531:. By tunneling underground, these gophers are creating a slightly more palatable environment than had existed before, and this environment would become populated with organisms. These organisms would become gradually adapted, not only to the tunnel environment, but likely also to the gophers who created the tunnels. In the case of chewing lice, this would mean attaching onto, and becoming well suited to overcoming the hosts defense systems, but without causing so much harm as to kill the host. Since pocket gophers are so solitary, any contact that they have with other animals is likely to be with other pocket gophers of their same species. In this way, a certain initial type of lice could be passed on almost exclusively in one species of pocket gopher for generations and generations, producing a new species of louse, specific to one species of pocket gopher.
417:). Tails can range in length from 80 to 160 mm depending on the species. Sources have reported that a key factor in determining the size of the animal is the soil composition in the animal's native habitat. Looser, sandy soil types are associated with increased cranial size, while more densely packed soil seems to correlate with a relatively smaller body size. Animals of this genus are typically colored as to blend in with their backgrounds, presenting mostly black or brown or gray coloring on their dorsal sides. The ventral side tends to be more variable in coloration, though in species such as
37:
421:, the dorsal coat can have patterns such as white bands extending across the hind quarters. Ventral coat coloration is often some combination of white, gray, or brown. Hair on these animals ranges from short to relatively long, and the hairs are generally fine and soft. It is thought that these characteristics are advantageous for the animal to remove dirt from its coat during the grooming process. A very distinctive feature of the
494:
nature of the traps used in the past by the Mayan's is a mystery now, but present methods of gopher trapping can be observed. Two popular snares used in the modern day both make use of a spring, a snare, and a tension line. One trap is set off by a gopher running into a tension line, and another by a gopher chewing through a baited line.
493:
report different methods on the catching and preparing of pocket gophers for food. Due to the extended length of time that trapping has been a part of the community, it should come as no surprise that the practice of trapping has gained cultural significance in southeastern Mexico. Unfortunately, the
429:
that protrude from the mouth, even when the mouth is closed. This is a characteristic that is shared across all rodents, but is particularly prominent in gophers. These enlarged incisors serve two purposes. The first, as is the general trend in animals, tooth shape is adapted to the individual's
505:
often feed off of bananas and other crops that are being cultivated by humans. These pocket gophers are capable of being quite destructive towards these crops as well, capable of causing up to a 50% loss in crops. Because of the significant losses, people have poured much effort into trying to
471:
On the whole, pocket
Gophers tend to have a higher daily caloric intake than most rodent species. This is due to the added energy expenditures necessary to move around underground, and is a contributing factor to how destructive these animals can be towards crops that are cultivated by humans.
571:
526:
Evidence suggests that a close relationship has existed between pocket gophers and chewing lice for significant periods of time. It has been posited that this relationship is due to the fact that both of these creatures habits make them quite well suited for
926:
894:
771:
1081:
Hafner, Mark; Philip D. Sudman; Francis X. Villablanca; Theresa A. Spradling; James W. Demastes; Steven A. Nadler (19 August 1994). "Disparate Rates of
Molecular Evolution in Cospeciating Hosts and Parasites".
434:
can use its teeth to dig, while preventing dirt from entering its oral cavity. Pocket gophers also possess valvular ears, which can be closed to prevent the entry of soil into the auditory canal while digging.
506:
control Pocket Gopher populations. In Costa Rica, several methods of pest control have been pursued, but many have been abandoned in searching for the ideal solution. Mongooses have been introduced into the
451:
are solitary creatures except during their breeding seasons. In the breeding seasons though, multiple individuals can occupy the same burrow. During the non-breeding times of year, only one
976:
953:
930:
898:
775:
518:, but to humans as well. Since there is no antidote available in Costa Rica for some of the chemicals used in pest control, so the use of these chemicals must be carefully managed.
195:. The name pocket gopher was earned for this family because of their fur lined cheek pouches that can be used for carrying food. These pouches can also be turned inside out.
1802:
1828:
455:
occupies a tunnel system at a given time. These tunnels are subdivided into areas for their nest, the food store, and a separate tunnel for excrement. In the
1889:
1040:
1776:
1815:
1153:
602:
Hovey, Kevin; Dominique
Rissolo (1999). "The Process and Sociocultural Significance of Gopher Trapping in a modern Yucatec Maya Community".
1879:
1884:
310:
1820:
1357:
1548:
1485:
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191:
are a small genus of rodents commonly known as pocket gophers, though the term applies to all genera within the family
36:
1398:
1146:
869:
1616:
1323:
514:
to find, or the spreading of toxic chemicals. Unfortunately, the latter two options pose not only are harmful to the
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1440:
1382:
1264:
1255:
1228:
335:
1533:
1282:
1584:
1332:
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species classified as pests, and the history of man's attempts to control their populations reaches back into
1728:
1712:
1703:
1874:
1744:
1684:
1675:
1625:
1458:
1431:
1407:
1139:
1099:
717:
Spradling, T. A.; Demastes, J. W.; Hafner, D. J.; Milbach, P. L.; Cervantes, F. A.; Hafner, M. S. (2016).
355:
325:
1603:
1578:
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1841:
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1351:
1610:
1131:
1666:
1467:
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1341:
1314:
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345:
228:
115:
1104:
1657:
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1373:
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645:
296:
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are primarily active during the morning and afternoon, and are mainly found inside their burrows.
845:
549:
528:
31:
1041:"Analytical approaches to measuring cospeciation of host and parasites: through a glass, darkly"
1846:
706:. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence: University of Kansas Publications.
1807:
1476:
1117:
1063:
684:
375:
208:
823:"Evolutionary Genetics and Zoogeography of Middle American Pocket Gophers, Genus Orthogeomys"
668:
1392:
1367:
1109:
1055:
1016:
837:
730:
718:
640:
459:, tunnels have an average height of 12.8 cm, and can be up to almost 200 m in length.
669:"Monographic revision of the pocket gophers family Geomyidae (exclusive of the species of
180:
132:
1095:
510:
habitats in hopes of culling their numbers, food has been poisoned and left out for the
1059:
1863:
1202:
1163:
631:
622:
290:
124:
1767:
822:
1789:
1524:
1500:
1219:
278:
272:
241:
757:
1208:
688:
476:
are herbivores, who feed on corn, grass roots, cassava, rice, and sugar cane.
261:
735:
704:
Evolution and classification of the pocket gophers of the subfamily
Geomyinae
1113:
267:
192:
172:
48:
1067:
1021:
1004:
215:
seem to be on a general upwards trend. Furthermore, all of the species of
1121:
1761:
1190:
1184:
426:
184:
68:
1781:
849:
196:
1794:
1297:
1196:
1178:
490:
204:
176:
168:
98:
88:
78:
58:
1738:
841:
808:
Wild
Mammals of North America: Biology, Management and Conservation
401:
Pocket
Gophers range in size from about 170 mm (for example,
164:
1742:
1135:
430:
diet. Secondly, since the teeth protrude out of the mouth, the
219:
are considered to be of Least
Concern in the World Status Key.
920:
918:
916:
810:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 276–287.
572:"Subterranean Rodents as Pests: The Case of the Pocket Gopher"
211:
times. Despite some efforts to the contrary, populations of
576:
USDA National
Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications
245:. In the 1968 taxonomic revision, R. J. Russell recognized
888:
886:
1034:
1032:
870:"Cophylogeny between Pocket Gophers and Chewing Lice"
863:
861:
859:
1005:"El impacto de las taltuzas en el cultivo de banano"
1751:
1701:
1638:
1567:
1546:
1522:
1498:
1420:
1295:
1217:
1039:Paterson, Adrian; Jonathan Banks (2 January 2001).
998:
996:
994:
321:This genus contains the following seven species:
719:"Systematic revision of the pocket gopher genus"
570:Witmer, Gary; Richard M. Engeman (15 May 2007).
489:Documents from before the Spanish settlement of
597:
595:
593:
646:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15544A22214782.en
203:are regarded as pests, one of less than 5% of
1147:
8:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
309:). This classification was accepted by the
1739:
1564:
1154:
1140:
1132:
286:(2016) proposed to divide this genus into
20:
1103:
1020:
734:
644:
257:. However, recent studies suggests that
540:
1048:International Journal for Parasitology
231:described 3 genera of pocket gophers:
748:
746:
7:
929:. INBio, Costa Rica. Archived from
897:. INBio, Costa Rica. Archived from
774:. INBio, Costa Rica. Archived from
632:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1890:Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam
1003:Monge-Meza, Javier (16 May 2011).
14:
821:Hafner, Mark (13 February 1991).
409:) to around 280 mm (such as
311:American Society of Mammalogists
35:
1238:Oriental Basin pocket gopher (
1:
1399:Central Texas pocket gopher (
1060:10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00199-0
758:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
1383:Southeastern pocket gopher (
1358:Knox Jones's pocket gopher (
1229:Yellow-faced pocket gopher (
1486:Underwood's pocket gopher (
1283:Flat-headed pocket gopher (
1906:
1880:Rodents of Central America
1617:Townsend's pocket gopher (
1324:Attwater's pocket gopher (
1725:
1713:Michoacan pocket gopher (
1441:Cherrie's pocket gopher (
1265:Merriam's pocket gopher (
1256:Goldman's pocket gopher (
1173:
1162:Extant species of family
548:Encyclopædia Britannica.
480:Interspecies Interactions
386:Underwood's pocket gopher
282:, which is why Spradling
145:
140:
130:
123:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1885:Rodents of North America
1685:Northern pocket gopher (
1676:Mountain pocket gopher (
1626:Southern pocket gopher (
1534:Buller's pocket gopher (
1459:Variable pocket gopher (
1432:Chiriqui pocket gopher (
1408:Tropical pocket gopher (
1305:(Eastern pocket gophers)
954:"Orthogeomys underwoodi"
683:(8). Washington: 1–258.
305:(rest species; includes
1649:Wyoming pocket gopher (
1585:Botta's pocket gopher (
1333:Baird's pocket gopher (
1114:10.1126/science.8066445
1009:Agronomía Mesoamericana
895:"Orthogeomys heterodus"
702:Russell, R. J. (1968).
667:Merriam, C. H. (1895).
604:Journal of Ethnobiology
390:Heterogeomys underwoodi
336:Cherrie's pocket gopher
1667:Mazama pocket gopher (
1468:Hispid pocket gopher (
1450:Darien pocket gopher (
1342:Plains pocket gopher (
1315:Desert pocket gopher (
1274:Perote pocket gopher (
1022:10.15517/am.v22i1.8680
927:"Orthogeomys cherriei"
806:Baker, Robert (2003).
736:10.1093/jmammal/gyv185
360:Heterogeomys heterodus
356:Variable pocket gopher
350:Heterogeomys dariensis
326:Chiriqui pocket gopher
147:7 recognized species,
1842:Paleobiology Database
1658:Idaho pocket gopher (
1594:Camas pocket gopher (
1510:Giant pocket gopher (
1374:Texas pocket gopher (
1352:Geomys jugossicularis
1247:Smoky pocket gopher (
977:"Orthogeomys cavator"
639:: e.T15544A22214782.
370:Heterogeomys hispidus
340:Heterogeomys cherriei
830:Journal of Mammalogy
752:Search results for "
723:Journal of Mammalogy
677:North American Fauna
621:Samudio, R. (2016).
366:Hispid pocket gopher
346:Darien pocket gopher
330:Heterogeomys cavator
1604:Thomomys nayarensis
1579:Thomomys atrovarius
1477:Big pocket gopher (
1096:1994Sci...265.1087H
1090:(5175): 1087–1090.
979:. INBio, Costa Rica
956:. INBio, Costa Rica
952:Zeledon, Fernando.
893:Zeledon, Fernando.
625:Orthogeomys cavator
425:genus is the large
380:Heterogeomys lanius
529:parallel evolution
1857:
1856:
1745:Taxon identifiers
1736:
1735:
1697:
1696:
1611:Thomomys sheldoni
1561:
1308:
1167:
376:Big pocket gopher
156:
155:
119:
1897:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
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1823:
1811:
1810:
1798:
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1784:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1740:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1166:(Pocket gophers)
1165:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1107:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1054:(9): 1012–1022.
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1027:
1026:
1024:
1000:
989:
988:
986:
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253:as subgenera of
114:
40:
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21:
16:Genus of mammals
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1899:
1898:
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1747:
1737:
1732:
1721:
1693:
1634:
1558:pocket gophers)
1557:
1556:(Smooth-toothed
1555:
1554:
1552:
1542:
1518:
1494:
1416:
1304:
1303:
1301:
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1213:
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1105:10.1.1.492.9461
1080:
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1030:
1002:
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975:Suarez, Alina.
974:
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925:Suarez, Alina.
924:
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842:10.2307/1381975
825:
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770:Suarez, Alina.
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581:
579:
569:
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554:
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550:"Pocket Gopher"
547:
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537:
524:
500:
487:
482:
469:
446:
441:
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319:
288:
259:
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181:Central America
136:
133:Geomys hispidus
113:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1901:
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1158:
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1144:
1136:
1128:
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1073:
1028:
1015:(1): 167–174.
990:
967:
944:
933:on 9 June 2007
912:
901:on 9 June 2007
882:
868:Hafner, Mark.
855:
813:
789:
778:on 9 June 2007
762:
742:
729:(2): 405–423.
709:
694:
659:
613:
589:
562:
539:
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467:Feeding Habits
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398:
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318:
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171:in the family
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41:
28:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1902:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Rodent genera
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1848:
1843:
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1822:
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1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1660:T. idahoensis
1656:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1619:T. townsendii
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
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1601:
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1597:
1596:T. bulbivorus
1592:
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1521:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1488:H. underwoodi
1484:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1466:
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1462:
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1455:
1453:
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1439:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1427:
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1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1410:G. tropicalis
1406:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1376:G. personatus
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1360:G. knoxjonesi
1356:
1354:
1353:
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1347:
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1329:
1327:
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1313:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1294:
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1286:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1276:C. perotensis
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1240:C. fulvescens
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1207:Superfamily:
1206:
1204:
1203:Castorimorpha
1200:
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839:
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831:
824:
817:
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790:
777:
773:
772:"Orthogeomys"
766:
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749:
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743:
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610:(2): 261–276.
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33:
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26:
22:
19:
1870:Heterogeomys
1753:Heterogeomys
1752:
1727:
1715:Z. trichopus
1714:
1702:
1687:T. talpoides
1686:
1678:T. monticola
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1640:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1570:Megascapheus
1569:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1461:H. heterodus
1460:
1452:H. dariensis
1451:
1442:
1433:
1423:Heterogeomys
1422:
1421:
1409:
1400:
1393:G. streckeri
1391:
1384:
1375:
1368:G. lutescens
1366:
1359:
1350:
1344:G. bursarius
1343:
1335:G. breviceps
1334:
1326:G. attwateri
1325:
1317:G. arenarius
1316:
1296:
1285:C. planiceps
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1231:C. castanops
1230:
1218:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1051:
1047:
1012:
1008:
981:. Retrieved
970:
958:. Retrieved
947:
935:. Retrieved
931:the original
903:. Retrieved
899:the original
873:. Retrieved
833:
829:
816:
807:
780:. Retrieved
776:the original
765:
754:Heterogeomys
753:
726:
722:
712:
703:
697:
680:
676:
670:
662:
650:. Retrieved
636:
630:
624:
616:
607:
603:
580:. Retrieved
575:
565:
553:. Retrieved
543:
525:
516:Heterogeomys
515:
512:Heterogeomys
511:
508:Heterogeomys
507:
503:Heterogeomys
502:
501:
498:Pest Control
488:
474:Heterogeomys
473:
470:
461:Heterogeomys
460:
456:
453:Heterogeomys
452:
449:Heterogeomys
448:
447:
432:Heterogeomys
431:
423:Heterogeomys
422:
418:
414:
411:H. heterodus
410:
406:
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389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
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329:
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306:
303:Heterogeomys
302:
297:
289:Orthogeomys
287:
283:
277:
271:
268:paraphyletic
258:
254:
250:
247:Heterogeomys
246:
240:
236:
233:Heterogeomys
232:
226:
217:Heterogeomys
216:
213:Heterogeomys
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201:Heterogeomys
200:
189:Heterogeomys
188:
160:Heterogeomys
159:
158:
157:
148:
146:
131:
125:Type species
110:Heterogeomys
109:
108:
25:Heterogeomys
24:
18:
1790:iNaturalist
1628:T. umbrinus
1525:Pappogeomys
1501:Orthogeomys
1470:H. hispidus
1443:H. cherriei
1401:G. texensis
1267:C. merriami
1258:C. goldmani
1220:Cratogeomys
983:26 November
960:26 November
937:26 November
905:26 November
875:26 November
836:(1): 1–10.
782:27 November
652:14 November
582:27 November
555:14 December
522:Cophylogeny
457:H. cherriei
403:H. cherriei
307:Macrogeomys
279:Pappogeomys
273:Cratogeomys
255:Orthogeomys
251:Macrogeomys
242:Orthogeomys
237:Macrogeomys
229:C. H Meriam
175:, found in
149:see article
1864:Categories
1704:Zygogeomys
1651:T. clusius
1536:P. bulleri
1512:O. grandis
1434:H. cavator
1385:G. pinetis
1249:C. fumosus
1209:Geomyoidea
1201:Suborder:
1164:Geomyidae
689:1201401641
535:References
415:H. cavator
397:Morphology
298:O. grandis
1768:Q27996196
1669:T. mazama
1639:Subgenus
1587:T. bottae
1568:Subgenus
1479:H. lanius
1177:Kingdom:
1100:CiteSeerX
756:" on the
578:: 287–299
444:Burrowing
227:In 1895,
193:Geomyidae
173:Geomyidae
99:Geomyidae
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1762:Wikidata
1729:Category
1641:Thomomys
1549:Thomomys
1197:Rodentia
1191:Mammalia
1185:Chordata
1183:Phylum:
1179:Animalia
1068:11406147
671:Thomomys
485:Trapping
439:Behavior
427:incisors
223:Taxonomy
185:Colombia
141:Species
95:Family:
89:Rodentia
79:Mammalia
69:Chordata
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
1834:2964404
1808:1269708
1782:4827867
1195:Order:
1189:Class:
1122:8066445
1092:Bibcode
1084:Science
850:1381975
317:Species
266:may be
197:Species
116:Merriam
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1821:900150
1795:852276
1298:Geomys
1120:
1102:
1066:
848:
687:
491:Mexico
301:) and
295:(only
284:et al.
239:, and
205:rodent
177:Mexico
169:rodent
118:, 1895
1847:41656
1803:IRMNG
1044:(PDF)
846:JSTOR
826:(PDF)
291:s. s.
262:s. l.
209:Mayan
165:genus
163:is a
1829:NCBI
1816:ITIS
1777:GBIF
1118:PMID
1064:PMID
985:2012
962:2012
939:2012
907:2012
877:2012
784:2012
685:OCLC
654:2021
637:2016
584:2012
557:2012
413:and
405:and
276:and
249:and
183:and
1110:doi
1088:265
1056:doi
1017:doi
838:doi
731:doi
681:262
641:doi
270:to
199:of
167:of
1866::
1844::
1831::
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1805::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
