456:, for the murder of his wife by poison, supposedly disguised as an illness. Greenwood had been acquitted. The fact that the three men who brought the charges to the police included Armstrong's business rival and father-in-law looked suspicious to some people. It was believed by some that Armstrong was being framed. However, despite the widespread belief that he would be acquitted, the prosecution case was a strong one. Katharine Armstrong's body was riddled with arsenic and the quantity at the time of her death must have been far higher; Armstrong had made huge purchases of arsenic. The defence had to make the jury believe that Mrs Armstrong had committed suicide by getting out of bed, going downstairs and helping herself to arsenic without anyone seeing or hearing her; or that massive doses of arsenic had somehow got into her system by accident. All witnesses confirmed that towards the end she was almost paralysed. Dr
360:
generally held that Mrs
Armstrong was a singularly unpleasant woman who regularly abused and humiliated her husband in public, and it did not go unnoticed that, though the local newspaper described Mrs Armstrong as a 'popular Hay lady,' few people attended her funeral. On the other hand, Mrs Armstrong, whenever separated from her husband due either to her stays in hospitals or to his service in the War, is reported to have expressed her desire for the family to be reunited at the earliest opportunity.
344:. From this she appeared to recover, and did not need to consult Hincks for over a year. But in August 1920, Mrs Armstrong's health, both physical and mental, deteriorated again. Armstrong kept in close contact with Hincks, and showed great concern for his wife, consulting relatives and friends as well. Hincks found that Mrs Armstrong was showing signs of mental collapse and came to the conclusion that it was connected to her illness. At the end of August, Mrs Armstrong was admitted to
373:
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will following his wife's death, giving him control of her estate, but studies suggest that it was probably forged. For some time before the
Velinewydd estate affair, Armstrong's business had been in financial difficulties. Difficulties in relation to the sale of the Velinewydd estate made things even worse for him.
356:
nevertheless stated on the death certificate that she had died of gastritis, aggravated by heart disease and nephritis. Outwardly, Armstrong had shown nothing but forbearing concern for his wife, sitting at her bedside reading to her in the evenings, and leaving the office early whenever possible to be with her.
403:
despite the fact that it was the autumn and there were only twenty dandelions in the garden of
Mayfield, the Armstrongs' home. The chemist was suspicious of Martin's sudden illness, and when Martin told him he had been to tea at Mayfield, Davies became even more so. Meanwhile, Dr Hincks was struck by
391:
Armstrong eventually invited Martin to a meeting at his home on 26 October 1921. Martin found tea laid out with cakes and buttered scones. Martin probably thought that
Armstrong wanted to discuss completion of the property sale, but the two men merely discussed everyday things and office organisation
415:
It was subsequently discovered that a few weeks before the tea party, a box of chocolates had been anonymously sent to the
Martins. Mrs Martin's sister-in-law had eaten some and become violently ill. Fortunately, some chocolates remained and when examined, some were found to have a small nozzle-like
363:
Whatever the truth, service in the First World War had opened up new experiences for the Major and he had had several affairs. He also went to dances in Hay and made passes at local girls. On the day of Mrs
Armstrong's death, the servants closed all the curtains as a mark of respect. The first thing
488:
However, the evidence against
Armstrong, though considerable, was nonetheless circumstantial. No one had seen the Major administering poison, and Mrs Armstrong had occasionally spoken of suicide; some medicines contained arsenic, and there were plenty of other people coming into contact with her at
484:
After the trial, two possible motives emerged for
Katharine Armstrong's poisoning. First, Armstrong had decided he wanted a different, more congenial wife. Second, Katharine had written a will in 1917 leaving the bulk of her estate not to her husband, but to their children. Armstrong produced a new
359:
It would seem that there had been problems in the marriage. Though authors who have studied the case have assumed that the
Armstrongs' marriage was a failure due to the domineering attitude of Mrs Armstrong to her husband, the precise nature of the Armstrongs' relationship is far from clear. It was
427:
Scotland Yard moved slowly so as not to warn
Armstrong of their suspicions. They arrested him on 31 December 1921, and he was charged with the attempted murder of Oswald Martin. He maintained he was innocent. When he was arrested, the police found a packet of arsenic in his pocket and many more in
383:
Oswald Martin was Armstrong's only rival solicitor in Hay. They were representing opposing parties in a property sale, the Velinewydd estate, which could have resulted in Armstrong's client losing and Armstrong having to pay a large sum to Martin's client. The details of the transaction remain
355:
Mrs Armstrong's condition began to improve at Barnwood, and she was discharged home on 22 January 1921. Shortly after her return home her condition deteriorated again and she died a month after her return on 22 February 1921 at the age of 48. Hincks was puzzled by Mrs Armstrong's symptoms, but
480:
tended to grow. One small pouch was found on his person following his arrest, and there was no reasonable explanation offered for his carrying it around, particularly as the arrest was in December. Armstrong did not come off well under questioning by Mr Justice Darling concerning this point.
489:
Mayfield. The prosecution failed to show how it was Armstrong and only Armstrong who administered poison, and no one else. As for the Martin poisoning, other than gaining Armstrong a little time, the death of Oswald Martin would not in any way have relieved the Major's business problems.
392:
although Martin could have raised the matter himself. Armstrong spoke of being lonely after the death of his wife. During the meeting over tea, Armstrong picked up a scone, said, "'scuse fingers" and handed it to Martin, who ate it. After returning home, Martin became violently ill.
312:
The Armstrong family moved into an imposing family home called Mayfield in the village of Cusop Dingle not far from Hay where Armstrong ran his law firm of Cheese & Armstrong. Armstrong was a hard-working man and rose in the social community of the town. He was appointed
416:
hole in the base. Dr Hincks contacted the Home Office and explained his suspicions about what had happened to Martin, later voicing suspicions about Mrs Armstrong's death. Samples of the chocolates and Martin's urine were examined and found to contain arsenic, and the
388:. It appeared that the money entrusted to Armstrong as a deposit on the sale was gone. Martin kept mentioning the matter of completion to Armstrong, but the latter repeatedly delayed and it remained uncompleted by the time of Armstrong's trial.
660:. The judge who re-examined the case concluded that although the prosecution had presented a serious case against Armstrong, the trial judge had erred in law in his summing up, and that his conviction was therefore unsound.
1267:. pp. 53–85: "A Tale of Two Lawyers": The author compares the cases against Greenwood and Armstrong. He also points out a counter theory that Armstrong may have been innocent but framed by Martin, Davies, and Hincks.
750:
504:
Mr Justice Darling stated that he concurred with the jury's view, and that it was absurd and unsupported by any evidence that Mrs Armstrong had committed suicide. He then sentenced Armstrong to death. On 16 May 1922, the
436:. Her body was riddled with arsenic ten months after death, and on 19 January 1922, Armstrong was charged with the willful murder of his wife. "I repeat what I said before. I am absolutely innocent", said Armstrong.
670:
Armstrong's home in Cusop was subsequently owned by Martin Beales, a solicitor working in Armstrong's former office in Hay. Beales believed that Armstrong was innocent and published a book arguing his case.
1245:). The author sets out the case for Armstrong's being framed. Written with the co-operation of Margaret, the Armstrongs' surviving daughter, who was incensed at the portrayal of her father in the 1994 film
523:
reported that when asked by the prison governor on the morning of the execution if he had anything to say, Armstrong's last words were "I am innocent of the crime for which I have been condemned to die."
352:. On admission she had pyrexia, vomiting, heart murmurs, and albumen in the urine. There was also partial paralysis in the hands and feet and loss of muscle tone. Mrs Armstrong was also delusional.
404:
how similar Martin's symptoms were to those of Katharine Armstrong. Hincks, Martin, and Davies discussed the situation, and Davies warned the Martins against receiving gifts from Armstrong.
1282:. Regarding Armstrong's guilt, the author concludes that while the evidence remains circumstantial, taken together with what is known of Armstrong's personality "all doubts are dispelled".
1371:
460:
insisted that the fatal dose must have been taken within twenty-four hours of death, and Dr Hincks affirmed that for Mrs Armstrong to have taken it herself was "absolutely impossible".
1376:
452:, one of the leading criminal trial barristers of the day. Public and media interest was enormous. A year earlier there had been a trial at Carmarthen Assizes of another solicitor,
619:
in 1995. As well as telling the main story of Armstrong's crimes, the series develops the courtship of Martin and his wife and shows the effects of events on Armstrong's children.
1234:
Rose, Andrew; 'Lethal Witness', Sutton Publishing 2007, Kent State University Press 2009; Chapter Nine ('Excuse Fingers'). Discusses Spilsbury's major role as prosecution witness.
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1311:
340:
In May 1919, Katharine Armstrong's health first began to weaken, with certain symptoms that the local physician, Dr Thomas Hincks, diagnosed as a case of brachial
1331:
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on 31 May 1922. Ellis claimed that before the trap was opened on the gallows Armstrong called out, "Kitty I'm coomin to ye!" although this is unconfirmed. The
506:
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424:. Meanwhile, Armstrong began to bombard Martin with further invitations to tea, for which Martin found it increasingly difficult to find excuses to avoid.
476:. He claimed that it was his practice to put small portions of arsenic into individual pouches, which he squirted into the ground near spots where
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265:, on the border of England and Wales, from 1906 until his arrest on 31 December 1921 for the attempted murder of a professional rival by
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Armstrong's offices in Hay-on-Wye in 2014; he was arrested here on 31 December 1921. The building is still used by a firm of solicitors
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from St Catharine's in 1901. Initially practising in Liverpool, later Newton Abbot, he successfully applied for a vacancy in
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253:(13 May 1869 – 31 May 1922) was an English solicitor and convicted murderer, the only solicitor in the United Kingdom ever
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269:. He was later also charged with, and convicted of, the murder of his wife, the crime for which he was executed.
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332:, and served in France, May to October 1918. After the war, he was usually referred to as "Major Armstrong".
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Armstrong made no confession and adamantly maintained his total innocence to the end. On 13 April 1922 at
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Martin's father-in-law, John Davies, the chemist (pharmacist) in Hay, had made several sales of
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Famous Trials 2: Herbert Rowse Armstrong, Field and Gray, George Joseph Smith, Ronald True
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Famous Trials 2: Herbert Rowse Armstrong, Field and Gray, George Joseph Smith, Ronald True
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Famous Trials 2: Herbert Rowse Armstrong, Field and Gray, George Joseph Smith, Ronald True
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Famous Trials 2: Herbert Rowse Armstrong, Field and Gray, George Joseph Smith, Ronald True
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281:, Devon, on 13 May 1869 to a family of modest means. The family later moved to
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becoming a serial killer under the ghostly influence of Armstrong (played by
364:
that Armstrong did on returning home from the office was to open them again.
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74:
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Armstrong's trial for the murder of his wife began at Hereford before
309:; the couple had two girls, Eleanor and Margaret, and a boy, Pierson.
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is caught with packets of arsenic, resembling Armstrong's case. In
305:, in 1906. The following year, he married Katharine Mary Friend of
406:
371:
286:
627:, a black comedy released in 1994, was set in Hay-on-Wye and had
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unclear; Martin subsequently said there was a question about the
321:
and rose to the rank of captain. In 1914 he was called up in the
589:
Armstrong was also the subject of a 1994 TV mini-series called
573:
1272:
Exhumation of a Murder: The Life and Trial of Major Armstrong
1076:"The Science of Mysteries: Instructions for A Deadly Dinner"
559:
The Armstrong case seems to have loosely inspired the novel
1122:"TV Review : 'Dandelion Dead': A Winning Masterpiece"
1037:. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1930. p. 131
325:, where he eventually gained the rank of major in the
794:. No. 36627. London. 2 December 1901. p. 6.
740:. 1975. p. 8. Birth certificate reproduced pp. 10–11.
1265:
Beyond Suspicion: True Stories of Unexpected Killers
949:
Beyond Suspicion: True Stories of Unexpected Killers
468:
Then Armstrong had to explain his habits concerning
432:
and examined by the eminent Home Office pathologist
16:
English solicitor and convicted murderer (1869–1922)
689:"Crime Museum UK – Discovery Channel The Poisoners"
542:. In addition, the murderer in Sayers's 1930 novel
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509:dismissed his appeal, and Armstrong was hanged by
496:, he was found guilty of the murder of his wife.
611:as Martin's wife, Constance. It was directed by
532:The then-recent Armstrong case was discussed in
1372:People convicted of murder by England and Wales
1099:Heyer, Georgette (2006)(first published 1944),
448:on 3 April 1922. Armstrong was defended by Sir
986:
984:
19:For the 20th century Christian preacher, see
8:
1357:20th-century executions by England and Wales
261:, Herefordshire, England, and practising in
1377:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
43:
27:
713:
711:
709:
572:The Armstrong case was dramatised on the
277:Armstrong was born at 23 Princes Square,
556:, a character is compared to Armstrong.
1312:Military personnel from Plymouth, Devon
843:Wilson, Colin; Patricia Pitman (1984).
680:
1047:Dorothy L. Sayers (15 October 2009) .
751:"Armstrong, Herbert Rowse (ARMN887HR)"
1332:British Army personnel of World War I
1258:Bernard Spilsbury: His Life and Cases
7:
428:his house. Mrs Armstrong's body was
951:. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1992.
569:(using the pen name Francis Iles).
1367:English people convicted of murder
1352:British people executed for murder
1302:1921 murders in the United Kingdom
1074:Blum, Deborah (20 December 2011).
552:, a 1953 mystery novel written by
285:, Liverpool. He was admitted as a
14:
654:In 2019 the case was examined in
368:Attempted murder of Oswald Martin
291:St Catharine's College, Cambridge
110:St Catharine's College, Cambridge
399:to Armstrong supposedly to kill
1035:A History of Capital Punishment
348:, a private mental asylum near
155:
1120:Loynd, Ray (29 October 1994).
1:
657:Murder, Mystery and My Family
257:for murder. He was living in
50:
1183:, London: Robert Hale Ltd,
1154:Elley, Derek (9 May 1994).
1010:Edward Albert Bell (1939).
790:"University intelligence".
755:A Cambridge Alumni Database
582:in 1952 under the title of
1403:
1387:Territorial Force officers
1362:Executed people from Devon
1053:. Hodder & Stoughton.
1012:These meddlesome attorneys
757:. University of Cambridge.
18:
1322:People from Herefordshire
1014:. M. Secker. p. 158.
769:"Herbert Rowse Armstrong"
238:
177:
173:
42:
1337:Royal Engineers officers
1327:Volunteer Force officers
1317:People from Newton Abbot
1274:. London: Harrap, 1975.
603:as Katharine Armstrong,
507:Court of Criminal Appeal
1241:. 1995 (later retitled
1211:. London. 1 August 2010
771:. stephen-stratford.com
420:now passed the case to
245:Herbert Rowse Armstrong
37:Herbert Rowse Armstrong
1179:Beales, Martin (1997)
845:Encyclopedia of Murder
738:Exhumation of a Murder
536:'s 1927 mystery novel
412:
380:
336:Death of Mrs Armstrong
233:Territorial Decoration
1382:People from Edge Hill
1201:"Beales' obituary in
607:as Oswald Martin and
472:or the white powder,
410:
375:
315:clerk to the justices
273:Early life and career
145:Katharine Mary Friend
599:as Major Armstrong,
567:Anthony Berkeley Cox
450:Henry Curtis-Bennett
21:Herbert W. Armstrong
1209:The Daily Telegraph
1203:The Daily Telegraph
1101:Detection Unlimited
1024:Odell (1975) p. 225
969:On Trial for Murder
929:On Trial for Murder
872:On Trial for Murder
805:On Trial for Murder
584:The Champagne Glass
562:Malice Aforethought
550:Detection Unlimited
494:Shirehall, Hereford
1342:English solicitors
718:The Murder Almanac
635:) and others like
528:In popular culture
446:Mr Justice Darling
413:
381:
1126:Los Angeles Times
1060:978-1-84894-383-4
998:978-0-140-00634-6
976:978-0-330-33947-6
936:978-0-330-33947-6
917:978-0-140-00634-6
898:978-0-140-00634-6
879:978-0-330-33947-6
858:978-0-330-28300-7
831:978-0-140-00634-6
812:978-0-330-33947-6
725:978-1-897-78404-4
693:Discovery Channel
534:Dorothy L. Sayers
520:News of the World
515:Gloucester Prison
464:Arsenic poisoning
458:Bernard Spilsbury
434:Bernard Spilsbury
376:The Clock Tower,
330:Territorial Force
267:arsenic poisoning
242:
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94:Gloucester Prison
1394:
1243:The Hay Poisoner
1237:Beales, Martin;
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579:The Black Museum
474:arsenic trioxide
454:Harold Greenwood
317:. He joined the
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633:Edward Woodward
597:Michael Kitchen
554:Georgette Heyer
539:Unnatural Death
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327:Royal Engineers
323:First World War
319:Volunteer Force
307:West Teignmouth
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178:Military career
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158: 1907)
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1247:Dandelion Dead
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1205:1 August 2010"
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851:. p. 60.
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295:MA (Cantab.)
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259:Cusop Dingle
244:
243:
219:Battles/wars
197:British Army
88:(1922-05-31)
25:
1307:1922 deaths
1297:1869 births
736:Odell, R.;
613:Mike Hodges
601:Sarah Miles
418:Home Office
303:Breconshire
223:World War I
86:31 May 1922
71:13 May 1869
54: 1915
1291:Categories
847:. London:
675:References
649:John Mills
637:Dr Crippen
615:and won a
565:(1931) by
511:John Ellis
478:dandelions
401:dandelions
378:Hay-on-Wye
350:Gloucester
299:Hay-on-Wye
263:Hay-on-Wye
183:Allegiance
116:Occupation
98:Gloucester
67:1869-05-13
49:Armstrong
1347:Poisoners
1134:0458-3035
1085:5 January
959:pp. 53–85
900:pp. 19-20
849:Pan Books
792:The Times
775:20 August
698:20 August
500:Execution
283:Edge Hill
119:Solicitor
100:, England
1165:15 March
1139:15 March
346:Barnwood
342:neuritis
279:Plymouth
191:Service/
166:Children
75:Plymouth
1215:11 July
1160:Variety
938:pp. 6-7
814:pp. 5-6
470:arsenic
430:exhumed
397:arsenic
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643:) and
386:titles
255:hanged
229:Awards
193:branch
140:Spouse
127:Murder
1080:Wired
1000:p. 25
919:p. 21
833:p. 10
617:BAFTA
440:Trial
287:sizar
206:Major
169:Three
154:(
150:
135:Death
33:Major
1276:ISBN
1217:2018
1185:ISBN
1167:2018
1141:2018
1130:ISSN
1105:ISBN
1087:2020
1055:ISBN
994:ISBN
978:p. 7
972:ISBN
953:ISBN
932:ISBN
913:ISBN
894:ISBN
881:p. 6
875:ISBN
853:ISBN
827:ISBN
808:ISBN
777:2009
727:p. 7
721:ISBN
700:2009
211:Unit
203:Rank
83:Died
61:Born
651:).
574:BBC
513:at
289:to
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301:,
251:MA
248:TD
156:m.
96:,
51:c.
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23:.
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