648:... impressed me deeply by his ability to observe things almost as a newsman as he went through the various countries. I can recall him telling me that he made it a point of going to the minimum number of official functions and trying to spend his time out talking to the people or observing things in the countryside. One of the things I remember most was that he brought back a picture of himself from either Greece or Turkey (I believe it was Greece) standing by a stucco wall with a
327:
672:
on the other side, and that he decided the embassy parties were fine, but he would rather be out in the countryside. So he spent most of his time, he told me, going around talking to people in Athens and their surrounding area to learn more about the Greeks and what their stands were. And I think that the Herter
Committee and the Greco-Turkey aid trip with Herter really made him into an internationalist; he became a real great expert of the century.
383:(D-SC) said that the committee saw Communist leaders in Italy, France, and England who were "tough, hard, fanatical, well-financed and clever"; he called it a "great tragedy" that Europeans were unaware of the degree of American aid to date. European progress was moving slowly; the committee noted that Finnish farmers were feeding cattle with "a mixture of fish and wood pulp." The committee noted concern about Communist guerrillas in the
495:
158:
568:
445:
Communists to create chaotic conditions which they hoped would make the rise of a totalitarian regime inevitable. Since the expulsion of the
Communists, the Government has adopted a strong program for the stabilization of the including improvements in the tax-collection system, control over speculation, and more effective control over Government expenditures.
611:
In a more fundamental sense, however, this book's origins go back more than thirty years, to my early days as a
Congressman in the period immediately following World War II. It was then that I toured war-devastated Europe as a member of the Herter Committee, as we sought to chart what America's role
556:
It was not large enough to have significantly accelerated recovery by financing investment, aiding the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, or easing commodity bottlenecks. We argue, however, that the
Marshall Plan did play a major role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe's
688:
The recipient countries should make vigorous efforts, individually and jointly, to increase the production of food and materials needed to meet not only their essential internal needs but the needs of other countries. Increased local pro- duction to assure decreasing deficits should be sought, so as
652:
painted on the back of it.... In 1948... in those days in
California, you could run on both tickets, so that you could seek the Democratic nomination by cross-filing, as well as the Republican. He cross-filed. Because of the intensity of the activity with the Marshall Plan which emerged from the
671:
matter, and then he went with the Herter
Committee, and he would come back and tell me about what he'd seen and what he learned there, and recalled Turkey aid when he went to Greece. I remember one of the things he was talking to me about was when we went to Greece and it was the episode with Tito
444:
The upward trend in the cost of living, wages and
Government deficits continued unabated during two years of Communist participation in the Government. This was due (a) to lack of political strength and to technical incompetence of the Government, and (b) to deliberate sabotage on the part of the
588:
He was a member of the House led by Chris Herter. And they made a tour of Europe to see how the
Marshall Plan was working. Among places they came to were Holland where I was living, and they had a press conference, and I met them, but I must admit to you, at that time I was paying attention to
398:
On
Thursday, November 13, 1947, the Herter Committee released seven reports to Congress (published next day by newspapers). While their reports addressed more immediate aid at that moment, they indicated the direction of their stance on the Marshall Plan. (Also, President Truman was to address
692:
The recipient countries should, through mutual help and cooperation, facilitate the economic interchange of goods and services among themselves, provide effective distribution and use of their own resources, as well as of the resources received from our side, and work toward the elimination of
516:(71:19) and House (333:78). On April 1, 1948, the plan went to joint conference committee; on April 2, 1948, it passed both the House and Senate. On April 3, 1948, US President Harry S. Truman signed the bill into law. In 1951 the Marshall Plan was largely replaced by the
696:
Certain countries other than the United States which are in a position to supplement a program of aid, which have the same incentive as we to do so and which enjoy access to United States supplies, should be expected to cooperate each in relation to its respective
395:. At that point, the committee planned to recommend aid but at $ 12 Billion (not $ 19 Billion) as a loan (not a gift) with an American entity to oversee not only distribution but advantages for the United States on imports like rubber, tin, and manganese.
703:
The recipient countries should adopt fiscal, financial, and monetary programs designed to arrest inflation, to correct existing monetary weaknesses, to accomplish stabilization of exchanges, and generally to restore confidence in their
707:
The recipient countries should give full and continuous publicity regarding the purpose, source, character, and amounts of aid furnished by the United States where this aid is not on the basis of commercial loans or normal commercial
523:
The resulting
European Recovery Program (ERP) transferred more $ 12 billion (more than $ 128 billion as of 2020) to Western European economies and operated for four years. ERP goals included: rebuilding war-torn regions, removing
148:
to focus on foreign policy throughout his public career. In 1947, it identified a "prevailing theme throughout–that democratic leadership was close to non-existent and Communist leadership at the forefront of political shaping."
1339:
557:
rapid growth. The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid pushed European political economy in a direction that left its post World War II "mixed economies" with more "market" and less "controls" in the mix.
634:.... Italian aristocrats were making their plans to flee the country if the Communists came to power. The elections would be a crucial turning point. We knew it. De Gasperi knew it. The Soviets knew it.
700:
Every encouragement should be given and every facility extended to prlvate initiative to assume, as conditions permit, the emergency activities which have devolved on governments in the present crisis.
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345:
On August 28, 1947, the committee and staff sailed to Europe. The group comprised 17 representatives, ten consultants, and two secretaries. In London, they met with UK
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Congress the following Monday to urge support for the Marshall Plan.) Herter focused on the threat of "Communist-controlled labor unions." Bolton linked the growing
458:
575:(here in 1946 congressional campaign flyer), as a result of experience on the Herter Committee, "foreign policy was the chief focus on my concern in public life."
352:. During the voyage, they received briefings. They visited every European nation except Albania, Russia, and Yugoslavia. Additionally, non-committee members
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Italy's most important elections since the war were less than a year away. Its Communist party was the largest and most heavily financed outside the
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339:
818:
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and on the Labor Committee and some things he was doing for the district.... The big district issue was the Whittier Narrows dam.
367:
In October 1947, the Herter Committee came back home "with a healthy and wholehearted respect for Europe's Reds." Representative
172:
Committee members came not only from the House Foreign Affairs Committee but also geographically and politically diverse members:
407:
saw the plan as a tool to support America's "democratic system and its moral and spiritual values." The seven reports covered:
734:
Undated: "Draft of Thoughts on the Major Problems of the Marshall Proposals," memoranda for the staff of the Herter Committee
731:
1948.04.10: "The Place of the United States in European Industrial Development," by Lindsay, memorandum for Herter Committee
598:, Nixon does not mention what he learned from his trip to Europe with the Herter Committee, nor again does he in the 1978
474:
454:
887:
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Undated: "The European Recovery Program: Dollar Needs and Dollar Resources," memorandum on Herter Committee stationary
27:
457:(1944-1945) served as a consultant to the Herter Committee (1947-1948, after which he was stationed in Paris for the
536:. The ERP required a reduction of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations; it encouraged an increase in
612:
should be in helping its recovery. From then on, foreign policy was the chief focus on my concern in public life.
349:
388:
1315:
Register of the Franklin Lindsay papers - Box 9 - House Select Committee on Foreign Aid (Herter Committee)
994:
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912:
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Nixon's name appears only once and only in a list of committee members. On May 15, 2008, the journalist
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195:
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Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science
725:
1948.02.06: "Memorandum for Congressman Herter," suggestions about labor leaders in ERP and resumes
517:
342:
passed House Resolution 296 that created a Select Committee on Foreign Aid, comprising 19 members.
326:
718:
papers at the Hoover Institution Archives include the following papers from the Herter Committee:
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deemed the Marshall Plan "History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program," stating:
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to limit the requirements from abroad to a minimum consistent with a sound economic balance.
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1947.11.04: "Preliminary Report of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid," resolution
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in Europe by former WWII ally the USSR, particularly Italy (as of November 1947):
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cover dated 17 August 1953) was a prominent Republican politician of the 1940s and 1950s
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1948.03.04: "Country Section of Final Report," by Lindsay, Herter Committee report
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853:
667:...We'd go out and have a cup of coffee, and he would talk to me first about the
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72:
60:
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372:
1162:"The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program"
567:
533:
436:
1293:(Interview). Interviewed by Timothy Naftali; David Greenberg. Nixon Library
968:"Summaries of the Herter Committee's Seven Reports Covering Aid to Europe"
794:"Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid"
129:, was established to study the proposal that had been launched by General
682:
The committee's final, 889-page report included six (6) main points:
400:
138:
1325:
USDOS SUMMARY REPORT OF ACTION TAKEN ON HERTER COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS
1229:
Leaders: Profiles and Reminisces of Men Who Have Shaped the Modern World
376:
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or CIA (1949-1953). Later, he helped set up the European side of the
693:
exchange controls, quota restrictions, and other obstacles to trade.
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493:
325:
156:
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visited the Middle East as part of the committee's tour of Europe
1340:
Defunct committees of the United States House of Representatives
643:, Executive Branch Communications Director for Nixon, said:
819:"Christian Herter Is Dead at 71; Secretary of State, 1959-1961"
1170:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
532:, improving European prosperity, and preventing the spread of
1086:"$ 12,000,000,000 in 1948 → 2020 | Inflation Calculator"
1204:(Interview). Interviewed by Timothy Naftali. Nixon Library
1049:
Of walls and bridges: the United States and Eastern Europe
20:
House Select Committee on Foreign Aid ("Herter Committee")
540:, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.
435:
The reports included grave concerns about the spread of
625:during his Herter Committee trip. Nixon recalled:
589:
Herter. Nixon was not a very big name at that point.
512:
On March 13, 1948, the Marshall Plan passed both the
888:"The Herter Committee: Forging RN's Foreign Policy"
427:
United States Steel Requirements and Availabilities
403:front in Europe with America's long-term security.
107:
96:
91:
83:
71:
59:
54:
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38:
33:
1128:
1046:
799:. Marshall Foundation. May 1, 1948. pp. 1, 52
360:visited the Middle East (then "Near East"), while
995:"Congress to Hear Truman On European Aid Monday"
653:Herter Committee, with what he was doing on the
133:in his speech at Harvard on June 5, 1947, for a
1350:Select Committees of the United States Congress
459:Organization for European Economic Co-operation
621:, he mentions meeting Italian Prime Minister
8:
1168:; Nolling, Wilhelm; Layard, Richard (eds.).
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
639:On July 13, 1973, during an exit interview,
19:
1288:"Herbert G. Klein Interview Transcription"
1104:"Marshall Plan | Summary and Significance"
421:Fertilizer Requirements and Availabilities
1018:
1016:
844:
842:
840:
463:United States Central Intelligence Agency
424:Petroleum Requirements and Availabilities
946:"The Congress: The Appraisers Come Home"
313:John M. Hancock, Senior Staff Consultant
1360:Government agencies established in 1947
1355:1947 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1345:Reports of the United States government
1286:Klein, Herbert G. (February 20, 2007).
1199:"Daniel Schorr Interview Transcription"
993:Hinton, Harold B. (November 13, 1947).
907:
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461:, and then worked for the newly formed
301:Howard S. Piquet, Deputy Staff Director
1262:"Exit Interview with Herbert G. Klein"
1024:"Register of the Frank Lindsay papers"
655:House Un-American Activities Committee
340:United States House of Representatives
111:United States foreign policy in Europe
18:
1320:Nixon Library - Herter Committee Trip
418:Grain Requirements and Availabilities
364:traveled to China, Japan, and Korea.
316:Julius Klein, Senior Staff Consultant
123:House Select Committee on Foreign Aid
7:
430:Coal Requirements and Availabilities
371:(R-OH) called activity by Communist
1260:Klein, Herbert G. (July 13, 1973).
915:. Time magazine. 15 September 1947
304:Philip H. Watts, Executive Officer
14:
825:. January 1, 1967. pp. 1, 52
600:RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
948:. Time magazine. 20 October 1947
387:(1946-1949) and the rise of the
144:, which led future US President
1197:Schorr, Daniel (May 15, 2008).
1172:. MIT Press. pp. 189–230.
1135:. Manchester University Press.
886:Barber, Chris (April 9, 2014).
974:. November 14, 1947. p. 8
469:and helped fellow OSS officer
1:
1026:. Hoover Institution Archives
662:In 2007, Klein recalled:
475:Office of Policy Coordination
379:"terrorism." Representative
298:W. Y. Elliott, Staff Director
1232:. Grand Central Publishing.
913:"The Congress: Uncle, Uncle"
1376:
310:, Senior Staff Consultant
293:Staff members included:
115:
24:
1045:Kovrig, Bennett (1991).
1127:Carew, Anthony (1987).
1108:Encyclopedia Britannica
389:Italian Communist Party
16:U.S. Congress committee
712:
675:
660:
637:
615:
606:, Nixon recalled:
602:. In his 1980 memoir
592:
576:
560:
503:
448:
338:On July 29, 1947, the
335:
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1156:DeLong, J. Bradford;
1090:www.in2013dollars.com
1053:. NYU Press. p.
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441:
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186:(R-MA), Vice Chairman
160:
1001:. pp. 1, 19, 20
514:United States Senate
453:, who served in the
196:Charles A. Wolverton
594:In his 1960 memoir
518:Mutual Security Act
184:Christian A. Herter
78:Christian A. Herter
21:
1166:Dornbusch, Rudiger
1158:Eichengreen, Barry
577:
504:
336:
286:A.S. Mike Monroney
226:Charles W. Vursell
202:August H. Andresen
170:
1239:978-1-4767-3180-3
1224:Nixon, Richard M.
1179:978-0-262-04136-2
1142:978-0-7190-2553-2
1064:978-0-8147-4613-4
865:978-1-4767-3181-0
850:Nixon, Richard M.
673:
658:
650:hammer and sickle
635:
623:Alcide de Gasperi
617:In his 1982 book
613:
590:
558:
549:Barry Eichengreen
481:wing of the CIA.
446:
393:Palmiro Togliatti
381:James P. Richards
369:Thomas A. Jenkins
358:Chester E. Merrow
354:Frances P. Bolton
332:Frances P. Bolton
256:Francis E. Walter
250:James P. Richards
232:W. Kingsland Macy
190:Thomas A. Jenkins
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479:covert operation
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405:John Davis Lodge
347:Minister of Food
262:Harold D. Cooley
238:Richard M. Nixon
180:(R-NJ), Chairman
178:Charles A. Eaton
162:Christian Herter
127:Herter Committee
66:Charles A. Eaton
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1267:. Nixon Library
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890:. Nixon Library
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858:. Warner Bros.
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545:Bradford DeLong
498:1948 label for
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385:Greek Civil War
330:Representative
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308:Allen W. Dulles
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280:Eugene J. Keogh
268:George H. Mahon
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131:George Marshall
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100:Investigate
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632:Soviet bloc
543:Economists
1334:Categories
1113:2018-03-09
764:References
596:Six Crises
373:Yugoslavia
73:Vice chair
55:Leadership
697:capacity.
534:Communism
477:(OPC), a
437:Communism
164:(here on
47:Disbanded
1226:(1982).
1160:(1993).
855:Real War
852:(1980).
742:See also
530:industry
401:Cold War
139:Cold War
1309:Sources
1070:7 March
1005:May 30,
978:May 30,
829:May 30,
803:May 30,
619:Leaders
377:Trieste
322:History
153:Members
97:Purpose
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240:(R-CA)
234:(R-NY)
228:(R-IL)
222:(R-OH)
216:(R-PA)
210:(R-SD)
204:(R-MN)
198:(R-NJ)
192:(R-OH)
39:Formed
1291:(PDF)
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1202:(PDF)
1164:. In
797:(PDF)
678:Works
563:Nixon
415:Italy
125:, or
84:Seats
61:Chair
1299:2020
1273:2020
1247:2020
1234:ISBN
1210:2020
1174:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1072:2011
1059:ISBN
1032:2020
1007:2020
980:2020
954:2020
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896:2020
873:2020
860:ISBN
831:2020
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714:The
669:Hiss
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