771:Chandipura vesiculovirus
2601:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2546:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2479:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1617:"WHO | Hepatitis C"
731:hepatocellular carcinoma
645:hepatocellular carcinoma
494:against HAV that confer
233:Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
230:Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
227:Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
224:Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
221:Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
138:hepatocellular carcinoma
55:ground glass hepatocytes
4308:Alcoholic liver disease
3841:Bile acid malabsorption
3785:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2750:Encephalitis lethargica
2451:viral systemic diseases
2287:Revista Médica de Chile
1981:10.4103/0974-777X.52979
1852:ICTVdB Index of Viruses
1081:Kyasanur Forest disease
1033:Rift Valley fever virus
626:transplacental crossing
4318:Hepatic encephalopathy
3702:Buried bumper syndrome
3633:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3517:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
3460:human digestive system
3122:Human orthopneumovirus
2776:Herpesviral meningitis
2737:Arbovirus encephalitis
2031:10.1098/rstb.2016.0274
1848:"00.026. Flaviviridae"
1651:Bowden, Scott (2001).
1551:10.1098/rstb.2016.0274
1107:varicella-zoster virus
1085:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
849:. HDV is similar to a
647:(HCC). Hepatitis B is
4543:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4412:Porcelain gallbladder
3524:Zenker's diverticulum
2580:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1825:10.1002/hep.510270335
1619:. Who.int. 2010-12-08
1476:"CDC Hepatitis A FAQ"
685:tenofovir alafenamide
569:During acute Illness
505:third world countries
452:Viral hepatitis types
264:Hepatitis delta virus
73:endoplasmic reticulum
4347:Hepatorenal syndrome
4286:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4243:Autoimmune hepatitis
4068:Intestinal adhesions
3826:Short bowel syndrome
3655:Functional dyspepsia
3573:Esophageal stricture
3539:Nutcracker esophagus
3225:Adenovirus infection
2689:Human polyomavirus 2
2518:Oropharyngeal cancer
1379:(10049): 1081–1088.
1286:10.1155/2020/8613840
1158:alanine transferases
780:1–3 weeks or 21 days
749:bloodborne infection
681:tenofovir disoproxil
661:pegylated interferon
549:2–4 weeks or 28 days
410:Severity/Chronicity
183:Mode of transmission
120:. It may present in
57:, which are seen in
4486:Choledocholithiasis
4357:Metabolic disorders
4323:Acute liver failure
4296:Portal hypertension
4248:Alcoholic hepatitis
4091:Radiation proctitis
4010:Mesenteric ischemia
3982:Gastroenterocolitis
3811:Blind loop syndrome
3621:Ménétrier's disease
3529:Barrett's esophagus
2811:Post-polio syndrome
2447:Infectious diseases
2373:Hepatology Research
1769:1996Sci...271..505L
1235:10.4061/2011/314301
1146:Colorado tick fever
1119:human herpesvirus 8
1115:human herpesvirus 7
1111:human herpesvirus 6
970:, a mosquito-borne
881:Indian subcontinent
756:
528:
478:transmitted by the
472:infectious jaundice
215:
90:Infectious diseases
4795:External resources
4661:Undefined location
4652:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4553:Pancreatic fistula
4536:Pancreatic abscess
4491:Biliary dyskinesia
4462:Mirizzi's syndrome
3963:Large and/or small
3643:Dieulafoy's lesion
3512:Boerhaave syndrome
2944:Epstein–Barr virus
2914:Respiratory system
2551:Burkitt's lymphoma
1881:cdn.ecdc.europa.eu
1545:(1732): 20160274.
1103:Epstein–Barr virus
968:yellow fever virus
754:
618:sexual intercourse
577:5 weeks–persistent
526:
517:relapsing symptoms
501:contaminated water
390:Incubation period
214:Hepatitis viruses
213:
169:Epstein–Barr virus
132:condition up to a
114:liver inflammation
4831:Diseases of liver
4818:
4817:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4561:
4560:
4163:
4162:
4020:Bowel obstruction
3722:
3721:
3425:
3424:
3387:
3386:
3138:
3137:
3069:Influenza virus A
2986:Human coronavirus
2876:
2875:
2866:Herpes of the eye
2108:10.1002/hep.20111
1461:978-0-12-375147-8
1442:Tayor JM (2009).
1148:virus, reovirus 3
996:Lassa fever virus
898:Hepatitis F virus
887:Hepatitis F virus
829:
828:
706:hepatitis C virus
610:blood transfusion
587:
586:
484:contaminated food
449:
448:
250:Hepatitis B virus
202:Hepatitis viruses
107:
106:
30:Medical condition
18:Hepatitis viruses
16:(Redirected from
4848:
4729:
4713:Pneumoperitoneum
4570:
4480:Common bile duct
4362:Wilson's disease
4352:Peliosis hepatis
4221:
4098:Proctalgia fugax
4005:Abdominal angina
3930:Ogilvie syndrome
3879:Pseudomembranous
3737:
3697:Gastric volvulus
3662:Pyloric stenosis
3473:
3458:Diseases of the
3452:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3151:
3146:digestive system
3063:Orthomyxoviridae
3029:SARS coronavirus
3015:MERS coronavirus
2931:
2743:Orthomyxoviridae
2666:
2632:Immune disorders
2556:Hodgkin lymphoma
2532:Kaposi's sarcoma
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1917:on 24 April 2022
1913:. Archived from
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1883:. Archived from
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1854:. Archived from
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1672:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1449:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1124:Orthomyxoviruses
757:
657:alpha-interferon
555:Early detection
529:
480:fecal-oral route
271:Orthohepevirus A
216:
103:
102:
94:gastroenterology
45:
33:
21:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4836:Viral hepatitis
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4809:Viral hepatitis
4790:
4789:
4740:
4726:
4717:
4682:
4671:Internal hernia
4557:
4502:
4467:Biliary fistula
4425:
4416:
4402:Adenomyomatosis
4397:Cholesterolosis
4373:
4367:Hemochromatosis
4238:Viral hepatitis
4210:
4159:
4117:
4103:Rectal prolapse
4072:
4039:Fecal impaction
4029:Intussusception
3992:Crohn's disease
3958:
3941:Toxic megacolon
3853:
3851:Large intestine
3845:
3790:Curling's ulcer
3743:
3741:Small intestine
3730:
3718:
3626:Gastroenteritis
3597:
3462:
3456:
3426:
3421:
3383:
3363:
3271:
3245:Gastroenteritis
3203:
3200:Gastroenteritis
3194:
3182:Cytomegalovirus
3145:
3134:
3102:Paramyxoviridae
3091:Avian influenza
2967:
2962:Cytomegalovirus
2926:viral pneumonia
2924:
2921:nasopharyngitis
2920:
2917:
2908:
2872:
2846:Cytomegalovirus
2831:
2785:
2673:
2660:
2653:
2626:
2493:Cervical cancer
2453:
2444:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2293:(10): 1302–11.
2280:
2279:
2275:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1763:(5248): 505–8.
1754:
1753:
1749:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1691:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1428:. 9 April 2021.
1424:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1099:cytomegalovirus
988:Guanarito virus
964:
943:
931:
925:
912:
906:
895:
889:
866:
860:
851:satellite virus
840:
834:
699:
693:
598:
592:
465:
459:
454:
439:None available
204:
185:
165:cytomegalovirus
118:viral infection
110:Viral hepatitis
97:
36:Viral hepatitis
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4776:
4761:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:Classification
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4708:Hemoperitoneum
4705:
4704:
4703:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4432:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4229:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4179:
4177:Blood in stool
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4150:Anal dysplasia
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4017:
4015:Angiodysplasia
4012:
4007:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3950:Diverticulosis
3946:Diverticulitis
3943:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3836:Milroy disease
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Tropical sprue
3803:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3759:
3757:
3734:
3728:Lower GI tract
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3468:Upper GI tract
3464:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2886:
2884:
2882:Cardiovascular
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2663:
2661:nervous system
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:Vaginal cancer
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2413:
2412:External links
2410:
2407:
2406:
2379:(10): 971–81.
2363:
2314:
2273:
2254:(18): 2101–6.
2237:
2194:
2183:(11): 1130–2.
2179:(in Chinese).
2167:
2148:(2): 375–401.
2132:
2081:
2070:(18): 1656–9.
2054:
2005:
1954:
1940:
1928:
1898:
1887:on 14 May 2022
1868:
1839:
1798:
1747:
1720:J. Infect. Dis
1706:
1663:(2): 124–131.
1643:
1629:
1608:
1582:
1525:
1507:
1487:
1467:
1460:
1431:
1417:
1408:
1352:
1310:
1259:
1203:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1133:Picornaviruses
1130:
1121:
1092:
1070:
1057:
1055:Parvovirus B19
1048:
1039:
1010:
981:
963:
960:
942:
939:
937:is suspected.
927:Main article:
924:
921:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
891:Main article:
888:
885:
862:Main article:
859:
856:
836:Main article:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
786:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:Detection Time
761:
739:antiviral drug
712:of the family
695:Main article:
692:
689:
622:breast feeding
594:Main article:
591:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
535:Detection Time
533:
461:Main article:
458:
455:
453:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
372:
367:
363:
362:
360:
359:Delta antigen
357:
354:
351:
349:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
315:
314:
307:
304:Incertae sedis
300:
293:
290:Hepadnaviridae
286:
283:Picornaviridae
279:
275:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
238:Viral species
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
203:
200:
184:
181:
177:herpes simplex
105:
104:
87:
81:
80:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4853:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4582:Diaphragmatic
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Cholecystitis
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4330:Liver abscess
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:Liver failure
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:Enterocolitis
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:Malabsorption
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Gastroparesis
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Cushing ulcer
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Megaesophagus
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:Parainfluenza
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:EBV infection
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Poliomyelitis
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Vulvar cancer
2506:
2504:
2503:Penile cancer
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2101:(2): 302–10.
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:(in French).
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1858:on 2008-05-11
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1818:(3): 877–80.
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1726:(6): 1320–3.
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1336:"Hepatitis C"
1324:
1320:
1319:"Hepatitis B"
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Int J Hepatol
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Herpesviruses
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Marburg virus
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Puumala virus
1026:
1025:Hantaan virus
1022:
1021:Dobrava virus
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:Machupo virus
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
973:
969:
962:Other viruses
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
940:
938:
936:
930:
922:
920:
917:
911:
903:
901:
899:
894:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
857:
855:
852:
848:
844:
839:
831:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
758:
752:
750:
745:
743:
740:
736:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
589:
582:
579:
576:
574:Ig G anti HAV
573:
572:
568:
565:
562:
560:Ig M anti HAV
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:Significance
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
488:immune system
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
456:
451:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:Transmission
365:
364:
361:
358:
356:Core antigen
355:
353:HBsAg, HBeAg
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
308:
306:
305:
301:
299:
298:
294:
292:
291:
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:Viral family
277:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
265:
261:
259:
258:
257:Hepacivirus C
254:
252:
251:
247:
245:
244:
243:Hepatovirus A
240:
237:
236:
217:
211:
209:
201:
199:
197:
192:
189:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
101:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
77:H&E stain
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
4802:
4778:
4763:
4744:
4660:
4639:
4516:Pancreatitis
4478:
4428:biliary tree
4301:Nutmeg liver
4278:
4237:
4204:Hematochezia
4155:Pruritus ani
4140:Anal abscess
4135:Anal fistula
4131:Anal fissure
4044:Constipation
3998:
3869:Appendicitis
3677:Gastroptosis
3667:Achlorhydria
3506:
3495:Eosinophilic
3407:
3400:
3376:
3369:Pancreatitis
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3308:
3289:
3276:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3238:
3217:
3180:
3166:
3127:
3120:
3106:
3100:
3067:
3061:
3041:
3027:
3013:
2984:
2960:
2942:
2897:Pericarditis
2889:
2858:
2844:
2817:
2798:
2756:
2741:
2722:
2708:
2687:
2670:Encephalitis
2639:
2612:
2593:
2572:
2538:
2524:
2485:
2471:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2210:(6): 483–9.
2207:
2203:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1943:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1910:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1880:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1851:
1842:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1695:cite journal
1660:
1656:
1646:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1594:
1585:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1470:
1445:
1420:
1411:
1376:
1372:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1276:
1273:Case Rep Med
1272:
1262:
1225:
1221:
1195:. Retrieved
1186:
1172:
1151:
1089:yellow fever
1073:Flaviviruses
1051:Erythrovirus
1013:Bunyaviruses
984:Arenaviruses
979:Adenoviruses
965:
957:
953:
950:
947:
944:
932:
915:
913:
897:
896:
868:
867:
846:
842:
841:
769:Significance
755:Hepatitis C
746:
726:asymptomatic
714:Flaviviridae
701:
700:
634:
605:hepadnavirus
600:
599:
527:Hepatitis A
476:picornavirus
467:
466:
413:Mild; acute
399:15–150 days
396:45–160 days
309:
302:
297:Flaviviridae
295:
288:
281:
270:
263:
256:
248:
242:
205:
193:
190:
186:
173:yellow fever
142:
130:asymptomatic
109:
108:
4696:Peritonitis
4458:Cholestasis
4436:Cholangitis
4379:Gallbladder
4267:Fatty liver
4187:Hematemesis
4169:GI bleeding
3975:Necrotizing
3904:Lymphocytic
3899:Collagenous
3894:Microscopic
3831:Steatorrhea
3732:Enteropathy
3578:Inlet patch
3500:Herpetiform
3485:Esophagitis
3266:Coronavirus
3007:Common cold
2919:acute viral
2902:Myocarditis
2746:(probable)
2498:Anal cancer
2334:(3): e2–5.
1974:(1): 33–7.
1911:www.who.int
1279:: 8613840.
1087:virus, and
1064:Ebola virus
1060:Filoviruses
1042:Coronavirus
1037:Seoul virus
1008:Sabiá virus
992:Junín virus
893:Hepatitis F
873:hepatitis A
869:Hepatitis E
864:Hepatitis E
858:Hepatitis E
843:Hepatitis D
838:Hepatitis D
832:Hepatitis D
766:Description
702:Hepatitis C
697:Hepatitis C
691:Hepatitis C
673:telbivudine
637:liver cells
601:Hepatitis B
596:Hepatitis B
590:Hepatitis B
538:Description
468:Hepatitis A
463:Hepatitis A
457:Hepatitis A
405:15–60 days
402:30–60 days
393:20–40 days
382:Parenteral
379:Parenteral
311:Hepeviridae
145:hepatitis A
62:hepatitis B
4825:Categories
4804:Patient UK
4688:Peritoneal
4666:Incisional
4587:Congenital
4531:Hereditary
4508:Pancreatic
4472:Haemobilia
4145:Hemorrhoid
4123:Anal canal
4061:Infectious
4049:Functional
3884:Ulcerative
3768:Duodenitis
3707:Gastrinoma
3393:Urogenital
3259:Astrovirus
3219:Adenovirus
3043:SARS-CoV-2
2800:Poliovirus
2675:meningitis
2095:Hepatology
1862:2008-08-09
1812:Hepatology
1623:2012-08-26
1602:2023-05-26
1501:2008-03-03
1481:2008-03-03
1228:: 314301.
1197:2017-06-23
1164:References
1000:Lujo virus
972:flavivirus
955:with HCV.
935:adenovirus
916:GB virus C
910:GB virus C
904:GB virus C
847:Deltavirus
735:interferon
708:(HCV), an
677:lamivudine
563:4–12 weeks
546:Faecal HAV
492:antibodies
375:Parenteral
51:Micrograph
4676:Richter's
4633:Spigelian
4628:Obturator
4618:Umbilical
4451:Ascending
4422:Bile duct
4255:Cirrhosis
4233:Hepatitis
4216:Accessory
4086:Proctitis
3937:Megacolon
3911:Dysentery
3821:Whipple's
3773:Jejunitis
3763:Enteritis
3650:Dyspepsia
3611:Gastritis
3544:Achalasia
3477:Esophagus
3304:RNA virus
3285:DNA virus
3277:Hepatitis
3252:Norovirus
3240:Rotavirus
3234:RNA virus
3213:DNA virus
3159:Esophagus
3087:Influenza
2973:RNA virus
2935:DNA virus
2704:RNA virus
2683:DNA virus
2589:RNA virus
2467:DNA virus
2459:Oncovirus
1679:0815-9319
1559:0962-8436
1345:5 October
1328:5 October
1137:echovirus
1128:influenza
877:fulminant
816:5–6 weeks
799:5–6 weeks
742:ribavirin
722:cirrhosis
710:RNA virus
669:entecavir
641:cirrhosis
616:(through
521:diagnosis
348:Antigens
208:hepatitis
116:due to a
85:Specialty
4606:Indirect
4601:Inguinal
4335:Pyogenic
4280:Vascular
4056:Diarrhea
4034:Volvulus
4000:Vascular
3939: /
3928: /
3889:Ischemic
3856:Appendix
3746:Duodenum
3616:Atrophic
3490:Candidal
3402:BK virus
3205:diarrhea
3049:COVID-19
2791:Myelitis
2401:22339362
2393:21718400
2358:21951624
2309:21279280
2232:38640928
2224:22104426
2189:21322282
2127:14767982
2064:Rev Prat
2049:28893941
2025:(1732).
2000:20300384
1921:24 April
1793:12931655
1687:11207890
1577:28893941
1403:27394647
1305:32148514
1254:22164334
1142:Reovirus
796:anti-HCV
737:and the
718:placenta
665:adefovir
513:jaundice
496:immunity
430:Vaccine
385:Enteral
342:(+)ssRNA
337:(−)ssRNA
332:(+)ssRNA
327:dsDNA-RT
322:(+)ssRNA
196:Mongolia
53:showing
4785:D006525
4647:Petit's
4623:Femoral
4526:Chronic
4340:Amoebic
4108:Anismus
3874:Colitis
3801:Coeliac
3778:Ileitis
3750:Jejunum
3603:Stomach
3507:Rupture
3155:Pharynx
2659:Central
2349:4941665
2268:8092915
2162:9606764
2118:7165792
2076:2164704
2040:5597741
1991:2840947
1834:9500722
1785:8560265
1765:Bibcode
1757:Science
1742:8940225
1568:5597741
1394:5100695
1296:7054783
1245:3230116
1083:virus,
777:HCV-RNA
649:endemic
370:Enteral
318:Genome
179:virus.
140:(HCC).
126:chronic
71:in the
69:antigen
59:chronic
4641:Lumbar
4611:Direct
4594:Hiatus
4574:Hernia
4426:Other
4192:Melena
4078:Rectum
3561:(GERD)
2819:HTLV-I
2764:Rabies
2614:HTLV-I
2399:
2391:
2356:
2346:
2307:
2266:
2230:
2222:
2187:
2160:
2125:
2115:
2074:
2047:
2037:
1998:
1988:
1891:14 May
1832:
1791:
1783:
1740:
1685:
1677:
1596:Forbes
1575:
1565:
1557:
1458:
1401:
1391:
1373:Lancet
1303:
1293:
1252:
1242:
1117:, and
1077:dengue
1035:, and
1006:, and
760:Marker
643:, and
532:Marker
490:makes
171:, and
159:, and
96:
4566:Other
4521:Acute
4272:MASLD
4225:Liver
4199:Lower
4182:Upper
4024:Ileus
3860:Colon
3754:Ileum
3569:(LPR)
3415:Mumps
3174:Mumps
3144:Human
2574:MCPyV
2397:S2CID
2228:S2CID
1789:S2CID
1154:KIs-V
1091:virus
772:Note
509:feces
122:acute
66:viral
4780:MeSH
4769:9-CM
3954:SCAD
3129:hMPV
3001:OC43
2997:HKU1
2993:NL63
2989:229E
2647:AIDS
2526:KSHV
2389:PMID
2354:PMID
2305:PMID
2264:PMID
2220:PMID
2185:PMID
2158:PMID
2123:PMID
2072:PMID
2045:PMID
1996:PMID
1923:2022
1893:2022
1830:PMID
1781:PMID
1738:PMID
1701:link
1683:PMID
1675:ISSN
1573:PMID
1555:ISSN
1456:ISBN
1399:PMID
1347:2021
1330:2021
1301:PMID
1277:2020
1250:PMID
1226:2011
1066:and
914:The
683:and
136:and
4774:070
4765:ICD
4759:B19
4755:B15
4746:ICD
4260:PBC
3987:IBD
3921:IBS
3409:MuV
3378:CBV
3353:HEV
3341:HDV
3329:HCV
3317:HAV
3310:CBV
3291:HBV
3168:MuV
3099:V,
2891:CBV
2860:HSV
2837:Eye
2724:LCV
2710:MeV
2641:HIV
2595:HCV
2540:EBV
2487:HPV
2473:HBV
2381:doi
2344:PMC
2336:doi
2295:doi
2291:138
2256:doi
2252:154
2212:doi
2208:343
2150:doi
2113:PMC
2103:doi
2035:PMC
2027:doi
2023:372
1986:PMC
1976:doi
1820:doi
1773:doi
1761:271
1728:doi
1724:174
1665:doi
1563:PMC
1547:doi
1543:372
1452:121
1389:PMC
1381:doi
1377:388
1291:PMC
1281:doi
1240:PMC
1230:doi
813:ALT
784:PCR
614:sex
470:or
112:is
4827::
4807::
4783::
4772::
4753::
4750:10
4424:/
4022::
4003::
3799::
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3060:,
2983::
2981:IV
2758:RV
2449:–
2395:.
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2033:.
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1994:.
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