166:, it has taken on dangerous religious and ethnic dimensions mostly because most of the farmers are Christians of various ethnicities while most of the herders are Muslim Fulani who make up about 90% of the country's pastoralists. Thousands of people have died since the attacks began. Sedentary farming in rural communities are often target of attacks because of their vulnerability. There are fears that the conflict will spread to other West African countries, but that has often been downplayed by governments in the region. Attacks on herders have also led them to retaliating by attacking other communities.
244:. All of these factors have enabled the widespread migration of Fulani herders into the southernmost areas of Nigeria, where they could easily sell their livestock for higher prices due to strong demand for beef and other meat products in Nigeria's populous southern towns and cities. However, in the south, they would encounter sedentary communities that have not historically had any experience with peacefully negotiating and co-existing with nomadic herders. Increasing ease of access to weapons and religious polarisation among both Christians and Muslims have added to the potential for violence.
777:, where cattle are kept in enclosed parcels of land, has frequently been proposed as a solution to the crisis, this has proven to be highly unfeasible in Nigeria due to poor infrastructure (with unstable supplies of electricity, water, and fuel) and difficulties with acquisition and legal ownership of land.
727:
routes. Access to pastureland and watering points in the Middle Belt became essential for herdsmen travelling from the North of the country. It is often assumed that climate change is the driver of the conflict but a recent study suggests that climate change does not automatically cause the conflict.
747:
Due to the widely perceived inefficacy of the
Nigerian government, armed vigilante groups have sprung up in many farmer communities. This situation would often lead to vicious cycles of bloody feuds among farmers and herders. Local politicians and religious leaders have also exacerbated conflicts by
664:
have been particularly violent and, despite violent clashes with the authorities, their causes have never been addressed politically. Conflicts might not have been addressed adequately because traditional authorities have not been fulfilling their role in colonial-era settlements.
162:, who are almost entirely Muslim. Many Fulani communities, who are usually farmers, have also been attacked and raided by Fulani bandits and other militias. Despite the conflict fundamentally being a land-use conflict between farmers and herders across Nigeria's
644:. In more recent years, this has also expanded to include southern Nigerian ethnic groups such as the Yoruba, Igbo, and others. Farmers belonging to various minority ethnic groups in the Middle Belt are represented by partisan advocacy groups such as
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271:
and crime in rural areas. Insecurity and violence have led many populations to create self-defence forces and ethnic and tribal militias, which have engaged in further violence. The majority of farmer–herder clashes have occurred between Muslim
2205:
863:
On 11 February 2019, an attack on an Adara settlement named Ungwar Bardi by suspected Fulani gunmen killed 11. Reprisal attack by Adara targeted settlements of the Fulani killing at least 141 people with 65 missing. The attacks took place in
799:
Nigerian and foreign newspapers are often unable to provide exact numbers of casualties. Despite the high number of attacks, Nigerian and foreign journalists rarely have access to first-hand testimonies and tend to report inaccurate figures.
732:(Northern Regions) experience less farmer-herder conflict and less intense farmer-herder fighting. It is argued that ethnic conflict between farming and herding groups is the primary mechanism behind the farmer-herder conflict nexus.
1209:
Ochonu, Moses E, 'Fulani
Expansion and Subcolonial Rule in Early Colonial Adamawa Province', in Colonialism by Proxy Hausa Imperial Agents and Middle Belt Consciousness in Nigeria (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014),
668:
Over time the periodic clashes between herders and farmers in
Northern and North-Central Nigeria have precipitated a general climate of insecurity. This widespread insecurity both allows for and is perpetuated by acts of broader
847:, including one devastating attack from the night of the 22nd to the morning of the 23rd which killed 21 villagers in the village of Dowaya, Adamawa state. The casualties were reported to only consist of women and children.
1150:
251:'s founding in 1999, farmer–herder violence has killed more than 19,000 people and displaced hundreds of thousands more. It followed a trend in the increase of farmer–herder conflicts throughout much of the western
2430:
200:
Before, herders frequently exchanged milk for cereal grains with farming communities. However, in recent decades, milk is no longer being widely bartered as packaged beverages became more popular in towns.
1344:
2209:
1197:
Higazi, Adam, 'Farmer-Pastoralist
Conflicts on the Jos Plateau, Central Nigeria: Security Responses of Local Vigilantes and the Nigerian State', Conflict, Security and Development, 16.4 (2016), 365–85
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1531:
2533:
1660:
1181:
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In July 2018, a clash erupted between the Fulani settlers and the
Yandang community in Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State. About 73 people were killed and 50 villages were razed.
2469:
1033:
Bearak, Max, Jane Hahn, Mia Torres, and
Olivier Laurent, 'The Ordinary People Keeping the Peace in Nigeria's Farmer-Herder Conflict', The Washington Post, 10 December 2018 <
1320:
1920:. Field investigations on pastoralist-farmers crises areas and enhancement of MISEREOR's partnersinterventions in Nigeria, Phase 3. Revised paper prepared for ISEREOR/JDPs.
1206:
Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, and David
Ehrhardt, eds., Creed & Grievance: Muslim-Christian Relations & Conflict Resolution in Northern Nigeria (Oxford: James Currey, 2018)
1097:. Field investigations on pastoralist-farmers crises areas and enhancement of MISEREOR's partnersinterventions in Nigeria, Phase 3. Revised paper prepared for ISEREOR/JDPs.
1200:
Last, Murray, 'Muslims and
Christians in Nigeria: An Economy of Political Panic', The Round Table : The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 96.392 (2007), 605–16
3100:
2592:
3413:
1324:
1034:
3057:
3052:
1213:
Reynolds, Jonathan, The Time of
Politics: Islam and the Politics of Legitimacy in Northern Nigeria 1950-1966 (San Francisco: International Scholar Publications, 1999)
1955:
1678:
1088:. Field investigations on pastoralist-farmers crises areas and enhancement of MISEREOR's partnersinterventions in Nigeria, Phase 3. Draft prepared for ISEREOR/JDPs.
991:
755:
corridors through the Middle Belt. Mostly supported by
Northern lawmakers and opposed by their Southern counterparts, these endeavours have been rarely successful.
1168:
1119:
1111:
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are also potential difficulties that ranchers would have to deal with. Ranchers would also be unable to compete with nomadic herders with zero land-related costs.
2306:
255:, due to an expansion of agriculturist population and cultivated land at the expense of pasturelands; deteriorating environmental conditions, desertification and
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177:
in Nigeria have deep roots and date back to pre-colonial times (before the 1900s). However, these conflicts have become far more severe in recent decades due to
2526:
2682:
1797:
932:
On 23 January 2024, suspected Fulani herders killed at least 30 people and burned and ransacked schools, places of worship, and houses in Kwahaslalek village,
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in the North-East and facing rising levels of violence in different regions of the country, the government has nonetheless tried to implement a few measures.
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system collapsed around the 1970s when farmers increasingly claimed ownership of lands along cattle migration paths, increasingly leading to conflicts.
1837:
1023:
Adebanwi, Wale, 'Terror, Territoriality and the Struggle for Indigeneity and Citizenship in Northern Nigeria', Citizenship Studies, 13.4 (2009), 349–63
1916:
1093:
966:
1737:
Madu, Ignatius Ani; Nwankwo, Cletus Famous (20 May 2020). "Spatial pattern of climate change and farmer–herder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria".
2519:
2491:
2416:
1819:
1392:
1076:
829:
In January 2018, about 10 persons were killed in an attack and reprisal involving herders and local farmers in Numan local council of Adamawa State.
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216:
zones. Starting from those implemented by the British colonial administration, tsetse control programs have reduced the threat of diseases such as
3218:
1256:
1102:
3739:
1291:
3431:
2431:"Attaques du 'Noël noir' au Nigeria : près de 200 morts, des victimes 'abattues comme des animaux'... ce que l'on sait de ces massacres"
2320:
2285:
1939:
2433:['Black Christmas' attacks in Nigeria: nearly 200 dead, victims 'slaughtered like animals'... what we know about these massacres].
3448:
3283:
3152:
2388:
2010:
879:
killings stated on 18 March 2019 that 130 people have been killed in a series of revenge attacks since the massacre announced by El-Rufai.
697:. In an already politically unstable region, it has never been possible to ascertain a legal title to land for every farmer. As a result,
3454:
2970:
1084:
908:
3095:
2754:
2461:
3553:
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3118:
826:
In April 2018, Fulani gunmen allegedly killed 19 people during an attack on the church, afterwards they burnt dozens of nearby homes.
3089:
2374:
832:
In May 2018 over 400 herdsmen attacked four villages of Lamurde, Bang, Bolk, Zumoso and Gon in Numan and Lamurde local councils of
3516:
2779:
2774:
2629:
2614:
2261:
1286:
3288:
1041:
3267:
2569:
2402:
2129:
1532:
Old data and new technologies: the seamless integration of linguistics, literacy and translation for Nigerian minority languages
3744:
3664:
3295:
2103:
1866:
1511:
1405:
1141:
3379:
3278:
1985:
3368:
1173:
3017:
911:, died in a fire set by Fulani militants when their attempted kidnapping of a priest living in the rectory was unsuccessful.
2078:
766:) settlements. His proposal was met with fierce criticism. On 17 May 2021, the 17 Southern governors in Nigeria issued the
656:
The farmer/herder conflicts have been taking place in regions which have been unstable since the 2000s. Urban conflicts in
3679:
3659:
3596:
2730:
2717:
2237:
2028:
1962:
1686:
1182:
Accelerating pastoralist/farmer conflict across Central Nigeria (and West Africa) potentially compromises all IITA's goals
951:
3674:
3129:
1026:
Amnesty International, Harvest of Death: Three Years of Bloody Clashes between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria, 2018 <
946:
914:
729:
151:(North Central) since the return of democracy in 1999. More recently, they have deteriorated into attacks on farmers by
3328:
2054:
1890:
1159:
1132:
3123:
2741:
2546:
1387:
1071:
1011:
3316:
3212:
1481:
1805:
1708:
3689:
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3407:
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2911:
1062:
971:
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97:
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1997:
689:
can be understood as a problem of access to land. The beginning of the 21st century witnessed an expansion of the
292:
tribes in northern Nigeria that include not only Fulani people, but also Kanuri, Kanembu, Arab, and other groups.
3729:
3724:
3719:
3395:
3311:
2837:
2747:
710:
213:
185:, and various other factors. During the British colonial era, herders and farmers would agree on a system called
3714:
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3704:
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3498:
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1638:
794:
248:
3229:
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in order to keep their livestock alive. In addition, over the past several decades, herders have cross-bred
82:
3024:
1463:
3754:
3654:
3206:
2813:
1232:
996:
805:
917:
resulted in at least 200 deaths and injuries to more than 500 people in at least 17 rural communities in
147:
herders and the mostly-Christian non-Fulani farmers. The conflicts have been especially prominent in the
3749:
3158:
2735:
882:
On 26–27 January 2020, 32 villagers were murdered in two different attacks by Muslim Fulani herdsmen in
204:
Modern medicines have also made it possible for herders to move their livestock further south into the "
1321:"Herdsmen and Farmers Conflict in Nigeria: A Threat to Peacebuilding and Human Security in West Africa"
1053:
1027:
189:, in which specific migration routes were set up for herders, with mutual agreement from the farmers,
3547:
3487:
3200:
2307:"Miyetti Allah releases names of 131 victims of Kajuru, Kaduna violence | Premium Times Nigeria"
1424:"Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community"
1772:
1028:
Nigeria: The Harvest of Death - Three Years of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria
3511:
2887:
2687:
2609:
2223:
673:, in which gangs of bandits target locations in the area for raids, mass kidnappings, and looting.
2180:
839:
In June 2018, over 200 people were killed and 50 houses were burnt in clashes between farmers and
17:
2893:
2676:
2653:
2462:"At least 140 villagers killed by suspected herders in dayslong attacks in north-central Nigeria"
1754:
1611:
1568:
1120:
Conflict and Co-operation: Fulɓe Relations with the Mambila and Samba people of Southern Adamawa
208:
zone" in the south, whereas before, herders could not keep their cattle on a large scale due to
860:, killing 15 people and injuring at least 24 others, the attack occurred at a wedding ceremony.
3633:
3477:
3147:
3006:
2941:
1935:
1603:
1296:
1203:
Last, Murray, 'The Search for Security in Muslim Northern Nigeria', Africa, 78.1 (2008), 41–63
1001:
767:
260:
178:
3734:
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3273:
2976:
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1746:
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1006:
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759:
720:
686:
256:
241:
209:
174:
118:
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2964:
2808:
981:
956:
782:
716:
626:
273:
225:
221:
217:
152:
124:
1586:
Last, Murray (2007). "Muslims and Christians in Nigeria: An economy of political panic".
740:
The Nigerian government has been unwilling to address the causes of the crisis. Fighting
3460:
3193:
3188:
3000:
2994:
2982:
2926:
2357:"Violence in Plateau State, Nigeria Escalates with more Muslim Fulani Herdsmen Attacks"
1423:
976:
933:
894:
701:
routes of herders were no longer available, especially in a context of global warming.
537:
264:
182:
2130:"The latest clash between herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria has left more than 200 dead"
1497:
The fire next time: the upsurge in civil insecurity across the Central Zone of Nigeria
1191:
The fire next time: the upsurge in civil insecurity across the Central Zone of Nigeria
690:
3648:
3618:
3419:
3401:
3357:
3249:
3012:
2988:
1758:
1615:
1572:
890:
883:
844:
833:
778:
630:
608:
591:
574:
451:
158:
Attacks have also taken place in Northwestern Nigeria against farmers who are mainly
2511:
2206:"Clashes in northern Nigeria's Taraba leave 73 dead - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
856:
On 16 December 2018, militants believed to be Fulani herdsmen attacked a village in
2554:
1382:
869:
752:
724:
698:
637:
293:
159:
110:
105:
93:
89:
1917:
Pastoral conflict and supplying Nigeria with meat: how can the paradox be resolved
1838:"FULL COMMUNIQUE: Southern Governors Call For National Dialogue, Ban Open Grazing"
1444:
1094:
Pastoral conflict and supplying Nigeria with meat: how can the paradox be resolved
2167:"86 people killed and 50 houses burnt in fresh Fulani herdsmen attack in Plateau"
2147:
1661:"Government failures fuel deadly conflict between farmers and herders in Nigeria"
1345:"Nigeria school abductions sparked by cattle feuds, not extremism, officials say"
3628:
3623:
3173:
2947:
2702:
1842:
1563:
1546:
1160:
Natural Resource Conflicts in North-Central Nigeria: A Handbook and Case Studies
922:
820:
816:
763:
694:
670:
641:
570:
289:
277:
237:
233:
229:
163:
148:
136:
54:
1750:
889:
On 12 April 2022, 23 were killed in an attack by herdsman against the Mbadwem (
3244:
1599:
1103:
Conflict and co-operation: Fulani relations with the Samba and Mambila peoples
1063:
The transformation of conflict between pastoralists and cultivators in Nigeria
904:
741:
332:
205:
101:
1607:
1300:
1169:
Resource conflict in semi-arid Africa: An essay and an annotated bibliography
2011:"Fresh bloodbath in Benue, 2 Catholic priests, 17 others killed by herdsmen"
1151:
Trade and Markets in Conflict Development and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria
1148:
Porter, Gina; Fergus Lyon; Fatima Adamu; Lanre Obafemi; Roger Blench. 2005.
614:
556:
268:
2492:"Thirty people killed in latest herder violence in Nigeria's Plateau State"
1482:"Farmer-Herder Clashes Amplify Challenge for Beleaguered Nigerian Security"
857:
2417:"Nigerian Bishop calls for prayer after seminarian burned alive in attack"
1154:. Scoping study report to the UK Department for International Development.
1066:. Paper in press for a special issue of the Journal Africa, ed. M. Moritz.
3070:
2791:
2543:
986:
901:
872:. According to a governor the motive was to destroy specific communities.
774:
693:
population and its cultivated land at the expense of pasturelands in the
645:
365:
240:-tolerant humpless breeds, thereby increasing the cattle's tolerance of
1349:
316:
140:
1285:
Ilo, Udo Jude; Jonathan-Ichaver, Ier; Adamolekun, 'Yemi (2019-01-24).
263:; breakdown in traditional conflict resolution mechanisms of land and
3322:
918:
876:
865:
840:
661:
190:
144:
1679:"Eduresource World: Causes and Effect of Desertification in Nigeria"
1388:
Conflict between Pastoralism|pastoralists and cultivators in Nigeria
1085:
Is fencing a solution to reducing herder-farmer conflict in Nigeria?
1035:
The ordinary people keeping the peace in Nigeria's deadly land feuds
853:
In October 2018, Fulani herdsmen killed at least 19 people in Bassa.
1961:. Institute for Economics and Peace. pp. 43–44. Archived from
1048:. 111–128. Edinburgh: Francis Pinter for Centre of African Studies.
296:(2010) lists the following pastoralist tribes in northern Nigeria.
1588:
The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs
812:
252:
2403:"A seminarian brutally murdered and another kidnapped in Nigeria"
2104:"JUST IN: 400 herdsmen attack Adamawa villages, 15 locals killed"
1127:, ed. M. Moritz. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.
2515:
2321:"'El- Rufai alleges plan to 'wipe out' some Kaduna communities"
723:
have led Fulani herdsmen from Northern Nigeria to change their
1163:. London/Abuja: Mandaras Press/DFID. (With integrated CD-ROM.)
657:
2375:"23 Locals Killed in Fresh Attacks on Two Benue Communities"
1891:"British anthropologist advises against ranching in Nigeria"
1867:"British anthropologist advises against ranching in Nigeria"
1631:"Dozens dead after gunmen ransack central Nigerian villages"
2389:"Seminarian in Nigeria burned alive in botched kidnapping"
1142:
The recent evolution of pastoralism in West-Central Africa
1464:"My Land, Not Your Land. Farmer-Herder Wars in the Sahel"
1445:"How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria"
2343:"Kajuru killings: Over 130 lives wasted - Group laments"
1072:
Conflict between pastoralists and cultivators in Nigeria
1046:
African Boundaries: Barriers, conduits and opportunities
2238:"15 killed, 24 injured as gunmen attack Kaduna village"
2079:"Herdsmen: Attack, reprisal claim six lives in Adamawa"
2029:"Herdsmen Attack: Reprisal Claims Six Lives In Adamawa"
1986:
Muslim Fulani Herdsmen Massacres Reach Southern Nigeria
748:
recruiting members and frequently exaggerating claims.
2055:"Suspected herdsmen attack Adamawa village, kill many"
1798:"Senators fight over grazing land for Fulani herdsmen"
1547:"Research on the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria"
1257:"Stopping Nigeria's Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence"
808:, these conflicts resulted in over 800 deaths by 2015.
2000:
Tori.ng; posted by Thandiubani on Tue 26th Apr, 2016
1777:
Nigeria's leading geopolitical intelligence platform
1406:"ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide"
220:. Today, herders also have easy access to drugs for
3611:
3568:
3540:
3531:
3470:
3441:
3388:
3350:
3304:
3260:
3181:
3172:
3140:
3111:
3080:
3040:
2957:
2934:
2925:
2874:
2848:
2822:
2801:
2764:
2710:
2701:
2669:
2640:
2602:
2562:
2553:
1519:. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
1500:. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
1194:. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
1133:
The transformation of conflict between pastoralists
1057:. FAO: Animal Health and Production Series, No 150.
636:Farmers belong to diverse ethnic groups, primarily
2286:"How 66 people were killed in Kaduna in two days"
1709:"Nigeria threatened by desertification, says NCF"
1185:. Talk given at IITA, Ibadan on 28 November 2016.
1145:. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.
1136:. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.
1325:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1233:"Fulani: Villain and Victim of Militia Attacks?"
1535:. Jos Linguistic Circle, Jos, 13th March, 2019.
1280:
1278:
992:Agricultural sustainability in northern Nigeria
915:Attacks on 23–25 December 2023 in Plateau State
751:Since 2012, there have been projects to create
32:
2262:"Gunmen Kill 15, Injure 20 in Southern Kaduna"
1287:"The Deadliest Conflict You've Never Heard of"
2527:
2224:"Herdsmen kill 19 in Plateau midnight attack"
2181:"21 feared killed in Adamawa herdsmen attack"
1998:Fulani Herdsmen Massacre 40 Farmers in Enugu.
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
8:
1042:Pastoralists and National Borders in Nigeria
2148:"Communal clashes leave 86 dead in Nigeria"
1044:. In: Nugent, P., and A. I. Asiwaju (eds).
629:are represented by advocacy groups such as
3537:
3178:
2931:
2707:
2559:
2534:
2520:
2512:
1932:Un manguier au Nigeria: Histoires du Borno
298:
29:
1562:
967:March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders
2683:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
1629:Muhammad, Tanko Shittu (12 April 2022).
1393:Department for International Development
1123:. Paper in press for a special issue of
1077:Department for International Development
900:On 7 September 2023, Na’aman Danlami, a
715:Deteriorating environmental conditions,
27:Land resource disputes in across Nigeria
3225:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
2900:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
1732:
1730:
1728:
1484:. IPI Global Observatory. 16 July 2015.
1223:
811:The year 2016 saw further incidents in
1439:
1437:
1292:Foreign Affairs: America and the World
193:, and local authorities. However, the
3414:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
3335:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
2472:from the original on 26 December 2023
2441:from the original on 27 December 2023
2165:Nigeria, Information (25 June 2018).
687:Conflicts between farmers and herders
640:and the diverse ethnic groups of the
7:
762:tried to create Rural Grazing Area (
652:Regional conflicts in Jos and Kaduna
3670:21st-century mass murder in Nigeria
3504:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
3455:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
2971:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
2460:Asadu, Chinedu (26 December 2023).
1988:, Morning Star News. April 27, 2016
1462:Baca, Michael W. (21 August 2015).
909:Roman Catholic Diocese of Kafanchan
3219:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
2755:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
1557:. Hamburg University Press: 3–44.
1428:International Committee on Nigeria
1176:Research Study. ISBN 0-85003-343-8
133:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
25:
18:Herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria
3449:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
3153:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1773:"The deepening Pastoral Conflict"
1054:Pastoralism in the new millennium
3279:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
1391:. Review paper prepared for the
1075:. Review paper prepared for the
3296:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
770:, aimed at solving the crisis.
2341:Tauna, Amos (March 19, 2019).
1865:Rachael, Abujah (2018-11-08).
1804:. 21 July 2012. Archived from
1707:Simire, Michael (2018-11-18).
1513:An Atlas of Nigerian Languages
542:extreme north-east Borno/Niger
135:are a series of disputes over
1:
3740:Internal territorial disputes
3597:2014 Lesotho political crisis
3554:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
2718:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
2128:Kazeem, Yomi (27 June 2018).
2053:Ochetenwu, Jim (2019-11-23).
1956:"Global Terrorism Index 2015"
1231:Salkida, Ahmad (2020-06-13).
952:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
3591:SADC intervention in Lesotho
3194:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
3148:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
2905:ECOWAS military intervention
2625:2011–2014 factional violence
1930:Hiribarren, Vincent (2019).
1685:. 2013-08-09. Archived from
1545:Blench, Roger (2020-12-31).
947:List of massacres in Nigeria
730:vulnerable to climate change
3268:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
3124:Insurgency in Northern Chad
1564:10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.209
1012:Fulani extremism in Nigeria
895:Tarka local government area
3771:
3559:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
3380:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
3235:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
3101:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
2912:Western Togoland Rebellion
1751:10.1007/s10708-020-10223-2
1261:International Crisis Group
972:2019 Kaduna State massacre
962:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
891:Guma local government area
792:
708:
276:and farmers, exacerbating
143:between the mostly-Muslim
3396:Second Sudanese Civil War
1600:10.1080/00358530701626057
711:Climate change in Nigeria
526:north-eastern Borno/Niger
74:
37:
3499:2008 invasion of Anjouan
3096:Civil War (2012–present)
3065:Pool Department conflict
795:Nigerian bandit conflict
249:Fourth Nigerian Republic
3494:Hanish Islands conflict
3031:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
2882:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
2724:Herder–farmer conflicts
2648:Western Sahara conflict
267:; and proliferation of
175:Herder–farmer conflicts
33:Herder-Farmer conflicts
3745:History of agriculture
3665:Agriculture in Nigeria
3317:Somali–Kenyan conflict
3213:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
3207:Second Afar insurgency
2814:Sierra Leone Civil War
1510:Blench, Roger (2020).
1130:Blench, Roger. 2003.
1108:Cambridge Anthropology
1100:Blench, Roger. 1984.
997:Southern Kaduna Crisis
875:The Coalition Against
806:Global Terrorism Index
728:In actuality, regions
677:Causes of the conflict
340:eastern Borno/Cameroon
3576:Bophuthatswana crisis
3240:Oromia–Somali clashes
3159:Boko Haram insurgency
3119:Civil War (2005–2010)
2736:Boko Haram insurgency
2659:Clashes, 2020–present
2242:www.dailytrust.com.ng
1914:Blench, Roger. 2017.
1529:Blench, Roger. 2019.
1494:Blench, Roger. 2016.
1188:Blench, Roger. 2016.
1179:Blench, Roger. 2016.
1166:Blench, Roger. 1998.
1157:Blench, Roger. 2004.
1139:Blench, Roger. 2016.
1117:Blench, Roger. 2005.
1091:Blench, Roger. 2017.
1082:Blench, Roger. 2017.
1069:Blench, Roger. 2010.
1060:Blench, Roger. 2003.
1051:Blench, Roger. 2001.
1040:Blench, Roger. 1996.
793:Further information:
709:Further information:
596:north of Sokoto/Niger
470:north of Geidam/Niger
440:north-eastern Nigeria
426:north-eastern Nigeria
3680:Middle Belt, Nigeria
3660:Conflicts in Nigeria
3548:Mozambican Civil War
3508:Burundian conflicts
3488:Djiboutian Civil War
3201:Insurgency in Ogaden
2829:Liberian Civil Wars
2742:Niger Delta conflict
2419:. 11 September 2023.
2309:. February 22, 2019.
580:northern Borno/Niger
354:Komadugu Yobe valley
3675:Violence in Nigeria
3587:Lesothan conflicts
3512:1993–2005 Civil War
3230:Afar–Somali clashes
3018:2022–2024 offensive
3013:2012–2013 rebellion
2855:Ivorian Civil Wars
2688:Tunisian revolution
2630:2014–2020 civil war
2610:2008 Kufra conflict
2547:conflicts in Africa
2405:. 8 September 2023.
2363:. January 30, 2020.
2266:www.thisdaylive.com
1808:on 1 February 2014.
1667:. 17 December 2018.
758:In 2019, President
498:south-central Borno
412:north-western Borno
398:south-eastern Borno
370:north-eastern Borno
3634:Colour revolutions
3432:Sudanese civil war
3284:2009–present phase
3025:Batwa–Luba clashes
2894:Casamance conflict
2771:Tuareg rebellions
2731:Religious violence
2677:Algerian Civil War
2593:Terrorism in Egypt
2435:La Dépêche du Midi
2226:. October 5, 2018.
2059:Daily Post Nigeria
1871:EnviroNews Nigeria
1713:EnviroNews Nigeria
1551:Afrika und Übersee
1353:. 24 December 2020
1263:. 24 December 2020
843:cattle herders in
836:killing 15 people.
311:Primary livestock
288:There are various
3690:Conflicts in 1999
3685:Conflicts in 1998
3642:
3641:
3607:
3606:
3527:
3526:
3478:Rwandan Civil War
3426:Blue Nile clashes
3408:Nomadic conflicts
3364:Nomadic conflicts
3168:
3167:
3007:March 23 Movement
2942:Angolan Civil War
2921:
2920:
2697:
2696:
2212:on July 13, 2018.
2017:. April 25, 2018.
1941:978-2-259-25086-3
1820:"Ruga settlement"
1683:Eduresource World
1002:Asaba Declaration
907:studying for the
804:According to the
768:Asaba Declaration
624:
623:
261:population growth
242:tropical diseases
210:tropical diseases
139:resources across
130:
129:
70:
69:
16:(Redirected from
3762:
3730:2020s in Nigeria
3725:2010s in Nigeria
3720:2000s in Nigeria
3582:Caprivi conflict
3538:
3517:2015–2018 unrest
3323:Likoni massacres
3312:Ethnic conflicts
3274:Somali Civil War
3179:
2977:Second Congo War
2932:
2708:
2587:Post-coup unrest
2581:Sinai insurgency
2560:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2361:MorningStar News
2353:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2208:. Archived from
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:Punch Newspapers
2177:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:Sahara Reporters
2025:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:Sahara Reporters
1816:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1745:(6): 2691–2707.
1734:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1641:on 14 April 2022
1637:. Archived from
1626:
1620:
1619:
1594:(392): 605–616.
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:. 3 August 2020.
1402:
1396:
1395:(DFID), Nigeria.
1380:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1228:
1079:(DFID), Nigeria.
1007:Fulani extremism
925:, attributed to
760:Muhammadu Buhari
721:soil degradation
512:north-west Borno
299:
257:soil degradation
117:Herders (mostly
81:Farmers (mostly
39:
38:
30:
21:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3715:1999 in Nigeria
3710:1998 in Nigeria
3705:2020s conflicts
3700:2010s conflicts
3695:2000s conflicts
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3603:
3564:
3533:Southern Africa
3523:
3466:
3437:
3384:
3369:Ethnic violence
3346:
3341:Baragoi clashes
3300:
3256:
3164:
3136:
3126:(2016–present)
3107:
3082:
3081:Central African
3076:
3042:
3036:
2965:First Congo War
2953:
2917:
2870:
2844:
2818:
2809:Ndogboyosoi War
2797:
2760:
2744:(2003–present)
2720:(1998–present)
2693:
2665:
2650:(1970–present)
2636:
2598:
2576:2011 revolution
2570:Egyptian Crisis
2549:
2540:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2323:. Premium Times
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2288:. Premium Times
2284:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2154:. 25 June 2018.
2146:
2145:
2141:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2108:The Sun Nigeria
2102:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:. Paris: Plon.
1929:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1826:. 28 June 2019.
1818:
1817:
1813:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1665:www.amnesty.org
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:Foreign Affairs
1461:
1460:
1456:
1451:. 28 June 2018.
1443:
1442:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1381:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1210:pp. 129–56
1110:, 9(2):42-57. (
1020:
982:Agatu massacres
957:Fulani herdsmen
943:
927:Fulani militias
893:) and Tiortyu (
797:
791:
789:List of attacks
783:cattle rustling
738:
717:desertification
713:
707:
684:
679:
654:
627:Fulani herdsmen
604:Yedina (Buduma)
324:south of Geidam
286:
274:Fulani herdsmen
226:dermatophilosis
222:trypanosomiasis
218:trypanosomiasis
172:
153:Fulani herdsmen
123:
87:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3612:Related topics
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:(2017–present)
3556:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3461:Kasese clashes
3458:
3457:(1996–present)
3452:
3451:(1987–present)
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:(2023–present)
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3410:(2009–present)
3405:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3319:(1963–present)
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3270:(1998–present)
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3189:Oromo conflict
3185:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:(2009–present)
3156:
3155:(1987–present)
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3130:2021 offensive
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3004:
3003:(2009–present)
3001:Ituri conflict
2998:
2995:Dongo conflict
2992:
2991:(2004–present)
2986:
2983:Ituri conflict
2980:
2974:
2973:(1996–present)
2968:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:(1975–present)
2945:
2938:
2936:
2929:
2927:Central Africa
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:(2020–present)
2909:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2896:(1982–present)
2891:
2888:Guinea clashes
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:(2012–present)
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:(2021–present)
2752:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2738:(2009–present)
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:War, 1975–1991
2644:
2642:
2641:Western Sahara
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:2011 civil war
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2595:(2013–present)
2590:
2584:
2583:(2011–present)
2578:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2483:
2452:
2422:
2408:
2394:
2380:
2366:
2348:
2333:
2312:
2298:
2277:
2253:
2229:
2215:
2197:
2187:. 24 June 2018
2172:
2157:
2139:
2120:
2095:
2070:
2045:
2020:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1947:
1940:
1922:
1907:
1882:
1857:
1829:
1811:
1789:
1764:
1724:
1699:
1670:
1652:
1621:
1578:
1537:
1522:
1502:
1487:
1473:
1454:
1433:
1415:
1397:
1364:
1336:
1312:
1274:
1248:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1115:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
977:Nimbo massacre
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
942:
939:
938:
937:
930:
912:
898:
897:) communities.
887:
880:
873:
861:
854:
851:
848:
837:
830:
827:
824:
809:
790:
787:
737:
734:
706:
705:Climate change
703:
683:
682:Land conflicts
680:
678:
675:
653:
650:
622:
621:
618:
612:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
589:
585:
584:
581:
578:
568:
564:
563:
560:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
540:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:
515:cattle/camels
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
454:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
435:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
384:northern Borno
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
368:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
285:
282:
265:water disputes
183:climate change
171:
168:
128:
127:
125:Fulani herders
114:
77:
76:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3767:
3756:
3755:Hausa history
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Land disputes
3653:
3652:
3650:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:War on terror
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3555:
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3420:Heglig Crisis
3418:
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3402:War in Darfur
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3358:Heglig Crisis
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3329:Kenyan crisis
3327:
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3250:War in Amhara
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3005:
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2989:Kivu conflict
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2849:Côte d'Ivoire
2847:
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2748:2016 conflict
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2615:Libyan Crisis
2613:
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2440:
2437:(in French).
2436:
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2084:
2083:Vanguard News
2080:
2074:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2015:Vanguard News
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1968:on 2019-09-25
1964:
1957:
1951:
1948:
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1846:. 12 May 2021
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1383:Blench, Roger
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1112:2005 revision
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884:Plateau State
881:
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862:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:Plateau State
842:
838:
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834:Adamawa State
831:
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822:
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796:
788:
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780:
779:Land grabbing
776:
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691:agriculturist
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631:Miyetti Allah
628:
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284:Ethnic groups
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254:
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245:
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239:
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231:
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214:humid climate
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40:
36:
31:
19:
3750:Fula history
3480: /
3043:of the Congo
2802:Sierra Leone
2723:
2555:North Africa
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2411:
2397:
2383:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2315:
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:
2256:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2232:
2218:
2210:the original
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2110:. 2018-05-03
2107:
2098:
2087:. Retrieved
2085:. 2018-01-23
2082:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2035:. 2018-01-23
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1950:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1897:. 2018-11-09
1894:
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1806:the original
1801:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1779:. 2017-11-30
1776:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1634:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1448:
1427:
1418:
1410:Missions Box
1409:
1400:
1386:
1355:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1290:
1265:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1226:
1189:
1180:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1018:Bibliography
870:Kaduna State
798:
772:
757:
753:transhumance
750:
746:
739:
725:transhumance
714:
699:transhumance
685:
667:
655:
638:Hausa people
635:
625:
348:Uled Suliman
305:Ethnic group
287:
246:
232:-intolerant
203:
199:
194:
186:
173:
157:
132:
131:
116:
88:
80:
75:Belligerents
45:1998–present
3629:Arab Winter
3624:Arab Spring
3593:(1998–1999)
3584:(1994–1999)
3550:(1977–1992)
3490:(1991–1994)
3484:(1990–1994)
3428:(2022–2023)
3416:(2011–2020)
3404:(2003–2020)
3398:(1983–2005)
3376:(2013–2020)
3351:South Sudan
3337:(2012–2013)
3331:(2007–2008)
3221:(2000–2018)
3215:(1998–2000)
3209:(1995–2018)
3203:(1994–2018)
3174:East Africa
3092:(2004–2007)
3073:(2016–2017)
3067:(2002–2003)
3049:Civil wars
3033:(2016–2019)
3027:(2013–2018)
2985:(1999–2007)
2979:(1998–2003)
2967:(1996–1997)
2948:Cabinda War
2944:(1975–2002)
2884:(1998–1999)
2703:West Africa
2690:(2010–2011)
2679:(1991–2002)
2589:(2013–2014)
2572:(2011–2014)
2476:26 December
2445:28 December
1843:Channels TV
1635:Yahoo! News
1357:24 December
923:Barkin Ladi
821:Enugu State
819:and Nimbo,
695:Middle Belt
671:criminality
642:Middle Belt
567:Teda (Tubu)
290:pastoralist
278:hostilities
238:trypanosome
234:zebu cattle
230:trypanosome
181:pressures,
164:Middle Belt
149:Middle Belt
137:arable land
55:Middle Belt
3649:Categories
3541:Mozambique
3245:Tigray War
2501:2024-01-25
2496:Al Jazeera
2327:2019-02-11
2292:2019-02-11
2271:2018-12-18
2247:2018-12-18
2191:2020-01-31
2114:2020-01-31
2089:2020-01-31
2064:2020-01-31
2039:2020-01-31
1972:2017-08-20
1901:2022-11-17
1895:Royal News
1876:2022-11-17
1783:2021-06-24
1739:GeoJournal
1718:2020-01-31
1693:2020-01-31
1330:2020-04-18
1306:2020-04-18
1242:2023-05-12
1218:References
905:seminarian
742:Boko Haram
429:uda sheep
269:small arms
247:Since the
206:tsetse fly
179:population
170:Background
83:Christians
3374:Civil War
3058:1997–1999
3053:1993–1994
3009:conflict
2864:2010–2011
2859:2002–2007
2838:1999–2003
2833:1989–1996
2780:2007–2009
2775:1990–1995
1802:The Punch
1759:219475368
1616:219627153
1608:0035-8533
1573:128339090
1301:0015-7120
773:Although
736:Responses
615:Lake Chad
557:Lake Chad
378:Bokolooji
57:, Nigeria
3482:genocide
3182:Ethiopia
3090:Bush War
3083:Republic
3071:Pool War
3041:Republic
2958:DR Congo
2792:Mali War
2544:Cold War
2470:Archived
2439:Archived
2152:BBC News
1645:14 April
1385:. 2010.
1237:HumAngle
987:Janjawid
941:See also
902:Catholic
775:ranching
646:CONAECDA
607:Yedina (
362:Anagamba
308:Location
108:farmers
50:Location
3735:Herding
3261:Somalia
2823:Liberia
2711:Nigeria
2466:AP News
1350:Reuters
1267:26 July
868:LGA of
620:cattle
599:camels
583:camels
562:cattle
553:Kanembu
550:Sugurti
545:cattle
538:Kanembu
529:cattle
501:cattle
487:cattle
473:camels
459:cattle
448:Badawai
443:cattle
434:Woɗaaɓe
415:cattle
406:Sankara
401:cattle
387:cattle
373:cattle
357:camels
343:cattle
327:cattle
317:Baggara
191:herders
141:Nigeria
119:Muslims
113:farmers
66:Ongoing
3578:(1994)
3569:Others
3471:Others
3463:(2016)
3442:Uganda
3422:(2012)
3360:(2012)
3343:(2012)
3325:(1997)
3289:AMISOM
3141:Others
2997:(2009)
2935:Angola
2890:(2013)
2875:Others
2670:Others
2134:Quartz
1938:
1850:6 July
1757:
1614:
1606:
1571:
1299:
1125:Africa
919:Bokkos
877:Kajuru
866:Kajuru
858:Jema'a
841:Fulani
662:Kaduna
609:Buduma
592:Tuareg
588:Tuareg
534:Kuburi
523:Kanuri
509:Kanuri
495:Kanuri
481:Kanuri
478:Kanuri
467:Kanuri
452:Kanuri
420:Uda'en
294:Blench
145:Fulani
63:Status
3389:Sudan
3305:Kenya
2603:Libya
2563:Egypt
2542:Post–
1966:(PDF)
1959:(PDF)
1755:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1569:S2CID
1517:(PDF)
1037:>
934:Mangu
817:Benue
813:Agatu
617:shore
559:shore
520:Mober
506:Manga
492:Koyam
484:Borno
464:Jetko
437:Fulɓe
423:Fulɓe
409:Fulɓe
395:Fulɓe
392:Maare
381:Fulɓe
366:Fulɓe
333:Shuwa
302:Tribe
253:Sahel
236:with
195:burti
187:burti
160:Hausa
111:Hausa
106:Tarok
98:Jukun
94:Berom
90:Adara
3112:Chad
2785:2012
2765:Mali
2478:2023
2447:2023
1936:ISBN
1852:2021
1647:2022
1604:ISSN
1449:Time
1359:2020
1297:ISSN
1269:2018
1030:>
921:and
781:and
764:RUGA
719:and
660:and
575:Tubu
571:Teda
351:Arab
337:Arab
321:Arab
224:and
104:and
42:Date
1747:doi
1596:doi
1559:doi
1174:ODI
658:Jos
212:in
102:Tiv
3651::
2494:.
2468:.
2464:.
2359:.
2264:.
2240:.
2183:.
2150:.
2132:.
2106:.
2081:.
2057:.
2031:.
2013:.
1893:.
1869:.
1840:.
1822:.
1800:.
1775:.
1753:.
1743:86
1741:.
1727:^
1711:.
1681:.
1663:.
1633:.
1610:.
1602:.
1592:96
1590:.
1567:.
1555:93
1553:.
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