33:
504:
It may interpret the 48 bits of a word in groups of 4 for the purpose of binary-coded-decimal operation, in groups of six for the purpose of alphanumeric operation, or as individual units of information for pure binary
381:, which added support for IEEE 754-2008 decimal floating-point starting with Power ISA 2.05. Decimal integer support had been part of their mainframe line, and as part of the broader effort to merge the
67:
and offered a significant speed improvement over binary machines that performed these conversions using subroutines. This allowed otherwise low-end machines to offer practical performance for roles like
83:
line of binary computers, announced in 1964, included instructions that perform decimal arithmetic; other lines of binary computers with decimal arithmetic instructions followed. During the 1970s,
63:
Decimal computers were common from the early machines through the 1960s and into the 1970s. Using decimal directly saved the need to convert from decimal to binary for
98:
The rapid improvements in general performance of binary machines eroded the value of decimal operations. One of the last major new designs to support it was the
389:
decimal arithmetic was added to the POWER line so that a single processor could support workloads from these older machines with full performance. The IBM
640:
284:, beginning with the Burroughs B2500 and B3500 in 1966, provides only decimal arithmetic, including decimal addressing, making it a decimal architecture.
324:
and most other designs of the era. In these designs, BCD was directly supported in the ALU, allowing it to perform operations on decimal data directly.
169:
Other early computers were character oriented, providing instructions for performing arithmetic on character strings of decimal numerals, using BCD or
445:
403:, the 64-bit version of IBM's mainframe instruction set, added support for the same encodings of IEEE 754 decimal floating-point, starting with the
338:) to binary format before or after arithmetic operations. These operations were not extended to wider formats and hence are now slower than using
255:, offered, in some models, an Extended Instruction Set that supported packed decimal integer arithmetic and decimal floating-point arithmetic.
131:
356:
series offered both conversion utilities as well as the ability to directly add and subtract in BCD. These instructions were removed when the
349:
has instructions to convert 10-byte (18 decimal digits) packed decimal data, although it then operates on them as floating-point numbers.
837:
789:
602:
851:
808:
52:
and that provides instructions to operate on those numbers and addresses directly in decimal, without conversion to a pure
881:
274:
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Fixed word or half word arithmetic operations may be performed in both (sic) the binary, alphanumeric, and decimal modes.
237:
621:
891:
801:
397:
binary encoding rather than BCD. Starting with Power ISA 3.0, decimal integer arithmetic instructions were added.
334:
family to this day, although they are not supported in long mode. These instructions convert one-byte BCD numbers (
220:
601, also had decimal arithmetic instructions. Some others had special instructions, such as CVR and CAQ on the
150:. In these machines, the basic unit of data was the decimal digit, encoded in one of several schemes, including
886:
644:
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37:
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family of computers, introduced in 1964 to unify IBM's product lines, uses binary addressing, binary
166:. When non-numeric characters were used in these machines, they were encoded as two decimal digits.
159:
151:
544:. International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge. IEEE Computer Society. December 1960.
346:
17:
563:
357:
847:
804:
741:
327:
259:
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Some other lines of binary computers added decimal arithmetic instructions. For example, the
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665:
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224:, that could be used to speed up decimal addition and the conversion of decimal to binary.
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163:
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designs to allow them to directly support programs written for 1960s platforms like the
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400:
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adds three decimal types with two binary encodings, with 7-, 16-, and 34-digit decimal
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241:
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99:
84:
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846:(1 (reprint) ed.). Malabar, Florida, USA: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.
404:
321:
317:
301:
252:
213:
92:
53:
277:, introduced in 1977, also includes packed decimal integer arithmetic instructions.
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processor is the first Power ISA processor that implemented these types, using the
174:
64:
841:
411:
processor, vector instructions to perform decimal integer arithmetic were added.
367:
73:
713:
672:. Iowa City, Iowa, USA: The University of Iowa, Department of Computer Science
305:
114:. With that exception, most modern designs have little or no decimal support.
111:
69:
57:
304:
where the math was all decimal. Examples of such support can be found in the
830:
499:
378:
313:
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173:(XS-3) for decimal digits. On these machines, the basic data element was an
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49:
519:
RCA 601 Electronic Data
Processing System - General Information Manual
390:
339:
107:
60:, which enabled operations on numbers with a large number of digits.
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used word addressing, with 12-character words. IBM examples include
76:, and many low and mid-range systems of the era were decimal based.
745:
127:
31:
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in 1969, are binary computers with decimal integer instructions.
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with instructions supporting decimal arithmetic became common in
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374:
240:, and binary floating point; it also includes instructions for
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343:
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270:
217:
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103:
736:
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IBM System/3 Card and Disk System
Components Reference Manual
48:
is a computer that can represent numbers and addresses in
364:
The 2008 revision of the IEEE 754 floating-point standard
162:. Except for the IBM 1620 and 1710, these machines used
864:(NB. At least some batches of this reprint edition were
447:
UNIVAC 1005 Extended System
Programmers Reference Manual
691:"Motorola M68000 Family Programmer's Reference Manual"
571:. IBM. March 1962. pp. 5557, 115–119. A22-6528-4.
377:
instruction sets to directly support decimal is IBM's
714:"DRAFT Standard for Floating Point Arithmetic P754"
793:
821:(NB. This title provides detailed description of
565:Reference Manual, IBM 7090 Data Processing System
466:IBM 1401 Data Processing System: Reference Manual
629:(Second ed.). IBM. April 1970. GA21-9103-1.
95:and similar roles, especially in the 8-bit era.
342:or wider BCD "tricks" to compute in BCD. The
8:
453:, Sperry Rand, p. 1–8, FSD-1089r1
492:Honeywell 800 Programmer's Reference Manual
472:. IBM. April 1962. p. 20. A24-1403-5.
126:that were exclusively decimal include the
800:(1 ed.). Binghamton, New York, USA:
610:. Honeywell. 1971. pp. 6, 31, 34–36.
212:Some early binary computers, such as the
177:character, typically encoded in six
56:representation. Some also had a variable
502:, DATAmatic Division. 1960. p. 24.
102:, which shipped in 1980. More recently,
825:calculations, including explanation of
525:EDP. March 1961. p. 1. 96-15-000.
437:
585:IBM System/360 Principles of Operation
296:, which were often used in roles like
273:line of 32-bit binary computers from
27:Computer operating on base-10 numbers
7:
292:Support for BCD was common in early
18:Hermann Schmid (computer scientist)
25:
643:. Microsoft. 1992. Archived from
774:. IBM. p. 3. SG24-8851-00.
604:Series 6000 Summary Description
106:added decimal support to their
868:with defective pages 115–146.)
768:IBM z15 (8561) Technical Guide
1:
360:instruction set was defined.
275:Digital Equipment Corporation
746:"General Decimal Arithmetic"
591:. First Edition. A22-6821-0.
802:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
908:
641:"MASM Programmer's Guide"
541:The RCA 601 System Design
36:IBM 650 front panel with
517:"The RCA 603 Computer".
282:Burroughs Medium Systems
38:bi-quinary coded decimal
670:"Arithmetic Tutorials"
395:densely packed decimal
298:electronic calculators
251:, based on the binary
89:electronic calculators
41:
827:binary-coded decimals
550:10.1109/AFIPS.1960.64
330:have remained in the
288:More modern computers
249:Honeywell 6000 series
148:UNIVAC Solid State 80
35:
882:Classes of computers
407:. Starting with the
262:, starting with the
244:integer arithmetic.
160:two-out-of-five code
152:binary-coded decimal
843:Decimal Computation
796:Decimal Computation
336:packed and unpacked
742:Cowlishaw, Mike F.
260:midrange computers
238:integer arithmetic
42:
892:Decimal computers
666:Jones, Douglas W.
328:Intel BCD opcodes
16:(Redirected from
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65:input and output
46:decimal computer
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887:Early computers
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258:IBM's lines of
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228:Later computers
164:word addressing
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118:Early computers
85:microprocessors
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401:z/Architecture
354:Motorola 68000
302:cash registers
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242:packed decimal
234:IBM System/360
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100:Motorola 68000
93:cash registers
81:IBM System/360
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857:. Retrieved
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750:. Retrieved
722:. Retrieved
720:. 2006-10-04
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697:. Retrieved
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674:. Retrieved
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649:. Retrieved
645:the original
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582:IBM (1964).
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484:"Data Words"
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175:alphanumeric
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74:bookkeeping
876:Categories
859:2016-01-03
831:algorithms
816:2016-01-03
752:2016-01-02
724:2021-08-31
699:2007-07-01
676:2016-01-03
651:2007-07-01
505:operation.
432:References
306:Intel 8080
205:, and the
156:bi-quinary
112:System/360
70:accounting
58:wordlength
866:misprints
840:(1983) .
744:(2015) .
500:Honeywell
379:Power ISA
314:Zilog Z80
187:UNIVAC II
124:computers
792:(1974).
415:See also
358:Coldfire
310:MOS 6502
264:System/3
222:IBM 7090
216:and the
207:IBM 7080
203:IBM 7010
201:series,
199:IBM 1400
183:UNIVAC I
171:excess-3
144:IBM 7070
140:IBM 1620
132:IBM NORC
40:displays
823:decimal
387:zSeries
383:iSeries
195:IBM 705
191:IBM 702
154:(BCD),
136:IBM 650
50:decimal
850:
807:
391:POWER6
340:32-bit
197:, the
122:Early
108:POWER6
54:binary
772:(PDF)
748:. IBM
694:(PDF)
627:(PDF)
608:(PDF)
589:(PDF)
569:(PDF)
496:(PDF)
487:(PDF)
470:(PDF)
451:(PDF)
427:Notes
128:ENIAC
848:ISBN
829:and
805:ISBN
718:IEEE
385:and
375:RISC
352:The
322:6809
300:and
280:The
269:The
232:The
185:and
179:bits
158:and
79:The
72:and
546:doi
523:RCA
409:z15
347:FPU
344:x87
332:x86
271:VAX
218:RCA
104:IBM
878::
833:.)
733:^
716:.
521:.
489:.
370:.
316:,
312:,
308:,
209:.
193:,
181:.
146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
91:,
44:A
862:.
819:.
755:.
727:.
702:.
679:.
654:.
552:.
548::
320:/
20:)
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