846:
764:
714:
814:
641:
57:
673:
31:
217:
to the upperparts, but this is far less conspicuous than that of many other hummingbirds. The male and female plumages of hermits are very similar, with differences limited to details of bill-shape, tail-shape and/or strength of colours/patterns. Most species of hermit do not show the strong
1241:
Abandon the
Hinkelmann-Schuchmann classification of the hermit hummingbirds (Phaethorninae), and specifically their classification of the Phaethornis superciliosus-malaris-longirostris species group
1249:
Systematics and geographic variation in long-tailed hermit hummingbirds, the
Phaethornis superciliosus-malaris-longirostris species group (Trochilidae), with notes on their biogeography.
1225:
Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 04-07-2007.
275:
and congregate on traditional display grounds, where females visit to choose a mate. Male hermits are generally less aggressive than other male hummingbirds, although both
845:
1269:
1833:
567:
1156:
Schuchmann, K. L. (1999). Family
Trochilidae (Hummingbirds). pp. 468–680 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors) (1999):
1252:
261:
are elongated and tipped with white, buff or ochre. The crown of the head is flat, and two pale facial stripes enclose a dusky mask.
1220:
1202:
1183:
1168:
1226:
1239:
1231:
1158:
1838:
56:
264:
Most hermits are restricted to the edge and undergrowth of forest, woodland and second growth, but some species (e.g. the
327:, also use the heliconias for nesting, attaching their conical nest to the underside of one of the plant's broad leaves.
146:
763:
1874:
1739:
1694:
1595:
1730:
1622:
1586:
1577:
1550:
908:
590:
583:
257:, with virtually straight bills) with a red or yellow base to the lower mandible, and their two central tail
1658:
813:
690:
598:
1773:
1061:
1016:
926:
872:
799:
781:
740:
713:
699:
606:
539:
513:
324:
252:
1879:
1846:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1568:
1541:
1532:
1523:
989:
917:
863:
640:
272:
213:
Their plumage typically involves greens, browns, rufous or grey. Most species show some green or bronze
1811:
1667:
1649:
1052:
1034:
1007:
246:
1748:
1676:
1640:
1631:
1613:
1559:
1402:
1097:
1043:
998:
971:
962:
953:
935:
831:
240:
1499:
1088:
1070:
731:
529:
51:
1851:
532:
of some groups has changed significantly in recent years. Apart from those issues discussed at
1820:
1604:
1477:
1369:
1216:
1198:
1179:
1164:
1125:
McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014).
881:
658:
219:
39:
1393:
1323:
1280:
1138:
790:
545:
1685:
1468:
1435:
1426:
980:
559:
316:
are an adaptation to certain flowers. This is taken to an extreme in the two sicklebills (
265:
199:
1274:
1266:
Táxons de aves de validade questionável com ocorrência no Brasil. III - Trochilidae (I).
672:
1079:
944:
1227:
A classification of the bird species of South
America. American Ornithologists' Union.
1868:
1444:
899:
890:
749:
203:
1025:
223:
30:
1825:
1805:
1514:
1317:
1311:
852:
614:
534:
405:
313:
292:
235:
214:
180:
177:
131:
121:
1143:
1126:
551:
550:
complex. Schuchmann & Hinkelmann (1999) considered the sooty barbthroat a
309:
298:
230:
1796:
1459:
1384:
770:
679:
647:
578:
as valid species. Additionally, Mallet-Rodrigues (2006) suggested the taxon
509:
446:
381:
357:
318:
287:
280:
207:
184:
111:
68:
613:), have been included in this subfamily in the past, but are now placed in
1790:
1299:
820:
518:
173:
88:
1417:
1348:
720:
429:
258:
1293:
1259:
Phylogeny of the hermit hummingbirds (Trochilidae: Phaethornithinae).
304:
195:
78:
1767:
566:). This, however, has not been accepted by all authorities, notably
1337:
191:
1127:"Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds"
1305:
98:
1771:
1278:
323:) with their very decurved bills. Many species, including the
276:
562:
was adopted for the entire species; pale-tailed barbthroat (
1261:
Studies on
Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 32: 142–163.
46:) is among the most primitive living hummingbird species.
239:, have a long decurved bill (except for three species,
308:, etc.). To a lesser degree, they will capture small
312:. The long, decurved bills typical of this group of
290:, but will utilize other nectar sources (flowers of
1780:
1512:
1490:
1457:
1415:
1382:
1360:
1336:
1268:Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14(4): 475–479.
1211:Stiles, F. Gary; Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989):
1244:South American Classification Committee (2005).
1236:South American Classification Committee (2003).
1233:Split Threnetes leucurus from Threnetes niger
8:
1176:A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
1768:
1342:
1333:
1275:
1257:Hinkelmann, C., and K. Schuchmann (1997).
582:should be considered a valid species, the
29:
20:
1142:
624:
1251:Ornitologia Neotropical 7(2): 119–148.
1117:
538:, a taxonomic problem occurs with the
222:usually associated with hummingbirds;
1178:(2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing.
1161:, Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds
558:, but as it was described first, its
7:
1264:Mallet-Rodrigues, Francisco (2006).
268:) also occur in more open habitats.
516:study published in 2014. The genus
421:
397:
373:
349:
342:
334:
1213:A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
14:
286:Most hermits are associated with
844:
812:
762:
712:
671:
639:
55:
190:, comprising 37 species in six
1159:Handbook of Birds of the World
589:Three additional species, the
226:is an exception to this rule.
1:
271:Many species of hermits form
1197:. London: Christopher Helm.
1163:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
194:. They occur from southern
1896:
1569:Cinnamon-throated hermit (
621:Species in taxonomic order
1394:White-tipped sicklebill (
1345:
1332:
1288:
1174:ffrench, Richard (1991).
1144:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016
1093:Phaethornis superciliosus
1039:Phaethornis syrmatophorus
940:Phaethornis griseogularis
443:
426:
419:
402:
395:
378:
371:
354:
347:
340:
206:as far south as northern
159:
154:
52:Scientific classification
50:
37:
28:
23:
1722:Straight-billed hermit (
1677:White-whiskered hermit (
1587:Stripe-throated hermit (
1533:Streak-throated hermit (
1478:Band-tailed barbthroat (
1436:Rufous-breasted hermit (
1403:Buff-tailed sicklebill (
1193:Hilty, Steven L (2003).
1075:Phaethornis longirostris
967:Phaethornis subochraceus
931:Phaethornis striigularis
922:Phaethornis atrimentalis
909:Cinnamon-throated hermit
895:Phaethornis longuemareus
591:tooth-billed hummingbird
584:bronze-tailed barbthroat
1650:Scale-throated hermit (
1578:Black-throated hermit (
1524:Dusky-throated hermit (
1247:Hinkelmann, C. (1996).
1003:Phaethornis anthophilus
691:White-tipped sicklebill
599:green-fronted lancebill
1713:Needle-billed hermit (
1695:Tawny-bellied hermit (
1668:White-bearded hermit (
1062:Straight-billed hermit
1017:White-whiskered hermit
927:Stripe-throated hermit
886:Phaethornis aethopygus
873:Streak-throated hermit
800:Pale-tailed barbthroat
782:Band-tailed barbthroat
741:Rufous-breasted hermit
700:Buff-tailed sicklebill
607:blue-fronted lancebill
595:Androdon aequatorialis
570:, which consider both
514:molecular phylogenetic
325:rufous-breasted hermit
279:will defend a feeding
1847:Paleobiology Database
1749:Great-billed hermit (
1659:Pale-bellied hermit (
1632:Sooty-capped hermit (
1623:Buff-bellied hermit (
1614:White-browed hermit (
1596:Gray-chinned hermit (
1500:Broad-tipped hermit (
1283:(hermit hummingbirds)
1215:. Comistock, Ithaca.
1084:Phaethornis mexicanus
1066:Phaethornis bourcieri
1057:Phaethornis philippii
1048:Phaethornis koepckeae
990:Scale-throated hermit
918:Black-throated hermit
913:Phaethornis nattereri
877:Phaethornis rupurumii
868:Phaethornis squalidus
864:Dusky-throated hermit
1740:Long-tailed hermit (
1731:Long-billed hermit (
1427:Hook-billed hermit (
1053:Needle-billed hermit
1035:Tawny-bellied hermit
1012:Phaethornis hispidus
1008:White-bearded hermit
994:Phaethornis eurynome
1370:Saw-billed hermit (
1102:Phaethornis malaris
1098:Great-billed hermit
1021:Phaethornis yaruqui
999:Pale-bellied hermit
985:Phaethornis pretrei
976:Phaethornis augusti
972:Sooty-capped hermit
963:Buff-bellied hermit
958:Phaethornis stuarti
954:White-browed hermit
936:Gray-chinned hermit
904:Phaethornis idaliae
832:Broad-tipped hermit
704:Eutoxeres condamini
1704:Koepcke's hermit (
1469:Sooty barbthroat (
1195:Birds of Venezuela
1089:Long-tailed hermit
1071:Long-billed hermit
836:Anopetia gounellei
804:Threnetes leucurus
732:Hook-billed hermit
603:Doryfera ludovicae
541:Threnetes leucurus
16:Subfamily of birds
1862:
1861:
1774:Taxon identifiers
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1641:Planalto hermit (
1356:
1355:
1109:
1108:
949:Phaethornis ruber
786:Threnetes ruckeri
743:or hairy hermit,
663:Ramphodon naevius
659:Saw-billed hermit
526:
525:
522:was not sampled.
503:
502:
494:
493:
485:
484:
476:
475:
467:
466:
458:
457:
338:Phaethornithinae
220:sexual dimorphism
166:
165:
150:
44:Ramphodon naevius
40:saw-billed hermit
1887:
1875:Phaethornithinae
1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:Phaethornithinae
1801:
1800:
1799:
1782:Phaethornithinae
1769:
1742:P. superciliosus
1697:P. syrmatophorus
1605:Reddish hermit (
1598:P. griseogularis
1542:Tapajós hermit (
1343:
1334:
1324:Phaethornithinae
1281:Phaethornithinae
1276:
1208:
1189:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1122:
1044:Koepcke's hermit
858:
848:
826:
816:
791:Sooty barbthroat
776:
766:
745:Glaucis hirsutus
726:
716:
695:Eutoxeres aquila
685:
675:
653:
643:
625:
422:
398:
374:
350:
343:
335:
330:
329:
188:Phaethornithinae
145:
142:Phaethornithinae
60:
59:
33:
21:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1776:
1766:
1757:
1733:P. longirostris
1625:P. subochraceus
1589:P. striigularis
1580:P. atrimentalis
1560:Minute hermit (
1553:P. longuemareus
1551:Little hermit (
1508:
1486:
1453:
1445:Bronzy hermit (
1411:
1378:
1352:
1328:
1284:
1205:
1192:
1186:
1173:
1153:
1152:
1131:Current Biology
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1030:Phaethornis guy
981:Planalto hermit
856:
824:
795:Threnetes niger
774:
736:Glaucis dohrnii
724:
683:
651:
634:Living species
623:
560:scientific name
554:variant of the
504:
495:
486:
477:
468:
459:
266:planalto hermit
229:Hermits in the
200:Central America
144:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1802:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1686:Green hermit (
1683:
1674:
1665:
1661:P. anthophilus
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1209:
1203:
1190:
1184:
1171:
1151:
1150:
1137:(8): 910–916.
1116:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1080:Mexican hermit
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
945:Reddish hermit
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
882:Tapajós hermit
879:
870:
859:
857:Swainson, 1827
849:
841:
840:
839:
838:
827:
817:
809:
808:
807:
806:
797:
788:
777:
767:
759:
758:
757:
756:
754:Glaucis aeneus
747:
738:
727:
717:
709:
708:
707:
706:
697:
686:
684:Bourcier, 1847
676:
668:
667:
666:
665:
654:
644:
636:
635:
632:
629:
622:
619:
524:
523:
506:
505:
501:
500:
497:
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
461:
460:
456:
455:
452:
451:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
425:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
401:
396:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
377:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
333:
164:
163:
157:
156:
152:
151:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1892:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1270:PDF available
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1253:PDF available
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:0-8014-9600-4
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:0-7136-6418-5
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:0-8014-9792-2
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:84-87334-25-3
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
988:
986:
982:
979:
977:
973:
970:
968:
964:
961:
959:
955:
952:
950:
946:
943:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
925:
923:
919:
916:
914:
910:
907:
905:
901:
900:Minute hermit
898:
896:
892:
891:Little hermit
889:
887:
883:
880:
878:
874:
871:
869:
865:
862:
861:
860:
855:
854:
850:
847:
843:
842:
837:
833:
830:
829:
828:
823:
822:
818:
815:
811:
810:
805:
801:
798:
796:
792:
789:
787:
783:
780:
779:
778:
773:
772:
768:
765:
761:
760:
755:
751:
750:Bronzy hermit
748:
746:
742:
739:
737:
733:
730:
729:
728:
723:
722:
718:
715:
711:
710:
705:
701:
698:
696:
692:
689:
688:
687:
682:
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1880:Hummingbirds
1781:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1724:P. bourcieri
1723:
1715:P. philippii
1714:
1706:P. koepckeae
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
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1606:
1597:
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1571:P. nattereri
1570:
1561:
1552:
1544:P. aethopyga
1543:
1535:P. rupurumii
1534:
1525:
1513:
1502:A. gounellei
1501:
1491:
1479:
1470:
1458:
1446:
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1405:E. condamini
1404:
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1083:
1074:
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1056:
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1029:
1026:Green hermit
1020:
1011:
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993:
984:
975:
966:
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948:
939:
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921:
912:
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835:
819:
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694:
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652:Lesson, 1830
646:
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579:
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517:
445:
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356:
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317:
314:hummingbirds
303:
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291:
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270:
263:
254:P. bourcieri
253:
248:P. philippii
247:
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234:
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224:green hermit
212:
187:
181:hummingbirds
169:
167:
160:
141:
105:
43:
18:
1806:Wikispecies
1670:P. hispidus
1652:P. eurynome
1526:P. squlidus
1515:Phaethornis
1322:Subfamily:
1318:Trochilidae
1312:Apodiformes
853:Phaethornis
825:Simon, 1918
775:Gould, 1852
615:Trochilinae
611:D. johannae
576:T. leucurus
556:T. leucurus
535:Phaethornis
512:based on a
406:Phaethornis
293:Centropogon
242:P. koepkeae
236:Phaethornis
215:iridescence
178:subtropical
138:Subfamily:
132:Trochilidae
122:Apodiformes
1869:Categories
1751:P. malaris
1679:P. yaruqui
1643:P. pretrei
1634:P. augusti
1616:P. stuarti
1562:P. idaliae
1480:T. ruckeri
1438:G. hirsuta
1429:G. dohrnii
1372:R. naevius
1112:References
725:Boie, 1831
605:) and the
552:melanistic
310:arthropods
299:Passiflora
288:heliconias
231:type genus
198:, through
1460:Threnetes
1396:E. aquila
1385:Eutoxeres
1362:Ramphodon
1292:Kingdom:
771:Threnetes
680:Eutoxeres
648:Ramphodon
510:Phylogeny
447:Threnetes
382:Ramphodon
358:Eutoxeres
319:Eutoxeres
281:territory
208:Argentina
185:subfamily
161:See text
112:Strisores
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1791:Wikidata
1607:P. ruber
1492:Anopetia
1471:T. niger
1447:G. aenea
1316:Family:
1300:Chordata
1298:Phylum:
1294:Animalia
821:Anopetia
580:loehkeni
572:T. niger
564:T. niger
547:T. niger
530:taxonomy
519:Anopetia
259:feathers
174:tropical
128:Family:
89:Chordata
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1797:Q741604
1418:Glaucis
1349:Species
1310:Order:
1304:Class:
721:Glaucis
597:), the
430:Glaucis
183:in the
170:hermits
155:Genera
147:Jardine
118:Order:
95:Class:
24:Hermit
1852:400739
1839:693120
1688:P. guy
1219:
1201:
1182:
1167:
305:Costus
196:Mexico
192:genera
149:, 1833
1338:Genus
631:Genus
628:Image
277:sexes
202:, to
106:Clade
1834:ITIS
1306:Aves
1217:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1165:ISBN
574:and
568:SACC
528:The
321:spp.
273:leks
251:and
176:and
172:are
168:The
99:Aves
38:The
1826:K4V
1821:CoL
1139:doi
1871::
1849::
1836::
1823::
1808::
1793::
1135:24
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544:/
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