422:, which is registered as cellu-treat or sporax, either as a powder or in aqueous form. These treatments are most effective if done immediately after stump is created (the tree is cut). Other control measures include: use wide spacing when planting to reduce the need for thinning and reduce the potential root grafts, thin only when spores are less abundant, (January through March), and plant tree species that are less susceptible. Another strategy is to avoid logging injuries as the spores enter through such injuries and infect and kill the tree and begin a disease center. Once the fungus is in the stand there is nothing that can be done about it except extremely expensive stump removal and prevention of new infections.
380:, producing a stringy white rot. It spreads from tree to tree by root grafts, killing trees in an ever-widening circle. The sexual reproductive structures of the fungus, annual or perennial basidiocarps, appear on decomposing stumps and at the base of dead trees and release spores in summer and fall to mid-winter. The highest sporulation occurs from late summer to when the conks freeze. When the conk temperatures are above freezing the spores of the fungus are released and carried by wind currents to land in open wounds or stumps of cut trees. The fungus can survive freezing temperatures both as mycelia and as basidiocarps, and overwinters in the roots and stem tissue of trees. The mycelia produce infectious
33:
243:
328:. The characteristic symptom of most tree root disease, including this type, is a disease center.g This occurs when the fungus has infected one tree and then spreads through the roots to other trees and kills them too. This creates a pattern of old dead trees in the center of the pocket and progressively newer dead, chlorotic, then healthy trees, usually in a circular area. Below-ground symptoms of
323:
causes both above and below-ground symptoms. Above-ground symptoms of infected trees consist of reduced height growth, patches of dead and declining trees, wind-thrown trees, reduced shoot and diameter growth, and resin-soaking at the root collar. Additionally, the crown may become thin and foliage
441:
This disease is economically important because of its effect on timber species, especially in plantations in the
Midwest and Southeast in the United States. It destroys commercially viable trees and causes losses both from reduction of marketable wood and increased cost of treatment to growers. It
404:
grows best on well drained sandy soils, which are now farm fields that have been converted into plantations in the southern US. Plantations particularly favor this fungus because it enters the plant through a wound or cut surface and then spreads by the roots. Research on temperature requirements
448:
is also an ecologically important disturbance agent in natural settings. It creates gaps in forest canopies, allowing light and water to get through, which in turn allows a diversity of plants to establish. It also stresses trees, making them more susceptible to different fungi and insects,
686:
Otrosina, William J. and Cobb, Fields W. Jr. 1989. Biology, Ecology, and
Epidemiology of Heterobasidion annosum. Proceedings of the Symposium on Research and Management of Annosus Root Disease (Heterobasidion annosum) in Western North America. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep.
196:, which includes important pathogens of conifers and other woody plants. It has a wide host and geographic range throughout North America and causes considerable economic damage in pine plantations in the United States. This fungus is also a serious worry in eastern Canada.
442:
reduces both volume and height growth as well as eventually killing the trees and causing them to be more susceptible to windthrow and other diseases and insects. In the
Southeastern US it was found that as many as 30% of trees can be killed in severely infected stands.
384:, but it is unknown how these fit into the disease cycle. When the fungus has obtained enough nutrients it grows a basidiocarp on the outside of a trunk or stump of a tree in the eastern US or inside a hollow stump in the western US.
417:
The best strategy to manage this disease is to avoid infection of stumps. To do this, do not cut trees at major sporulation times, which are summer to late fall, and treat fresh stumps with protectants such as
573:
Schmitt C. L.1989. Diagnosis of
Annosus Root Disease in Mixed Conifer Forests in the Northwestern United States. Symposium on Research and Management of Annosus Root Disease in Western North America.
470:
583:
Gontheir, P; Lione, G; Giodana, L; Garbelotto, M (2012). "The
American forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare colonizes unexpected habitats after its introduction in Italy".
332:
include excessive pitch production, stringy, white root decay, and root lesions. Signs include the formation of white mycelia between bark scales followed by conks (
668:
Froelich, R. C.; Dell, T. R.; Walkinshaw, C. H.1966. Soil
Factors Associated with Fomes annosus in the Gulf States. Society of American Foresters. 12:3, 356-361.
841:
902:
466:
400:, and moisture content, may affect fungal growth. Disease is most severe on high fertility or lime, alkaline (pH>6), or former agricultural soils.
789:
539:
Robbins, K.1984. Annosus Root Rot in
Eastern Conifers. Forest insect and disease leaflet 76 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
564:
Scanlon K. 2011. ANNOSUS ROOT ROT. BIOLOGY, SYMPTOMS AND PREVENTION. U.S. Wisconsin Dept of
Natural Resources, Forest Health Protection.
433:
because of the recent naming of this species, and not much research has been done outside of the US on its reaction to biocontrols.
340:
layer at the base of the tree or stump. The fruit bodies can also form as "foam" on the ground rising from roots under the surface.
622:
Filip, G. M. and
Morrison, D. J., 1998. "North America" edited by Woodward, S.; Stenlid, J.; Karjalainen, R.; and Huttermann, A.;
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particularly bark beetles. These stressed trees can then act as a source of infection by other organisms of nearby healthy trees.
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892:
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species found there. However, they are not approved for use in the United States and it is uncertain whether they work on
882:
846:
677:
Cowling E. B.; Kelman A. 1964. Influence of
Temperature Growth of Fomes annosus Isolates.Phytopathology 54: 249-372
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372:, or vegetative structure of the fungus, grows into the wood. The mycelia colonizes the wood by decomposing the
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907:
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216:. Due to the ecology, disease type, host range/preference, interfertility group, and genetic information,
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40:
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for germination and spore production is currently being conducted. It is known however, that
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99:
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Biology, Ecology, Impact and Control. Cab International UK, University Press, Cambridge.
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Biology, Ecology, Impact and Control. Cab International UK, University Press, Cambridge
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Drummond, D. B; Bretz, T. W. 1967. Seasonal fluctuations of airborne inoculum of
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and wood decay: Enzymology of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation.
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639:" edited by Woodward, S.; Stenlid, J.; Karjalainen, R.; and Huttermann, A.;
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to cause disease on trees. Factors such as gaseous regime (oxygen levels),
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is able to germinate at temperatures as low as 8 °C (46 °F).
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381:
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596:
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373:
361:
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are wind-blown and land on tree wounds. Most spores land within 100
768:
190:
is a tree root rotting pathogenic fungus that belongs to the genus
419:
241:
205:
201:
51:
212:) where it has been responsible for extensive tree mortality of
716:
226:
P ISG) was designated a new species and distinguished from
658:
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/bioti/vk/maijala
471:
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
392:
Various abiotic factors attribute to the ability of
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biological species. Fungal Biology 114 (2010) 16–25
425:There are bio-controls used in Europe against the
635:Korhonen, K. and Stenlid, J. 1998. "Biology of
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515:
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491:
253:Many woody plant species have been reported as
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531:
554:http://www.bugwood.org/factsheets/98-031.html
8:
618:
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505:nom. nov.: A disposition of North American
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31:
20:
246:Classic root disease center symptoms for
261:. Hosts consist of pines and some other
457:
352:begins with natural wounds on trees or
7:
525:in Missouri. Phytopathology 57: 340.
497:Otrosina, W. J., Garbelotto M.2010.
368:. The spores then germinate and the
903:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
548:Cram M. M. 2009. Annosum Root Rot.
14:
1:
151:Garbel. & Otrosina (2010)
324:(leaves or needles) becomes
467:"Heterobasidion irregulare"
336:) that usually form in the
924:
499:Heterobasidion occidentale
228:Heterobasidion occidentale
727:Heterobasidion irregulare
701:Heterobasidion irregulare
503:Heterobasidion irregulare
446:Heterobasidion irregulare
431:Heterobasidion irregulare
394:Heterobasidion irregulare
350:Heterobasidion irregulare
321:Heterobasidion irregulare
238:Hosts, Symptoms and Signs
198:Heterobasidion irregulare
187:Heterobasidion irregulare
163:
156:
145:Heterobasidion irregulare
141:
134:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
25:Heterobasidion irregulare
23:
177:Heterobasidon irregulare
888:Fungi described in 2010
585:Ecological Applications
200:has been introduced to
893:Fungi of North America
654:Heterobasidion annosum
641:Heterobasidion annosum
637:Heterobasidion annosum
624:Heterobasidion annosum
550:Heterobasidion annosum
307:Juniperus occidentalis
250:
232:Heterobasidion annosum
223:Heterobasidion annosum
174:Heterobasidion annosum
465:EPPO (October 2013).
348:The disease cycle of
245:
299:Calocedrus decurrens
883:Pathogenic microbes
230:(formerly known as
220:(formerly known as
407:H. irregulare
330:H. irregulare
259:H. irregulare
251:
218:H. irregulare
127:H. irregulare
870:
869:
855:Open Tree of Life
719:Taxon identifiers
597:10.1890/12-0420.1
183:
182:
166:Polyporus annosus
16:Species of fungus
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652:Maijala P.2000.
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591:(8): 2135–2143.
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303:western juniper
275:Pinus ponderosa
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100:Bondarzewiaceae
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707:Index Fungorum
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427:Heterobasidion
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398:pH of the soil
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315:Arctostaphylos
291:Pinus resinosa
283:Pinus echinata
279:shortleaf pine
271:ponderosa pine
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193:Heterobasidion
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477:on 2018-05-22
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358:Basidiospores
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479:. Retrieved
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829:NatureServe
803:iNaturalist
388:Environment
898:Russulales
877:Categories
481:2018-05-21
453:References
437:Importance
413:Management
354:cut stumps
214:stone pine
88:Russulales
59:Division:
834:2.1073401
378:cellulose
326:chlorotic
311:Manzanita
267:hardwoods
121:Species:
47:Kingdom:
816:MycoBank
777:Fungorum
742:Q5746866
736:Wikidata
605:23387115
287:red pine
263:conifers
234:S ISG).
210:modifica
158:Synonyms
95:Family:
795:7372572
687:PSW-116
382:conidia
370:mycelia
364:of the
317:spp.).
309:), and
107:Genus:
83:Order:
71:Class:
860:607526
847:984962
821:515278
808:803784
782:515278
769:HETEIR
603:
374:lignin
362:metres
756:3L7QB
420:borax
255:hosts
206:Lazio
202:Italy
52:Fungi
842:NCBI
790:GBIF
764:EPPO
601:PMID
376:and
338:duff
265:and
257:for
751:CoL
704:in
593:doi
301:),
293:),
285:),
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
