2646:
2072:
2095:
3198:
2116:
2170:
2923:(base 8) system can also be converted with relative ease, although not quite as trivially as with bases 2 and 4. Each octal digit corresponds to three binary digits, rather than four. Therefore, we can convert between octal and hexadecimal via an intermediate conversion to binary followed by regrouping the binary digits in groups of either three or four.
3354:: that is, any hexadecimal number with a finite number of digits also has a finite number of digits when expressed in those other bases. Conversely, only a fraction of those finitely representable in the latter bases are finitely representable in hexadecimal. For example, decimal 0.1 corresponds to the infinite recurring representation 0.1
1410:. Setting the variables *read-base* and *print-base* to 16 can also be used to switch the reader and printer of a Common Lisp system to Hexadecimal number representation for reading and printing numbers. Thus Hexadecimal numbers can be represented without the #x or #16r prefix code, when the input or output base has been changed to 16.
2775:). The advantage of using hexadecimal rather than decimal increases rapidly with the size of the number. When the number becomes large, conversion to decimal is very tedious. However, when mapping to hexadecimal, it is trivial to regard the binary string as 4-digit groups and map each to a single hexadecimal digit.
6558:
This base is used because a group of four bits can represent any one of sixteen different numbers (zero to fifteen). By assigning a symbol to each of these combinations, we arrive at a notation called sexadecimal (usually "hex" in conversation because nobody wants to abbreviate "sex"). The symbols in
2935:
for converting a representation of a number to hexadecimal by doing integer division and remainder operations in the source base. In theory, this is possible from any base, but for most humans, only decimal and for most computers, only binary (which can be converted by far more efficient methods) can
3208:
It is also possible to make the conversion by assigning each place in the source base the hexadecimal representation of its place value — before carrying out multiplication and addition to get the final representation. For example, to convert the number B3AD to decimal, one can split the hexadecimal
2165:
Others have proposed using the verbal Morse Code conventions to express four-bit hexadecimal digits, with "dit" and "dah" representing zero and one, respectively, so that "0000" is voiced as "dit-dit-dit-dit" (....), dah-dit-dit-dah (-..-) voices the digit with a value of nine, and "dah-dah-dah-dah"
2157:
programmers, Magnuson (1968) suggested a pronunciation guide that gave short names to the letters of hexadecimal – for instance, "A" was pronounced "ann", B "bet", C "chris", etc. Another naming-system was published online by Rogers (2007) that tries to make the verbal representation distinguishable
2140:
Since there were no traditional numerals to represent the quantities from ten to fifteen, alphabetic letters were re-employed as a substitute. Most
European languages lack non-decimal-based words for some of the numerals eleven to fifteen. Some people read hexadecimal numbers digit by digit, like a
5949:
With the ridiculous choice of letters A, B, C, D, E, F as hexadecimal number symbols adding to already troublesome problems of distinguishing octal (or hex) numbers from decimal numbers (or variable names), the time is overripe for reconsideration of our number symbols. This should have been done
2661:
Most computers manipulate binary data, but it is difficult for humans to work with a large number of digits for even a relatively small binary number. Although most humans are familiar with the base 10 system, it is much easier to map binary to hexadecimal than to decimal because each hexadecimal
5782:
system, there have been occasional attempts to promote hexadecimal as the preferred numeral system. These attempts often propose specific pronunciation and symbols for the individual numerals. Some proposals unify standard measures so that they are multiples of 16. An early such proposal was put
5954:
Martin's argument was that use of numerals 0 to 9 in nondecimal numbers "imply to us a base-ten place-value scheme": "Why not use entirely new symbols (and names) for the seven or fifteen nonzero digits needed in octal or hex. Even use of the letters A through P would be an improvement, but
5967:
standards (ASA X3.4-1963 and USAS X3.4-1968) "should have preserved six code table positions following the ten decimal digits -- rather than needlessly filling these with punctuation characters" (":;<=>?") that might have been placed elsewhere among the 128 available positions.
5955:
entirely new symbols could reflect the binary nature of the system". He also argued that "re-using alphabetic letters for numerical digits represents a gigantic backward step from the invention of distinct, non-alphabetic glyphs for numerals sixteen centuries ago" (as
2645:
6002:
character set. Although any 16 symbols from the ASCII character set can be used, in practice, the ASCII digits "0"–"9" and the letters "A"–"F" (or the lowercase "a"–"f") are always chosen in order to align with standard written notation for hexadecimal numbers.
2908:(base 4) is little used, it can easily be converted to and from hexadecimal or binary. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to a pair of quaternary digits, and each quaternary digit corresponds to a pair of binary digits. In the above example 2 5 C
1075:
is not clear, hexadecimal numbers can be ambiguous and confused with numbers expressed in other bases. There are several conventions for expressing values unambiguously. A numerical subscript (itself written in decimal) can give the base explicitly:
6559:
the sexadecimal language are the ten decimal digits and on the G-15 typewriter, the letters "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", and "z". These are arbitrary markings; other computers may use different alphabet characters for these last six digits.
2991:
implementation of the above algorithm for converting any number to a hexadecimal in String representation. Its purpose is to illustrate the above algorithm. To work with data seriously, however, it is much more advisable to work with
778:
system representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" (or "a"–"f") to represent values from ten to fifteen.
6031:
Space efficiency is only 50%, since each 4-bit value from the original data will be encoded as an 8-bit byte. In contrast, Base32 and Base64 encodings have a space efficiency of 63% and 75% respectively.
2124:
In 1972, Ronald O. Whitaker of Rowco
Engineering Co. proposed a triangular font that allows "direct binary reading" to "permit both input and output from computers without respect to encoding matrices."
3283:
Alternatively, one can also perform elementary operations directly within the hex system itself — by relying on its addition/multiplication tables and its corresponding standard algorithms such as
6046:, where a character is replaced with a percent sign "%" and its Base16-encoded form. Most modern programming languages directly include support for formatting and parsing Base16-encoded numbers.
868:
There is no universal convention to use lowercase or uppercase, so each is prevalent or preferred in particular environments by community standards or convention; even mixed case is used. Some
2158:
in any case, even when the actual number does not contain numbers A–F. Examples are listed in the tables below. Yet another naming system was elaborated by Babb (2015), based on a joke in
5941:(1960) and The Pacific Data Systems 1020 (1964). The standard adopted by IBM seems to have become widely adopted by 1968, when Bruce Alan Martin in his letter to the editor of the
1535:, scripts, commands and other places. This format was common on other (and now obsolete) IBM systems as well. Occasionally quotation marks were used instead of apostrophes.
3358:
in hexadecimal. However, hexadecimal is more efficient than duodecimal and sexagesimal for representing fractions with powers of two in the denominator. For example, 0.0625
3315:
For any base, 0.1 (or "1/10") is always equivalent to one divided by the representation of that base value in its own number system. Thus, whether dividing one by two for
7007:
875:
There is some standardization of using spaces (rather than commas or another punctuation mark) to separate hex values in a long list. For instance, in the following
7404:
6191:
6825:
6587:
6356:
6692:
6543:
3268:
includes the hexadecimal digits A through F, which are active when "Hex" is selected. In hex mode, however, the
Windows Calculator supports only integers.
5937:, which (unlike earlier variants of Fortran) recognizes a standard for entering hexadecimal constants. As noted above, alternative notations were used by
5929:
The now-current notation using the letters A to F establishes itself as the de facto standard beginning in 1966, in the wake of the publication of the
6298:
6016:
The symbols 0–9 and A–F are universal in hexadecimal notation, so it is easily understood at a glance without needing to rely on a symbol lookup table.
6124:
733:
7072:
6379:
3245:
Many computer systems provide a calculator utility capable of performing conversions between the various radices frequently including hexadecimal.
6461:
6085:
2657:
from 1982 was designed for programmers. One of its key features was the conversion between different numeral systems (note hex number in display).
2071:
453:
6327:
7039:
7437:
7109:
6858:
5998:
In this case, data is broken into 4-bit sequences, and each value (between 0 and 15 inclusively) is encoded using one of 16 symbols from the
7385:
7442:
7432:
7162:
3339:
result in an infinite string of recurring digits (such as thirds and fifths). This makes hexadecimal (and binary) less convenient than
2826:
Compare this to the conversion to hexadecimal, where each group of four digits can be considered independently and converted directly:
6983:
6789:
286:
7353:
7325:
6571:
Gill, S.; Neagher, R. E.; Muller, D. E.; Nash, J. P.; Robertson, J. E.; Shapin, T.; Whesler, D. J. (1956-09-01). Nash, J. P. (ed.).
6156:
2146:
1238:. Some implementations require a leading zero when the first hexadecimal digit character is not a decimal digit, so one would write
6945:
7240:
Project of a New System of
Arithmetic, Weight, Measure and Coins: Proposed to be called the Tonal System, with Sixteen to the Base
6655:
5789:
Project of a New System of
Arithmetic, Weight, Measure and Coins: Proposed to be called the Tonal System, with Sixteen to the Base
2778:
This example shows the conversion of a binary number to decimal, mapping each digit to the decimal value, and adding the results.
5960:
5926:
in his mid-1800s work on alternative number bases, although he rejected base 16 because of its "incommodious number of digits".
77:
7343:
1508:
6851:"SN5446A, '47A, '48, SN54LS47, 'LS48, 'LS49, SN7446A, '47A, '48, SN74LS47, 'LS48, 'LS49 BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoders/Drivers"
6999:
6854:
6269:
6070:
2104:
520:
6621:
1613:
can be expressed with six hexadecimal digits (two each for the red, green and blue components, in that order) prefixed with
782:
Software developers and system designers widely use hexadecimal numbers because they provide a convenient representation of
5871:, etc.) but others have introduced terms which substitute native words for "sixteen" (e.g. Greek δεκαεξαδικός, Icelandic
5433:
1266:
1262:
726:
301:
6573:"ILLIAC Programming – A Guide to the Preparation of Problems For Solution by the University of Illinois Digital Computer"
6428:
6237:
5839:
for base 60) is older, and sees at least occasional use from the late 19th century. It is still in use in the 1950s in
6785:
6736:
6688:
6582:(Fourth printing. Revised and corrected ed.). Urbana, Illinois, US: Digital Computer Laboratory, Graduate College,
5760:
3280:, such as the commonly used decimal system or the binary system where each hex digit corresponds to four binary digits.
3229:
being the corresponding hex digit position, counting from right to left, beginning with 0). In this case, we have that:
2513:
1313:
1286:
1128:
In linear text systems, such as those used in most computer programming environments, a variety of methods have arisen:
646:
7401:
7133:
656:
6539:
2674:
in a binary numeral can contain either a 1 or a 0, its value may be easily determined by its position from the right:
1360:
1192:
473:
6915:
6818:
6572:
6504:
6348:
1168:
is a string containing 11 characters with two embedded Esc characters. To output an integer as hexadecimal with the
7427:
6679:
6170:
2159:
1705:
1596:
1319:
533:
6526:
2094:
883:
is a 2-digit hex number, with spaces between them, while the 32-bit offset at the start is an 8-digit hex number.
6727:
6039:
5942:
5428:
5352:
3256:
utility can be set to
Programmer mode, which allows conversions between radix 16 (hexadecimal), 10 (decimal), 8 (
2905:
2625:
2493:
2108:
629:
398:
34:
3327:(4), fractions expressed in hexadecimal have an odd period much more often than decimal ones, and there are no
2607:
1133:
830:
719:
46:
5395:
5390:
3335:
not found in the radix; thus, when using hexadecimal notation, all fractions with denominators that are not a
3331:(other than trivial single digits). Recurring digits are exhibited when the denominator in lowest terms has a
6013:
Being exactly half a byte, 4-bits is easier to process than the 5 or 6 bits of Base32 and Base64 respectively
3343:
for representing rational numbers since a larger proportion lies outside its range of finite representation.
6819:"Combined display and range selector for use with digital instruments employing the binary numbering system"
6617:
5980:
2650:
2485:
709:
493:
90:
6290:
6116:
6019:
Many CPU architectures have dedicated instructions that allow access to a half-byte (otherwise known as a "
5471:
Powers of two have very simple expansions in hexadecimal. The first sixteen powers of two are shown below.
7191:
6583:
2142:
1606:
1500:
393:
309:
7064:
6453:
6376:
3316:
3276:
Elementary operations such as division can be carried out indirectly through conversion to an alternate
3261:
2131:
decoder chips (i.e., 74LS47) show unexpected output due to logic designed only to produce 0–9 correctly.
2128:
869:
511:
3346:
All rational numbers finitely representable in hexadecimal are also finitely representable in decimal,
1708:
are written as thirty-two hexadecimal digits, often in unequal hyphen-separated groupings, for example
825:. In programming, several notations denote hexadecimal numbers, usually involving a prefix. The prefix
7369:, Pharmaceutical Association, 8th Annual Session, Boston, 15 September 1859. See pages and 33 and 41.
1733:
During the 1950s, some installations, such as Bendix-14, favored using the digits 0 through 5 with an
6319:
3253:
3202:
2525:
2040:
1532:
606:
467:
460:
341:
3197:
2473:
The hexadecimal system can express negative numbers the same way as in decimal: −2A to represent −42
7028:
2671:
2509:
2505:
1573:
1282:
1254:
688:
553:
504:
316:
248:
103:
64:
7253:
Nystrom (1862), p. 33: "In expressing time, angle of a circle, or points on the compass, the unit
6418:
to prefix hexadecimal, but the ampersand alone yields a default interpretation as an octal prefix.
817:
In mathematics, a subscript is typically used to specify the base. For example, the decimal value
7378:
Alfred B. Taylor, "Octonary numeration and its application to a system of weights and measures",
6750:
6185:
5840:
2501:
1683:
1557:
601:
354:
191:
186:
133:
6633:(NB. This somewhat odd sequence was from the next six sequential numeric keyboard codes in the
7379:
7349:
7321:
7105:
7101:
6979:
6162:
6152:
5357:
5106:
5068:
3305:
3249:
2993:
1219:
683:
673:
661:
641:
596:
591:
527:
359:
331:
238:
171:
161:
148:
113:
108:
6740:
6213:
6065:
6043:
5792:
5179:
5138:
5093:
2182:
1916:
1645:
1442:
1278:
1161:
586:
480:
233:
221:
166:
156:
123:
98:
6772:
7408:
7389:
7318:
The Words of
Mathematics: An etymological dictionary of mathematical terms used in English
6535:
6399:
6383:
5956:
5784:
3301:
2178:
1874:
1769:
1610:
1274:
1115:
872:
use mixed-case 'A b C d E F' to distinguish the digits A–F from one another and from 0–9.
862:
698:
668:
611:
581:
566:
326:
294:
266:
243:
226:
85:
678:
7366:
6975:
6937:
2185:
suggested using each finger as an on/off bit, allowing finger counting from zero to 1023
1110:
introduced the use of a particular typeface to represent a particular radix in his book
861:
In most current use cases, the letters A–F or a–f represent the values 10–15, while the
6648:
6611:
6038:
Support for Base16 encoding is ubiquitous in modern computing. It is the basis for the
5934:
5851:. Many western languages since the 1960s have adopted terms equivalent in formation to
5817:
3277:
3265:
2154:
767:
693:
636:
616:
571:
444:
176:
143:
128:
54:
5882:
Terminology and notation did not become settled until the end of the 1960s. In 1969,
5775:) can be used to perform hexadecimal calculations such as additions and subtractions.
7421:
6010:
Most programming languages already have facilities to parse ASCII-encoded hexadecimal
5279:
3328:
3324:
3284:
2599:
2087:
1729:
to represent the digits above 9 was not universal in the early history of computers.
499:
388:
321:
261:
196:
138:
118:
6754:
2169:
5883:
5230:
5225:
3336:
3332:
3319:
or dividing one by sixteen for hexadecimal, both of these fractions are written as
3225:), and then get the final result by multiplying each decimal representation by 16 (
1699:
1679:
1425:
1381:
1107:
651:
576:
7238:
6034:
Possible added complexity of having to accept both uppercase and lowercase letters
5829:
3264:), the bases most commonly used by programmers. In Programmer Mode, the on-screen
2602:
binary floating-point standard and can be used for floating-point literals in the
2107:
considered the choice of A–F "ridiculous". In a 1968 letter to the editor of the
6968:
5835:
3351:
2512:
register or C045 0000 0000 0000 in a 64-bit FPU register (in the
2083:
2075:
1975:
1773:
1399:
1356:, where 8 is the number of bits in the value and FF is the hexadecimal constant.
1141:
783:
747:
621:
486:
438:
20:
6226:
3300:
As with other numeral systems, the hexadecimal system can be used to represent
2618:
conversion specifiers, this notation can be produced by implementations of the
6780:
6432:
6261:
6096:
6075:
5930:
5779:
3347:
2988:
2568:. Usually, the number is normalized so that the hexadecimal digits start with
2549:
2529:
2489:
2009:
1602:
1417:
1377:
423:
181:
7298:
in the more general sense of "relating to sixteen". An early explicit use of
7213:
5763:
were base-16. For example, one jīn (斤) in the old system equals sixteen
7125:
6216:
that reset the character set and color, and then move the cursor to line 25.
6166:
5813:
5192:
2932:
2115:
1913:
1682:
can be written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits (sometimes called
1625:. CSS also allows 3-hexdigit abbreviations with one hexdigit per component:
1484:. Binary, quaternary (base-4), and octal numbers can be specified similarly.
1438:
1421:
1413:
1364:
845:
751:
433:
6771:
Whitaker, Ronald O. (January 1972). Written at
Indianapolis, Indiana, US.
2484:
Hexadecimal can also be used to express the exact bit patterns used in the
1207:
represents the character U+0054 (the uppercase letter "T"). If there is no
848:
is broken into two 4-bit values and represented by two hexadecimal digits.
6745:
6722:
6907:
6888:
Magnuson, Robert A. (January 1968). "A hexadecimal pronunciation guide".
6496:
6386:
6146:
6091:
6080:
5283:
5188:
5102:
1808:
1734:
1648:
encoding, character codes are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with
1469:
1258:
876:
7214:"A proposal for addition of the six Hexadecimal digits (A-F) to Unicode"
2111:, he proposed an entirely new set of symbols based on the bit locations.
5768:
3340:
1584:
1488:
1349:
1152:
constants. Byte values can be expressed in hexadecimal with the prefix
775:
418:
403:
7065:"dprintf, fprintf, printf, snprintf, sprintf – print formatted output"
6850:
5795:, which subdivides a day by 16, so that there are 16 "hours" (or "10
6634:
6059:
6055:
6020:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5772:
2654:
2620:
1843:
1812:
1804:
1169:
791:
408:
27:
1909:=fixed-point etc.); programs were written without instruction names.
1246:. Some other implementations (such as NASM) allow C-style numbers (
7154:
7029:"Rationale for International Standard – Programming Languages – C"
6407:
5999:
5964:
5821:
3257:
3196:
2920:
2644:
2629:
2168:
2114:
2093:
2070:
1944:
1668:
1577:
1528:
1512:
1492:
1452:
1270:
1188:
1149:
1072:
771:
413:
375:
336:
5894:, a Latinate term intended to convey "grouped by 16" modelled on
2939:
Let d be the number to represent in hexadecimal, and the series h
5847:
may have been avoided because of its suggestive abbreviation to
5764:
5147:
2564:
exponent. Increasing the exponent by 1 multiplies by 2, not 16:
1671:) can be expressed as unprefixed consecutive hexadecimal pairs:
1641:
1524:
1504:
1496:
1335:
1323:
880:
795:
7302:
in the sense of "using base 16" is found also in 1895, in the
7183:
7126:"算盤 Hexadecimal Addition & Subtraction on a Chinese Abacus"
6613:
Royal
Precision Electronic Computer LGP – 30 Programming Manual
6023:"), making it more efficient in hardware than Base32 and Base64
1893:
for 1 to 15. Many machine instructions had mnemonic hex-codes (
33:"Hex format" redirects here. For hexadecimal file formats, see
26:"Hex digit" redirects here. For binary-coded hexadecimals, see
5938:
5906:, etc. According to Knuth's argument, the correct terms for
2984:"16" may be replaced with any other base that may be desired.
2603:
2006:
1553:
1549:
1184:
787:
2896:
The conversion from hexadecimal to binary is equally direct.
1877:(1956) computer, hexadecimal numbers were written as letters
7392:, Philadelphia, 1887; pages 296–366. See pages 317 and 322.
5274:
806:(0 to 255 decimal) in binary form, which can be written as
5791:, published in 1862. Nystrom among other things suggested
1487:
The most common format for hexadecimal on IBM mainframes (
2153:
system. In the wake of the adoption of hexadecimal among
7320:. The Mathematical Association of America. p. 105.
7304:
Journal of the
American Geographical Society of New York
7098:
Digital Design – With an Introduction to the Verilog HDL
2624:
family of functions following the C99 specification and
1717:
Other symbols for 10–15 and mostly different symbol sets
1326:
enclose hexadecimal numerals in based "numeric quotes":
5979:(as a proper name without a space) can also refer to a
1140:
to indicate a hex constant may have had origins in the
6784:. Vol. 18, no. 1. Barrington, Illinois, US:
5843:
documentation. Schwartzman (1994) argues that use of
2488:, so a sequence of hexadecimal digits may represent a
5886:
argued that the etymologically correct term would be
2082:
New numeric symbols and names were introduced in the
1304:
Some assembly languages (Microchip) use the notation
1222:
and Modula-2, hexadecimal is denoted with a suffixed
1136:(and the many languages influenced by C), the prefix
1114:. Hexadecimal representations are written there in a
5950:
before poor choices gelled into a de facto standard!
5067:
The table below gives the expansions of some common
2189:
on ten fingers. Another system for counting up to FF
2166:(----) voices the hexadecimal digit for decimal 15.
6883:
6881:
6879:
3233:
B3AD = (11 × 16) + (3 × 16) + (10 × 16) + (13 × 16)
2955:be the hexadecimal digits representing the number.
2181:have been devised for both binary and hexadecimal.
2119:
Ronald O. Whitaker's hexadecimal notation proposal.
1709:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1672:
1653:
1649:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1592:
1588:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1208:
1088:. Some authors prefer a text subscript, such as 159
6967:
6454:"ISO-8859-1 (ISO Latin 1) Character Encoding"
7257:should be noted as integer, and parts thereof as
6824:. Indianapolis, Indiana, US. US Patent 3974444A.
6647:Manthey, Steffen; Leibrandt, Klaus (2002-07-02).
6490:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6006:There are several advantages of Base16 encoding:
2098:Bruce Alan Martin's hexadecimal notation proposal
1811:(1952) computers (and some derived designs, e.g.
6812:
6810:
6766:
6764:
1587:standard, a character value is represented with
865:0–9 are used to represent their decimal values.
7091:
7089:
7038:. 5.10. April 2003. pp. 52, 153–154, 159.
7000:"ISO/IEC 9899:1999 – Programming languages – C"
6027:The main disadvantages of Base16 encoding are:
5947:
1690:). This, for example, is a valid IPv6 address:
1560:are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with
786:values. Each hexadecimal digit represents four
19:"Sexadecimal" redirects here. For base 60, see
6901:
6899:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6681:NEC Parametron Digital Computer Type NEAC-1103
6402:(without modification) since the latter takes
3193:Conversion through addition and multiplication
2524:Just as decimal numbers can be represented in
7096:Mano, M. Morris; Ciletti, Michael D. (2013).
6398:BBC BASIC programs are not fully portable to
2500:can be written as FFFF FFD6 in a 32-bit
1686:), where each group is separated by a colon (
1352:represents hexadecimal constants in the form
1191:, characters can be expressed as hexadecimal
840:Hexadecimal is used in the transfer encoding
727:
8:
6212:. These are the escape sequences used on an
1947: 100 (1967) used the uppercase letters
1776:(1956) computers used the lowercase letters
1694:or abbreviated by removing leading zeros as
1172:function family, the format conversion code
7071:(Issue 7, IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 ed.).
6723:"Letters to the editor: On binary notation"
3287:and the traditional subtraction algorithm.
2772:
2012:computer NEAC 1103 (1960) used the letters
1566:http://www.example.com/name%20with%20spaces
1544:Sometimes the numbers are known to be Hex.
1384:and its derivatives denote hex with prefix
6262:"Modula-2 – Vocabulary and representation"
6190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
734:
720:
70:
41:
6744:
821:would be expressed in hexadecimal as 4430
6410:values. (Microsoft BASIC primarily uses
5473:
5073:
3376:
2496:value. This way, the negative number −42
2312:
2199:
7212:Niemietz, Ricardo Cancho (2003-10-21).
6966:Clarke, Arthur; Pohl, Frederik (2008).
6892:. Vol. 14, no. 1. p. 45.
6108:
5922:, respectively. Alfred B. Taylor used
3312:) has only a single prime factor: two.
2771:in one step becomes easy (see table in
2662:digit maps to a whole number of bits (4
1692:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
53:
7155:"Base 4^2 Hexadecimal Symbol Proposal"
6349:"*print-base* variable in Common Lisp"
6183:
5146:(the length of the diagonal of a unit
2548:) serves a similar purpose in decimal
1667:PostScript binary data (such as image
1664:in the ISO/IEC 8859-1 character set).)
7063:The IEEE and The Open Group (2013) .
6320:"*read-base* variable in Common Lisp"
5432:(the limiting difference between the
7:
6291:"An Introduction to VHDL Data Types"
3362:(one-sixteenth) is equivalent to 0.1
2936:be easily handled with this method.
2931:As with all bases there is a simple
1710:3F2504E0-4F89-41D3-9A0C-0305E82C3301
1580:code point 20 in hex, 32 in decimal.
1084:is hexadecimal 159, which equals 345
6817:Whitaker, Ronald O. (1976-08-10) .
6721:Martin, Bruce Alan (October 1968).
2980:) else increment i and go to step 2
2566:20p0 = 10p1 = 8p2 = 4p3 = 2p4 = 1p5
2528:, so too can hexadecimal numbers.
2043: 1020 (1964) used the letters
833:, which would denote this value as
794:(or nybble). For example, an 8-bit
7402:IBM System/360 FORTRAN IV Language
7069:The Open Group Base Specifications
6528:G15D Programmer's Reference Manual
6429:"Hexadecimal web colors explained"
6377:MSX is Coming — Part 2: Inside MSX
2763:With little practice, mapping 1111
2173:Hexadecimal finger-counting scheme
2136:Verbal and digital representations
1919:(1957) used the lowercase letters
14:
6503:. The Early Days of Hexadecimal.
6227:"The Unicode Standard, Version 7"
6208:specifies the character sequence
5812:is first recorded in 1952. It is
2927:Division-remainder in source base
2508:), as C228 0000 in a 32-bit
2147:Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet
1621:, for example, is represented as
790:(binary digits), also known as a
5983:belonging to the same family as
3385:Prime factors of: base, b = 10:
2520:Hexadecimal exponential notation
1702:are usually written in decimal).
1591:followed by the hex value, e.g.
1495:) running the traditional OS's (
1428:prefix hexadecimal numbers with
1144:systems. It is derived from the
770:that represents numbers using a
7344:The Art of Computer Programming
7194:from the original on 2010-09-04
7165:from the original on 2021-10-20
7136:from the original on 2019-07-06
7075:from the original on 2016-06-21
7045:from the original on 2016-06-06
7010:from the original on 2016-10-10
6948:from the original on 2020-11-11
6918:from the original on 2019-09-17
6864:from the original on 2021-10-20
6831:from the original on 2022-12-24
6795:from the original on 2022-12-05
6698:from the original on 2017-05-31
6661:from the original on 2018-10-03
6624:from the original on 2017-05-31
6593:from the original on 2017-05-31
6549:from the original on 2017-06-01
6507:from the original on 2018-07-16
6464:from the original on 2019-06-29
6389:, issue 56, January 1985, p. 52
6359:from the original on 2014-12-26
6330:from the original on 2016-02-03
6301:from the original on 2020-08-23
6272:from the original on 2015-12-13
6243:from the original on 2016-03-03
6173:from the original on 2022-01-16
6127:from the original on 2022-08-26
5042:
5034:
4997:
4989:
4946:
4938:
4895:
4887:
4846:
4838:
4766:
4758:
4715:
4707:
4664:
4656:
4621:
4613:
4576:
4568:
4531:
4523:
4486:
4442:
4434:
4397:
4389:
4354:
4346:
4303:
4295:
4252:
4210:
4202:
4165:
4157:
4118:
4110:
4038:
4030:
3987:
3979:
3944:
3936:
3899:
3891:
3854:
3846:
3807:
3763:
3755:
3689:
3681:
3644:
3636:
3597:
3520:
3508:
2197:) is illustrated on the right.
1476:to denote hexadecimal numbers:
7367:Report on Weights and Measures
7237:Nystrom, John William (1862).
6938:"How to pronounce hexadecimal"
6855:Texas Instruments Incorporated
6525:"2.1.3 Sexadecimal notation".
6151:. Duane Bibby. Reading, Mass.
6086:Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula
6071:IBM hexadecimal floating-point
5816:in the sense that it combines
3409:Prime factors of: base, b = 16
2598:P notation is required by the
2105:Brookhaven National Laboratory
774:(base) of sixteen. Unlike the
1:
7280:Hexadecimal Conversion Tables
6414:to prefix octal, and it uses
5827:. The all-Latin alternative
5346:3707344A4093822299F31D008...
3209:number into its digits: B (11
2666:). This example converts 1111
2477:, −B01D9 to represent −721369
1815:) used the uppercase letters
1132:Although best-known from the
798:can have values ranging from
7438:Power-of-two numeral systems
7316:Schwartzman, Steven (1994).
6786:Technical Publishing Company
6737:Associated Universities Inc.
6689:Nippon Electric Company Ltd.
6495:Savard, John J. G. (2018) .
6145:Knuth, Donald Ervin (1986).
5761:Chinese units of measurement
5071:in decimal and hexadecimal.
5055:
5050:
5029:
5026:
5018:
5005:
4976:
4973:
4965:
4954:
4927:
4924:
4916:
4903:
4876:
4873:
4865:
4854:
4825:
4822:
4814:
4807:
4790:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4753:
4750:
4742:
4723:
4688:
4685:
4677:
4672:
4661:0344827586206896551724137931
4651:
4648:
4640:
4629:
4602:
4599:
4591:
4584:
4561:
4558:
4550:
4539:
4512:
4509:
4501:
4494:
4474:
4471:
4463:
4450:
4421:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4384:
4381:
4373:
4362:
4333:
4330:
4322:
4311:
4284:
4281:
4273:
4260:
4234:
4231:
4223:
4218:
4197:
4194:
4186:
4173:
4144:
4141:
4133:
4126:
4105:
4102:
4094:
4087:
4070:
4067:
4059:
4046:
4017:
4014:
4006:
3995:
3968:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3931:
3928:
3920:
3907:
3878:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3839:
3836:
3828:
3815:
3789:
3786:
3778:
3771:
3748:
3745:
3737:
3730:
3713:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3676:
3673:
3665:
3652:
3623:
3620:
3612:
3605:
3585:
3582:
3574:
3567:
3550:
3547:
3539:
3532:
3501:
3498:
3490:
3483:
3466:
3463:
3323:. Because the radix 16 is a
3308:are common since sixteen (10
3160:"0123456789ABCDEF"
2872:
2869:
2866:
2514:IEEE floating-point standard
1696:2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
1523:, and is used in Assembler,
1211:the number is decimal (thus
1193:numeric character references
1156:followed by two hex digits:
844:, in which each byte of the
7243:. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
7184:"Intuitor Hex Headquarters"
6540:Bendix Aviation Corporation
5961:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
5436:and the natural logarithm)
5344:3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E0
3237:which is 45997 in base 10.
2452:twelve-hundrek-fourtek-ten
2141:phone number, or using the
1706:Globally unique identifiers
1334:. For bit vector constants
1067:Distinguishing from decimal
7459:
7443:Positional numeral systems
7433:Hexadecimal numeral system
6908:"Hexadecimal number words"
6616:. Port Chester, New York:
6062:(content encoding schemes)
5972:Base16 (transfer encoding)
5080:Positional representation
1597:inverted exclamation point
1491:) and midrange computers (
1253:Other assembly languages (
1148:prefix already in use for
454:Non-standard radices/bases
32:
25:
18:
6728:Communications of the ACM
6637:'s 6-bit character code.)
5460:0.93C467E37DB0C7A4D1B...
5422:0.6996 9669 9669 6996...
5079:
5076:
3448:Positional representation
3443:Positional representation
3406:
3382:
3379:
2976:If d = 0 (return series h
2886:
2655:HP-16C Computer Scientist
2626:Single Unix Specification
1540:Syntax that is always Hex
1367:languages use the prefix
768:positional numeral system
35:Hex file (disambiguation)
6857:. March 1988 . SDLS111.
6210:Esc [ 0 m Esc [ 2 5; 1 H
6117:"The hexadecimal system"
5963:), and that the recent
2998:
2900:Other simple conversions
2670:to base ten. Since each
2540:, for "power"), whereas
2067:for the values 10 to 15.
2002:for the values 10 to 15.
1978:(1960) used the letters
1971:for the values 10 to 15.
1870:for the values 10 to 15.
1846:(1956) used the letters
1839:for the values 10 to 15.
1800:for the values 10 to 15.
886:
16:Base-16 numerical system
7341:Knuth, Donald. (1969).
7006:. Iso.org. 2011-12-08.
6691:1960. Cat. No. 3405-C.
6618:Royal McBee Corporation
6534:. Los Angeles, CA, US:
5981:binary to text encoding
2552:. The number after the
2462:-hundrek-fourtek-three
2307:thirty-ann seventy-dot
2177:Systems of counting on
1721:The use of the letters
1215:is the same character).
710:List of numeral systems
7306:, vols. 27–28, p. 197.
7292:The Century Dictionary
7219:. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2
6974:. Ballantine. p.
6584:University of Illinois
5952:
5384:2.B7E151628AED2A6B...
4394:0434782608695652173913
3205:
2773:written representation
2658:
2608:C programming language
2174:
2143:NATO phonetic alphabet
2120:
2099:
2078:
1134:C programming language
1071:In contexts where the
870:Seven-segment displays
857:Written representation
766:) numeral system is a
7381:Proc Amer. Phil. Soc.
6906:Rogers, S.R. (2007).
6853:. Dallas, Texas, US:
6773:"More on man/machine"
6746:10.1145/364096.364107
6497:"Computer Arithmetic"
5820:ἕξ (hex) "six" with
3272:Elementary arithmetic
3200:
2648:
2172:
2129:seven-segment display
2118:
2103:Bruce Alan Martin of
2097:
2074:
1737:to denote the values
1455:and 92 series uses a
78:Hindu–Arabic numerals
7104:. pp. 6, 8–10.
6649:"Die PERM und ALGOL"
6044:URL percent encoding
5914:arithmetic would be
3306:repeating expansions
3241:Tools for conversion
3203:multiplication table
2912:= 02 11 30
2526:exponential notation
2041:Pacific Data Systems
1673:AA213FD51B3801043FBC
1644:(e-mail extensions)
1572:is the code for the
607:Prehistoric counting
383:Common radices/bases
65:Place-value notation
6206:"\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H"
6121:Ionos Digital Guide
5396:Thue–Morse constant
5187:(the length of the
5174:1.BB67AE8584CAA...
5133:1.6A09E667F3BCD...
5101:(the length of the
2987:The following is a
2560:and represents the
2317:
2204:
2036:) for values 10–15.
1269:, some versions of
1195:using the notation
1166:"\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H"
1164:control character;
1116:typewriter typeface
1080:is decimal 159; 159
554:Sign-value notation
7407:2021-05-19 at the
7388:2016-06-24 at the
7365:Alfred B. Taylor,
7265:is five times and
7130:totton.idirect.com
7100:(Fifth ed.).
6936:Babb, Tim (2015).
6382:2010-11-24 at the
5833:(compare the word
5278:(pi, the ratio of
5268:1.9E3779B97F4A...
5219:2.3C6EF372FE95...
5069:irrational numbers
5063:Irrational numbers
4207:052631578947368421
3206:
2659:
2628:(IEEE Std 1003.1)
2460:one-thousek-seven-
2313:
2200:
2175:
2121:
2100:
2079:
1633:(a golden orange:
1402:uses the prefixes
1338:uses the notation
1279:GameMaker Language
1220:assembly languages
210:East Asian systems
7428:Binary arithmetic
7111:978-0-13-277420-8
7102:Pearson Education
6458:www.ic.unicamp.br
5959:, and later in a
5877:шестнадцатеричной
5752:
5751:
5464:
5463:
5358:natural logarithm
5356:(the base of the
5060:
5059:
3250:Microsoft Windows
2994:bitwise operators
2894:
2893:
2824:
2823:
2761:
2760:
2649:The programmable
2641:Binary conversion
2572:(zero is usually
2466:
2465:
2311:
2310:
1218:In Intel-derived
744:
743:
543:
542:
7450:
7412:
7399:
7393:
7376:
7370:
7363:
7357:
7339:
7333:
7332:s.v. hexadecimal
7331:
7313:
7307:
7289:
7283:
7276:
7270:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7218:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7093:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7044:
7033:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6973:
6970:The Last Theorem
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6885:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6863:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6823:
6814:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6794:
6777:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6718:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6687:. Tokyo, Japan:
6686:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6660:
6653:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6592:
6586:. pp. 3–2.
6577:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6548:
6533:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6492:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6431:. Archived from
6425:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6405:
6396:
6390:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6242:
6231:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6189:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6113:
6066:Hexadecimal time
5793:hexadecimal time
5759:The traditional
5755:Cultural history
5483:Value (Decimal)
5474:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5431:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5393:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5355:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5277:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5228:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5185:
5184:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5144:
5143:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5099:
5098:
5074:
5048:
5040:
5016:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4981:
4959:
4952:
4944:
4932:
4914:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4892:2941176470588235
4881:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4812:
4795:
4772:
4764:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4670:
4662:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4607:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4517:
4499:
4492:
4479:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4426:
4403:
4395:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4338:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4289:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4245:
4239:
4216:
4208:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4149:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4115:0588235294117647
4092:
4075:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4022:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3973:
3950:
3942:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3800:
3794:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3735:
3718:
3695:
3687:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3610:
3603:
3590:
3572:
3555:
3537:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3488:
3471:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3377:
3357:
3322:
3302:rational numbers
3296:Rational numbers
3234:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2829:
2828:
2781:
2780:
2722:
2721:
2594:
2586:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2532:uses the letter
2506:two's complement
2318:
2291:annty christeen
2205:
2183:Arthur C. Clarke
1917:Datamatic D-1000
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1674:
1660:is the code for
1655:
1651:
1646:quoted-printable
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1603:Color references
1594:
1590:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1522:
1518:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:uses the prefix
1466:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1443:Locomotive BASIC
1435:
1431:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
836:
828:
820:
814:in hexadecimal.
813:
809:
805:
801:
736:
729:
722:
525:
509:
491:
481:balanced ternary
478:
465:
71:
42:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7409:Wayback Machine
7400:
7396:
7390:Wayback Machine
7377:
7373:
7364:
7360:
7356:. (Chapter 17.)
7340:
7336:
7328:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7290:
7286:
7278:C. E. Fröberg,
7277:
7273:
7259:tonal fractions
7252:
7248:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7197:
7195:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7168:
7166:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7139:
7137:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7095:
7094:
7087:
7078:
7076:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7013:
7011:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6986:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6951:
6949:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6921:
6919:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6877:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6788:. p. 103.
6775:
6770:
6769:
6762:
6720:
6719:
6710:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6627:
6625:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6536:Bendix Computer
6531:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6510:
6508:
6494:
6493:
6476:
6467:
6465:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6438:
6436:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6411:
6403:
6400:Microsoft BASIC
6397:
6393:
6384:Wayback Machine
6375:
6371:
6362:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6333:
6331:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6304:
6302:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6275:
6273:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6159:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6130:
6128:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6052:
5974:
5957:Brahmi numerals
5945:complains that
5785:John W. Nystrom
5757:
5748:
5742:
5731:
5725:
5714:
5708:
5697:
5691:
5680:
5674:
5663:
5657:
5646:
5640:
5629:
5623:
5612:
5606:
5595:
5589:
5578:
5572:
5561:
5555:
5544:
5538:
5469:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5434:harmonic series
5427:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5389:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5351:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5273:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5224:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5182:
5180:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5141:
5139:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5096:
5094:
5065:
5046:
5038:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4993:
4983:
4977:
4955:
4950:
4942:
4928:
4910:
4904:
4899:
4891:
4877:
4855:
4850:
4842:
4832:
4826:
4808:
4791:
4770:
4763:032258064516129
4762:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4668:
4660:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4603:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4562:
4540:
4535:
4527:
4513:
4495:
4490:
4475:
4457:
4451:
4446:
4438:
4428:
4422:
4401:
4393:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4340:
4334:
4312:
4307:
4299:
4285:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4241:
4235:
4214:
4206:
4180:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4151:
4145:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4088:
4071:
4053:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4024:
4018:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3969:
3948:
3940:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3895:
3885:
3879:
3858:
3850:
3840:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3749:
3731:
3714:
3693:
3685:
3659:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3630:
3624:
3606:
3601:
3586:
3568:
3551:
3533:
3528:
3516:
3502:
3484:
3467:
3449:
3444:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3320:
3311:
3298:
3293:
3274:
3243:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2929:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2890:
2876:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2669:
2665:
2643:
2638:
2606:edition of the
2592:
2588:
2584:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2522:
2499:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2436:thirtek-eptwin
2315:
2202:
2201:Magnuson (1968)
2196:
2192:
2188:
2149:, or a similar
2138:
1842:The Librascope
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1719:
1659:
1656:is "España" (F1
1634:
1618:
1558:character codes
1542:
1520:
1516:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1204:
1203:, for instance
1196:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1160:represents the
1157:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1123:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
859:
854:
834:
826:
824:
818:
811:
807:
803:
799:
740:
704:
703:
626:
612:Proto-cuneiform
557:
556:
545:
544:
539:
538:
523:
507:
489:
476:
463:
450:
379:
378:
366:
365:
346:
306:
291:
282:
281:
272:
271:
253:
212:
211:
202:
201:
153:
95:
81:
80:
68:
67:
55:Numeral systems
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7456:
7454:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7413:
7411:(1966), p. 13.
7394:
7371:
7358:
7334:
7326:
7308:
7284:
7282:, Lund (1952).
7271:
7246:
7229:
7204:
7175:
7146:
7117:
7110:
7085:
7055:
7036:Open Standards
7020:
6991:
6985:978-0007289981
6984:
6958:
6928:
6895:
6875:
6842:
6806:
6760:
6708:
6671:
6639:
6620:. April 1957.
6603:
6563:
6538:, Division of
6517:
6474:
6445:
6420:
6391:
6369:
6340:
6311:
6297:. 2020-05-10.
6282:
6253:
6218:
6197:
6157:
6137:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6051:
6048:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6025:
6024:
6017:
6014:
6011:
5973:
5970:
5935:IBM System/360
5890:, or possibly
5869:хексадецимални
5799:", pronounced
5756:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5437:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5399:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5361:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5287:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5245:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5196:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5151:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5110:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4005:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:Prime factors
3451:
3450:(hexadecimal)
3446:
3441:
3440:Prime factors
3438:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3381:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3329:cyclic numbers
3325:perfect square
3309:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3278:numeral system
3273:
3270:
3266:numeric keypad
3242:
3239:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3201:A hexadecimal
3194:
3191:
2999:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2667:
2663:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2590:
2521:
2518:
2497:
2494:floating-point
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2324:Pronunciation
2322:
2316:naming method
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2299:annteen dotty
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:Pronunciation
2209:
2203:naming method
2194:
2190:
2186:
2160:Silicon Valley
2155:IBM System/360
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2092:
2091:
2069:
2068:
2037:
2032:(and possibly
2003:
1972:
1910:
1871:
1840:
1801:
1766:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1700:IPv4 addresses
1676:
1665:
1657:
1638:
1600:
1581:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1485:
1467:
1450:
1436:
1411:
1397:
1375:
1357:
1347:
1317:
1312:). Similarly,
1309:
1302:
1251:
1216:
1181:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1065:
887:
885:
858:
855:
853:
852:Representation
850:
822:
742:
741:
739:
738:
731:
724:
716:
713:
712:
706:
705:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
644:
639:
633:
632:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
562:
561:Non-alphabetic
558:
552:
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
540:
537:
536:
531:
518:
502:
497:
484:
471:
457:
456:
449:
448:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
384:
380:
373:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
357:
351:
350:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
312:
310:Post-classical
305:
304:
298:
297:
290:
289:
283:
279:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
230:
229:
218:
217:
213:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
94:
93:
91:Eastern Arabic
88:
86:Western Arabic
82:
76:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7455:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7398:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7354:0-201-03802-1
7351:
7347:
7345:
7338:
7335:
7329:
7327:0-88385-511-9
7323:
7319:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7233:
7230:
7215:
7208:
7205:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7056:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6962:
6959:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6932:
6929:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6774:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6682:
6675:
6672:
6657:
6654:(in German).
6650:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6607:
6604:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6580:bitsavers.org
6574:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6545:
6542:. p. 4.
6541:
6537:
6530:
6529:
6521:
6518:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6435:on 2006-04-22
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6409:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6373:
6370:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6300:
6296:
6295:FPGA Tutorial
6292:
6286:
6283:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6214:ANSI terminal
6201:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6158:0-201-13447-0
6154:
6150:
6149:
6141:
6138:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6042:standard for
6041:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5873:sextándakerfi
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5855:(e.g. French
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5754:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5466:
5459:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5343:
5288:
5286:of a circle)
5285:
5281:
5280:circumference
5276:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5246:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5062:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5032:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5009:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4958:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4921:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4858:
4849:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4718:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4543:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4371:
4366:
4357:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4177:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4050:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3999:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3378:
3375:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3285:long division
3281:
3279:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3204:
3199:
3192:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2937:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:IEEE 754-2008
2596:
2581:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2314:Rogers (2007)
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2088:Boby Lapointe
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1612:
1611:X Window
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:space (blank)
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1471:
1468:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:uses Z'ABCD'.
1315:
1303:
1293:as a prefix:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1221:
1217:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1163:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1074:
1066:
884:
882:
879:, each 8-bit
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
856:
851:
849:
847:
843:
838:
832:
815:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
717:
715:
714:
711:
708:
707:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:Alphasyllabic
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
555:
549:
548:
535:
532:
529:
522:
519:
516:
515:
506:
503:
501:
498:
495:
488:
485:
482:
475:
472:
469:
462:
459:
458:
455:
452:
451:
446:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
381:
377:
370:
369:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
280:Other systems
276:
275:
268:
265:
263:
262:Counting rods
260:
259:
255:
254:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
206:
205:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
79:
73:
72:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
29:
22:
7397:
7380:
7374:
7361:
7342:
7337:
7317:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7294:of 1895 has
7291:
7287:
7279:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7249:
7239:
7232:
7221:. Retrieved
7207:
7196:. Retrieved
7187:
7178:
7167:. Retrieved
7158:
7149:
7138:. Retrieved
7129:
7120:
7097:
7077:. Retrieved
7068:
7058:
7047:. Retrieved
7035:
7023:
7012:. Retrieved
7003:
6994:
6969:
6961:
6950:. Retrieved
6941:
6931:
6920:. Retrieved
6911:
6889:
6866:. Retrieved
6845:
6833:. Retrieved
6797:. Retrieved
6779:
6732:
6726:
6700:. Retrieved
6680:
6674:
6663:. Retrieved
6642:
6626:. Retrieved
6612:
6606:
6595:. Retrieved
6579:
6566:
6557:
6551:. Retrieved
6527:
6520:
6509:. Retrieved
6500:
6466:. Retrieved
6457:
6448:
6437:. Retrieved
6433:the original
6423:
6394:
6372:
6361:. Retrieved
6352:
6343:
6332:. Retrieved
6323:
6314:
6303:. Retrieved
6294:
6285:
6274:. Retrieved
6265:
6256:
6245:. Retrieved
6233:
6221:
6200:
6175:. Retrieved
6147:
6140:
6129:. Retrieved
6120:
6111:
6037:
6026:
6005:
5997:
5976:
5975:
5953:
5948:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5884:Donald Knuth
5881:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:) in a day.
5800:
5796:
5788:
5778:As with the
5777:
5758:
5470:
5231:golden ratio
5088:Hexadecimal
5066:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5013:
5007:
4998:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4961:
4956:
4947:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4911:
4905:
4896:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4861:
4856:
4847:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4809:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4716:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4652:
4636:
4631:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4586:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4496:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4458:
4452:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4385:
4369:
4364:
4355:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4318:
4313:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4268:
4262:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4198:
4181:
4175:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4128:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4054:
4048:
4039:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4002:
3997:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3932:
3915:
3909:
3900:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3841:
3823:
3817:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3773:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3732:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3660:
3654:
3645:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3607:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3569:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3485:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3425:; b + 1 = 17
3417:; b − 1 = 15
3401:b + 1 = 11:
3370:, and 0;3,45
3345:
3337:power of two
3333:prime factor
3314:
3299:
3291:Real numbers
3282:
3275:
3247:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3207:
2986:
2983:
2938:
2930:
2918:
2903:
2895:
2832:(1001011100)
2825:
2784:(1001011100)
2777:
2762:
2718:
2660:
2653:-calculator
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:. Using the
2597:
2582:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2502:CPU register
2483:
2472:
2176:
2164:
2150:
2139:
2086:notation by
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:whereas the
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1680:IPv6 address
1661:
1629:abbreviates
1543:
1426:Visual Basic
1382:Bourne shell
1205:T
1198:
1127:
1111:
1108:Donald Knuth
1106:
1070:
874:
867:
860:
841:
839:
816:
784:binary-coded
781:
763:
759:
755:
745:
513:
474:Signed-digit
428:
349:Contemporary
216:Contemporary
39:
7300:sexadecimal
7296:sexadecimal
6778:. Letters.
6204:The string
6148:The TeXbook
5933:manual for
5865:hexazecimal
5863:, Romanian
5861:esadecimale
5857:hexadécimal
5853:hexadecimal
5845:sexadecimal
5836:sexagesimal
5830:sexadecimal
5810:hexadecimal
5783:forward by
4402:0B21642C859
3456:Reciprocal
3437:Reciprocal
3407:Hexadecimal
3395:b − 1 = 9:
3352:sexagesimal
3304:, although
3221:) and D (13
2719:Therefore:
2587:represents
2481:and so on.
2084:Bibi-binary
2076:Bibi-binary
1976:Monrobot XI
1901:=multiply,
1774:Bendix G-15
1772:(1950) and
1576:character,
1552:(including
1400:Common Lisp
1332:16#C1F27ED#
1242:instead of
1213:T
1142:IBM Stretch
1112:The TeXbook
829:is used in
756:hexadecimal
748:mathematics
652:Akṣarapallī
622:Tally marks
521:Non-integer
21:Sexagesimal
7422:Categories
7346:, Volume 2
7261:, as 5·86
7223:2024-06-25
7198:2018-10-28
7169:2008-09-04
7140:2019-06-26
7079:2016-06-21
7049:2010-10-17
7014:2014-04-08
6952:2021-01-01
6922:2019-08-26
6890:Datamation
6873:(29 pages)
6868:2021-09-15
6835:2022-12-24
6799:2022-12-24
6781:Datamation
6702:2017-05-31
6665:2018-05-19
6628:2017-05-31
6597:2014-12-18
6553:2017-06-01
6511:2018-07-16
6468:2019-06-26
6439:2006-01-11
6406:to prefix
6363:2015-01-10
6334:2015-01-10
6305:2020-08-21
6276:2015-11-01
6247:2018-10-28
6177:2022-03-15
6131:2022-08-26
6103:References
6097:P notation
6076:Hex editor
5931:Fortran IV
5924:senidenary
5904:quaternary
5888:senidenary
5875:, Russian
5867:, Serbian
5859:, Italian
5780:duodecimal
5229:(phi, the
5105:of a unit
3524:5555... =
3512:3333... =
3445:(decimal)
3348:duodecimal
3260:), and 2 (
3254:Calculator
2989:JavaScript
2969:d ← (d − h
2966:← d mod 16
2906:quaternary
2636:Conversion
2632:standard.
2550:E notation
2530:P notation
2492:or even a
2444:eptek-one
2283:fifty-bet
2010:parametron
1881:for zero,
1521:X'C1F27ED'
1482:16rC1F27ED
1418:QuickBASIC
1394:16#C1F27ED
1378:PostScript
1344:x"C1F27ED"
1314:Fortran 95
846:plain text
762:or simply
689:Glagolitic
662:Kaṭapayādi
630:Alphabetic
534:Asymmetric
376:radix/base
317:Cistercian
302:Babylonian
249:Vietnamese
104:Devanagari
7159:Hauptmech
6840:(7 pages)
6501:quadibloc
6266:Modula −2
6186:cite book
5814:macaronic
5808:The word
5771:(Chinese
5193:rectangle
5191:of a 1×2
5047:06EB3E453
4581:097B425ED
4215:0D79435E5
2933:algorithm
2904:Although
2583:Example:
2486:processor
2412:twelftek
1914:Honeywell
1675: ...
1605:in HTML,
1465:0hC1F27ED
1439:BBC BASIC
1434:&H5A3
1422:FreeBASIC
1414:MSX BASIC
1365:Smalltalk
1308:(for ABCD
1299:$ C1F27ED
1275:Commodore
752:computing
657:Āryabhaṭa
602:Kharosthi
494:factorial
461:Bijective
362:(Iñupiaq)
192:Sundanese
187:Mongolian
134:Malayalam
7405:Archived
7386:Archived
7383:Vol XXIV
7192:Archived
7188:Intuitor
7163:Archived
7134:Archived
7073:Archived
7040:Archived
7008:Archived
6946:Archived
6916:Archived
6912:Intuitor
6859:Archived
6826:Archived
6804:(1 page)
6790:Archived
6755:28248410
6693:Archived
6656:Archived
6622:Archived
6588:Archived
6544:Archived
6505:Archived
6462:Archived
6387:Compute!
6380:Archived
6357:Archived
6328:Archived
6299:Archived
6270:Archived
6238:Archived
6171:Archived
6167:12973034
6125:Archived
6092:Hexspeak
6081:Hex dump
6050:See also
5920:octonary
5892:sedenary
5825:-decimal
5822:Latinate
5284:diameter
5189:diagonal
5103:diagonal
5085:Decimal
3217:), A (10
3133:function
3001:function
2672:position
2585:1.3DEp42
2576:with no
2428:thousek
2420:hundrek
2396:fimteek
2388:oneteek
2267:annteen
2090:in 1968.
1809:ILLIAC I
1735:overline
1725:through
1654:Espa=F1a
1470:ALGOL 68
1459:prefix:
1449:for hex.
1380:and the
1259:Motorola
1180:is used.
1096:, or 159
1042:00000030
991:00000020
940:00000010
889:00000000
877:hex dump
863:numerals
804:11111111
800:00000000
684:Georgian
674:Cyrillic
642:Armenian
597:Etruscan
592:Egyptian
500:Negative
360:Kaktovik
355:Cherokee
332:Pentadic
256:Historic
239:Japanese
172:Javanese
162:Balinese
149:Dzongkha
114:Gurmukhi
109:Gujarati
47:a series
45:Part of
7267:metonby
6739:: 658.
6234:Unicode
5908:decimal
5900:ternary
5769:suanpan
5237:√
5181:√
5140:√
5095:√
5077:Number
4799:0.03125
4669:08D3DCB
3383:Decimal
3341:decimal
3213:), 3 (3
2558:decimal
2404:fiftek
2364:eptwin
2348:twelve
2340:eleven
2251:ernest
1905:=load,
1873:On the
1684:hextets
1631:#FFAA33
1623:#FF00FF
1619:magenta
1595:is the
1585:Unicode
1583:In the
1489:zSeries
1350:Verilog
1328:16#5A3#
1306:H'ABCD'
1197:&#x
1124:C1F27ED
1100:and 159
1092:and 159
1090:decimal
842:Base 16
776:decimal
760:base-16
587:Chuvash
505:Complex
295:Ancient
287:History
234:Hokkien
222:Chinese
167:Burmese
157:Tibetan
144:Kannada
124:Sinhala
99:Bengali
7352:
7324:
7108:
6982:
6753:
6735:(10).
6635:LGP-30
6416:&H
6412:&O
6165:
6155:
6060:Base64
6056:Base32
6021:nibble
5993:Base64
5991:, and
5989:Base58
5985:Base32
5977:Base16
5916:denary
5896:binary
5879:etc.)
5841:Bendix
5801:tontim
5773:abacus
5767:. The
5745:65,536
5728:32,768
5711:16,384
5467:Powers
5107:square
4943:285714
4618:571428
4528:384615
4300:047619
4079:0.0625
3984:714285
3941:076923
3686:142857
3429:= 11:
3413:= 10:
3366:, 0.09
3317:binary
3262:binary
3252:, the
3175:charAt
3166:return
3136:toChar
3118:toChar
3085:return
3070:toChar
3067:return
2973:) / 16
2881:
2861:
2849:
2843:
2814:
2751:
2621:printf
2562:binary
2490:signed
2356:draze
2321:Number
2275:annty
2259:frost
2235:chris
2208:Number
2179:digits
2151:ad-hoc
2145:, the
1939:, and
1897:=add,
1844:LGP-30
1813:BRLESC
1805:ORDVAC
1669:pixels
1635:
1593:U+00A1
1568:where
1517:X'5A3'
1478:16r5a3
1430:&H
1390:16#5A3
1373:16r5A3
1340:x"5A3"
1267:Delphi
1263:Pascal
1170:printf
1158:'\x1B'
835:0x4430
819:17,456
792:nibble
758:(also
754:, the
699:Hebrew
669:Coptic
582:Brahmi
567:Aegean
524:
508:
490:
477:
464:
327:Muisca
267:Tangut
244:Korean
227:Suzhou
139:Telugu
28:Nibble
7217:(PDF)
7043:(PDF)
7032:(PDF)
6942:Bzarg
6862:(PDF)
6829:(PDF)
6822:(PDF)
6793:(PDF)
6776:(PDF)
6751:S2CID
6696:(PDF)
6685:(PDF)
6659:(PDF)
6652:(PDF)
6591:(PDF)
6576:(PDF)
6547:(PDF)
6532:(PDF)
6408:octal
6404:&
6241:(PDF)
6230:(PDF)
6088:(BBP)
6000:ASCII
5965:ASCII
5912:octal
5818:Greek
5765:taels
5739:10000
5736:2 (2)
5719:2 (2)
5702:2 (2)
5685:2 (2)
5668:2 (2)
5651:2 (2)
5634:2 (2)
5480:Value
5440:0.577
5402:0.412
5394:(the
5364:2.718
5290:3.141
5248:1.618
5199:2.236
5154:1.732
5113:1.414
5056:1/25
5027:1/37
5019:1/24
4974:1/36
4966:1/23
4925:1/35
4917:1/22
4874:1/34
4866:1/21
4851:07C1F
4823:1/33
4815:1/20
4788:1/32
4780:1/1F
4771:08421
4751:1/31
4743:1/1E
4686:1/30
4678:1/1D
4649:1/29
4641:1/1C
4600:1/28
4592:1/1B
4559:1/27
4551:1/1A
4510:1/26
4502:1/19
4491:0A3D7
4472:1/25
4464:1/18
4436:0.041
4419:1/24
4411:1/17
4382:1/23
4374:1/16
4359:BA2E8
4331:1/22
4323:1/15
4282:1/21
4274:1/14
4232:1/20
4224:1/13
4195:1/19
4187:1/12
4142:1/18
4134:1/11
4103:1/17
4095:1/10
4068:1/16
4015:1/15
3966:1/14
3929:1/13
3876:1/12
3859:1745D
3837:1/11
3787:1/10
3722:0.125
3421:= F:
3258:octal
3169:alpha
3154:alpha
3151:const
3088:toHex
3004:toHex
2959:i ← 1
2921:octal
2817:= 604
2790:= 512
2630:POSIX
2589:1.3DE
2469:Signs
2127:Some
1945:Elbit
1739:10–15
1578:ASCII
1529:COBOL
1515:) is
1513:IBM i
1493:IBM i
1461:0h5A3
1453:TI-89
1447:&
1354:8'hFF
1295:$ 5A3
1287:Forth
1283:Godot
1271:BASIC
1236:05A3H
1189:XHTML
1150:octal
772:radix
694:Greek
679:Geʽez
637:Abjad
617:Roman
577:Aztec
572:Attic
487:Mixed
445:table
337:Quipu
322:Mayan
177:Khmer
129:Tamil
7350:ISBN
7322:ISBN
7263:tims
7106:ISBN
6980:ISBN
6353:CLHS
6324:CLHS
6192:link
6163:OCLC
6153:ISBN
5943:CACM
5918:and
5910:and
5797:tims
5722:8000
5705:4000
5694:8192
5688:2000
5677:4096
5671:1000
5660:2048
5643:1024
5457:...
5419:...
5381:...
5341:...
5265:...
5216:...
5171:...
5148:cube
5130:...
4991:0.02
4804:0.08
4615:0.03
4483:0.04
4249:0.05
4060:1/F
4007:1/E
3958:1/D
3921:1/C
3893:0.08
3868:1/B
3829:1/A
3779:1/9
3746:1/9
3738:1/8
3711:1/8
3703:1/7
3674:1/7
3666:1/6
3621:1/6
3613:1/5
3583:1/5
3575:1/4
3559:0.25
3548:1/4
3540:1/3
3499:1/3
3491:1/2
3464:1/2
3423:3, 5
3350:and
2947:...h
2919:The
2853:1100
2847:0101
2841:0010
2798:+ 16
2794:+ 64
2767:to F
2754:= 15
2725:1111
2708:1000
2698:0100
2688:0010
2678:0001
2544:(or
2536:(or
2504:(in
2457:1743
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