Hetch Hetchy - Knowledge (XXG)

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for a fraction of the original power production. The remaining deficit would likely have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation. The removal of the dam would be extremely costly, at least $ 3–10 billion, and the transport of the demolished material away from the dam site along the narrow, winding Hetch Hetchy Road would be a logistical nightmare with possible environmental impacts. Most importantly, San Francisco would lose its source of high-quality mountain water, and would have to depend on lower-quality water from other reservoirs – which would require costly filtration and re-engineering of the aqueduct system – to meet its needs.

1345: 2091:, at Don Pedro would also increase power generation there. Furthermore, the removal of O'Shaughnessy Dam would not require costly sediment control measures, as would be typical on most dam removal projects, because of the high quality of the Tuolumne River water – in the first 90 years since its construction, only around 2 in (5.1 cm) of sediment had been deposited in Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, much less than most other dams. A 2019 study commissioned by Restore Hetch Hetchy argued that draining the reservoir and equipping the valley with a tourism infrastructure comparable to that of 1360: 1578: 1566: 2147:

crammed ... that it looks more like a ripstop ghetto than the site of a nature experience." However, she does support breaching the dam once it has reached the end of its lifespan, and not replacing it. In November 2012, San Francisco voters soundly rejected Proposition F, which would have required the city to conduct an $ 8 million study on how the flooded valley could be drained and restored to its former state. The proposed study would also have been required to identify potential replacements for the water storage capacity and hydroelectric power production.

1984: 1972: 1960:. The water quality is high because of the unique geology of the upper Tuolumne River drainage basin, which consists mostly of bare granite; as a result, the rivers feeding Hetch Hetchy Reservoir have extremely low loads of sediments and nutrients. The watershed is also strictly protected, so swimming and boating are prohibited at the reservoir (although fishing is permitted at the reservoir and in the rivers which feed it), a measure which is considered unusual for US lakes outside the region. In 2018, the 2024:(PG&E). San Francisco was able to accomplish this in 1925 by claiming it had run out of funds to extend the Hetch Hetchy transmission line all the way to the city. The terminus of the incomplete line was "conveniently located next to a PG&E substation", which connected to PG&E's private line which in turn bridged the gap to San Francisco. The city justified this as a temporary measure, but no attempt to follow through with completing the municipal grid was ever made. Peter Byrne of 4794: 1297:

the growth of the grasses and shrubs they relied on, as well as additional room for large game animals such as deer to browse. In the 19th century, the first white visitors to the valley did not realize that Hetch Hetchy's extensive meadows were the product of millennia of management by Native Americans; instead they believed "the valley was purely a product of ancient geological forces (or divine intervention) ... this was fundamental to its allure as a destination and subject."

2104: 1590: 1822: 2159: 1995: 57: 358: 46: 1814: 5301: 354:, while the smaller Poopenaut Valley is directly downstream from O'Shaughnessy Dam. The Hetch Hetchy Road drops into the valley at the dam, but all points east of there are roadless, and accessible only to hikers and equestrians. The O'Shaughnessy Dam is near Yosemite's western boundary, but the long, narrow, fingerlike reservoir stretches eastward for about 8 miles (13 km). 1337: 2459: 1412:

never a popular tourist destination because of extremely poor access and the location of the famous Yosemite Valley just 20 miles (32 km) to the south. Those who did visit it were enchanted by its scenery, but encountered difficulties with the primitive conditions and, in summertime, swarms of mosquitoes.

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As completed, O'Shaughnessy Dam is 910 feet (280 m) long, spanning the valley at its narrow outlet. The dam contains 675,000 cu yd (516,000 m) of concrete. The Hetch Hetchy Reservoir created by the dam has a capacity of 360,400 acre⋅ft (0.4445 km), with a maximum area of

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Proponents of the dam replied that out of multiple sites considered by San Francisco, Hetch Hetchy had the "perfect architecture for a reservoir", with pristine water, lack of development or private property, a steep-sided and flat-floored profile that would maximize the amount of water stored, and a

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to Screech's initial arrival in the valley, during which he observed the Native Americans "cooking a variety of grass covered with edible seeds", which they called "hatch hatchy" or "hatchhatchie". Screech reported that the valley was bitterly disputed between the "Pah Utah Indians" (Paiute) and "Big

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began commercial operation in 1925 followed by the Holm Powerhouse in 1960 (the same month the Early Intake Powerhouse was taken out of service). In 1967 the Robert C. Kirkwood Powerhouse started commercial operation followed by a New Moccasin Powerhouse in 1969 when the Old Moccasin Powerhouse was

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conducted the first survey of the valley. Hoffman observed a meadow "well timbered and affording good grazing", and noted the valley had a milder climate than Yosemite Valley, hence the abundance of ponderosa pine and gray pine. The valley was slowly becoming known for its natural beauty, but it was

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is located farther southeast, on Rancheria Creek. Formerly, a "small but noisy" waterfall and natural pool existed on the Tuolumne River marked the upper entrance to Hetch Hetchy Valley, informally known as Tuolumne Fall (not to be confused with a similarly named waterfall several miles upriver near

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Hetch Hetchy dam site: hearing before the Committee on the Public Lands, House of representatives. Sixty-third Congress, first session, on H.R. 6281, a bill granting to the city and county of San Francisco certain rights of way in, over, and through certain public lands, the Yosemite National Park,

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Those in opposition of dam removal state that demolishing O'Shaughnessy Dam would take away a valuable source of clean, renewable hydroelectric power in the Kirkwood and Moccasin powerhouses; even if measures such as seasonal water diversion into the powerhouses were employed, it would only make up

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state that draining Hetch Hetchy would open the valley back up to recreation, a right that should be provided to the American people because the reservoir is within the legal boundaries of a national park. They acknowledge that a concerted effort would have to be made to control the introduction of

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The battle over Hetch Hetchy Valley continues today between those who wish to retain the dam and reservoir, and those who wish to drain the reservoir and return Hetch Hetchy Valley to its former state. Those in favor of dam removal have pointed out that many actions by San Francisco since 1913 have

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Meadow plants unavailable in the lowlands were particularly valuable resources to these tribes. For thousands of years, Native Americans subjected the valley to controlled bushfires, which prevented forest from taking over the valley meadows. Periodic clearing of the valley provided ample space for

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Due to its abundant wetlands and stream pools, Hetch Hetchy was notorious among early travelers for becoming infested with mosquitoes in the summertime. Said San Francisco resident William Denman in 1918, "The first time I went into the Hetch Hetchy the mosquitoes were intolerable. They would light

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The Hetch Hetchy Valley began as a V-shaped river canyon cut out by the ancestral Tuolumne River. About one million years ago, the extensive Sherwin glaciation widened, deepened and straightened river valleys along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, including Hetch Hetchy, Yosemite Valley, and

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proposed allocating $ 7 million to studying the removal of the dam in the 2007 National Park Service budget. Dianne Feinstein opposed this allocation, saying, "I will do all I can to make sure it isn't included in the final bill. We're not going to remove this dam, and the funding is unnecessary."

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concluded that two years after draining the valley, grasses would cover most of its floor and within 10 years, clumps of cone-bearing trees and some oaks would take root. Within 50 years, vegetative cover would be complete except for exposed rocky areas. In this unmanaged scenario, where nature is

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in the late 1930s, said there was a violation of the Raker Act, but he and the city reached an agreement in 1945. In 2015, Restore Hetch Hetchy filed a complaint arguing that the construction of the dam had violated a provision in the constitution of California about water use, but the lawsuit was

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and several other prominent figures were inspired by Muir's work and helped to get Yosemite National Park established by October 1, 1890. However, ranchers who had previously owned land in the new park continued their use of Hetch Hetchy Valley – a "sheep-grazing free-for-all threatened to denude

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Opponents of dam removal have pointed out that the flooding of the Hetch Hetchy Valley has also deterred the crowds that overrun other areas of Yosemite National Park. Indeed, Hetch Hetchy today remains the least visited developed area of the park. Karin Klein has described Yosemite Valley as "so

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The dam would not have to be completely removed; rather, it would only be necessary to cut a hole through the base in order to drain the water and restore natural flows of the Tuolumne River. Most of the dam would remain in place, both to avoid the enormous costs of demolition and removal, and to

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with Hetch Hetchy Valley, allowing for direct rail shipment of construction materials from San Francisco to the dam site. Construction of O'Shaughnessy Dam began in 1919 and was finished in 1923, with the reservoir first filling in May of that year. The dam was then 227 feet (69 m) high; its

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While its cousin Yosemite Valley to the south had permanent Miwok settlements, Hetch Hetchy was only seasonally inhabited. This was likely because of Hetch Hetchy's narrow outlet, which in years of heavy snowmelt created a bottleneck in the Tuolumne River and the subsequent flooding of the valley

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and in the Big Oak Flat area. After the valley's native inhabitants were driven out by the newcomers, it was used by ranchers, many of whom were former miners, to graze livestock. Animals were principally driven along Joseph Screech's trail from Big Oak Flat to Hetch Hetchy. Its meadows provided

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deposits that may have accumulated in the valley since the Sherwin period. At maximum extent, Tioga Glacier may have been 60 mi (97 km) long and up to 4,000 ft (1,200 m) thick, filling Hetch Hetchy Valley to the brim and spilling over the sides, carving out the present rugged

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Interest in using the valley as a water source or reservoir dates back as far as the 1850s, when the Tuolumne Valley Water Company proposed developing water storage there for irrigation. By the 1880s, San Francisco was looking to Hetch Hetchy water as a fix for its outdated and unreliable water

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of 459 sq mi (1,190 km). In its natural state, the valley floor was marshy and often flooded in the spring when snow melt in the high Sierra cascaded down the Tuolumne River and backed up behind the narrow gorge which is now spanned by O'Shaughnessy Dam. The entire valley is now

1849:. The city must pay a lease of $ 30,000 per year for the use of Hetch Hetchy, which sits on federal land. The aqueduct delivers an average of 265,000 acre⋅ft (327,000,000 m) of water each year, or 31,900,000 cu ft (900,000 m) per day, to residents of San Francisco and 2075:

left to take hold in the valley, eventually a forest would grow, rather than the meadow being restored. However, the same NPS study also finds that with intensive management, an outcome in which "the entire valley would appear much as it did before construction of the reservoir" is feasible.

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system. The city would repeatedly try to acquire water rights to Hetch Hetchy, including in 1901, 1903 and 1905, but was continually rebuffed because of conflicts with irrigation districts that had senior water rights on the Tuolumne River, and because of the valley's national park status.

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present height of 312 feet (95 m) was achieved only later, in 1938. On October 28, 1934 – twenty years after the beginning of construction on the Hetch Hetchy project – a crowd of 20,000 San Franciscans gathered to celebrate the arrival of the first Hetch Hetchy water in the city.

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been in violation of the Raker Act, which explicitly stated that power and water from Hetch Hetchy could not be sold to private interests. Hydroelectric power generated from the Hetch Hetchy project is largely sold to Bay Area customers through a private power company,

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in the east. The valley provided an escape from the summer heat of the lowlands. They hunted, and gathered seeds and edible plants to furnish themselves winter food, trade items, and materials for art and ceremonial objects. Today, descendants of these people still use

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narrow outlet ideal for placement of a dam. They claimed the valley was not unique and would be even more beautiful with a lake. Muir predicted that this lake would create an unsightly "bathtub ring" around its perimeter, caused by the water's destruction of

405:, the Tioga Glacier formed from extensive icefields in the upper Tuolumne River watershed; between 110,000 and 10,000 years ago Hetch Hetchy Valley was sculpted into its present shape by repeated advance and retreat of the ice, which also removed extensive 1888:

After passing through the powerhouses, Hetch Hetchy water flows into the 167 mi (269 km) Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct which travels across the Central Valley. Just before reaching the Bay Area, it passes through the Irvington tunnel near the city of

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Compared with Yosemite Valley, the walls of Hetch Hetchy are smoother and rounder because it was glaciated to a greater extent. This is because the Tuolumne catchment basin above Hetch Hetchy is almost three times as large as the catchment area of the

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Before damming, the high granite formations produced a valley with an average depth of 1,800 ft (550 m) and a maximum depth of over 3,000 ft (910 m); the length of the valley was 3 mi (4.8 km) with a width ranging from

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Creek Indians" (Miwok), and witnessed several fights in which the Paiute appeared to be the dominant tribe. About 1853, his brother, Joseph Screech (credited in some accounts for the original discovery of the valley) blazed the first trail from

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United States Department of the Interior. "Proceedings Before The Secretary Of The Interior In Re Use Of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Site, In The Yosemite National Park, By The City Of San Francisco, May 11, 1908". United States Government Printing

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were known for their landscapes that drew tourists to the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Bierstadt described the valley as "smaller than the more famous valley ... but it presents many of the same features in his scenery and is quite as beautiful."

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pressed for the protection of both valleys under a single national park. Muir, who himself had briefly worked as a shepherd in Hetch Hetchy, was known for calling sheep "hoofed locusts" because of their environmental impact. Muir's friend

2123:), stated that Hodel had political motives in proposing the study. The imputed motive was to divide the environmental movement: to see residents of the strongly Democratic city of San Francisco coming out against an environmental issue. 2137:

story in 1987: "All this is for an expanded campground? ... It's dumb, dumb, dumb." Hodel, now retired, remains a strong proponent of restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley and Senator Feinstein remained strongly against restoration. The

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abundant feed for "thousands of head of sheep and cattle that entered lean and lank in the spring, but left rolling fat and hardly able to negotiate the precipitous and difficult defiles out of the mountains in the fall."

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mile (660 to 2,640 ft; 200 to 800 m). The valley floor consisted of roughly 1,200 acres (490 ha) of meadows fringed by pine forest, through which meandered the Tuolumne River and numerous tributary streams.

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in 1913, which permitted the flooding of the valley under the conditions that power and water derived from the river could only be used for public interests. Ultimately, San Francisco sold hydropower from the dam to the

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has stated that "the plain language of the Raker Act itself and experts who are familiar with the act (and have no stake in city politics) all agree: The city of San Francisco is not in violation of the Raker Act."

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and Stanislaus National Forest, and certain lands in the Yosemite National Park, the Stanislaus National Forest, and the public lands in the state of California, and for other purposes. [June 25, 1913]

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Water from Hetch Hetchy is some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States; San Francisco is one of six U.S. cities not required by law to filter its tap water, although the water is disinfected by

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The valley would be covered in about two inches of sediment, which is unusual to Hetch Hetchy; many dams collect large amounts of sediment, however the Tuolumne riverbed is mostly granite and erodes slowly.

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When Yosemite Valley became part of a state park in 1864, Hetch Hetchy received no such designation. As the grazing of livestock damaged native plants in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, mountaineer and naturalist

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wildlife and tourism back into the valley in order to prevent destabilization of the ecosystem, and that it might be decades or even centuries before the valley could be returned to natural conditions.

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Hetch Hetchy Valley: report of Advisory Board of Army Engineers to the Secretary of the Interior on investigations relative to sources of water supply for San Francisco and Bay communities

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The controversy over Hetch Hetchy was in the context of other political scandals and controversies, especially prevalent in the Taft administration. The Great Alaskan Land Fraud and the

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The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism

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serve as a monument for the workers who built it. The water storage provided at Hetch Hetchy could be transferred into Lake Don Pedro lower on the Tuolumne River by raising the

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Bowe, Rebecca (2011-08-09). "Ecological rewind: Environmentalists want to tear down O'Shaughnessy Dam and restore the Hetch Hetchy Valley, but does their plan hold water?".

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1,972 acres (798 ha) and a maximum depth of 306 feet (93 m). From Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, the water flows through the Canyon and Mountain Tunnels to Kirkwood and

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Taken in the early 1900s before the O'Shaughnessy Dam was constructed, shows the Hetch Hetchy Valley and the Tuolumne River, looking east. Wapama Falls is on the left,

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of the Trump administration began to consider a proposal to allow limited boating on the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir for the first time, supported by the advocacy group

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and the Holm Powerhouse is also part of the Hetch Hetchy Project, adding another 169 megawatts of generating capacity. The entire system produces about 1.7 billion

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The Early Intake (Lower Cherry) Powerhouse began commercial operation five years before the O'Shaughnessy Dam was completed. The first Moccasin Powerhouse in

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the High Sierra meadows" – before disputes over state and private properties in respect to national park boundaries were finally settled in the early 1900s.

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flooded under an average 300 ft (91 m) of water behind the dam, although it occasionally reemerges in droughts, as it did in 1955, 1977, and 1991.

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The narrow defile at the lower end of Hetch Hetchy Valley where San Francisco planned to dam the Tuolumne River, seen in 1914 before construction began

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Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam for water-tanks the people's cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.

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in Yosemite Valley. A broad, low rocky outcrop situated between Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome divided the former meadow in two distinct sections.

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and subsequent fire that devastated San Francisco, the inadequacy of the city's water system was made tragically clear. San Francisco applied to the

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The Yosemite guide-book: a description of the Yosemite Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra Nevada, and of the big trees of California

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that once stood at the head of Hetch Hetchy. Miwok names are still used for features, including Tueeulala Fall, Wapama Fall, and Kolana Rock.

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plateau country to the north and southwest. When the glacier retreated for the final time, sediment-laden meltwater deposited thick layers of

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were prominent before the 1850s when the first settlers from the United States arrived in the Sierra Nevada. During summer, people of the

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A modern photo, taken from much the same vantage point, shows the submergence of the valley floor under the waters of the reservoir.

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by the name of Nathan Screech became the first non-Native American to enter the valley. Local legend attributes the modern name

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to resign and be fired respectively. The openings in the Taft administration led to the eventual success of the Raker Act.

5324: 5295: 4804: 4617: 2164: 2139: 1929: 1528: 1464: 4345: 2992:"John Muir's Yosemite: The father of the conservation movement found his calling on a visit to the California wilderness" 242:. For thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from the United States in the 1850s, the valley was inhabited by 5349: 5224: 5219: 4630: 2172: 2116: 1896: 1850: 1704: 1663: 1615: 1408: 1359: 351: 168: 1391:

During this time, the upper Tuolumne River, including Hetch Hetchy Valley, was visited by prospectors attracted by the

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30 ft (9.1 m). Water could be diverted into the Kirkwood and Moccasin Powerhouses using lower-impact

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to gain water rights to Hetch Hetchy, and in 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of the Interior,

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During the late 19th century, the valley was renowned for its natural beauty – often compared to that of

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Palo Alto–Los Altos bike path sign, along the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct pipelines 3 and 4 right of way

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which argued that "San Francisco received benefits long ago, but the American people have not."

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taken out of service. Finally, in 1988, a third generator was added to the Kirkwood Powerhouse.

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The economic wisdom of removing the dam has been frequently questioned. Some observers, such as

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Eidinger, J. M. (2001). "Seismic Retrofit of the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct at the Hayward Fault".

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can be seen along the Hetch Hetchy Road. Spring and early summer bring wildflowers including

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Bay Crossing Reach of the Bay Division Pipelines Nos. 1 and 2, Fremont, Alameda County, CA

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Dam!: Water, Power, Politics, and Preservation in Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite National Park

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upon a man's blue shirt and turn it brown, and were voracious as mosquitoes would be."

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Current Conditions, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, California Department of Water Resources

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Climate data for Hetch Hetchy, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present

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growth on the canyon walls, which would inevitably be visible at low lake levels.

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along the Tuolumne River. The valley's abundant plants provided nourishment for

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Wildermuth, John (2012-11-10). "Hetch Hetchy fight not over, activists say".

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Work on the Hetch Hetchy Project began in 1914. The 68 mi (109 km)

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inhabit the Hetch Hetchy area, including the largest North American bat, the

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Dziegielewski, Benedykt; Garbharran, Hari P.; Langowski, John F. Jr (1997).

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It Happened in Yosemite National Park: Remarkable Events That Shaped History

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was needed to authorize the project. The U.S. Congress passed and President

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rejected by an appeals court and later the California State Supreme Court.

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The same area seen today, with O'Shaughnessy Dam and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir

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Before damming, the valley floor contained abundant stands of black oaks,

257:

was completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the

5078: 4578: 4130:"San Francisco vote to study draining Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is defeated" 3255: 3127:"Hetch Hetchy controversy: Could Yosemite's 'second valley' be restored?" 1300:

The valley's name may be derived from a Miwok word earlier anglicized as

1278: 489: 4572: 4528:

U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hetch Hetchy

3854:"Chapter 9: Impact of restoration on hydropower production and revenues" 3743: 2431: 2051:

In 1987, the idea of razing the O'Shaughnessy Dam gained an adherent in

1803:

U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hetch Hetchy

4549:

San Francisco Public Utilities Commission: Hetch Hetchy Water and Power

4502:"New Irvington Tunnel latest in Hetch Hetchy water system improvements" 517: 513: 364:, 840 ft (260 m), is located on the north side of the valley. 265:, which in 1934 began to deliver water 167 miles (269 km) west to 3437:"Serving 2.6 million residential, commercial and industrial customers" 3211:"Idyllic Pulgas Water Temple still offers comfort for weary wanderers" 2070:. Hodel called for a study of the effect of tearing down the dam. The 375:, at 840 ft (260 m) – both among the tallest waterfalls in 1497: 1290: 509: 2528:"Fall in the Main Tuolumne River at the Head of Hetch Hetchy Valley" 1928:. Pipelines 1 and 2 cross the San Francisco Bay to the south of the 1841:

as well as eight other storage dams, comprise a system known as the

1885:

per year, enough to meet 20% of San Francisco's electricity needs.

2128: 2102: 1982: 1970: 1953: 1820: 1812: 1358: 1343: 1335: 505: 462: 429: 406: 356: 4575:", 50 photos, 81 data pages, 4 photo caption pages 4564:

Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency on Hetch Hetchy dam

4479:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. 2009. Archived from 4438:"Thesis: Water Supply Implications of Removing O'Shaughnessy Dam" 4058: 4056: 1870: 1388:, for 38 mi (61 km) northeast to Hetch Hetchy Valley. 1320:

was Miwok for "Valley of the Two Trees", referring to a pair of

411: 5259: 4582: 4495:

Flagg, Jeffrey B. (2011). "National Parks and Water". CQ Press.

1975:

The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct pipelines 1 and 2 as viewed from the

1829:

Hetch Hetchy Valley serves as the primary water source for the

1256:

People have lived in Hetch Hetchy Valley for over 6,000 years.

445:

Hetch Hetchy is home to a diverse array of plants and animals.

5230:

National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park

4091:"San Francisco Department of Elections, November 2012 Results" 3530:"A historic bid for limited boating at Hetch Hetchy Reservoir" 3460:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. 26 February 2024. 1873:, respectively. An additional hydroelectric system comprising 3145:"The Hetch Hetchy Story, Part II: PG&E and the Raker Act" 4792: 4184:

Unquenchable: America's Water Crisis and What to Do About It

3160:"The Forbidden Water: San Francisco and Hetch Hetchy Valley" 1807:

Note that map above only shows Bay Area portion of aqueduct.

414:, forming the flat alluvial floodplain of the valley floor. 4018:

Doyle, Michael (2007-02-08). "Hetch Hetchy debate reborn".

3254:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Archived from 4559:

California Resources Agency Hetch Hetchy Restoration Study

422:

above Yosemite, allowing a greater volume of ice to form.

342:, and numerous smaller streams which collectively drain a 2880: 2878: 3607:"Hetch Hetchy Power Debacle: Continuing Yosemite Threat" 2973: 2971: 2759: 2757: 4418:

Lessons Learned from the California Drought (1987–1992)

2915:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 31. 2862:"Big Oak Flat (No. 406 California Historical Landmark)" 4421:(illustrated ed.). Diane Publishing. p. 41. 4308:. University Press; printed by Welch, Bigelow, and Co. 2711: 2709: 2707: 2502:

Yosemite National Park / Hetch Hetchy, California, USA

1833:

and several surrounding municipalities in the greater

3187:. Tuolumne County Historical Society. Archived from 5210: 5143: 5092: 5056: 5008: 4962: 4873: 4803: 4679: 4616: 3663:"Could Hetch Hetchy Valley be worth $ 100 billion?" 3473:"Hetch Hetchy water goes through ultraviolet rinse" 1796: 1787: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1745: 1735: 1694: 1653: 1614: 1607: 261:. The dam and reservoir are the centerpiece of the 207: 167: 149: 144: 136: 128: 123: 115: 107: 99: 91: 83: 32: 5335:Historic American Engineering Record in California 4280: 4181: 4158: 3033:"Timeline of the Ongoing Battle Over Hetch Hetchy" 2043:Preservation groups including the Sierra Club and 27:Valley, reservoir, and aqueduct in California, USA 3688:"Three Square Miles of Open Space: Is It Enough?" 3229:"Chronology of San Francisco's Water Development" 2390:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 1893:, and the aqueduct splits into four pipelines at 4315:Frommer's Family Vacations in the National Parks 3883:. California Department of Water Resources. 2006 3693:. University of California Davis. Archived from 457:grow in abundance. Many examples of red-barked 3102:"San Francisco-Hetch Hetchy Valley Connection" 2909:United States Army Corps of Engineers (1913). 2432:"Hetch Hetchy Reclaimed: Drain it, then what?" 246:who practiced subsistence hunting-gathering. 4594: 4362:"Hetch Hetchy Water and the Bay Area Economy" 3278:"Water From Yosemite Is Still Cheap, for Now" 3075:. Center of the American West. Archived from 2856: 2854: 2643:"Fly Fishing Poopenaut Valley Tuolumne River" 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2198:List of the tallest dams in the United States 269:and its client municipalities in the greater 8: 5345:History of the Sierra Nevada (United States) 3924:"Putting Bay Area's Water Sources to a Vote" 3744:"Hetch Hetchy reclaimed: The dam downstream" 2833:Hetch Hetchy: Preservation or Public Utility 2686:"HETCH HETCHY, CALIFORNIA - Climate Summary" 222:is a valley, reservoir, and water system in 4245:. United States Government Printing Office. 4161:Yosemite: Art of an American Icon (section) 3983:"Hodel Would Tear Down Dam in Hetch Hetchy" 3439:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 3338: 3336: 3334: 3027: 3025: 2804:"Screech Brothers Find Hetch Hetchy Valley" 379:– are both located in Hetch Hetchy Valley. 5256: 4676: 4601: 4587: 4579: 2798: 2796: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 1604: 552: 29: 4262:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.001.0001 3981:Morain, Dan; Houston, Paul (1987-08-07). 3764:Riegelhuth, Richard; Botti, S.; Keay, J. 3063: 3061: 2611: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2225:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 2188:List of dams and reservoirs in California 1847:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 1740:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 5355:Landforms of Tuolumne County, California 4360:Bay Area Economic Forum (October 2002). 4036:"What will a restored valley look like?" 3507:. U.S. National Park Service. March 2007 2282:United States Department of the Interior 2208:List of largest reservoirs of California 2131:of San Francisco at the time, said in a 1469:United States Department of the Interior 4243:Geologic history of the Yosemite valley 4157:Bibby, Brian (2006). Scott, Amy (ed.). 4005: 3902:"Worth a Dam? Hetch Hetchy in Yosemite" 3645: 3304: 3016: 2977: 2937: 2925: 2896: 2884: 2845: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2599: 2555: 2553: 2514: 2256: 2214:The National Parks: America's Best Idea 1869:, which have capacities of 124 and 110 1561: 4464: 4453: 4403: 4392: 4038:. Restore Hetch Hetchy. Archived from 3246: 3244: 2355:. Restore Hetch Hetchy. Archived from 2328: 2326: 2262: 2260: 1817:Map of Hetch Hetchy Project facilities 1595:Tuolumne River below O'Shaughnessy Dam 1479:struggle with the environmental group 3962:Pope, Carl (November–December 1987). 3656: 3654: 3523: 3521: 3185:"Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System" 2727: 2715: 2698: 2587: 2566:. USGS. Bulletin 1595. Archived from 2544: 1762:366 cu ft/s (10.4 m/s) 371:, at 1,080 ft (330 m), and 7: 4569:Historic American Engineering Record 3833:"What Happens When You Remove a Dam" 2193:List of power stations in California 5360:Landforms of Yosemite National Park 4935:Steck-Salathé Route (Sentinel Rock) 4373:Association of Bay Area Governments 3209:Buchanan, Paul D. (April 2, 2001). 2864:. Sierra Nevada Geotourism MapGuide 2273:Geographic Names Information System 2107:View point by the O'Shaughnessy Dam 439:The Hetch Hetchy Valley, California 5158:El Portal & Arch Rock Entrance 4340:Aqua Blog Maven (19 August 2008). 4165:. University of California Press. 2806:. Yosemite Gazette. Archived from 350:Upstream from the valley lies the 25: 5330:Geology of Yosemite National Park 4443:. University of California, Davis 2563:Geologic Story of Yosemite Valley 2396:(5). San Francisco: CAS: 368–370. 2312:. San Francisco Water Power Sewer 1825:View of reservoir and Kolana Rock 1384:, a mining camp near present-day 1332:Exploration and early development 401:farther to the south. During the 234:lies in the northwestern part of 5299: 4651:Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias 4205:Geological Ramblings in Yosemite 3922:Onishi, Norimitsu (2012-09-09). 3878:"Hetch Hetchy Restoration Study" 3806:Nash, J. Madeline (2005-07-11). 3528:Stienstra, By Tom (2019-09-28). 2742:"Place Names of the High Sierra" 2629:Patagonia Environmentalism Essay 2462: This article incorporates 2457: 2235:Timeline of environmental events 2157: 1993: 1979:in San Mateo County, California. 1831:City and County of San Francisco 1588: 1576: 1564: 1522:Pacific Gas and Electric Company 55: 44: 4554:United States Geological Survey 4302:Whitney, Josiah Dwight (1874). 4180:Glennon, Robert Jerome (2009). 2532:Requiem for Hetch Hetchy Valley 2278:United States Geological Survey 1944:. Pipelines 3 and 4 end at the 1438:of the politically influential 5069:1996 Yosemite Valley landslide 4313:Wohlforth, Charles P. (2004). 3661:Thomas, Gregory (2019-08-01). 3276:Upton, John (6 January 2012). 3100:Davies, Leslie T. (May 2006). 2386:"Notes on Hetch-Hetchy Valley" 2230:San Francisco Water Department 1459:O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) 1268:came to Hetch Hetchy from the 1: 5271: 4477:"San Francisco Water Sources" 4436:Null, Sarah (December 2003). 3553:Sahagun, Louis (2019-10-23). 2990:Perrottet, Tony (July 2008). 2740:Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). 2657:Committee on the Public Lands 2384:Hoffmann, Charles F. (1868). 2165:San Francisco Bay Area portal 2140:George W. Bush administration 1956:and, since 2011, exposure to 1529:Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy 1365:Hetch Hetchy Valley from Road 1169:Average snowfall inches (cm) 5225:Geology of the Yosemite area 5220:History of the Yosemite area 4500:De Benedetti, Chris (2015). 4344:. Aquafornia. Archived from 4151:General and cited references 3904:. Earth Island Journal. 2012 3859:. Environmental Defense Fund 3375:"Power Plants of California" 2957:. U.S. National Park Service 2173:Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne 1546:was constructed to link the 1503:Since the valley was within 1409:California Geological Survey 504:bordering the meadows, with 352:Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne 87:3,783 ft (1,153 m) 5018:Yosemite Lodge at the Falls 4342:"The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct" 4256:. Oxford University Press. 4250:Righter, Robert W. (2005). 4203:Huber, Norman King (2007). 4128:Rogers, Paul (2012-11-12). 4063:Klein, Karin (2012-08-15). 3631:Byrne, Peter (2001-04-04). 3605:Redmond, Tim (2004-05-26). 3471:Worth, Katie (2011-07-18). 3318:"The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct" 3158:Mansfield, Gabriel (2018). 3125:Rogers, Paul (2012-09-30). 3107:. Humboldt State University 2341:. New York: The Century Co. 2203:List of lakes in California 1353:Hetch Hetchy Side Canyon, I 885:Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 745:Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 5381: 4241:Matthes, François (1930). 3949:San Francisco Bay Guardian 2061:Department of the Interior 2022:Pacific Gas & Electric 1977:Emerald Hills neighborhood 1962:Department of the Interior 1456: 1238: 555: 119:1,800 ft (550 m) 103:0.5 mi (0.80 km) 5290: 5284: 5274: 5269: 4928:Salathé Wall (El Capitan) 4891:Half Dome, Northwest Face 4884:Fairview Dome, North Face 4790: 4571:(HAER) No. CA-366, " 4317:. John Wiley & Sons. 4279:Simpson, John W. (2005). 3831:Biba, Erin (2012-12-11). 3742:Philp, Tom (2004-08-19). 3379:California Energy Almanac 2037:Secretary of the Interior 1938:Crystal Springs Reservoir 1801: 1792: 1754:167 mi (269 km) 1699:Crystal Springs Reservoir 1312:of the Yosemite Valley's 1168: 1094: 1024: 954: 884: 814: 744: 674: 604: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 326:The valley is fed by the 111:1,200 acres (490 ha) 37: 5340:History of San Francisco 3964:"Undamming Hetch Hetchy" 3320:. Aquafornia. 2008-08-19 2645:. The Ecological Angler. 2625:"Restoring Hetch Hetchy" 1912:37.548104°N 121.932041°W 1720:37.483508°N 122.316306°W 1679:37.852425°N 119.991572°W 1436:Robert Underwood Johnson 1258:Native American cultures 5074:1997 Merced River flood 5064:1938 Yosemite TWA crash 3667:San Francisco Chronicle 3635:. San Francisco Weekly. 3534:San Francisco Chronicle 3344:"Tuolumne River System" 3215:San Mateo Daily Journal 1418:Charles Dorman Robinson 477:. Seventeen species of 95:3 mi (4.8 km) 5084:2022 Washburn Wildfire 4797: 4784:Yosemite Valley Chapel 4764:Little Yosemite Valley 4610:Yosemite National Park 4463:Cite journal requires 4402:Cite journal requires 4114:San Francisco Examiner 3808:"Is This Worth a Dam?" 3788:. Backcountry Pictures 3477:San Francisco Examiner 2955:Yosemite National Park 2504:. World of Waterfalls. 2464:public domain material 2245:Yosemite National Park 2108: 2004:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir 1988: 1980: 1917:37.548104; -121.932041 1835:San Francisco Bay Area 1826: 1818: 1725:37.483508; -122.316306 1684:37.852425; -119.991572 1505:Yosemite National Park 1493: 1371:In the early 1850s, a 1368: 1356: 1341: 442: 365: 271:San Francisco Bay Area 259:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir 238:and is drained by the 236:Yosemite National Park 191:37.94806°N 119.78806°W 154:Yosemite National Park 5286:Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct 5280:Dumbarton Rail Bridge 4949:The Nose (El Capitan) 4796: 3970:. Sierra Club: 34–38. 3746:. The Pulitzer Prizes 3502:"Hetch Hetchy Valley" 3458:"Pulgas Water Temple" 3413:10.1061/40574(2001)75 3131:San Jose Mercury News 2478:National Park Service 2335:"Hetch Hetchy Valley" 2268:"Hetch Hetchy Valley" 2178:Hetch Hetchy Railroad 2106: 2072:National Park Service 1986: 1974: 1942:San Antonio Reservoir 1824: 1816: 1609:Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct 1544:Hetch Hetchy Railroad 1489: 1362: 1347: 1339: 955:Mean minimum °F (°C) 675:Mean maximum °F (°C) 433: 360: 5325:Hetch Hetchy Project 4905:Lost Arrow Spire Tip 3783:"What Lies Beneath?" 3633:"Delusions of Power" 2835:. In Time and Place. 2666:. USGPO. p. 243 2045:Restore Hetch Hetchy 2010:Proposed restoration 1966:Restore Hetch Hetchy 1867:Moccasin Powerhouses 1843:Hetch Hetchy Project 1839:hydroelectric plants 1638:37.9475°N 119.7869°W 1601:Hetch Hetchy Project 1556:Moccasin, California 1533:Richard A. Ballinger 1393:California Gold Rush 1272:in the west and the 605:Record high °F (°C) 455:California black oak 263:Hetch Hetchy Project 196:37.94806; -119.78806 5350:Interbasin transfer 4375:: 5. Archived from 4222:Jones, Ray (2010). 3613:. Clovis Free Press 3587:. Reason Foundation 2470:Hetch Hetchy Valley 2436:The Pulitzer Prizes 2333:Muir, John (1912). 1946:Pulgas Water Temple 1934:Calaveras Reservoir 1908: / 1716: / 1675: / 1634: / 1316:tribe claimed that 1025:Record low °F (°C) 815:Daily mean °F (°C) 441:, late 19th century 403:last glacial period 232:Hetch Hetchy Valley 187: / 140:10,000–15,000 years 33:Hetch Hetchy Valley 18:Hetch Hetchy Valley 5235:List of waterfalls 5000:Ahwahnechee people 4921:Royal Arches Route 4914:Midnight Lightning 4798: 4774:Bracebridge Dinner 4287:. Pantheon Books. 3928:The New York Times 3686:De Carion, Denis. 3283:The New York Times 2109: 1989: 1981: 1827: 1819: 1772:Construction start 1643:37.9475; -119.7869 1465:a major earthquake 1405:Charles F. Hoffman 1369: 1363:Albert Bierstadt, 1357: 1342: 1252:Indigenous peoples 443: 366: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5263:San Francisco Bay 5261:Crossings of the 5253: 5252: 5245:California Portal 5240:Yosemite Category 5079:2013 Rim Wildfire 5057:Natural disasters 5043:High Sierra Camps 5038:Housekeeping Camp 4975:Stephen T. Mather 4958: 4957: 4779:Yosemite Firefall 4533:O'Shaughnessy Dam 4271:978-0-19-803410-0 4233:978-0-7627-6231-6 4214:978-1-59714-072-0 4195:978-1-59726-639-0 4069:Los Angeles Times 3987:Los Angeles Times 3837:Popular Mechanics 3820:on July 14, 2005. 3560:Los Angeles Times 3422:978-0-7844-0574-1 3068:Hanson, Jason L. 3019:, pp. 26–27. 2940:, pp. 22–23. 2602:, pp. 87–90. 2498:"Rancheria Falls" 2353:"Nature's Garden" 2183:Lake Vernon trail 2134:Los Angeles Times 2119:(director of the 2099:Arguments against 2081:New Don Pedro Dam 1811: 1810: 1487:. Muir observed: 1473:James R. Garfield 1243: 1242: 309:Hetch Hetchy Dome 255:O'Shaughnessy Dam 217: 216: 16:(Redirected from 5372: 5303: 5296:Dumbarton Bridge 5272: 5257: 5099:Nearby airports 4990:Buffalo Soldiers 4942:Separate Reality 4898:Lost Arrow Spire 4677: 4671:Chilnualna Falls 4656:Tuolumne Meadows 4631:Yosemite Village 4603: 4596: 4589: 4580: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4472: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4432: 4411: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4369:Bay Area Council 4366: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4328: 4309: 4298: 4286: 4275: 4246: 4237: 4226:. Globe Pequot. 4218: 4199: 4188:. Island Press. 4187: 4176: 4164: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3816:. Archived from 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3479:. Archived from 3468: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3407:. pp. 1–0. 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3381:. Archived from 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3349:. Archived from 3348: 3340: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3029: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2730:, p. 92–94. 2725: 2719: 2713: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2560:Huber, N. King. 2557: 2548: 2547:, p. 80–83. 2542: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2475: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2440: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2381: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2306: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2264: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2125:Dianne Feinstein 1997: 1930:Dumbarton Bridge 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1605: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1441:Century Magazine 1414:Albert Bierstadt 553: 435:Albert Bierstadt 386:Tuolumne Meadows 301: 300: 296: 291: 290: 286: 244:Native Americans 202: 201: 199: 198: 197: 192: 188: 185: 184: 183: 180: 59: 48: 30: 21: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5265: 5254: 5249: 5212: 5206: 5145: 5139: 5088: 5052: 5010: 5004: 4985:Shelton Johnson 4954: 4875: 4869: 4815:John Muir Trail 4806: 4799: 4788: 4734:Bridalveil Fall 4683: 4675: 4626:Yosemite Valley 4612: 4607: 4524: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4494: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4462: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4429: 4414: 4401: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4364: 4359: 4351: 4349: 4339: 4335: 4333:Further reading 4325: 4312: 4301: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4249: 4240: 4234: 4221: 4215: 4202: 4196: 4179: 4173: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580:Browne, Brian. 3579: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3484: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2829:"Early History" 2827: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2755: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2458: 2456: 2443: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2220:Gifford Pinchot 2163: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2101: 2093:Yosemite Valley 2033:Harold L. Ickes 2017: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2003: 1998: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1806: 1783:24 October 1934 1746:Characteristics 1724: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1572: 1569: 1537:Gifford Pinchot 1463:In 1906, after 1461: 1455: 1334: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 550: 483:western mastiff 428: 426:Flora and fauna 394: 381:Rancheria Falls 373:Tueeulala Falls 362:Tueeulala Falls 340:Rancheria Creek 313:Cathedral Rocks 298: 294: 293: 288: 284: 283: 279: 251:Yosemite Valley 195: 193: 189: 186: 181: 178: 176: 174: 173: 84:Floor elevation 79: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5378: 5376: 5368: 5367: 5365:Tuolumne River 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5289: 5283: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5146:municipalities 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5093:Transportation 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4855:Mariposa Grove 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4835:Ostrander Lake 4832: 4827: 4825:Panorama Trail 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4800: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4698: 4696:Yosemite Falls 4693: 4687: 4685: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4530: 4523: 4522:External links 4520: 4518: 4517: 4497: 4492: 4473: 4465:|journal= 4433: 4427: 4412: 4404:|journal= 4357: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4323: 4310: 4299: 4293: 4276: 4270: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4219: 4213: 4200: 4194: 4177: 4171: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4120: 4103: 4082: 4052: 4027: 4021:Sacramento Bee 4010: 4008:, p. 121. 3998: 3973: 3954: 3939: 3914: 3893: 3869: 3845: 3823: 3798: 3774: 3756: 3734: 3710: 3678: 3650: 3648:, p. 185. 3638: 3623: 3597: 3572: 3545: 3517: 3493: 3463: 3449: 3428: 3421: 3405:Pipelines 2001 3395: 3366: 3330: 3309: 3307:, p. 241. 3297: 3268: 3240: 3220: 3201: 3176: 3150: 3136: 3117: 3092: 3057: 3045: 3021: 3009: 2982: 2967: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2901: 2889: 2887:, p. 157. 2874: 2850: 2848:, p. 158. 2838: 2820: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2753: 2732: 2720: 2703: 2691: 2677: 2648: 2634: 2616: 2614:, p. 419. 2612:Wohlforth 2004 2604: 2592: 2580: 2549: 2537: 2534:. Sierra Club. 2519: 2507: 2489: 2441: 2423: 2399: 2369: 2344: 2322: 2310:"Hetch Hetchy" 2294: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2240:Tuolumne River 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2152: 2149: 2100: 2097: 2089:hydraulic head 2085:diversion dams 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1883:kilowatt hours 1809: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1658:Tuolumne River 1655: 1651: 1650: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1563: 1548:Sierra Railway 1513:Woodrow Wilson 1457:Main article: 1454: 1451: 1386:Lake Don Pedro 1333: 1330: 1270:Central Valley 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 672: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 602: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 558: 557: 551: 549: 546: 540:in the river. 494:Ponderosa pine 427: 424: 393: 390: 328:Tuolumne River 278: 275: 240:Tuolumne River 230:. The glacial 215: 214: 212:Tuolumne River 209: 205: 204: 171: 165: 164: 151: 147: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 74:on the right. 66: 54: 53: 52: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5377: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163:Yosemite West 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Sentinel Dome 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4830:McGurk Meadow 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4795: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4769:LeConte Lodge 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4714:The Dawn Wall 4710: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641:Glacier Point 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4483:on 2011-06-29 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4457: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4428:0-7881-4163-5 4424: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4396: 4382:on 2012-04-25 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4348:on 2013-01-10 4347: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324:0-7645-7075-7 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4294:0-375-42231-5 4290: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4172:0-520-24922-4 4168: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4104: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4042:on 2013-07-04 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3724:. Sierra Club 3720: 3714: 3711: 3700:on 2016-03-03 3696: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3483:on 2011-11-01 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3385:on 2013-05-20 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3356:on 2014-07-02 3352: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3286:. p. 21A 3285: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3258:on 2013-08-23 3257: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3191:on 2015-03-18 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3103: 3096: 3093: 3082:on 2014-07-02 3078: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3046: 3035:. Sierra Club 3034: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2983: 2980:, p. 23. 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2928:, p. 19. 2927: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2905: 2902: 2899:, p. 17. 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2810:on 2016-03-04 2809: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2790:, p. 13. 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2766:, p. 14. 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2718:, p. 75. 2717: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2701:, p. 74. 2700: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2590:, p. 84. 2589: 2584: 2581: 2570:on 2010-05-28 2569: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2517:, p. 15. 2516: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2479: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2413:. 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FoundSF. 3111:2013-05-31 3086:2013-05-30 3039:2013-05-31 3003:2013-06-01 2961:2013-05-28 2868:2013-06-01 2814:2013-05-26 2747:2006-09-09 2728:Bibby 2006 2716:Jones 2010 2699:Jones 2010 2588:Huber 2007 2574:2013-05-26 2545:Huber 2007 2483:2013-05-23 2417:2013-05-26 2363:2013-05-30 2316:2013-05-23 2288:2013-05-26 1900:37°32′53″N 1861:Counties. 1797:References 1708:37°29′01″N 1667:37°51′09″N 1626:37°56′51″N 1306:blue dicks 502:silver fir 467:wallflower 319:seen from 317:El Capitan 224:California 179:37°56′53″N 158:California 5187:Briceburg 5135:Route 120 5125:Route 140 4970:John Muir 4720:Free Solo 4691:Half Dome 4077:0458-3035 2251:Citations 2117:Carl Pope 2065:President 2057:Secretary 2053:Don Hodel 2027:SF Weekly 1954:ozonation 1871:megawatts 1851:San Mateo 1517:Raker Act 1485:John Muir 1483:, led by 1431:John Muir 1403:In 1867, 1367:, c. 1870 1355:, c. 1908 1283:deergrass 526:mule deer 475:buttercup 459:manzanita 447:Gray pine 344:watershed 277:Geography 145:Geography 5197:Midpines 5192:Oakhurst 5182:Mariposa 5177:Bootjack 5130:Route 41 4371:and the 3173:: 24–31. 3167:Historia 2659:(1918). 2151:See also 1788:Location 1759:Capacity 1509:Congress 1279:milkweed 1234:(160.9) 1164:(957.5) 1095:Average 490:live oak 150:Location 5153:Foresta 5009:Lodging 4705:Films: 4511:Dec 31, 3054:Office. 2059:of the 1891:Fremont 1859:Alameda 1767:History 1453:Damming 1407:of the 1328:floor. 1247:History 1219:(0.25) 1194:(0.25) 945:(−1.4) 925:(13.3) 920:(13.4) 895:(−0.9) 890:(−1.6) 880:(11.9) 865:(13.6) 860:(18.1) 855:(21.4) 850:(21.6) 845:(17.7) 840:(13.5) 810:(18.8) 800:(12.7) 795:(21.4) 790:(26.3) 785:(29.3) 780:(29.5) 775:(25.5) 770:(20.7) 765:(16.5) 760:(13.8) 755:(11.6) 548:Climate 520:in the 518:dogwood 392:Geology 297:⁄ 287:⁄ 226:in the 203: 132:Glacial 124:Geology 76:Bottom: 5172:Wawona 5165:& 5144:Nearby 5048:Camp 4 4963:People 4876:climbs 4807:trails 4805:Hiking 4681:Valley 4425: 4380:(.PDF) 4321: 4291: 4268: 4230: 4211: 4192: 4169: 4075: 3968:Sierra 3611:Trails 3419: 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