Gherman Pântea - Knowledge

911: 1733: 1069: 1865: 5455: 2224: 5341: 1848:. Pântea thereafter worked to persuade Macici that the killing quota imposed by Antonescu was excessive. On October 23, he and Macici asked Governor Alexianu to turn back the column of Jews sent on a death march. They registered only partial success, as some of the deportees returned: according to Pântea, all but 2,000 survived the experience. However, researchers of the events record a much higher death toll. According to them, Romanian troops randomly murdered some 20,000 or 30,000 of those sent on convoys. 2036:. Pântea considered his own position redundant, and asked to be recalled, but Antonescu ordered him to continue with his mandate. He was still at his post when Potopeanu relinquished his command to the Germans, and protested as Potopeanu handed over to the Nazis all property that Romania had confiscated from Soviet citizens. Enmity between the two Romanian administrators was on the rise. According to one account, Potopeanu still remembered that Pântea had tried to sell him a grossly overpriced used car. 910: 2207:, which concluded that his sentencing as a "war criminal" was illegal (while finding little evidence that his were crimes "against the working class"). However, the Securitate still kept a file on Pântea, keeping him and his family under constant surveillance. At a time when repression was organized against the Bessarabian refugees, its staff gathered data according to which Pântea was capable of organizing Bessarabian resistance in Romania-proper. With noted help from the Soviet 1971:) and Odesan notabilities (Dr. M. Zaevloshin, architect Vladimir Cundert). Reportedly, City Hall did not exercise political repression against known communists, who were merely required to register on a special list. The Romanian Mayor was also careful to preserve contacts with the two most powerful forces battling each other for control, namely the Germans and the Soviet partisans. His intervention saved the life of Yelena Rudenko, sister of Soviet General 806:, formed by revolutionary Russians loyal to the Chișinău Soviet. This authority gave formal backing to its Moldavian equivalent, supporting its struggle for self-determination and even discussing a merger, but discreetly tried to combat Bessarabian Romanian influence in all other fields. A truce was agreed upon between Pântea and the Russian Committee representative Levenzon, which even allowed both organisms to share office space in the same building. 2409:, which gives evidence about the scale of murder. In an earlier interview, Iepan mentioned that Pântea was "an interesting character" and "a rather luminous figure in that context of bitterness and violence." During debates with the public, held after the film's release, Iepan also quoted Pântea's report to Antonescu as proof that some Romanian officials knew about (and, in this case, deplored) the killings in the city. 988:, the designated first President of the Assembly. In doing so, Pântea gave approval to the demands of non-Romanian or pro-Russian delegates, who were scandalized by Pelivan's vocal Romanian nationalism. Like Crihan and Buzdugan, and eventually Pelivan himself, he transferred his support to Inculeț, who was widely perceived as a moderate, a loyalist, and a product of the February Revolution. Pântea too was designated a 2420:, the Odesa mayor's accounts were being cited against themselves by those who tried to minimize Romanian involvement. In reaction, Jewish community historian Teodor Wexler argued that the attempt was missing its target: "Gherman Pântea's letter of an unrestrained tragicalness", confirming "once and for all the historical responsibility of those who dictated the undertaking of the Holocaust in Romania." 1763:. The latter asked him to review a list of 100 Bessarabian "undesirables", singled out for their left-wing opinions and facing summary execution—Ciupercă wanted his secretary to ensure that no "good Romanians" had been included, but Pântea was able to obtain that the order itself be postponed. Among those rescued as a result of his objection were the communist activists 895:. As Pântea later stated, Lenin declared himself for revolutionary self-determination in the national issue—some researchers regard this claim as an urban legend, with which Bessarabian intellectuals tried to convince communists that Lenin himself validated their national aspirations. Returning to Bessarabia, Pântea attended meetings of the Bolshevik club, alongside 1717:. Initially, this regime followed Nazi policy, and prevented the more obvious displays of Bessarabian unionism, leading Pântea to exclaim: "General Antonescu cannot speak his mind on all subjects, so hopefully he would allow us to discuss and to shout out the issue of our justice". In May, shortly after the Antonescu regime had restructured itself ( 1572:("Bessarabia's Union. The Role of Moldavian Military Units in the Act of Union"). A second edition, published in 1932, had a eulogistic foreword by Nicolae Iorga, the historian and political ally; the book also received endorsements from Pântea's former colleagues (Catilli, Cijevschi etc.). Around 1935, Pântea's account was rejected by historian 2255:. Consequently, through a decision signed by Nicolschi in 1960, he and his wife were stripped of their pensions. Officially, the Pânteas stood accused of illegally trading in gold coins; a brutal police inquiry followed, and Lucia Pântea's arm was fractured in the process, but the prosecution was stopped in its tracks by the 1948:. His own membership of the Eviction Bureau remains a contended issue: Pântea categorically denied it (a negation that is backed by Ion Constantin, and reflected in various primary sources); nevertheless, one archive document refers to him as one of ten supervisors of the 1942 deportation. He also took measures against 42: 1395:. They discussed the litigious issue of Bessarabia, which the Bolsheviks still refused to recognize as part of Romania: Pântea was supposed to convince them that the union had been a legitimate affair, and, according to Pântea, Rakovsky showed himself unusually receptive. With a delegation which included 1855:

and presented her with a report on the Massacre, which she was to hand over to Antonescu. In assigning blame for the killings, Pântea noted that he himself was not a defender of the Jews, but a man concerned with justice. His document highlighted the acts of "barbarity" and the "un-Romanian" behavior

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proceeded to include him Pântea a revised list of war criminals, even though its Soviet partners still did not describe him as such. When the Red Army entered Bucharest in September, it arrested Potopeanu at his Ministry desk. Meanwhile, Pântea decided to obey the new legislation, and handed down to

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This correspondence remains a problematic aspect of Pântea' career. While some take it to imply double dealing or at least an ideological ambiguity, Ion Constantin suggests that it may have been in fact a ruse. At the time, Romanian authorities were less convinced of Pântea's loyalty. They suspected

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vindicated his 1918 deportation on Pântea's orders, and began circulating serious allegations against his rival. Published in the Romanian press, these resulted in a national manhunt for Pântea. Fearing a political retribution, the latter made himself lost in Sibiu, where he lived with false papers

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recommended his release. Pântea was arrested on several other occasions, but, singularly among Romanians prosecuted for war crimes, he was acquitted each time. Although his rivals in the Transnistrian administration were by then destroying evidence of his more positive role in the affairs of state,

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By then, Romanian intervention posed a fundamental dilemma, since the political class became undecided about whether to cement Bessarabian statehood or look forward to a union. Inconclusiveness touched the Bessarabian army. Its new uniforms, on the Romanian model, led Bessarabians to assume that it

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by the Romanian military), argued: "I promise you that I'll be defending republican Bessarabia next to Russia, even if it costs me my life . I gave the order for all the Moldavian army to take action; when it turned out that the Romanians were arriving with too great a force, I changed that order.

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Eventually, in June 1917, Gherman Pântea and two other Ninth Army soldiers—Petre Vărzaru, Ion Mitrean—were mandated by their colleagues to leave for Chișinău and organize the national movement locally. The youngest of all activists involved in the project, Pântea was elected head of the resulting

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1965, began receiving a state pension honoring his "outstanding contributions in service to the working class during the years 1919–1926". By 1967, Pântea made a final return to the public sphere, openly restating his version of historical events. He spoke on the subject at the funeral of fellow

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Some of the Russian locals played along, in a bit to ensure cultural survival. Among the latter was actor Vasily Vronsky (Vasile Vronschi), who knew Pântea from Chișinău, and who received permission to establish the Russian-language Vronsky Theater; granted Romanian citizenship, he gave speeches

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During January 1942, there was another planned exodus of Jews from Odesa. Pântea, whose official reports described the claim of "Jewish instigation" as a canard, was reportedly alarmed by the decision. Mostly in vain, he tried persuading Alexianu to reduce the number of Odesa Jews delivered to

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Between 1934 and 1937, when he resumed his activity a lawyer, Pântea sat on Chișinău City Hall's Board of Revision. He reconciled with the PNL, but the party resented his earlier disloyalty: also in 1937, he left the PNL, never to return. In October 1937, he was an honored guest at the festive

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claimed to have had the idea first. In order to ensure attendance, Pântea (or Holban) appealed to a ruse, circulating a telegram which misleadingly suggested that the Russian Provisional Government was backing the Congress. Within days, Pântea was designated Vice President of the Bessarabian

2325:, doubled as a low-key political rally: it brought together the community of Bessarabian refugees, who regarded Pântea as their hero, and was closely monitored by the Securitate. The funeral orations were delivered by, among others, Father Țepordei, Sinicliu, and his 1921 rival, Halippa. 1978:

Alexianu was especially weary of the Mayor's web of connections. In December 1941, he inquired Pântea about his alleged employment of political suspects, which Pântea categorically denied. In 1942, government embarked on a complex, but erratic, investigation into the presence of former

2398:: "The Romanian Mayor of Odesa was shocked by the cruelty with which the orders coming in from Bucharest were being executed. His name was Gherman Pântea and he was a normal man. Like Mayor Traian Popovici of Cernăuți, Gh. Pântea wished above all to fulfill his duty as a human being." 2215:), the secret police began re-investigating Pântea's various activities in politics. The Securitate archives also show that Securitate men approached the former Bessarabian Director with an offer to become their informant, but register Pântea's blunt refusal, even after intimidation. 1582:

newspaper, who discussed Pântea's statements of loyalty toward the Russian Republic, and even alleged that the Director had been responsible for the January 1918 attack on the Transylvanian volunteers. With his own version of events supported by Iorga, Pântea sued Hagi-Moscu for

1368:, beginning and ending in 1923, when he outlined plans to improve education and the urban landscape of peripheral quarters. In October 1923, he was elected one of four Vice Presidents of the Assembly of Deputies, the first of two such assignments he would receive in his career. 1118:, Pântea began identifying the Republic's enemy as exclusively "non-Moldavian", but noted that the Bessarabian army behaved "like a flock of rams", with no leadership and morale. On January 9, 1918, the Director was himself a victim of a Bolshevik maneuver, being apprehended by 2039:

During March, Pântea was himself forced to relinquish City Hall property, assigning it to the Germans. After farewell ceremonies at the University and in the factories, he and his wife Lucia left to join the retreating Romanian troops. The Pânteas were in Bucharest during

785:, who endorsed the effort to consolidate political unity. On behalf of the Roman leadership, Pântea made a journey to Odesa, where he contacted the eastern committee formed by Catelli and the others (May 1917). At the time, Odesa Bessarabians were forming their "Moldavian 1318:), the first of ten consecutive terms. Pântea was nevertheless considered suspect by the Romanian establishment, who believed him a man of left-wing sympathies and a promoter of communist literature. He was attorney for the group of Bessarabian communists, led by 872:. Pântea later wrote that Kerensky was the most welcoming, allowing the gradual creation of a single Bessarabian army (and even promising to transfer the Odessa 40th Regiment its jurisdiction), but forbidding any unilateral Bessarabian decision on this matter. 722:. The news, he later wrote, was a wake-up call for the Bessarabian Romanians in foreign lands, since it offered the prospect of self-determination at home. As the Provisional Government took hold of military matters, Pântea became President of the Ninth Army's 1876:

Pântea maintained Odesa a functional metropolis, with adequate food and electricity supplies, and as such, when compared to the rest of Transnistria, city life flourished under most of his mandate. He assigned engineer Lisenko, who had flooded the Odesa

883:(communist) movement to power in Russia, Gherman Pântea played a game of intricate diplomacy. According to Ion Constantin, he was good at seizing political opportunities "in those murky, troubled times, subject to fast and radical changes to the map of 1923:

for their parents. The cultural projects he promoted doubled as a propaganda effort: the new authorities staged shows which suggested that Odesa was, and would remain, part of a new Greater Romania. During 1943, he renamed Avchinnikov Street after

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In time, Mayor Pântea found a middle ground between the various political factors, and selected his own administrative team from a mixture of Bessarabian and Soviet clerks. In addition to Vice Mayor Vidrașcu, it included old unionist combatants

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Their act of insubordination enraged Kerensky: just before Lenin ousted him from power, the Russian Prime Minister issued a warrant for Pântea's arrest; by then, however, the Bessarabian Congress had been recognized by third parties, from the

1782:", brought Pântea to high office. As Pântea later noted, Antonescu considered him a suitable Transnistria Governor, but revised his stance when he discovered that Pântea still did not support his policies. Consequently, Pântea was assigned 809:

During September, after clashes with some of the radicalized peasants hampered propaganda efforts in the countryside, and Ukrainian or Russian pressures increased, the Moldavian Committee began issuing its own political newspaper. Known as

1559:. Pântea preserved the image of a philo-Romanian Ostrovsky, who believed that Stalin would in time accept the union; the initiative, however, came to nothing, as both Ostrovsky and Titulescu were sidelined by their respective governments. 1825:, promising a return to normal, and announced freedom and equality between all Odesans. However, this statement was rendered ineffectual by events which occurred on the same day: an explosion on Marazlie Street took the life of General 1790:

had been completed. In order to appease the Germans, Odesa was formally kept out of Transnistria, and the Odesa Mayor's office remained separated from those of other Romanian administrators. Among the latter, Transnistrian Governor

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the state all items of property he had taken on as Mayor. By January 1945, when the Sănătescu list was published, Pântea turned fugitive: for a while, he lived in Craiova, where his brother Constantin resided; later, he was in

1338:. This implied placing himself against the PNL government, particularly since Pântea reported to the world on the alleged the abuse of power by Romanian administrators in Bessarabia. His intervention in Parliament prompted the 1914:

Liberal enterprise coexisted with the minute regulation of social life: in Russia, Pântea's resolutions on this subject are remembered as farcical and unwittingly humorous. One of them limited children's use of bicycles and

1488:'s benefit. Around the same time as Bessarabia marked its first full decade of Romanian rule, Pântea, Buzdugan, Crihan and Catelli were members of the Chișinău Union of Reserve Officers. A rough equivalent of the pre-union 4770: 2060:, demanded Pântea's arrest as a potential turncoat; and since the political transition found Pântea included on the transitional regime's list of enemies, it was also assumed that he was one of Antonescu's war criminals. 3899: 2353:("To Gh. Pântea, and Old Combatant"), which depicts the Moldavian Republic's Director as a hero of the entire Romanian people. Between these images is one proposed by the Bessarabian expatriate and Romanian historian 1508:, and was returned to the lower chamber. His third and final mandate as Mayor of Chișinău was in 1932, when he began taking steps to erect a local statue of Ferdinand I. As the region suffered the consequences of the 2312:

Gherman Pântea died on February 1, 1968, in unusual circumstances: he had been absent from home for almost two days, and the family was informed that he had collapsed in the street, minutes after being spotted at a

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him of playing the Romanians and the Russians against each other, and subjected him to a formal inquiry. Years later, Pântea referred to Broșteanu's intervention as misguided and sanguinary, because it carried out

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insisted that Goga should be deposed and Romania taken out of "the fascist camp". Pântea maintained that, on its own, Ostrovsky's warning to Carol II resulted in the formation of a new Romanian cabinet, headed by

1008:. Additionally, he was a delegate to the Congress of Schoolteachers, wherein he recommended teaching Romanian to all Bessarabian schoolchildren. From 1918 to 1925, he edited the Russian-language regional daily 6468: 2364:, as Romania's participation in the Holocaust was being acknowledged, various commentators contrasted Gherman Pântea's behavior with that of other Transnistria administrators. According to Romanian-born 1844:". As a witness to this slaughter, Pântea noted that 450 Jewish people were hanged on the first day, others were randomly shot, and still others were rounded up, their fate to be determined by General 1056:, he surprised Cătărău on New Year's Eve, arresting and deporting him into the Ukraine. Between the two distinct phases of this incident, the Republic's army was sworn in during a ceremony attended by 887:". By early October 1917, Pântea was realizing that Kerensky and the Provisional Government could lose the battle. In a bid to discover the other side's intentions regarding Bessarabia, he traveled to 3135: 6523: 849:. It provided an ambiguous response, and Pântea led a delegation to request further clarification. On their way through Kyiv, the Bessarabian envoys chanced upon Romania's own delegates to Russia: 2357:, according to whom Pântea is a relevant but second-rate figure in the history of Bessarabian unionism (this view, first made public in 1973, is hotly contested by other authors and activists). 1688:(June 1940). Pântea and his family escaped to Bucharest, where the refugee politician continued his work with the Bessarabian Circle. Later that year, German pressures resulted in the loss of 2432: 954: 2309:, reportedly causing panic among his public (most of whom were by then the survivors of communist jails). The Pântea family moved back to Bucharest, at the old home on Argentina Street. 1044:

The Director witnessed with growing alarm as some components of his new army were coming under Bolshevik influence. Such was the case of Chișinău Garrison, which was being maneuvered by

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Faculty of Law (September 1919). Later investigation into his career resulted in allegations that Pântea never did attend class, and that his diploma was abusively released by Rector

6548: 3503: 4763: 4190: 6483: 6473: 1685: 726:, and also helped organize the Bessarabian soldiers into a single political body. Similar actions were being taken by other nationally minded Bessarabian officers. Some—Catelli, 2010:, in southern Romania. Pântea still tried to enforce his own plans for Odesa's development. In October 1943, on the 2-year anniversary of the occupation, he issued, by means of 6518: 3888: 1230:, an additional condition to the union. Contrary to later Bolshevik allegations, he and the other pro-union voters did not receive land property in exchange for their loyalty. 1480:

Gherman Pântea returned as Mayor of Chișinău, in office from 1927 to 1928. In 1930, dissatisfied with the PNL and in dispute with Inculeț, he became a member of the dissident

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Much of Gherman Pântea's life remain mysterious, inaccessible to researchers, and, according to historian Ion Constantin, "a permanent crossover of myth and reality." Of

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In April, Pântea was promoted a member of the Central Committee of the PȚB, and Chairman of its Club. He was in Romania for a while, taking his license degree from the

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in 1923. This venture drew suspicions from the Romanian authorities, who organized a search of the premises and, reputedly, uncovered samples of communist propaganda.

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gazette, a new address to the city's residents, in which he proudly listed his contributions. A few weeks later, he began employing laborers from the neighboring

1106:, and attempted to introduce more severe sanctions for insubordination. The Bolshevik groups resorted to intimidating acts in the capital, kidnapping some of the 6488: 2044:(August 23, 1944), with which Romania effectively changed sides in the war by toppling Antonescu. Their house on Argentina Street was damaged in the subsequent 1821:), Pântea is credited with having saved many of the potential victims—probably numbering in the thousands. On October 22, 1941, Pântea issued a proclamation in 1306:

newspaper, where he launched tirades against Halippa, and again rose to a leadership position after Halippa's expulsion. Pântea followed Inculeț into Romania's

4808: 6403: 5439: 1146: 1087: 3132: 5367: 5026: 1650:. Parliament was practically dissolved, but, as a long-time member of the former Assembly, Gherman Pântea was assigned a permanent seat in the reorganized 6573: 832:

paper, who witnessed the event, described Pântea as "a rather affected young man, with a nervous gaze, ambitious and conceiving of all sorts of schemes".

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Antonescu's reaction was sanguinary, and a collective blame was placed on the Odesa Jews. The community was decimated during what became known as the "

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and resumed diplomatic contacts. Renewing his attempts to obtain a definitive Romanian–Soviet agreement on Bessarabia, Pântea had informal talks with

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Over the following period, Pântea campaigned internally for further recognition of the assembly's decision, approaching the reluctant communities of

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Here was the nucleus for a single military and political unit of the Bessarabian, or "Moldavian", national movement, which sought to gain control of

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among Odesa's public sector employees. Allegations regarding Pântea's complicity in some acts of corruption prompted additional surveillance from

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Moldavian Central Committee of the Soldiers and Officers' Union. Pântea, Vărzaru and Mitrean benefited from some Russian support, after Commander

1889:(while building a close relationship with the students), and cleared for use the city's tramway lines. Businesses also reopened, benefiting from 5017: 6498: 5360: 5063: 2825: 2810: 2091:. In the end, he was acquitted, since Yelena Rudenko and Tolbukhin informed the Romanian state about Pântea's honorable conduct, and since the 1307: 543: 3581: 5038: 4993: 4935: 3183: 2748: 1856:

of various officials; Antonescu threatened to have the author shot on the spot, but later ordered an investigation into some cases of abuse.

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In October 1955, Gherman Pântea was included in an amnesty decreed by the Romanian communist authorities, as the early sign of a reluctant

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argues, meant to "keep those apartments for the Romanian administration and to sell a certain number of the apartments to turn a profit."

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of the late Stalin period, he is mainly depicted as a criminal figure who takes absurd decisions. In contrast, the Bessarabian folklorist

1520:), Pântea was corrupt and irresponsible in office, pocketing large sums of public money, and partying at Chișinău's expense on a visit to 1037:, which integrated the previous Cohorts, guarded over the unruly withdrawal of Russian forces, and established friendly contacts with the 1019:, Pântea was integrated on the governing Moldavian Directorate: he had in his care the General Directorate for War and Navy, initially as 934:

Meanwhile, Pântea's Committee organized a Moldavian Soldiers' Congress, which was to form the basis for a Bessarabian legislature, called

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and other Romanian officials. The Antonescu regime supposed a terrorist attack, ignoring all accounts according to which the retreating

1532:", alleging that he stole public furniture, while an antisemitic city councilor depicted him as "in cahoots" with the Bessarabian Jews. 802:

gave them a free pass and an indefinite leave from the Romanian front. However, their Central Committee met a new rival in the parallel

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Pântea was long suspected of war crimes, and spent much of his post-war life as a fugitive. He was eventually apprehended, and became a

1438:. Pântea believed that their uncompromising stance showed the swift radicalization of Soviet foreign policy under new Bolshevik leader 781:. Through Pântea and Scobioală, the Roman group communicated directly with a civilian network formed by the Bessarabian expatriates of 296: 6593: 6438: 2436: 2342: 2283: 1481: 1111: 835:

At around the same time, the Moldavian Central Committee took steps to create a Bessarabian national force within Russia's Army, with

1446:". This rebellion was quashed by the Romanian authorities, and Pântea was again defense attorney for the Bessarabian communist cell. 6598: 6538: 6513: 6508: 4956: 4299: 2933: 2854: 1462: 6408: 5056: 1521: 586:, the Romanian dictator, and was kept in check by the occupation authority. His administration managed to set in motion a plan for 4096: 2317:

diner; medical investigation showed that he was not suffering from any life-threatening condition. The funeral was at Bucharest's

2259:. Gherman and brother Constantin were again picked up in April 1961, and detained in the prison of Craiova together with other 5 " 1987:. Its subsequent reports accused the Mayor and some in his staff of keeping company with covert communists, and of trading on the 1423:

during late March 1924. In conversation with Krestinsky, Pântea even transmitted the government's offer to renounce claims to the

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By late 1942, Pântea again irritated the Romanian commandants, when he complained that General Vasiliu had requisitioned Odesa's

1134: 828: 803: 546:. Having parallel careers as teacher, lawyer and journalist, Pântea remained a presence in Romanian political life, as member of 535: 2416:

notes that, in writing his reports, Pântea never realized the level of Antonescu's involvement in the 1941 Massacre. Before the

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for some 800 sentenced war criminals. After gathering evidence and testimonials from Soviet nationals, he took his case to the

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Pântea was also focusing on writing his memoirs of World War I and the union. Some of these texts were originally published by

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would revisit the Bessarabian dispute from a traditional viewpoint. In this context, he corresponded with official historian

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anniversary of the Moldavian Soldiers' Congress, in Chișinău. That year, he alo published the second volume of his memoirs:

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classes to Russian officers, and became close friends with his new teacher. (Some sources represent Pântea as a graduate of

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In June 1915, shortly after completing his studies, Pântea was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army, and relocated to

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staff to suspect a conspiracy. The Bessarabians tried to mend the situation, and Pântea had interviews with Commander

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between 1990 and 1994, reportedly sought to revive Pântea's urban projects (continued, after another long hiatus, by

2185: 1984: 1175:, the Minister of War. President Inculeț compensated for the loss of prestige, raising Gherman Pântea to the rank of 1122:

men and only released, together with soldiers of the Volunteer Corps, when the Bessarabian army intervened in force.

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moved closer to Romania, Alexianu's bureaucracy was replaced with a defensive military structure, headed by General

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activity was largely successful: Tcancenco and other three men were found guilt of sedition, and sentenced to death

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Andrei Cemârtan, "Le Parti des Paysans de Bessarabie et la rivalité entre Pantelimon Halippa et Ion Inculeț", in

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majority voted in favor. The 86 yea votes, which carried the day, included Pântea's. He also voted in favor of a

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as manager and Pântea as one of three editors. Pântea carried from Iași a large bag of propaganda literature, in

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until late in life. The boy had trouble adapting himself to the requirements of living in what was then Russia's

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and lower-middle-class origins, Gherman Pântea was born on May 13, 1894, in the northern Bessarabian village of

6418: 5419: 5399: 5310: 2818: 1928:, and turned a lodging once visited by Goga into a hotel for Romanian writers on vacation to "Romanian Odesa". 1779: 1704: 1489: 866: 635: 579: 5674: 5340: 4907: 4199: 2346: 1310:(PNL), and became deputy leader of the group's Bessarabian section. This affiliation got him elected into the 996:

constituency. His first address, in Russian, spoke about the opportunity for reform, and promised that, under

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On June 22, 1941, a little more than a year into the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Romania partook in the

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policy: according to Pântea, Ambassador Ostrovsky called on him to inform Romanians that Stalin and France's

642:: although he was studious and completed primary school with honors, he had difficulty learning the official 5709: 5079: 4746: 2452: 2394: 2196: 1881:

during the Soviet retreat, to build a new electrical substation; once this began operating, he reopened the

1852: 1680: 1365: 1142: 977:. The election itself was a chaotic affair, and votes were never officially counted anywhere in Bessarabia. 799: 631: 606: 559: 454: 105: 1787: 1171:

as the new head of government. The administration was reorganized, and Pântea lost his position to Colonel

6189: 5809: 5614: 5509: 5469: 5165: 5110: 4210: 3602: 3562: 3521: 3400: 2279: 2041: 1536: 1262: 1258: 1227: 786: 692: 639: 563: 411: 6342: 6139: 6109: 5804: 5559: 984:

came into existence, Pântea was involved in more political maneuvering, helping his colleagues to topple

6124: 5724: 2354: 2033: 1944:

concentration camp—the Mayor hoped to at least obtain the return of Jews who were artisans, teachers or

1800: 1796: 1756: 1689: 1573: 1383:

of the PNL, he played a part in negotiations to restore contacts with the Russian government. He was in

1315: 1211:

The Romanians hold on tight . I fear greatly that the Romanians are here to steal away our Bessarabia."

1172: 1160: 1141:, who had a mandate to reinstate order, and who arrived in Chișinău alongside the French military envoy 854: 651: 547: 497: 341: 6347: 6337: 6164: 6084: 5944: 5874: 5759: 5639: 5634: 5150: 2863: 2113:

until December 1949. He was making short visits to Bucharest with forged identity papers and the alias

2109: 1804: 1347: 1280: 1269: 1045: 773:, namely the Chișinău Soviet of Workers and Soldiers; he also had to struggle with Bessarabian apathy, 6289: 6264: 6229: 6214: 6129: 6074: 5974: 5959: 5939: 5649: 5624: 5160: 5120: 4778: 3907: 2248: 2232: 2137: 6388: 6383: 6314: 6059: 6039: 5989: 5979: 5954: 5949: 5654: 5619: 5579: 5569: 5429: 5220: 5022: 4155: 2822: 2402: 2322: 2053: 1841: 1817: 1748: 1737: 1696:. By then, the Bessarabian Circle represented a 120,000-strong refugee community, having Inculeț and 1654:. Following Carol's administrative restructuring, he was also named counsel at the superior court of 1578: 1485: 1443: 1057: 700: 575: 513: 349: 163: 6154: 6009: 5994: 5834: 5769: 5599: 5320: 5130: 2804: 2153: 2149: 1999:, and that he had vested interest in aiding the Transnistrian Jews, who were his business partners. 1772: 1764: 1400: 1219:

of suspected rebels, encouraged denunciations, and stained the unionists' international reputation.

6199: 6174: 6144: 6064: 6004: 5884: 5799: 5774: 5664: 5629: 5391: 4859: 3144: 3133:"Arhivele comunismului. Cum era urmărită elita militară a Basarabiei de poliția politică sovietică" 2800: 2428: 2412:

However, Pântea's own testimonies on the Holocaust subject have various ambiguities and omissions.

2165: 2145: 1991:

of Chișinău. Later, sources adverse to Pântea claimed that he was the main beneficiary of trade in

1837:

were informed of the mining, and tried to warn their superiors not to enter the Marazile building.

1834: 1760: 1720: 1615: 1474: 1454: 1138: 1034: 993: 884: 739: 715: 708: 630:; he was one of several children born to lawyer Vasile Pântea and his wife Ioana. They were of the 520: 283: 41: 6149: 5904: 5869: 5794: 5749: 5694: 4730: 2741:

Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918–1928): modernizare prin reforme. Monografii ANTIM VII

2385: 2049: 1202:). Pântea himself appeared undecided about the situation, and, in a letter to pro-Russian officer 823: 6194: 6099: 6089: 5719: 5255: 5115: 5105: 5100: 5095: 4948: 3211:"Ocuparea orașului Odessa de căre armata română și măsurile adoptate față de populația evreiască" 2314: 2267: 2177: 1968: 1964: 1894: 1416: 1388: 1103: 876: 869: 747: 742:—were active on Bessarabia's borders, while others addressed Bessarabian units in places such as 731: 598: 528: 465: 325: 6259: 6029: 5909: 5859: 5854: 5734: 5584: 5574: 5539: 5404: 5300: 5210: 5195: 4150: 2456: 1292: 1000:, Bessarabia would bloom into "a rose". Pântea was then an active as legislator, serving on the 936: 920: 504:, he helped organize the committees of Bessarabian soldiers, oscillating between loyalty to the 198: 1535:

During those years, Pântea also became an active member of the Bucharest Bessarabian Circle of

6294: 6274: 6249: 6184: 6179: 6119: 6014: 5829: 5819: 5744: 5689: 5549: 5489: 5484: 5325: 5260: 5180: 5034: 4989: 4952: 4931: 4734: 4295: 3983: 3179: 2744: 2417: 2092: 1792: 1697: 1655: 1651: 1544: 1424: 1330: 1239: 1216: 1168: 1126: 770: 678: 602: 436: 1539:, which monitored the evolution of Soviet attitudes on Romania. By then, there was a visible 6299: 6254: 6234: 6224: 6044: 6024: 5984: 5879: 5844: 5729: 5714: 5679: 5604: 5594: 5564: 5504: 5295: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5140: 3221: 2275: 1972: 1953: 1945: 1886: 1768: 1741: 1659: 1643: 1509: 1466: 1133:

in his own ranks, Pântea became a major contributor to the accelerated political process of

974: 862: 850: 836: 755: 723: 682: 643: 508:

and the cause of Bessarabian emancipation. Pântea was subsequently Military Director of the

445: 6309: 1283:). Whether or not this is true, Pântea is known to have been enlisted with the Bessarabian 940:. A dispute endures surrounding the initiative behind this Congress, since both Pântea and 6239: 6219: 6054: 6049: 5789: 5739: 5499: 5494: 5474: 5315: 5265: 5190: 5185: 5170: 4940: 4903: 4854: 4812: 4797: 4774: 4741: 4214: 4194: 4100: 3978: 3934:"Gherman Pântea, remarcabilul primar al Odesei (1941- 1944) | Curentul International" 3903: 3606: 3588: 3566: 3548: 3525: 3507: 3404: 3386: 3330: 3217: 3171: 3139: 2937: 2858: 2829: 2814: 2377: 2338: 2306: 2252: 1826: 1778:

The extension of Romanian rule into a new eastern province, carved out under the name of "

1693: 1612: 1525: 1442:, who was Rakovsky's enemy. The same year, Tcacenco returned to Romania, instigating the " 1343: 1284: 1255: 1195: 1150: 1026: 674: 670: 5969: 5914: 2930: 2851: 1145:. There followed a common offensive against the Bolshevik insurgents, part of the larger 1052:

authority over his troops, Pântea took a singular measure: together with a rogue unit of

1453:. He still held the office in 1925, when he took part in debates to extend the scope of 6279: 6269: 6204: 6159: 6034: 5964: 5929: 5864: 5849: 5704: 5669: 5609: 5529: 5305: 5275: 5245: 5135: 5125: 4283: 4233: 4183: 4093: 3319: 2448: 2318: 2244: 2192: 2181: 2180:. In November 1954, he was dispatched to a milder prison, at Craiova, and then sent to 2097: 1845: 1783: 1470: 1319: 1298:

Inside the PȚB, Pântea was loyal to Inculeț, and fought against the factions headed by

970: 957:. In the confusion that followed Lenin's seizure of power, Pântea still recognized the 892: 815: 762: 719: 571: 516: 489: 315: 273: 242: 140: 56: 4288:

The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Volume III: The Final Solution

1703:

The major territorial losses resulted in Carol's fall from power, and inaugurated the

1473:. By then, the former Military Director was also a managerial director for Chișinău's 1167:

Later that month, the Moldavian Republic proclaimed itself an independent state, with

6377: 6352: 6319: 6244: 6209: 6169: 6079: 6019: 5889: 5644: 5554: 5215: 5205: 5155: 5145: 2381: 2200: 2173: 2157: 2144:(that is, the communist secret police). He was interrogated by Securitate commandant 1992: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1878: 1713: 1708: 1636: 1627: 1623: 1540: 1505: 1439: 1335: 1130: 1053: 655: 583: 210: 562:. He was however mistrusted for his defense of arrested Bolsheviks, his critique of 6094: 6069: 5934: 5924: 5824: 5784: 5684: 5659: 5514: 5479: 5230: 4977: 4817: 4279: 2413: 2292: 2161: 2118: 1988: 1956: 1904: 1670: 1666: 1458: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1250:

union resolution. He subsequently accompanied a deputation of Black Sea Germans to

1176: 896: 727: 567: 555: 406: 388: 175: 4282:, "Plunder of Jewish Property in the Nazi-occupied Areas of the Soviet Union", in 3128: 2431:. As of that moment, Pântea's name continues to be a subject of contention in the 1631: 1500:

The Georgist party failed to register much success, and Pântea left it before the

1356:

In 1922, from Tighina, Gherman Pântea began issuing another Russian daily. Titled

1287:

as of 1919. Late in the year, he began publishing another Russian-language daily,

2372:, Pântea's protest against Antonescu's orders is compatible with the work of his 1543:

between the Romania and the Soviet Union, effected by Romania's Foreign Minister

1449:

Pântea also received his second term as Vice President of the Assembly after the

1048:, a mysterious adventurer and political radical. After Cătărău openly questioned 6362: 6304: 6114: 5894: 5839: 5524: 5352: 5290: 5090: 4927: 4921: 4014:

Constantin, p.110-111; Deletant, p.172; Rotman, p.94-95. See also Mazower, p.315

2444: 2440: 2302: 2260: 2169: 1752: 1662:, the King's Resident (Governor), accusing him of dishonest business practices. 1528:'s support of the Bessarabian union). An anonymous brochure called the mayor a " 1380: 1299: 1203: 1038: 1005: 985: 743: 687: 501: 401: 383: 2172:, but Pântea was later moved into other infamously tough detention facilities: 2087:

Like Antonescu and Potopeanu, Pântea faced trial in front of the newly created

1364:("Southern Bessarabia"), it survived until April 1923. He first had a stint as 769:

Pântea's Roman organization and the inner-Bessarabian faction which demanded a

765:(the informal Bessarabian capital). At the time, tensions were sparked between 6284: 5899: 5764: 5250: 4985: 4782: 3911: 2942: 2847: 2373: 2369: 2228: 2141: 2003: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1513: 1431: 1273: 857:. The two missions shared a train carriage, and the time they shared prompted 627: 609:

in part, continued to be harassed by the communist apparatus until the 1960s.

591: 551: 485: 238: 1570:

Unirea Basarabiei. Rolul organizațiilor militare moldovenești în actul unirii

17: 5434: 5330: 4291: 2321:, on February 4. The ceremony, which included an Orthodox service by priest 2243:, the Securitate kept close watch on Pântea's reaction, reporting about his 1996: 1949: 1941: 1619: 1564: 1251: 1095: 950: 888: 880: 774: 659: 623: 605:. In 1956, he managed to have the war crimes verdict overturned but, albeit 524: 259: 1833:

had mined the location. Reportedly, Pântea and his Transnistrian colleague

1411:, Pântea represented Romania in bilateral talks with a delegation from the 658:

and witnessed the start of World War I. He frequently sailed to Odesa, the

5003:"Problema Basarabiei în evoluția raporturilor româno-sovietice: 1918-1924" 1684:). In that context, the Soviets communicated an ultimatum to Romania, and 527:

subversion and Russian intimidation, but also braced for defeat after the

4945:

Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940-1944

2297: 2263:

elements" from Bessarabia—in 1962, all were sentenced to 1 year in jail.

1980: 1933: 1830: 1529: 1324: 1243: 1184: 1072: 4764:"Cred că trebuie să conștientizăm că România are și un trecut fascist - 2384:

from planned extermination. In 2008, a similar point was made by writer

1516:

property items. As claimed by his political rivals (including historian

2007: 1604: 1584: 846: 782: 647: 493: 4982:

Hitler's Imperium: Europa unter der Herrschaft des Nationalsozialismus

2247:, his contacts with the exiled Crihan or underground PNL-ists such as 5048: 2365: 2168:". His first year after the verdict was spent under heavy regime, at 1435: 1427:

in Russia, in exchange for the Soviet recognition of the 1918 union.

1420: 1099: 841: 789:", armed units which were supposed to challenge the Chișinău Soviet. 751: 5031:

Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania

4908:"Directoratul general de război și marină al Basarabiei (1917–1918)" 2278:, praising his "courage and clarity" in exposing the hidden side of 1595:("Bessarabia's Union. Two Decades since the Bessarabian Autonomy"). 1137:. In January 1918, he welcomed the Romanian Land Forces and General 4071:

Constantin, p.28, 99-102, 117-127, 129-130, 160-161; Mazower, p.311

2852:"Ion Pelivan – candidat la funcția de președinte al Sfatului Țării" 2239:

Communist harassment continued over the following years. After the

1477:, and tried to obtain tax reductions for the Bessarabian artisans. 1434:

in the disputed region or, alternatively, Romania's cession of the

590:, and helped the city overcome devastation through the adoption of 5007:

Buletinul Cercurilor Științifice Studențești, Arheologie - Istorie

3176:

Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX

2069: 1512:, he helped Chișinău's poor, using public funds to buy back their 1504:; he joined the "National Union" list of incumbent Prime Minister 1384: 1261:. His rank in the Bessarabian army was recognized by the Romanian 1021: 587: 1810:

Instead of condoning the Romanian- and German-led mass murder of

1626:

as Premier. The move alarmed the Soviets, and clashed with their

1430:

Contacts broke down when the Soviets presented their proposal: a

718:

caught Pântea entrenched with his men somewhere near the town of

574:

under a Romanian occupation. He intervened to save Jews from the

488:-born soldier, civil servant and political figure, active in the 666: 5356: 5052: 4207: 3599: 3559: 3518: 3397: 1897:—the city treasury, Pântea claimed, collected some 170 million 2208: 1254:, capital of Greater Romania, and, with them, was received by 1194:("Moldavian Republic"), was commonly misread as standing for " 1179:

and making him Knight of the Moldavian Order of St. Vladimir.

4967:

Presa basarabeană de la începuturi pînă în anul 1957. Catalog

4592:

Constantin, p.18, 30, 35, 75-76, 87-88, 132-133, 174, 188-189

3324:"Partidele parlamentare și problema comunismului (1919–1924)" 2427:

in 1991, most of Bessarabia returned to independence, as the

1700:

as Presidents, Bosie-Codreanu and Pântea as Vice Presidents.

1334:; 65 detainees were acquitted; 39 others were set free after 5339: 1246:, where a mass of Germans was persuaded into voting for the 534:

With some hesitance, Gherman Pântea endorsed the Republic's

4971: 3165:"Elita politică a germanilor din România în anii 1918-1919" 2405:, Romanian filmmaker Florin Iepan produced the documentary 1975:, who had fallen severely ill at the family home in Odesa. 1593:

Unirea Basarabiei. Două decenii de la autonomia Basarabiei

662:

port which was to fascinate him for the rest of his life.

2266:

Around 1964, as Romania embraced (nominally anti-Soviet)

2156:, whose lives Pântea had helped save. Pântea was sent to 1086:

Bolshevik agitation, endorsed from a distance by Lenin's

2903:

Ciobanu, p.94-95, 97; Constantin, p.25, 57-58, 70-71, 72

1669:, Romania was caught between the hostile governments of 1547:

and his PNL faction. The two governments had signed the

777:

gains, and territorial claims stated by the neighboring

673:. He was again in Odesa, where Bessarabian-born officer 6469:

Military personnel of the Moldavian Democratic Republic

2056:. On August 24, Gheorghe Potopeanu, who had emerged as 1868:

Lamppost with advertisements for coming attractions of

992:

member, representing both the Soldiers' Congress and a

703:. He also fought with valor during battles against the 479: 4930:), Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2010. 4750:, Nr. 304-305 (1104–1105), September–October 2008, p.7 4234:"Василий Вронский – «Луч света в темном царстве»" (II) 2148:, and confronted with allegations made against him by 1568:

daily in 1931, and were later collected into the book

879:

overturned the Provisional Government and brought the

4094:"Василий Вронский – «Луч света в темном царстве»" (I) 2195:. In January of the next year, he was even partially 1952:

in formerly Jewish houses, but, historian and former

1807:

regarded Pântea with particular disdain or mistrust.

1755:. Gherman Pântea was mobilized and dispatched to the 1291:, which went under in short while and was revived by 685:.) Upon graduation from the Junker School, the young 459: 6524:

Political office-holders in Transnistria Governorate

6328: 5538: 5462: 5390: 3972:"Holocaustul românesc la Odessa: 25.000 de victime" 2955:

Constantin, p.25, 58-64. See also Ciobanu, p.94, 96

2231:informant, concerning a meeting between Pântea and 1322:, who had agitated against the Romanian state. The 394: 378: 358: 334: 308: 303: 291: 279: 269: 249: 225: 220: 204: 192: 169: 157: 134: 122: 103: 90: 77: 55: 32: 2973:Constantin, p.64-66, 68. See also Ciobanu, p.96-98 1851:The following week, the Mayor contacted socialite 1549:London Convention for the Definition of Aggression 4610:Constantin, p.164-165, 167-168, 170, 175, 177-182 4331:Constantin, p.29, 138-139, 159-160, 170, 189, 242 4225: 4223: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 3335:Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica 1598: 1222:The union was effected on March 27, 1918, when a 1015:When Bessarabian deputies created the autonomous 945:soldiers' assembly; Cijevschi was its President. 4270:Constantin, p.29, 146-147, 148-149, 159, 162-163 3880: 3878: 2806:Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea 2443:. This was noted in 2010 by unionist politician 1786:, taking hold of his seat only after the city's 1646:one, centered on Carol II, and confirmed by the 1004:Commission for Schooling and the Commission for 4964:Lidia Kulikovski, Margarita Șcelcikova (eds.), 2282:. He himself began writing new memoirs for the 839:as Commander. The request was presented to the 4142: 4140: 1183:was a branch of the Romanian Land Forces; the 1110:deputies and attacking the Romanian-organized 1033:Director. His main task was the creation of a 6549:Socialist Republic of Romania rehabilitations 5368: 5064: 4475:Constantin, p.28, 133, 137, 138-139, 160, 242 4248: 4246: 3178:, Vol. III, TechnoMedia, Sibiu, 2008, p.63. 2136:. Pântea was tracked down by famed Commissar 8: 6484:National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians 6474:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) 4116:Constantin, p.118-121, 130, 131-132, 159-161 3872:Constantin, p.96, 115, 116-117, 119-120, 121 2922: 2920: 2918: 2840: 2838: 2495:Constantin, p.52, 120, 173-174, 178, 194-195 1607:in Romania, confirmed when the PNL lost the 1599:Carol II's regime and the loss of Bessarabia 578:and the subsequent deportations to camps in 6519:Romanian military personnel of World War II 5027:Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania 4294:, London & New York City, 2004, p.422. 3619: 3617: 3615: 3470:Constantin, p.26, 81-83; Otelița, p.214-215 3363: 3361: 1372:Diplomatic missions and Georgist dissidence 845:(supreme command of the Russian forces) in 5375: 5361: 5353: 5071: 5057: 5049: 4972:B. P. Hasdeu Municipal Library of Chișinău 4785:), August 2008; retrieved November 2, 2011 3121: 3119: 3079: 3077: 2808:: Chapter XVII, "Organization of the Diet" 2796: 2794: 2792: 2482: 2480: 1153:, and the Russian Soviet government broke 1149:. In the end, the Bolsheviks retreated to 1094:stood to gain the upper hand in Chișinău, 695:, to function as a translator between the 594:, but also created various controversies. 40: 29: 6464:Russian military personnel of World War I 4167: 4165: 3966:Constantin, p.105-109, 116-117. See also 3914:), March 2011, retrieved November 2, 2011 3751: 3749: 2743:, Editura Pontos, Chișinău, 2010, p.68. 484:; May 13, 1894 – February 1, 1968) was a 6459:Military personnel of the Russian Empire 4735:"Fapte înscrise în memoria posterității" 4318: 4316: 4040: 4038: 3202: 3200: 3174:, in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.), 2418:official recognition of Holocaust crimes 2222: 2020:for a new set of public works in Odesa. 1863: 1759:, where he was legal adviser to General 1731: 1067: 909: 582:. He had a tumultuous relationship with 6579:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 6529:Romanian people convicted of war crimes 4583:Constantin, p.20, 152-154, 155-158, 170 4502:Constantin, p.29, 139-144, 169-170, 209 4232:Viktor Faytelberg-Blank, V. Savchenko, 4203:, Nr. 10/1943, p.381 (digitized by the 4092:Viktor Faytelberg-Blank, V. Savchenko, 3721: 3719: 3461:Constantin, p.26, 81-82; Otelița, p.215 3434:Constantin, p.26, 77-81; Otelița, p.214 3275: 3273: 3254: 3252: 3156: 3154: 3091: 3089: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3042: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2467: 2333:Gherman Pântea is briefly mentioned in 2121:, who was preparing for a defection to 2104:Communist sentencing and rehabilitation 2048:, and the family moved with politician 961:, and presented his candidature in the 814:("The Moldavian Soldier"), it had poet 634:religion, and Gherman was a practicing 4574:Constantin, p.29-30, 155-163, 168, 170 4261:Constantin, p.120-125; Deletant, p.177 3595:, Nr. 148/1926, p.4 (digitized by the 3555:, Nr. 148/1926, p.9 (digitized by the 2505: 2503: 2501: 1387:, meeting with the Romanian communist 6589:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni 6584:Recipients of the Order of St. George 6544:Inmates of the Danube–Black Sea Canal 4923:Gherman Pântea între mit și realitate 3514:, Nr. 33/1927, p.2 (digitized by the 3393:, Nr. 38/1923, p.3 (digitized by the 3224:'s George Bariț Institute of History 2964:Ciobanu, p.95-96; Constantin, p.60-61 2912:Ciobanu, p.96-97; Constantin, p.57-58 2823:DXARTS/CARTAH Electronic Text Archive 2211:and a female Soviet envoy (codenamed 1234:Lawyer, journalist and PNL politician 1147:Western intervention in the Civil War 566:, and his alleged corruption. During 435: 7: 6489:20th-century Romanian civil servants 4912:Cohorta. Revistă de Istorie Militară 4538:Constantin, p.29, 149, 152, 155, 170 3267:Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.43-44 2337:, a 1953 war novel by Soviet author 6404:Romanian people of Moldovan descent 4646:Constantin, p.30-31, 49-50, 191-192 4511:Constantin, p.140-141, 143, 169-170 4412:Constantin, p.131-132, 135, 160-161 4151:"Память. ...И фантастичен документ" 4005:Constantin, p.110-111; Rotman, p.94 3071:Ciobanu, p.100; Constantin, p.69-70 2305:, and again at a commemoration for 2072:, living under the assumed name of 1903:in revenue. According to historian 1749:surprise attack on Soviet territory 1419:. These negotiations took place in 1302:and Pelivan. He edited the party's 618:Early years and World War I service 4601:Constantin, p.30, 163-164, 167-176 4529:Constantin, p.29, 95, 144-146, 148 3355:Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.218 3315:Constantin, p.26, 76-77, 181-182; 2894:Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.112 2671:Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.194 1740:: Jewish deportees killed outside 1692:, which confirmed the break-up of 1276:(answering the special request of 646:. He finished secondary school in 25: 5018:Demnitate în vremuri de restriște 4781:release (originally published by 3923:Constantin, p.28-29, 110-111, 124 3910:release (originally published by 3836:Constantin, p.92-94, 147-148, 186 3609:). See also Constantin, p.88, 169 3501:"Sfârșitul validărilor la Cameră" 2401:On the 2011 commemoration of the 2063:The post-Antonescu government of 1524:(where he was supposed to reward 1463:National-Christian Defense League 1265:, which integrated him as Major. 6479:Members of the Senate of Romania 5453: 5445:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 3704:Constantin, p.36, 51, 72-73, 191 3452:Constantin, p.80; Otelița, p.214 2433:debates over Moldovan nationhood 1155:diplomatic contacts with Romania 1129:expansion into the Republic and 804:Military Revolutionary Committee 295: 6394:Ministers of defense of Moldova 4897:, Nr. 2, 2011, p. 121–145. 4565:Constantin, p.29, 150, 152, 170 4188:"Amintiri despre Octavian Goga" 4053:Constantin, p.115; Rotman, p.95 4032:Deletant, p.172; Mazower, p.315 3940:from the original on 2021-03-04 3889:"Intențiile lui Florin Iepan - 2439:, he is largely ignored by the 2425:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1482:National Liberal Party-Brătianu 287:Moldavian Order of St. Vladimir 27:Romanian politician and soldier 5440:Romanian military intervention 5009:, Nr. 1, 1995, p. 213-216 4848:, TVR, sinagoga din Fălticeni" 4691:Constantin, p.31, 194-199, 243 4520:Constantin, p.29, 143-144, 152 4062:Constantin, p.114-117, 162-163 2351:Lui Gh. Pântea, vechi luptător 2284:Bucharest Institute of History 1883:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater 1870:Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater 963:Russian parliamentary election 506:Russian Provisional Government 1: 6499:20th-century Romanian lawyers 5384:Moldavian Democratic Republic 4637:Constantin, p.13, 30, 187-190 4208:Transsylvanica Online Library 3600:Transsylvanica Online Library 3560:Transsylvanica Online Library 3519:Transsylvanica Online Library 3398:Transsylvanica Online Library 3288:Cemârtan, p.138, 139, 143-144 1985:Romanian Special Intelligence 1872:and Romanian guard (ca. 1942) 1767:(son of Bessarabian unionist 1603:Pântea witnessed the rise of 1312:Romanian Assembly of Deputies 1077:Moldavian Democratic Republic 1017:Moldavian Democratic Republic 916:Moldavian Democratic Republic 538:, affiliating with the local 510:Moldavian Democratic Republic 321:Moldavian Democratic Republic 264:Socialist Republic of Romania 6574:People from Rîșcani District 4974:; retrieved October 31, 2011 4493:Constantin, p.28-29, 139-142 3542:"Năvala streinilor nedoriți" 2832:; retrieved October 30, 2011 2241:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 2100:as a precautionary measure. 2028:During January 1944, as the 1648:1938 Constitution of Romania 1376:In summer 1923, mandated by 1346:) to sack the leadership of 959:Russian Constituent Assembly 891:and met Bolshevik ideologue 699:and their colleagues in the 654:, where he attended Russian 6559:Romanian newspaper founders 6444:Moldovan newspaper founders 6424:Mayors of places in Romania 4914:, Nr.1/2007, p. 93-102 4821:, Nr. 372, March–April 2011 4762:Iulia Blaga, Florin Iepan, 3887:Iulia Blaga, Florin Iepan, 3113:Constantin, p.70-71, 72, 82 2581:Constantin, p.36, 38, 72-73 2362:Romanian Revolution of 1989 2341:. Here, in keeping up with 2270:, Pântea began hoping that 2164:, as a "war criminal" and " 1393:Soviet Ambassador to France 1242:. In March 1919, he was at 967:Bessarabian Peasants' Party 793:Moldavian Central Committee 779:Ukrainian People's Republic 540:Bessarabian Peasants' Party 480: 460: 6615: 6554:Romanian newspaper editors 6434:Moldovan newspaper editors 5410:1917 Sfatul Țării election 4700:Constantin, p.194-199, 243 4466:Constantin, p.137-138, 169 4349:Constantin, p.132-133, 169 4310:Constantin, p.125-126, 135 2991:Constantin, p.65-66, 70-71 2931:"Enigma Ilie Cătărău (II)" 2572:Constantin, p.23-24, 36sqq 2166:enemy of the working class 2017:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1665:During the first years of 1611:; in those circumstances, 519:. He personally created a 6594:Burials at Bellu Cemetery 6439:Romanian male journalists 5451: 5425:Daniel Ciugureanu Cabinet 5337: 5086: 4664:Constantin, p.31, 192-194 4655:Constantin, p.31, 191-192 4628:Constantin, p.30, 183-186 4547:Constantin, p.29, 149-150 4439:Constantin, p.20, 137-139 4430:Constantin, p.20, 136-138 4240:, Nr. 25 (564), June 2001 4107:, Nr. 24 (563), June 2001 3845:Constantin, p.29, 95, 148 3734:Constantin, p.27, 86, 167 2134:Romanian communist regime 2117:, and kept contacts with 1557:Soviet Envoy to Bucharest 1228:Romanian-wide land reform 1112:Volunteer Corps in Russia 906:and Moldavian Directorate 707:, and twice received the 603:Romanian communist regime 521:Bessarabian defense force 481:Herman Vasylyovich Pyntia 469: 461:German Vasilyevich Pyntya 449: 437:[ˈɡermanˈpɨnte̯a] 422: 216: 181: 146: 111: 66: 51: 39: 6599:Inmates of Jilava Prison 6539:Inmates of Gherla prison 6514:Moldovan anti-communists 6509:Romanian anti-communists 5420:Pantelimon Erhan Cabinet 5400:National Moldavian Party 3854:Constantin, p.95-96, 127 3713:Constantin, p.72-73, 191 3306:Constantin, p.26, 86, 88 3297:Constantin, p.26, 84, 86 2936:October 9, 2013, at the 2819:University of Washington 2347:Tatiana Gălușcă-Crâșmaru 2132:gave way to a satellite 1705:National Legionary State 1490:Assembly of the Nobility 1397:Constantin Langa-Rășcanu 1378:Foreign Affairs Minister 523:, tasked with combating 6564:20th-century memoirists 6454:Moldovan schoolteachers 4205:Babeș-Bolyai University 3800:Constantin, p.27, 91-92 3686:Constantin, p.26, 84-86 3632:Constantin, p.27, 87-88 3597:Babeș-Bolyai University 3557:Babeș-Bolyai University 3516:Babeș-Bolyai University 3443:Constantin, p.26, 77-81 3425:Constantin, p.77-78, 79 3395:Babeș-Bolyai University 3027:Constantin, p.25, 67-68 2777:Constantin, p.25, 53-55 2768:Constantin, p.24, 50-53 2730:Constantin, p.48-50, 79 2712:Constantin, p.46-47, 79 2626:Constantin, p.23, 40-41 2617:Constantin, p.38-39, 58 2599:Constantin, p.37-39, 56 2590:Constantin, p.24, 37-44 2349:composed the 1968 poem 2257:Great National Assembly 2251:, and his hopes for an 2140:and handed down to the 1853:Alexandrina Cantacuzino 1681:Romania in World War II 1677:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1465:, he assessed that all 1192:Republica Moldovenească 1143:Henri Mathias Berthelot 1088:Russian Soviet Republic 1035:"Moldavian" armed force 965:. He was included on a 496:. As an officer of the 470:Герман Васильович Пинтя 450:Герман Васильевич Пынтя 440:; surname also spelled 433:Romanian pronunciation: 6534:Inmates of Aiud prison 6504:Bessarabian Bolsheviks 6399:Moldovan MPs 1917–1918 5344: 5166:Pantelimon V. Sinadino 5111:Pantelimon I. Sinadino 4125:Constantin, p.127, 129 2380:, known for defending 2280:Marxist historiography 2236: 2186:Danube–Black Sea Canal 2184:, a labor camp on the 1873: 1814:and Bessarabian Jews ( 1744: 1673:and the Soviet Union ( 1658:. He was at odds with 1642:The new regime was an 1609:December 1937 election 1537:Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu 1308:National Liberal Party 1263:military reserve force 1125:Facing the threats of 1114:. In his addresses to 1102:. Pântea instituted a 1083: 931: 816:Gheorghe (Iorgu) Tudor 800:Alexander Shcherbachov 691:was dispatched to the 669:, where he attended a 640:Bessarabia Governorate 564:centralized government 542:, then with Romania's 5343: 4709:Constantin, p.200-201 4673:Constantin, p.194-199 4556:Constantin, p.29, 150 4484:Constantin, p.146-147 4394:Constantin, p.131-132 4340:Constantin, p.127-128 4252:Constantin, p.121-122 4171:Constantin, p.150-151 3996:Constantin, p.109-111 3957:Constantin, p.100-102 3782:Constantin, p.88, 152 3650:Constantin, p.87, 169 3582:"Viața din Basarabia" 3553:Înfrățirea Românească 3246:Constantin, p.75, 169 2343:Soviet historiography 2253:American intervention 2226: 2219:Final years and death 1867: 1735: 1690:Northern Transylvania 1415:, headed by diplomat 1161:Odesa Soviet Republic 1071: 969:(PȚB) list headed by 913: 875:Before and after the 855:Constantin Iancovescu 650:, before leaving for 498:Imperial Russian Army 429:Gherman Vasile Pântea 359:Years of service 342:Imperial Russian Army 5430:Petru Cazacu Cabinet 5221:Sebastian Teodorescu 5033:, Bucharest, 2008. 5015:Liviu Rotman (ed.), 4926:(with a foreword by 4747:Realitatea Evreiască 4156:Literaturnaya Gazeta 3809:Constantin, p.27, 91 3623:Constantin, p.27, 86 3488:Constantin, p.26, 77 3416:Constantin, p.26, 86 3367:Constantin, p.27, 87 3194:Constantin, p.25, 71 2876:Constantin, p.25, 70 2554:Constantin, p.23, 36 2486:Constantin, p.35, 98 2395:Realitatea Evreiască 2291:Bessarabian refugee 2272:communist censorship 2065:Constantin Sănătescu 1919:, under the pain of 1842:1941 Odessa massacre 1818:Holocaust in Romania 1738:1941 Odessa massacre 1444:Tatarbunary Uprising 1079:, with the initials 914:Founding act of the 701:Romanian Land Forces 677:was giving standard 576:1941 Odessa massacre 350:Romanian Land Forces 164:Sebastian Teodorescu 61:(Romanian-installed) 6569:Romanian memoirists 6449:Moldovan memoirists 6414:20th-century mayors 5415:Sfatul Țării Palace 4872:Constantin, p.11-12 4863:, Nr. 118, May 2002 4860:Observator Cultural 4802:"Dezbaterea despre 3936:. 29 October 2012. 3764:Constantin, p.85-86 3743:Constantin, p.89-91 3695:Constantin, p.84-85 3677:Constantin, p.83-84 3668:Constantin, p.88-89 3659:Constantin, p.87-88 3479:Constantin, p.80-81 3346:Constantin, p.76-77 3083:Constantin, p.70-71 3036:Constantin, p.68-69 3018:Constantin, p.66-68 3009:Constantin, p.65-66 2801:Charles Upson Clark 2786:Constantin, p.53-55 2759:Constantin, p.51-52 2703:Constantin, p.45-47 2694:Constantin, p.44-45 2662:Constantin, p.43-44 2644:Constantin, p.41-42 2635:Constantin, p.39-40 2608:Constantin, p.38-39 2545:Constantin, p.35-36 2518:Constantin, p.98-99 2429:Republic of Moldova 2146:Alexandru Nicolschi 2042:King Michael's Coup 1721:Legionary Rebellion 1686:occupied Bessarabia 1475:chamber of commerce 1461:groups such as the 1455:Jewish emancipation 1358:Yuzhnaya Bessarabia 1058:Moldavian President 929:eponymous newspaper 885:East-Central Europe 716:February Revolution 709:Order of St. George 284:Order of St. George 6494:Romanian diplomats 6409:Mayors of Chișinău 5815:Donico-Iordăchescu 5345: 5256:Alexandru Sibirski 5236:Constantin Ionescu 5116:Dimitrie Lovcinski 5106:Dimitrie Lovcinski 5096:Dimitrie Lovcinski 5080:Mayors of Chișinău 4949:Palgrave Macmillan 4853:2012-03-06 at the 4811:2012-05-04 at the 4773:2012-04-02 at the 4740:2012-04-02 at the 4213:2011-08-14 at the 4193:2014-04-07 at the 4099:2012-04-25 at the 3987:, October 19, 2011 3977:2011-10-21 at the 3902:2012-04-02 at the 3605:2011-08-14 at the 3587:2014-04-07 at the 3565:2011-08-14 at the 3547:2014-04-07 at the 3524:2011-08-14 at the 3506:2014-04-07 at the 3403:2011-08-14 at the 3385:2014-04-07 at the 3337:, 10/I, 2006, p.76 3329:2011-08-18 at the 3226:Historica Yearbook 3216:2018-09-15 at the 3170:2012-12-24 at the 3148:, January 19, 2011 3138:2011-09-17 at the 2867:, Nr. 13/2011, p.3 2864:Literatura și Arta 2857:2012-04-25 at the 2828:2019-03-31 at the 2813:2011-06-29 at the 2739:Svetlana Suveică, 2355:Alexandru I. Gonța 2268:national communism 2237: 2178:Ocnele Mari Prison 2034:Gheorghe Potopeanu 2006:and moved them to 1969:Elefterie Sinicliu 1965:Vladimir Chiorescu 1932:denouncing Soviet 1895:voluntary taxation 1874: 1801:Constantin Vasiliu 1784:Mayorship of Odesa 1745: 1574:Emanoil Hagi-Moscu 1457:. To the alarm of 1417:Nikolay Krestinsky 1389:Christian Rakovsky 1314:(lower chamber of 1281:Ion I. C. Brătianu 1270:University of Iași 1217:summary executions 1208:sentenced to death 1173:Constantin Brăescu 1135:union with Romania 1104:state of emergency 1084: 1064:Union with Romania 932: 877:October Revolution 870:Alexander Kerensky 829:Cuvânt Moldovenesc 748:Elefterie Sinicliu 732:Constantin Osoianu 697:Russian Ninth Army 599:political prisoner 558:, and three times 536:union with Romania 529:October Revolution 326:Kingdom of Romania 6371: 6370: 5350: 5349: 5261:Constantin Dardan 5176:Alexander Schmidt 5151:Clemente Șumanski 5039:978-973-630-189-6 4994:978-3-406-59271-3 4988:, Munich, 2009. 4951:, London, 2006. 4936:978-973-8369-83-2 4895:Codrul Cosminului 4718:Constantin, p.201 4682:Constantin, p.194 4619:Constantin, p.182 4457:Constantin, p.132 4448:Constantin, p.137 4421:Constantin, p.135 4403:Constantin, p.136 4385:Constantin, p.131 4376:Constantin, p.130 4367:Constantin, p.129 4358:Constantin, p.128 4023:Constantin, p.111 3984:Evenimentul Zilei 3970:Cristian Bândea, 3895:One World România 3791:Constantin, p.152 3755:Constantin, p.191 3593:Cultura Poporului 3184:978-973-739-261-9 2749:978-9975-51-070-7 2453:Mayor of Chișinău 2130:Soviet occupation 2096:Pântea preserved 2093:Allied Commission 2089:People's Tribunal 1805:Nicolae Ghineraru 1803:and Army General 1793:Gheorghe Alexianu 1736:Aftermath of the 1698:Daniel Ciugureanu 1553:Mikhail Ostrovsky 1545:Nicolae Titulescu 1469:had the right of 1425:Romanian Treasure 1366:Mayor of Chișinău 1362:Iujnaia Besarabia 1340:Interior Ministry 1240:Black Sea Germans 1169:Daniel Ciugureanu 1127:Russian Civil War 812:Soldatul Moldovan 771:social revolution 679:Romanian language 636:Romanian Orthodox 560:Mayor of Chișinău 544:National Liberals 478: 458: 426: 425: 129:Constatin Ionescu 106:Mayor of Chișinău 99: 86: 62: 16:(Redirected from 6606: 6429:Moldovan lawyers 5590:Bazhbeuk-Melikov 5457: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5296:Veaceslav Iordan 5281:Serafim Urechean 5271:Anibal Dobjanski 5161:Leopold Siținski 5141:Adam Krijanovski 5121:Dimitrie Durdufi 5073: 5066: 5059: 5050: 5014: 5000: 4963: 4920:Ion Constantin, 4919: 4902: 4882: 4881:Constantin, p.27 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4779:Editura LiterNet 4761: 4757: 4751: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4322:Constantin, p.28 4320: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4241: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4160: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4091: 4087: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3908:Editura LiterNet 3886: 3882: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3863:Constantin, p.96 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3827:Constantin, p.92 3825: 3819: 3818:Constantin, p.91 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3773:Constantin, p.86 3771: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725:Constantin, p.88 3723: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641:Constantin, p.87 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3610: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279:Constantin, p.77 3277: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3258:Constantin, p.76 3256: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3222:Romanian Academy 3208: 3204: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3163:Vasile Ciobanu, 3162: 3158: 3149: 3145:Adevărul Moldova 3127: 3123: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3104:Constantin, p.94 3102: 3096: 3095:Constantin, p.71 3093: 3084: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062:Constantin, p.72 3060: 3049: 3048:Constantin, p.69 3046: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 3000:Constantin, p.66 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2982:Ciobanu, p.96-97 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2928: 2924: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885:Constantin, p.39 2883: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2798: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2721:Constantin, p.25 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2685:Constantin, p.56 2683: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2653:Constantin, p.42 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2563:Constantin, p.36 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2527:Constantin, p.38 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509:Constantin, p.35 2507: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2475: 2474:Constantin, p.23 2472: 2435:: a hero to the 2390:Jewish community 2335:For Soviet Power 2249:Aurelian Bentoiu 2233:Aurelian Bentoiu 2205:Supreme Tribunal 2138:Eugen Alimănescu 2098:certified copies 2058:Finance Minister 2024:1945 prosecution 1973:Fyodor Tolbukhin 1946:Crimean Karaites 1887:Odesa University 1835:Nichita Smochină 1823:Odesskaya Gazeta 1769:Constantin Stere 1761:Nicolae Ciupercă 1660:Grigore Cazacliu 1510:Great Depression 1467:Bessarabian Jews 1278:Romanian Premier 1139:Ernest Broșteanu 975:Pantelimon Erhan 926: 863:Nikolay Dukhonin 837:Vasile Cijevschi 820:Cyrillic letters 756:Grigore Turcuman 740:Andrei Scobioală 683:Odesa University 644:Russian language 632:Eastern Orthodox 550:, negotiator of 483: 473: 471: 463: 453: 451: 439: 434: 346:Bessarabian Army 304:Military service 299: 256: 253:February 1, 1968 235: 233: 221:Personal details 207: 195: 186: 172: 160: 151: 137: 125: 116: 97: 96:V. P. Davydenko 93: 84: 83:Y. K. Chernytsa 80: 71: 60: 44: 30: 21: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6419:Mayors of Odesa 6374: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6330: 6324: 5542: 5534: 5458: 5449: 5386: 5381: 5351: 5346: 5335: 5316:Ruslan Codreanu 5301:Dorin Chirtoacă 5266:Vladimir Cristi 5191:Iulian Levinski 5186:Teodor Cojocaru 5171:Iulian Levinski 5082: 5077: 5047: 5023:Editura Hasefer 5012: 5001:Doina Otelița, 4998: 4961: 4941:Dennis Deletant 4917: 4904:Vitalie Ciobanu 4900: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4855:Wayback Machine 4842:Teodor Wexler, 4839: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4813:Wayback Machine 4798:Cristian Ghinea 4794: 4793: 4789: 4775:Wayback Machine 4759: 4758: 4754: 4742:Wayback Machine 4727: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4215:Wayback Machine 4195:Wayback Machine 4180: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4163: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4101:Wayback Machine 4089: 4088: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3979:Wayback Machine 3967: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3904:Wayback Machine 3884: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3613: 3607:Wayback Machine 3589:Wayback Machine 3578: 3577: 3573: 3567:Wayback Machine 3549:Wayback Machine 3540:Dumitru Lascu, 3537: 3536: 3532: 3526:Wayback Machine 3508:Wayback Machine 3497: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3405:Wayback Machine 3391:Vestul României 3387:Wayback Machine 3376: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3331:Wayback Machine 3316: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237:Cemârtan, p.128 3236: 3232: 3218:Wayback Machine 3209:Ottmar Trașcă, 3206: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3172:Wayback Machine 3160: 3159: 3152: 3140:Wayback Machine 3125: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2938:Wayback Machine 2929:Radu Petrescu, 2926: 2925: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2859:Wayback Machine 2844: 2843: 2836: 2830:Wayback Machine 2815:Wayback Machine 2799: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2457:Dorin Chirtoacă 2403:Odessa massacre 2378:Traian Popovici 2339:Valentin Kataev 2331: 2323:Vasile Țepordei 2307:Alexe Mateevici 2221: 2106: 2026: 1954:Soviet partisan 1862: 1827:Ioan Glogojeanu 1730: 1694:Greater Romania 1652:Romanian Senate 1601: 1526:Pietro Badoglio 1498: 1374: 1344:Nicolae L. Lupu 1285:bar association 1236: 1196:Greater Romania 1066: 1027:Teodor Cojocaru 924: 908: 867:Russian Premier 795: 675:Emanoil Catelli 624:ethnic Romanian 620: 615: 512:, answering to 500:during most of 432: 418: 412:Siege of Odessa 387: 374: 354: 330: 286: 258: 254: 237: 231: 229: 205: 193: 187: 182: 170: 158: 152: 147: 135: 123: 117: 112: 91: 78: 72: 67: 59: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6612: 6610: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 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5387: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5326:Andrei Năstase 5323: 5321:Adrian Talmaci 5318: 5313: 5308: 5306:Nistor Grozavu 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5276:Nicolae Costin 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5246:Dimitrie Bogos 5243: 5241:Gherman Pântea 5238: 5233: 5228: 5226:Gherman Pântea 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201:Gherman Pântea 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5181:Vladimir Herța 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5136:Dimitrie Mincu 5133: 5131:Anghel Nicolau 5128: 5126:Dimitrie Mincu 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5046: 5045:External links 5043: 5042: 5041: 5010: 4996: 4975: 4959: 4938: 4915: 4898: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4832: 4830:Mazower, p.315 4823: 4787: 4752: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4312: 4303: 4284:David Cesarani 4272: 4263: 4254: 4242: 4219: 4184:Onisifor Ghibu 4173: 4161: 4136: 4134:Mazower, p.311 4127: 4118: 4109: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3959: 3950: 3925: 3916: 3893:la Festivalul 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3611: 3571: 3530: 3512:Românul (Arad) 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3369: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3320:Radu Filipescu 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3269: 3260: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3196: 3187: 3150: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3064: 3050: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2946:, Nr. 7-8/2012 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2834: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 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Cazacliu 5685:I. Cazacliu 5680:G. Cazacliu 5560:Almendinger 5311:Silvia Radu 5291:Vasile Ursu 5101:Stavru Dimu 5091:Anghel Nour 4928:Mircea Druc 3228:2008, p.421 2445:Mircea Druc 2315:Piața Amzei 2303:Gurie Grosu 2261:reactionary 2182:Poarta Albă 2170:Aiud Prison 2128:Meanwhile, 1797:Gendarmerie 1757:Fourth Army 1496:Early 1930s 1486:Old Kingdom 1459:antisemitic 1381:Ion G. Duca 1342:(headed by 1331:in absentia 1300:Pan Halippa 1259:Ferdinand I 1204:Anatol Popa 1120:Front-Ordel 1092:Front-Ordel 1039:French Army 1006:Liquidation 986:Ion Pelivan 971:Ion Inculeț 767:Podporuchik 744:Novorossiya 705:German Army 688:Podporuchik 517:Ion Inculeț 502:World War I 486:Bessarabian 402:World War I 384:Podporuchik 194:Preceded by 159:Preceded by 124:Preceded by 79:Preceded by 6378:Categories 6290:Al. Țurcan 6140:Prahnițchi 6085:Osmolovski 6050:An. Moraru 6045:Al. Moraru 5990:Maculețchi 5955:Krivorukov 5835:Dumitrașcu 5760:Corobceanu 5745:Ciugureanu 5640:Budnicenko 5635:Budișteanu 5620:Botnarciuc 5490:Ciugureanu 5251:Ion Costin 4986:C. H. Beck 4888:References 4783:HotNews.ro 4200:Luceafărul 3944:2021-09-13 3912:HotNews.ro 2943:Contrafort 2848:Ion Negrei 2451:, who was 2376:colleague 2370:Jean Ancel 2368:historian 2360:After the 2286:, and, on 2229:Securitate 2162:hard labor 2142:Securitate 2123:Yugoslavia 1997:used goods 1909:capitalism 1900:Reichsmark 1891:free trade 1799:commander 1714:Conducător 1432:plebiscite 1316:Parliament 1289:Bessarabia 1274:A. C. Cuza 951:Mensheviks 592:free trade 548:Parliament 309:Allegiance 232:1894-05-13 6331:officials 6295:L. Țurcan 6230:Steinberg 6215:Stanevici 6185:Silistaru 6175:Scobioală 6130:Ponomarev 6110:Pascăluță 6075:Nichitiuc 6060:Nagorniak 6015:Marchitan 6005:Mândrescu 5975:Lichtmann 5960:Krupensky 5730:Cijevschi 5720:Chiorescu 5630:Buciușcan 5550:Alexandri 5463:Directors 5435:Rumcherod 5331:Ion Ceban 4970:, at the 4806:- raport" 4292:Routledge 3220:, in the 3129:Igor Cașu 2817:, at the 2392:magazine 2295:, at the 2199:during a 2108:In 1947, 2054:Colentina 1950:squatting 1942:Berezivka 1812:Ukrainian 1632:Léon Blum 1620:far right 1565:Dreptatea 1349:Siguranța 1304:Basarabia 1252:Bucharest 1096:Cotiujeni 1060:Inculeț. 889:Petrograd 881:Bolshevik 775:communist 714:Russia's 660:Black Sea 613:Biography 554:with the 525:Bolshevik 514:President 475:romanized 466:Ukrainian 455:romanized 368:1917–1919 365:1915–1917 292:Signature 260:Bucharest 188:1923–1923 184:In office 153:1927–1928 149:In office 118:1932–1932 114:In office 73:1941–1944 69:In office 6348:Frățiman 6300:Turcuman 6275:Tsyganko 6240:Stroescu 6220:Starenki 6195:Sinicliu 6190:Sinadino 6055:Munteanu 6040:Moldovan 6035:Misirkov 6030:Minciună 6010:Manițchi 6000:Mămăligă 5950:Kiriloff 5925:Ignatiuc 5915:T. Herța 5910:I. Herța 5880:Grinfeld 5875:Grekulov 5860:Galețchi 5820:Dragomir 5755:Codreanu 5735:Ciorăscu 5695:Ceornega 5670:Caraiman 5660:Buzdugan 5655:Buruiană 5585:V. Bârcă 5510:Grinfeld 5495:Cojocaru 4851:Archived 4846:Historia 4809:Archived 4771:Archived 4738:Archived 4211:Archived 4191:Archived 4097:Archived 3975:Archived 3938:Archived 3900:Archived 3603:Archived 3585:Archived 3563:Archived 3545:Archived 3522:Archived 3504:Archived 3401:Archived 3383:Archived 3327:Archived 3214:Archived 3168:Archived 3136:Archived 2934:Archived 2855:Archived 2826:Archived 2811:Archived 2374:Cernăuți 2298:parastas 2082:Cernescu 1934:agitprop 1831:Red Army 1616:Carol II 1530:Rasputin 1325:pro bono 1244:Tarutino 1185:monogram 1098:and the 1073:War flag 1031:de facto 955:Bundistn 763:Chișinău 652:Akkerman 98:(Soviet) 85:(Soviet) 6358:Schmidt 6338:Cătărău 6315:Vizitiu 6265:Tcepciu 6245:Sucevan 6225:Stavrii 6200:Slutski 6165:Savciuc 6160:Savenco 6115:Pelivan 6090:Osoianu 6080:Novakov 6065:Năstase 5930:Inculeț 5895:Halippa 5870:Gherman 5865:Ghenzul 5850:Gafencu 5780:Creangă 5770:Cotoros 5750:Cocârlă 5740:Ciornei 5715:Chiriac 5650:Bujniță 5625:Brinici 5605:Bodescu 5570:Baltagă 5555:Alistar 5543:members 5530:Savenco 5525:Pelivan 5485:Ciobanu 5475:Catelli 4286:(ed.), 4149:A. V., 3897:, 2011" 2388:in the 2366:Israeli 2288:May Day 2213:Valeria 2008:Craiova 1742:Brizula 1707:, with 1605:fascism 1585:slander 1206:(later 1151:Tighina 1075:of the 953:to the 847:Mogilev 787:Cohorts 648:Glodeni 628:Zăicani 601:of the 552:détente 494:Romania 477:: 457:: 446:Russian 239:Zăicani 6363:Slonim 6310:Valuță 6285:Tudose 6270:Topciu 6210:Spinei 6205:Soltuz 6180:Secară 6170:Sberea 6150:Rugină 6145:Rudiev 6105:Pântea 6100:Panțâr 5995:Maldor 5985:Loesch 5980:Lineff 5965:Landau 5920:Holban 5900:Harbuz 5885:Groapă 5800:Culeva 5795:Culcev 5790:Cristi 5785:Crihan 5775:Covali 5765:Costin 5705:Cernov 5675:Cărăuș 5600:Bocșan 5565:Balmez 5520:Pântea 5500:Cristi 5480:Cazacu 5392:Topics 5037: 5029:& 4992: 4955: 4934: 4804:Odessa 4766:Odessa 4298: 3891:Odessa 3182: 2747: 2407:Odessa 2329:Legacy 2235:(1956) 2078:Lozony 2074:Lozont 1771:) and 1751:as an 1555:, the 1514:pawned 1436:Budjak 1421:Vienna 1407:, and 1351:police 1190:, for 1116:Sfatul 1100:Budjak 859:Stavka 842:Stavka 752:Crimea 724:Soviet 442:Pîntea 280:Awards 6343:Cujbă 6329:Other 6320:Zubac 6280:Tudor 6260:Țanțu 6235:Stere 6155:Sârbu 6095:Palii 6070:Neaga 6025:Mârza 5970:Lașcu 5940:Iurcu 5935:Ioncu 5905:Harea 5890:Grosu 5855:Găină 5845:Erhan 5840:Epure 5645:Buiuc 5610:Bogos 5595:Bivol 5515:Ioncu 5505:Erhan 5005:, in 4910:, in 4857:, in 4815:, in 4744:, in 4236:, in 4197:, in 4153:, in 4103:, in 3981:, in 3591:, in 3551:, in 3510:, in 3389:, in 3333:, in 3142:, in 2940:, in 2861:, in 2463:Notes 2070:Sibiu 2052:, in 2012:Molva 1579:Epoca 1522:Italy 1385:Paris 1177:Major 1022:Locum 1010:Golos 980:Once 925:' 918:, in 750:) or 720:Roman 588:Odesa 389:Major 104:19th 6353:Popa 6305:Uncu 6135:Popa 6020:Mare 5825:Dron 5665:Cara 5035:ISBN 4990:ISBN 4953:ISBN 4932:ISBN 4296:ISBN 3180:ISBN 2745:ISBN 2176:and 2152:and 2076:(or 1995:and 1893:and 1816:see 1719:see 1675:see 1613:King 1576:and 1256:King 1188:R.M. 1159:see 1081:R.M. 1025:for 973:and 865:and 853:and 783:Iași 667:Kyiv 492:and 379:Rank 371:1941 250:Died 226:Born 2821:'s 2459:). 2301:of 2209:KGB 1711:as 1622:'s 1360:or 1198:" ( 1164:). 826:of 758:). 6380:: 5025:, 5021:, 4984:, 4980:, 4947:, 4943:, 4906:, 4800:, 4777:, 4733:, 4315:^ 4290:, 4245:^ 4222:^ 4186:, 4164:^ 4139:^ 4076:^ 4037:^ 3906:, 3877:^ 3748:^ 3718:^ 3614:^ 3360:^ 3322:, 3272:^ 3251:^ 3199:^ 3153:^ 3131:, 3118:^ 3088:^ 3076:^ 3053:^ 3041:^ 2917:^ 2850:, 2837:^ 2803:, 2791:^ 2676:^ 2500:^ 2479:^ 2188:. 2125:. 2084:. 2080:) 1967:, 1936:. 1911:. 1795:, 1775:. 1679:, 1639:. 1587:. 1403:, 1399:, 1041:. 1012:. 927:s 899:. 738:, 734:, 730:, 711:. 531:. 472:, 468:: 464:; 452:, 448:: 444:; 262:, 241:, 5376:e 5369:t 5362:v 5072:e 5065:t 5058:v 4844:" 4768:" 4217:) 3947:. 3569:) 3528:) 3407:) 1963:( 1157:( 822:— 754:( 746:( 431:( 234:) 230:( 20:)

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