819:
50:
3716:
674:
3764:
939:
3788:
3740:
57:
3776:
978:
3752:
811:
801:
across. μ Cephei was used as one of the original "dagger stars", those with well-defined spectra that could be used for the classification of other stars, for MK spectral classifications. In 1943 it was the standard star for M2 Ia, updated in 1980 to be the standard star for the new type
2727:
De Beck, E.; Decin, L.; de Koter, A.; Justtanont, K.; Verhoelst, T.; Kemper, F.; Menten, K. M. M. (November 2010). "Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles - II. CO line survey of evolved stars: derivation of mass-loss rate formulae".
2434:
Mozurkewich, D.; Armstrong, J. T.; Hindsley, R. B.; Quirrenbach, A.; Hummel, C. A.; Hutter, D. J.; Johnston, K. J.; Hajian, A. R.; Elias, Nicholas M.; Buscher, D. F.; Simon, R. S. (2003). "Angular
Diameters of Stars from the Mark III Optical Interferometer".
685:
1349:
before their cores collapse, and Mu Cephei appears to be massive enough for this to happen. A post-red supergiant will produce a type IIn or type II-b supernova, while a Wolf Rayet star will produce a type Ib or Ic supernova.
2789:
Meynet, G.; Chomienne, V.; Ekström, S.; Georgy, C.; Granada, A.; Groh, J.; Maeder, A.; Eggenberger, P.; Levesque, E.; Massey, P. (2015). "Impact of mass-loss on the evolution and pre-supernova properties of red supergiants".
2058:; Philip Massey; K. A. G. Olsen; Bertrand Plez; Eric Josselin; Andre Maeder & Georges Meynet (2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not As Cool As We Thought".
969:
of type SRc. Its apparent brightness varies erratically between magnitude 3.4 and 5.1. Many different periods have been reported, but they are consistently near 860 days or 4,400 days.
915:
observations suggest the presence of a wide ring of dust and water with an inner radius about twice that of the star itself, extending to about four times the radius of the star.
688:
692:
691:
687:
686:
693:
1563:
Shenoy, Dinesh; Humphreys, Roberta M; Terry Jay Jones; Marengo, Massimo; Gehrz, Robert D; Andrew Helton, L; Hoffmann, William F; Skemer, Andrew J; Hinz, Philip M (2015).
2984:
2238:
2872:
473:
1920:
Montargès, M.; Homan, W.; Keller, D.; Clementel, N.; Shetye, S.; Decin, L.; Harper, G. M.; Royer, P.; Winters, J. M.; Le Bertre, T.; Richards, A. M. S. (2019).
1167:. Other recent publications give similar effective temperatures. Calculation of the luminosity from a visual and infrared colour relation give 340,000
690:
1329:
and the star is destroyed, leaving behind a vast gaseous cloud and a small, dense remnant. For a star as massive as Mu Cephei the remnant is likely to be a
926:. This indicates an age of about 2,000–3,000 years for the shell. Closer to the star, this material shows a pronounced asymmetry, which may be shaped as a
2361:
Praecipuarum
Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediae Ineunte Saeculo XIX: ex Observationibus Habitis in Specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1813
2340:
Præcipuarum
Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediæ Ineunte Seculo XIX: ex Observationibus Habitis in Specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1802
1769:
Famaey, B.; et al. (2005). "Local kinematics of K and M giants from CORAVEL/Hipparcos/Tycho-2 data. Revisiting the concept of superclusters".
3846:
3856:
2977:
2369:
550:
2507:
Perrin, G.; et al. (2005). "Study of molecular layers in the atmosphere of the supergiant star μ Cep by interferometry in the K band".
1420:
1531:
Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data
Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)".
3821:
2236:
Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (January 2011), "A catalogue of young runaway
Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun",
1565:"Searching for Cool Dust in the Mid-to-Far Infrared: The Mass Loss Histories of the Hypergiants μ Cep, VY CMa, IRC+10420, and ρ Cas"
887:
Mu Cephei is surrounded by a shell extending out to a distance at least equal to 0.33 times the star's radius with a temperature of
689:
3861:
3831:
3719:
2970:
3841:
2560:
Tsuji, Takashi (2000). "Water in
Emission in the Infrared Space Observatory Spectrum of the Early M Supergiant Star μ Cephei".
81:
818:
2359:
852:. However, this value is close to the margin of error. A determination of the distance based upon a size comparison with
3866:
3009:
1135:
867:
Calculation of the distance from the measured angular diameter, surface brightness, and calculated luminosity leads to
761:
2338:
3876:
3816:
3811:
3389:
1668:
Shenavrin, V. I.; Taranova, O. G.; Nadzhip, A. E. (2011). "Search for and study of hot circumstellar dust envelopes".
1146:
1838:
3851:
3730:
3599:
2295:
1469:
1434:
729:
3189:
1825:
1325:
into helium. When a supergiant star has converted elements in its core to iron, the core collapses to produce a
641:
538:
205:
3004:
1879:
918:
The star is surrounded by a spherical shell of ejected material that extends outward to an angular distance of
1625:
Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989). "The
Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars".
1100:
A very luminous red supergiant, Mu Cephei is among the largest stars visible to the naked eye, and one of the
3629:
2993:
622:
96:
2115:
1358:
There are several faint stars within two arc-minutes of Mu Cephei, and listed in multiple star catalogues.
814:
Mu Cephei (circled) as can be seen in binoculars. The bright star on the right is Alpha Cephei (Alderamin).
3836:
3826:
3355:
2310:
1342:
534:
164:
2180:
Josselin, E.; Plez, B. (2007). "Atmospheric dynamics and the mass loss process in red supergiant stars".
1501:
Nicolet, B. (October 1978). "Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system".
3455:
3297:
3134:
1150:
1131:
1101:
645:
583:
542:
481:
3871:
2809:
2747:
2677:
2626:
2579:
2526:
2487:
2444:
2416:
2257:
2199:
2137:
2077:
2011:
1943:
1857:
1788:
1727:
1677:
1634:
1586:
1540:
1510:
1478:
1338:
966:
308:
760:
discovered that Mu Cephei was variable. This variability was quickly confirmed by German astronomer
3792:
1334:
872:
768:
546:
2320:
3780:
3768:
2825:
2799:
2771:
2737:
2695:
2667:
2595:
2569:
2542:
2516:
2460:
2275:
2247:
2215:
2189:
2127:
2114:
Ariste, A. López; Wavasseur, M.; Mathias, Ph; Lèbre, A.; Tessore, B.; Georgiev, S. (2023-02-01).
2093:
2067:
2029:
2001:
1961:
1933:
1847:
1804:
1778:
1751:
1693:
1650:
1604:
1576:
1377:
962:
943:
351:
128:
2847:
2478:
Garrison, R. F. (December 1993), "Anchor Points for the MK System of
Spectral Classification",
3028:
2763:
2656:"Variability in red supergiant stars: Pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise"
2365:
2153:
1988:"The 'red supergiant problem': the upper luminosity boundary of Type II supernova progenitors"
1743:
1260:
1109:
757:
571:
530:
496:
148:
74:
3744:
3399:
2862:
2817:
2813:
2755:
2751:
2685:
2634:
2587:
2534:
2530:
2452:
2265:
2207:
2203:
2145:
2141:
2085:
2019:
1951:
1895:
1867:
1862:
1796:
1792:
1735:
1685:
1642:
1594:
1514:
1482:
1444:
1119:
1093:
996:
908:
702:
678:
634:
448:
292:
2407:
Brelstaff, T.; Lloyd, C.; Markham, T.; McAdam, D. (June 1997). "The periods of MU Cephei".
1259:
The initial mass of Mu Cephei has been estimated from its position relative to theoretical
49:
17:
3594:
3425:
3178:
1367:
1346:
896:
749:
717:
461:
224:
104:
2393:: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geunthner / Les Cahiers de l'Orient. p. 156, note 267.
2944:
2681:
2630:
2583:
2491:
2448:
2420:
2314:
2261:
2081:
2015:
1947:
1731:
1681:
1638:
1590:
1544:
3109:
3056:
2055:
1307:
1124:
871:. Averaging the distances of nearby luminous stars with similar reddening and reliable
841:
797:
787:
733:
721:
611:
521:
300:
280:
260:
153:
764:. Almost continual records of the star's variability have been maintained since 1881.
3805:
3694:
3086:
2690:
2655:
2279:
2270:
2033:
1965:
1697:
1654:
1608:
1599:
1564:
1318:
1055:
958:
919:
706:
619:
241:
200:
91:
2829:
2775:
2599:
2546:
2464:
2219:
2097:
1808:
637:
of this star has served as a spectral standard by which other stars are classified.
3756:
3604:
3444:
3081:
3071:
3051:
3046:
3036:
2699:
1105:
986:
649:
415:
381:
2887:
2821:
2759:
2713:
2149:
1872:
1829:
673:
3689:
2538:
2211:
1800:
1533:
VizieR On-line Data
Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S
1205:
in 2010 based on the star's effective temperature of 3660 K and the 111,200
3614:
3473:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3124:
3119:
3076:
3061:
3041:
2925:
1372:
1184:
946:
737:
190:
179:
117:
56:
712:". It is thus commonly known as Herschel's "Garnet Star". Mu Cephei was called
3430:
3384:
3066:
1689:
1330:
1290:
1085:
1080:
938:
853:
782:
615:
428:
388:
315:
212:
157:
2767:
2157:
1747:
3699:
3524:
3417:
3368:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3197:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3114:
3104:
3099:
2024:
1987:
1439:
1326:
1181:. An estimate made based on its angular diameter and an assumed distance of
1089:
1068:
1063:
831:
31:
2962:
1956:
1921:
1256:. These parameters are all consistent with those estimated for Betelgeuse.
3668:
3663:
3658:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3310:
3305:
3272:
3257:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3147:
3142:
2672:
2574:
2521:
2072:
1783:
1467:
Perryman, M. A. C.; et al. (April 1997). "The HIPPARCOS Catalogue".
1322:
1160:, determined from colour index relations, implies a radius of 1,259
1059:
1038:
912:
657:), and were it placed in the Sun's position it would engulf the orbit of
510:
1755:
1715:
3684:
3609:
3463:
3345:
3325:
3315:
2344:
1076:
1034:
1029:
1017:
982:
977:
848:
823:
662:
630:
84:
77:
3643:
3553:
3538:
3394:
2867:
1922:"NOEMA maps the CO J = 2 − 1 environment of the red supergiant μ Cep"
1883:
1314:
1310:
1156:
1051:
1046:
1025:
1021:
626:
565:
488:
401:
342:
810:
640:
Mu Cephei is more than 100,000 times brighter than the Sun, with an
3751:
2906:
2639:
2614:
2591:
2456:
2132:
2089:
2006:
1938:
1852:
1739:
1646:
1581:
705:, who described it as "a very fine deep garnet colour, such as the
3624:
3619:
2804:
2742:
2390:
2252:
2194:
1992:
1134:, summed over all wavelengths, is calculated from integrating the
1072:
1013:
1008:
1004:
990:
976:
937:
927:
900:
817:
809:
683:
672:
3363:
3019:
1000:
709:
697:
Zooming to the μ Cep (Garnet star) in the constellation
Cepheus.
658:
284:
264:
2966:
2615:"Water on the Early M Supergiant Stars α Orionis and μ Cephei"
1834:
Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties"
1227:
distance gives the star a lower luminosity below 140,000
1042:
895:. This outer shell appears to contain molecular gases such as
2116:"The height of convective plumes in the red supergiant μ Cep"
1716:"Some Characteristics of the Young Open Cluster Trumpler 37"
771:. One of the most recent measurements gives a diameter of
648:
with a radius around or over 1,000 times that of the sun (
2293:
Herschel, W. (1783). "Stars newly come to be visible".
1720:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
830:
The distance to Mu Cephei is not very well known. The
3728:
2848:"3D rendering of Mu Cephei's dust shell environment"
742:
3677:
3651:
3642:
3587:
3546:
3537:
3517:
3454:
3443:
3416:
3377:
3354:
3296:
3188:
3133:
3027:
3018:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
767:The angular diameter of μ Cephei has been measured
2654:Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, G. M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006).
2387:Héritages arabes: Des noms arabes pour les étoiles
1828:; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018).
2660:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2239:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2231:
2229:
1926:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2402:
2400:
1896:Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)
845:, which corresponds to an estimated distance of
826:and OIII wavelengths (north is towards top left)
822:Mu Cephei and surrounding nebulosity, imaged at
27:Red supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus
2502:
2500:
2409:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
961:and the prototype of the obsolete class of the
1503:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series
2978:
2873:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg
2480:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1620:
1618:
1277:. The star currently has a mass loss rate of
1198:The radius has been estimated to be 830
981:(July 2008, outdated). Relative sizes of the
701:The deep red color of Mu Cephei was noted by
8:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1714:Garrison, Robert F.; Kormendy, John (1976).
1462:
1460:
1306:Mu Cephei is nearing death. It has begun to
834:satellite was used to measure a parallax of
122:+58° 46′ 48.166″
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1986:Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (March 2020).
1496:
1494:
1492:
3648:
3543:
3451:
3413:
3024:
2985:
2971:
2963:
2930:Matt Ben Daniel: Starmatt Astrophotography
2911:AAVSO: Variable Star of the Season Archive
1709:
1707:
2803:
2741:
2689:
2671:
2638:
2573:
2520:
2269:
2251:
2193:
2131:
2109:
2107:
2071:
2023:
2005:
1955:
1937:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1782:
1598:
1580:
1174:and a corresponding radius of 1,420
2949:Jumk.de Webprojects: Big and Giant Stars
1360:
1248:, and as well as a lower temperature of
3735:
1627:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
1456:
1414:+58° 47′ 08″
1396:+58° 46′ 45″
1149:red supergiants in the Milky Way. Its
248:
1526:
1524:
1234:and a correspondingly lower radius of
1215:A 2019 paper measurement based on the
949:for Mu Cephei, adapted from Brelstaff
629:red and is located at the edge of the
36:
1820:
1818:
1558:
1556:
1554:
748:
7:
736:, is probably due to confusion with
80:
268:
2316:Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning
314:2,090 – 3,060
25:
2562:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3715:
3714:
2691:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x
2389:(2 revue et corrigée ed.).
2271:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x
1188:gives it a radius of 1,650
529:Erakis, Herschel's Garnet Star,
55:
48:
1880:Gaia DR2 record for this source
1404:
1386:
965:. It is now considered to be a
875:parallaxes gives a distance of
644:of −7.6. It is also one of the
3847:Henry Draper Catalogue objects
1123:, and has been described as a
922:with an expansion velocity of
740:, which was previously called
1:
3857:Bright Star Catalogue objects
1263:tracks to be between 15
1145:, making μ Cephei one of the
3010:Cepheus in Chinese astronomy
2792:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2730:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2509:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2120:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1839:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1136:spectral energy distribution
762:Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander
756:In 1848, English astronomer
2822:10.1051/0004-6361/201424671
2760:10.1051/0004-6361/200913771
2150:10.1051/0004-6361/202244285
1873:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051
1406:μ Cep C (CCDM J21435+5847C)
1388:μ Cep B (CCDM J21435+5847B)
743:
299:0.55 ± 0.20
66:Location of μ Cep (circled)
18:Herschel's Garnet Star
3893:
3822:Semiregular variable stars
2539:10.1051/0004-6361:20042313
2319:. G. E. Stechert. p.
2296:Philosophical Transactions
2212:10.1051/0004-6361:20066353
2182:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1801:10.1051/0004-6361:20041272
1771:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1600:10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/51
1470:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1435:List of most massive stars
1104:cool supergiants. It is a
29:
3712:
3412:
3000:
2888:"GARNET STAR (Mu Cephei)"
2619:The Astrophysical Journal
2060:The Astrophysical Journal
1690:10.1134/S1063772911010070
1363:
1138:(SED) to be 269,000
642:absolute visual magnitude
633:nebula. Since 1943, the
558:
527:
520:
516:
375:
370:
366:
218:
211:
142:
71:
42:
3005:List of stars in Cepheus
2994:Constellation of Cepheus
2437:The Astronomical Journal
2364:. Panormi. p. 159.
2358:Piazzi, G., ed. (1814).
2337:Piazzi, G., ed. (1803).
1569:The Astronomical Journal
30:Not to be confused with
3862:Stars with proper names
3832:Cepheus (constellation)
3600:Elephant's Trunk Nebula
2814:2015A&A...575A..60M
2752:2010A&A...523A..18D
2714:"Jim Kaler-Garnet star"
2531:2005A&A...436..317P
2204:2007A&A...469..671J
2142:2023A&A...670A..62L
1863:2018A&A...616A...1G
1793:2005A&A...430..165F
1515:1978A&AS...34....1N
1483:1997A&A...323L..49P
1343:Luminous blue variables
989:and several well-known
724:. An alternative name,
352:Absolute magnitude
149:Evolutionary stage
129:Apparent magnitude
3842:Durchmusterung objects
3630:SSTGFLS J222557+601148
2325:editions:CmkItwtawcMC.
1097:
993:, including Mu Cephei.
954:
827:
815:
698:
681:
600:Herschel's Garnet Star
414:or 1,259 – 1,420
2385:Laffitte, R. (2005).
2025:10.1093/mnras/staa174
1212:luminosity estimate.
1151:effective temperature
1132:bolometric luminosity
980:
941:
856:gives an estimate of
821:
813:
696:
676:
3426:γ Cephei Ab (Tadmor)
1957:10.1093/mnras/stz397
1383:Database references
1337:will evolve back to
1333:. The most massive
1261:stellar evolutionary
1088:< Mu Cephei <
967:semiregular variable
3867:Emission-line stars
2682:2006MNRAS.372.1721K
2631:2000ApJ...538..801T
2584:2000ApJ...540L..99T
2492:1993AAS...183.1710G
2449:2003AJ....126.2502M
2421:1997JBAA..107..135B
2262:2011MNRAS.410..190T
2082:2005ApJ...628..973L
2016:2020MNRAS.493..468D
1948:2019MNRAS.485.2417M
1732:1976PASP...88..865G
1682:2011ARep...55...31S
1639:1989ApJS...71..245K
1591:2016AJ....151...51S
1545:2009yCat....102025S
963:Mu Cephei variables
873:Gaia Data Release 2
769:interferometrically
750:[arˈraːqis]
646:largest known stars
559:Database references
445:(135,000 – 340,000)
39:
3877:Population I stars
3817:M-type hypergiants
3812:M-type supergiants
2613:Tsuji, T. (2000).
1378:Apparent magnitude
1098:
955:
828:
816:
699:
682:
522:Other designations
201:Variable type
165:Spectral type
37:
3852:Hipparcos objects
3726:
3725:
3708:
3707:
3638:
3637:
3533:
3532:
3439:
3438:
3408:
3407:
2371:978-1-02-230635-6
2056:Emily M. Levesque
1670:Astronomy Reports
1426:
1425:
1110:peculiar velocity
758:John Russell Hind
694:
677:1785 portrait of
598:), also known as
577:
576:
16:(Redirected from
3884:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3717:
3649:
3544:
3452:
3414:
3025:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2892:Jim Kaler: Stars
2883:
2881:
2879:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2834:
2833:
2807:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2745:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2675:
2673:astro-ph/0608438
2666:(4): 1721–1734.
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2577:
2575:astro-ph/0008058
2557:
2551:
2550:
2524:
2522:astro-ph/0502415
2504:
2495:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2255:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2197:
2177:
2162:
2161:
2135:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2075:
2073:astro-ph/0504337
2051:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2009:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1941:
1932:(2): 2417–2430.
1917:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1786:
1784:astro-ph/0409579
1766:
1760:
1759:
1726:(526): 865–869.
1711:
1702:
1701:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1584:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1464:
1445:VY Canis Majoris
1411:
1393:
1361:
1347:Wolf-Rayet stars
1339:blue supergiants
1288:
1286:
1282:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1187:
1159:
1122:
1117:
1094:VY Canis Majoris
925:
894:
892:
878:
870:
863:
862:140 parsecs
861:
851:
844:
839:
800:
795:
786:, modelled as a
785:
778:
776:
752:
746:
703:William Herschel
695:
679:William Herschel
508:
506:
446:
443:
442:
441:
413:
411:
340:
339:
338:
329:
328:
327:
278:
276:
270:
258:
256:
250:
235:+20.63 km/s
172:
143:Characteristics
138:
132:
112:
107:
72:Observation data
59:
52:
40:
21:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3704:
3673:
3634:
3595:Seahorse Nebula
3583:
3529:
3513:
3446:
3435:
3404:
3400:IRAS 23077+6707
3373:
3350:
3292:
3184:
3129:
3014:
2996:
2991:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2054:
2052:
2041:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1919:
1918:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1826:Brown, A. G. A.
1824:
1823:
1816:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1431:
1409:
1391:
1368:Right ascension
1356:
1335:red supergiants
1304:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1115:
1113:
1083:
1066:
1049:
1032:
1011:
994:
975:
957:Mu Cephei is a
936:
923:
904:
890:
888:
885:
876:
868:
859:
857:
846:
837:
835:
808:
793:
791:
780:
774:
772:
718:Giuseppe Piazzi
707:periodical star
684:
671:
655:
652:
554:
504:
502:
462:Surface gravity
454:
451:
444:
439:
437:
436:
434:
421:
418:
409:
407:
394:
391:
357:
336:
334:
333:
331:
325:
323:
322:
320:
318:
274:
272:
267:
254:
252:
230:
225:Radial velocity
170:
136:
127:
110:
105:Right ascension
103:
73:
67:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:WISE 0313+7807
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2941:
2922:
2903:
2884:
2859:
2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2836:
2835:
2781:
2719:
2705:
2646:
2640:10.1086/309185
2625:(2): 801–807.
2605:
2592:10.1086/312879
2552:
2515:(1): 317–324.
2496:
2470:
2457:10.1086/378596
2426:
2415:(3): 135–140.
2396:
2377:
2370:
2350:
2329:
2302:
2285:
2246:(1): 190–200,
2225:
2188:(2): 671–680.
2163:
2103:
2090:10.1086/430901
2066:(2): 973–985.
2039:
2000:(1): 468–476.
1971:
1899:
1888:
1814:
1777:(1): 165–186.
1761:
1740:10.1086/130037
1703:
1660:
1647:10.1086/191373
1614:
1550:
1520:
1488:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1244:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1142:
1139:
974:
971:
935:
932:
902:
884:
881:
807:
804:
777:0.435 mas
734:star catalogue
730:Antonín Bečvář
670:
667:
653:
650:
612:red supergiant
590:, abbreviated
575:
574:
569:
561:
560:
556:
555:
549: 107259,
537: 206936,
528:
525:
524:
518:
517:
514:
513:
500:
492:
491:
485:
477:
476:
470:
457:
456:
452:
449:
432:
424:
423:
419:
416:
405:
397:
396:
392:
389:
385:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
355:
347:
346:
312:
304:
303:
297:
288:
287:
246:
237:
236:
233:
228:
220:
219:
216:
215:
209:
208:
203:
197:
196:
193:
186:
185:
182:
175:
174:
167:
161:
160:
154:Red supergiant
151:
145:
144:
140:
139:
133:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
108:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
69:
68:
54:
53:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3889:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Bayer objects
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Runaway stars
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3736:
3732:
3721:
3711:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:(Garnet Star)
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:α (Alderamin)
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2950:
2946:
2945:"Garnet Star"
2942:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2568:(2): 99–102.
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
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1319:main sequence
1316:
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1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
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1257:
1213:
1196:
1186:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1147:most luminous
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
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1111:
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1103:
1102:largest known
1095:
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1074:
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1057:
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959:variable star
952:
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906:
898:
882:
880:
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865:
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843:
833:
825:
820:
812:
805:
803:
802:M2- Ia.
799:
789:
788:limb-darkened
784:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
751:
747:
745:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
704:
680:
675:
668:
666:
664:
660:
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632:
628:
625:. It appears
624:
621:
620:constellation
617:
613:
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266:
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247:
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242:Proper motion
239:
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119:
116:
115:
111:21 43 30.4609
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
95:
93:
92:Constellation
90:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
70:
58:
51:
41:
33:
19:
3798:
3793:Solar System
3695:NVSS 2146+82
3605:Ghost Nebula
3177:
3093:
3091:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:
2914:. Retrieved
2910:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:
2876:. Retrieved
2866:
2851:. Retrieved
2795:
2791:
2784:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2512:
2508:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2412:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2315:
2311:Allen, R. H.
2305:
2294:
2288:
2243:
2237:
2185:
2181:
2123:
2119:
2063:
2059:
1997:
1991:
1929:
1925:
1891:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1723:
1719:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1630:
1626:
1572:
1568:
1536:
1532:
1506:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1357:
1317:, whereas a
1305:
1270:and 25
1258:
1214:
1197:
1129:
1106:runaway star
1099:
987:Solar System
956:
950:
917:
886:
883:Surroundings
866:
829:
766:
755:
741:
725:
714:Garnet sidus
713:
700:
639:
618:star in the
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
578:
564:
541: 8316,
495:
480:
465:
460:
427:
400:
380:
350:
307:
291:
240:
223:
137:(3.43 - 5.1)
3872:TIC objects
3781:Outer space
3769:Spaceflight
3615:Iris Nebula
2954:15 December
2935:15 December
2916:15 December
2907:"Mu Cephei"
2897:15 December
2878:15 December
2798:(60): A60.
2443:(5): 2502.
2053:Table 4 in
1477:: L49–L52.
1373:Declination
1321:star fuses
1185:light years
1183:2,400
1155:3,750
947:light curve
944:visual band
934:Variability
877:940 pc
869:641 pc
847:1,800
796:0.480
753:in Arabic.
738:Mu Draconis
487:3,750
482:Temperature
472:–0.36
191:color index
180:color index
118:Declination
3806:Categories
3690:S5 0014+81
3431:TOI-1431 b
3418:Exoplanets
3385:Gliese 809
3105:ξ (Kurhah)
3042:β (Alfirk)
2133:2301.01326
2007:2001.06020
1939:1903.07129
1853:1804.09365
1582:1512.01529
1539:: B/gcvs.
1451:References
1410:21 43 25.6
1392:21 43 27.8
1354:Components
1331:black hole
1298:per year.
1254:136 K
1125:hypergiant
1118:17.7
1086:Betelgeuse
1081:Betelgeuse
973:Properties
854:Betelgeuse
840:0.20
728:, used in
616:hypergiant
545:+58°2316,
464:(log
429:Luminosity
213:Astrometry
158:hypergiant
3745:Astronomy
3700:UGC 11861
3525:Palomar 1
3135:Flamsteed
3047:γ (Errai)
2926:"IC 1396"
2863:"mu. Cep"
2805:1410.8721
2768:0004-6361
2743:1008.1083
2280:118629873
2253:1007.4883
2195:0705.0266
2158:0004-6361
2034:210714093
1966:119423161
1748:0004-6280
1698:122700080
1676:(1): 31.
1655:123149047
1609:119281306
1575:(3): 51.
1440:VV Cephei
1327:supernova
1302:Supernova
1240:228
1090:VV Cephei
1069:Aldebaran
1064:Aldebaran
893:25 K
832:Hipparcos
781:800
722:catalogue
608:HD 206936
584:Latinized
580:Mu Cephei
173:(M2 Ia+)
131: (V)
38:μ Cephei
32:MY Cephei
3720:Category
3644:Galaxies
3579:NGC 7822
3574:NGC 7538
3569:NGC 7354
3564:NGC 7139
3559:NGC 7129
3447:clusters
3190:Variable
2853:June 25,
2830:38736311
2776:16131273
2600:14881959
2547:13980310
2486:: 1319,
2465:67789347
2313:(1899).
2220:17789027
2098:15109583
1809:17804304
1756:40676037
1509:: 1–49.
1429:See also
1323:hydrogen
1295:☉
1275:☉
1268:☉
1245:☉
1232:☉
1225: pc
1210:☉
1203:☉
1193:☉
1179:☉
1172:☉
1165:☉
1143:☉
1060:Arcturus
1039:Wolf 359
913:Infrared
806:Distance
744:al-Rāqis
654:☉
635:spectrum
588:μ Cephei
453:☉
438:+111,000
420:☉
393:☉
387:25
354: (M
309:Distance
293:Parallax
171:(M2e Ia)
3731:Portals
3685:3C 61.1
3610:IC 1396
3539:Nebulae
2810:Bibcode
2748:Bibcode
2736:: A18.
2700:5203133
2678:Bibcode
2627:Bibcode
2580:Bibcode
2527:Bibcode
2488:Bibcode
2445:Bibcode
2417:Bibcode
2345:Panormi
2258:Bibcode
2200:Bibcode
2138:Bibcode
2126:: A62.
2078:Bibcode
2012:Bibcode
1944:Bibcode
1858:Bibcode
1789:Bibcode
1728:Bibcode
1678:Bibcode
1635:Bibcode
1633:: 245.
1587:Bibcode
1541:Bibcode
1511:Bibcode
1479:Bibcode
1108:with a
1092:A <
1077:Antares
1035:Jupiter
1030:Jupiter
1018:Neptune
997:Mercury
985:in the
983:planets
924:10 km s
849:parsecs
824:H-alpha
720:in his
669:History
663:Jupiter
631:IC 1396
623:Cepheus
610:, is a
440:−40,000
435:269,000
371:Details
97:Cepheus
85:J2000.0
82:Equinox
78:J2000.0
3554:NGC 40
3395:WR 156
3369:204521
2868:SIMBAD
2828:
2774:
2766:
2698:
2598:
2545:
2463:
2368:
2299:: 257.
2278:
2218:
2156:
2096:
2032:
1964:
1884:VizieR
1846:. A1.
1807:
1754:
1746:
1696:
1653:
1607:
1421:Simbad
1315:carbon
1311:helium
1289:
1056:Pollux
1052:Sirius
1047:Sirius
1026:Saturn
1022:Uranus
953:(1997)
951:et al.
907:, and
792:20.584
773:18.672
726:Erakis
710:ο Ceti
627:garnet
604:Erakis
592:Mu Cep
566:SIMBAD
553:33693
509:
447:
402:Radius
341:
279:
273:−5.941
271:
259:
251:
195:+2.35
184:+2.42
169:M2-Ia
135:+4.08
3757:Stars
3678:Other
3625:S 155
3620:L1157
3588:Other
3518:Other
3378:Other
3179:2 UMi
3029:Bayer
3020:Stars
2826:S2CID
2800:arXiv
2772:S2CID
2738:arXiv
2696:S2CID
2668:arXiv
2596:S2CID
2570:arXiv
2543:S2CID
2517:arXiv
2461:S2CID
2391:Paris
2276:S2CID
2248:arXiv
2216:S2CID
2190:arXiv
2128:arXiv
2094:S2CID
2068:arXiv
2030:S2CID
2002:arXiv
1993:MNRAS
1962:S2CID
1934:arXiv
1878:
1848:arXiv
1805:S2CID
1779:arXiv
1752:JSTOR
1694:S2CID
1651:S2CID
1605:S2CID
1577:arXiv
1345:, or
1313:into
1250:3,551
1079:<
1075:<
1073:Rigel
1071:<
1062:<
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1024:<
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1016:<
1014:Earth
1009:Earth
1007:<
1005:Venus
1003:<
999:<
991:stars
928:torus
889:2,055
790:disk
606:, or
596:μ Cep
586:from
531:μ Cep
362:–7.63
277:0.922
269:Dec.:
257:0.884
253:2.740
75:Epoch
3669:6952
3664:2300
3659:2276
3509:7510
3504:7429
3499:7419
3494:7380
3489:7160
3484:7142
3479:7129
3474:7023
3469:6939
3445:Star
3346:9038
3341:8938
3336:8748
3331:8702
3326:8442
3321:8281
3316:7955
3288:V419
3283:V381
3278:V354
2956:2013
2937:2013
2918:2013
2899:2013
2880:2013
2855:2024
2764:ISSN
2366:ISBN
2154:ISSN
1832:Gaia
1744:ISSN
1417:12.7
1399:12.3
1364:NAME
1308:fuse
1283:1.0)
1279:(4.9
1222:−144
1220:+148
1130:The
1120:km/s
1114:80.7
1001:Mars
836:0.55
661:and
659:Mars
572:data
503:10.0
382:Mass
335:+140
326:−144
324:+148
189:B−V
178:U−B
3652:NGC
3547:NGC
3464:188
3456:NGC
3311:881
3306:597
2818:doi
2796:575
2756:doi
2734:523
2686:doi
2664:372
2635:doi
2623:538
2588:doi
2566:540
2535:doi
2513:436
2453:doi
2441:126
2413:107
2321:158
2266:doi
2244:410
2208:doi
2186:469
2146:doi
2124:670
2086:doi
2064:628
2020:doi
1998:493
1952:doi
1930:485
1882:at
1868:doi
1844:616
1797:doi
1775:430
1736:doi
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1643:doi
1595:doi
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614:or
594:or
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547:HIP
511:Myr
507:0.1
497:Age
474:cgs
412:228
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337:−40
332:940
321:641
301:mas
295:(π)
281:mas
261:mas
249:RA:
244:(μ)
206:SRc
156:or
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3356:HD
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