268:
20:
417:
750:
174:
and had never confessed
Judaism. Some scholars suggest that the pejorative label of "Judaizers" was given to scare off potential members. Almost all we know about their religious beliefs is found in accounts left by their accusers. This makes it rather difficult to determine the exact beliefs of the
258:
Despite the growing popularity of this religious movement in
Novgorod and Moscow, Ivan III was wary of the fact that it could irreversibly infiltrate broader masses of ordinary people and deprive him of ecclesiastic support in his foreign policy. Indeed, a denial of the Trinity and the divinity of
320:(church council) with the aim "not to debate them, but to burn them". Such councils were held in 1488, 1490, 1494 and 1504. The councils outlawed religious and non-religious books and initiated their burning, sentenced a number of people to death, sent adherents into exile, and
259:
Christ would destroy
Christianity, while the adherents' opposition to the clergy and the secular authorities would have undermined the entire society. This made Ivan III renounce his ideas of secularization and ally with the clergy.
62:
in the second half of the 15th century which marked the beginning of a new era of schism in Russia. Initially popular among high-ranking statesmen and even the royal court, the movement was persecuted by the
353:(secretary) Ivan-Volk Kuritsyn, Dmitry Konoplev and Ivan Maksimov were burnt at the stake. Other adherents were banished, imprisoned, or excommunicated. Feodor Kuritsyn's adherents' club ceased to exist.
328:
Kassian of the Iuriev
Monastery (who had allowed a number of adherents to hide there), Nekras Rukavov (they first tore out his tongue and then burnt him at the stake), a
347:). As soon as Ivan III died in 1505, Yelena and Dmitry were arrested and imprisoned, leaving the adherents vulnerable to attacks from the authorities. In 1504,
873:
143:, the main critic and persecutor of this thought, considered the founder of this religious movement to be a certain Skhariya (also known as Zakhariya or Skara;
223:
himself invited a few prominent adherents to visit the city. The grand prince's behavior could be explained by the fact that he had sympathized with ideas of
763:
316:. After uncovering adherents in Novgorod around 1487, Gennady wrote a series of letters to other churchmen over several years calling on them to convene a
858:
843:
757:
275:
24:
247:. Many of the adherents of the movement had centred around Kuritsyn, who was the Russian diplomat to Hungary at the time. Kuritsyn also authored the
324:
them. In 1491, Skhariya was executed in
Novgorod by the order of Ivan III. More adherents were executed with Gennady's approval, including the
868:
336:
848:
783:
652:
625:
564:
520:
481:
175:
adherents, since the aim of the accusers was to blacken the name of the "sect" and crush it. According to most accounts though, the
853:
313:
878:
688:(London: Macmillan, 1961), 329; David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia",
102:, who appeared in the 14th century, remains conjectural, but highlights the religious situation in Novgorod at the time.
267:
335:
By the end of the 15th century, some of the adherents remained under the protection of Yelena
Stefanovna and her son
863:
19:
156:
295:
78:
44:
211:, who converted from Russian Orthodoxy to Judaism, were considered ideologists of this heretical movement.
587:(2003), 10: 57-75, Cambridge University Press. For more on the origins of the word see Henrik Birnbaum.
231:
division. Thus, the heretics enjoyed the support of some high-ranking officials, statesmen, merchants,
136:
may be loosely translated as "those who follow Jewish traditions" or "those who think like Jews". The
340:
422:
339:, the grandson of Ivan III. However, in 1502 Dmitry was stripped of his title (transferred to
307:
152:
74:
692:
31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32; Andrei
Pliguzov, "Archbishop Gennadii and the Heresy of the 'Judaizers'"
822:
220:
204:
814:
779:
648:
621:
560:
516:
477:
430:
344:
232:
208:
806:
286:
167:
144:
121:
35:
473:
Doubly Chosen: Jewish
Identity, the Soviet Intelligentsia, and the Russian Orthodox Church
394:
282:
244:
159:
in 1470. Zacharia translated a number of Hebrew texts on astronomy, logic and philosophy.
140:
67:
55:
435:
236:
224:
837:
398:
325:
321:
151:). This was Zacharia ben Aharon ha-Cohen, a scholar from Kiev brought to Novgorod by
362:
349:
192:
180:
773:
669:
642:
615:
554:
510:
471:
132:, from Judea, an older Russian term for Jew which is now considered pejorative).
196:
188:
98:
93:
412:
200:
71:
818:
580:
579:
Immonen, Visa. "The stratigraphy of a life: An archaeological dialogue with
416:
382:
207:
of each individual in matters of faith and salvation. The priests Denis and
111:
82:
556:
The West in Russia and China: Religious and
Secular Thought in Modern Times
166:", even though most of Skhariya's followers had been ordinary Russians of
366:
252:
128:), as it is known in the sources, is derived from the Russian word жид (
826:
794:
374:
163:
137:
86:
64:
405:. These groups, however, are not linked to the teaching of Skhariya.
385:. Since the beginning of the 20th century, they have been also called
219:
In the late 15th century, the movement had spread to Moscow. In 1480,
589:
Essays in Early Slavic
Civilization/Studien zur Fruhkultur der Slaven
402:
370:
240:
228:
171:
59:
810:
795:"The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III of Moscow"
203:. The adherents also promoted the idea of "self-authority", or the
329:
266:
184:
18:
251:, which may have used some aspects of Jewish mysticism known as
361:
In the early 19th century, a number of communities appeared in
721:(Moscow: University Typography, 1900), vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 582.
162:
Their nickname arbitrarily presupposed their adherence to "
756:
453:
451:
92:
Some scholars see them as a Russian variant of the pre-
23:
Execution of the Judaizers in 1504, miniature from the
536:
534:
532:
281:
The struggle against the adherents was led by hegumen
300:
49:
644:Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions
470:Kornblatt, Judith Deutsch (20 February 2004).
397:. Now they are generally considered a part of
381:and were persecuted severely in the times of
8:
778:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 93–95.
764:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
239:, heir to the throne), and Ivan's favorite
54:) was a religious movement that emerged in
515:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 320.
276:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
25:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
16:15th–16th-century religious sect in Russia
772:Langer, Lawrence N. (15 September 2021).
705:
668:Fennell, John Lister Illingworth (1962).
457:
775:Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia
476:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 37.
447:
373:, which followed Jewish traditions and
199:of soul. Some adherents also professed
540:
496:
509:Robinson, Michael D. (14 June 2019).
7:
874:Eastern Orthodoxy in medieval Russia
617:The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613
553:Treadgold, Donald W. (24 May 1973).
614:Crummey, Robert O. (6 June 2014).
14:
859:Jewish Russian and Soviet history
844:New religious movements in Russia
748:
641:Patai, Raphael (26 March 2015).
415:
696:16(3/4) December 1992: 269-288.
343:, the son of Ivan III and
170:faith and low-ranking Orthodox
869:15th-century Eastern Orthodoxy
690:The Journal of Popular Culture
314:Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod
1:
512:Christianity: A Brief History
849:Nontrinitarian denominations
312:'Josephinians') and
274:of 1490, miniature from the
96:era. Any filiation with the
301:
195:hierarchy, ceremonies, and
50:
895:
793:Vernadsky, George (1933).
647:. Routledge. p. 453.
620:. Routledge. p. 126.
559:. CUP Archive. p. 5.
109:
77:. Several councils of the
730:Golubinskii, Ist. Russk.
694:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
674:. Macmillan. p. 325.
393:, a neutral term for the
332:monk Zakhar and others.
290:
227:and the struggle against
183:and the divine status of
148:
125:
51:yeres zhidovstvuyushchikh
39:
854:Christianity and Judaism
719:Istoriia Russkoi Tserkvi
686:Ivan the Great of Moscow
671:Ivan the Great of Moscow
591:W. Fink, 1981. pp 26-36.
585:Archaeological Dialogues
377:. They were also called
157:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
734:, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 582
106:Terminology and beliefs
79:Russian Orthodox Church
32:Heresy of the Judaizers
879:15th century in Russia
401:and some of them have
278:
149:Схария, Захария, Скара
27:
758:"Жидовствующие"
270:
22:
684:John I. L. Fennell,
403:immigrated to Israel
81:later condemned the
767:(in Russian). 1906.
717:E. E. Golubinskii,
423:Christianity portal
357:19th-century groups
285:and his followers (
153:Mikhailo Olelkovich
118:zhidovstvuyushchiye
75:Gennady of Novgorod
40:ересь жидовствующих
379:zhidovstvuyuschiye
279:
205:self-determination
177:Belief of Skhariya
134:Zhidovstvuyuschiye
28:
864:Novgorod Republic
785:978-1-5381-1942-6
654:978-1-317-47171-4
627:978-1-317-87200-9
566:978-0-521-08552-6
522:978-1-5326-1831-4
499:, pp. 93–95.
483:978-0-299-19483-3
431:Jewish Christians
345:Sophia Paleologue
311:
299:
249:Laodicean Epistle
233:Yelena Stefanovna
48:
886:
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387:iudeystvuyuschie
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168:Russian Orthodox
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53:
43:
41:
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602:Medieval Russia
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395:Jewish religion
359:
283:Joseph Volotsky
265:
245:Fyodor Kuritsyn
217:
141:Joseph Volotsky
114:
108:
68:Joseph Volotsky
17:
12:
11:
5:
892:
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882:
881:
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831:
805:(4): 436–454.
790:
784:
769:
743:
740:
737:
736:
723:
710:
708:, p. 439.
706:Vernadsky 1933
698:
677:
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653:
633:
626:
606:
600:Janet Martin,
593:
572:
565:
545:
528:
521:
501:
489:
482:
462:
458:Vernadsky 1933
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
436:Non-possessors
433:
427:
426:
410:
407:
358:
355:
322:excommunicated
264:
261:
243:and diplomat,
237:Ivan the Young
225:secularization
216:
213:
179:renounced the
107:
104:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
891:
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558:
557:
549:
546:
543:, p. 96.
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399:Jewish people
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326:archimandrite
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221:Ivan III
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126:жидовствующие
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742:Bibliography
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218:
193:ecclesiastic
181:Holy Trinity
176:
161:
133:
129:
117:
115:
97:
91:
31:
29:
541:Langer 2021
497:Langer 2021
263:Persecution
197:immortality
189:monasticism
99:strigolniki
94:Reformation
838:Categories
442:References
383:Nicholas I
341:Vasili III
302:iosiflyane
201:iconoclasm
110:See also:
72:archbishop
58:and later
819:0038-7134
581:Leo Klejn
391:iudeystvo
296:romanized
291:иосифляне
235:(wife of
155:from the
116:The term
112:Judaizers
83:Judaizers
45:romanized
799:Speculum
604:, p. 290
409:See also
367:Voronezh
330:Pskovian
253:Kabbalah
87:heretics
70:and the
56:Novgorod
827:2855886
389:, from
375:halacha
310:
298::
287:Russian
215:History
209:Aleksei
164:Judaism
145:Russian
138:hegumen
122:Russian
65:hegumen
47::
36:Russian
825:
817:
782:
753:
651:
624:
563:
519:
480:
371:Tambov
337:Dmitry
241:deacon
229:feudal
172:clergy
60:Moscow
823:JSTOR
732:Tserk
318:sobor
272:Sobor
185:Jesus
815:ISSN
780:ISBN
649:ISBN
622:ISBN
561:ISBN
517:ISBN
478:ISBN
369:and
363:Tula
350:diak
308:lit.
130:zhid
30:The
807:doi
583:."
85:as
840::
821:.
813:.
801:.
797:.
761:.
531:^
450:^
365:,
305:,
293:,
289::
255:.
191:,
187:,
147::
124::
89:.
42:,
38::
829:.
809::
803:8
788:.
657:.
630:.
569:.
525:.
486:.
460:.
120:(
34:(
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