2659:
2083:
2106:
3211:
2127:
2183:
2936:(base 8) system can also be converted with relative ease, although not quite as trivially as with bases 2 and 4. Each octal digit corresponds to three binary digits, rather than four. Therefore, we can convert between octal and hexadecimal via an intermediate conversion to binary followed by regrouping the binary digits in groups of either three or four.
3367:: that is, any hexadecimal number with a finite number of digits also has a finite number of digits when expressed in those other bases. Conversely, only a fraction of those finitely representable in the latter bases are finitely representable in hexadecimal. For example, decimal 0.1 corresponds to the infinite recurring representation 0.1
1421:. Setting the variables *read-base* and *print-base* to 16 can also be used to switch the reader and printer of a Common Lisp system to Hexadecimal number representation for reading and printing numbers. Thus Hexadecimal numbers can be represented without the #x or #16r prefix code, when the input or output base has been changed to 16.
2788:). The advantage of using hexadecimal rather than decimal increases rapidly with the size of the number. When the number becomes large, conversion to decimal is very tedious. However, when mapping to hexadecimal, it is trivial to regard the binary string as 4-digit groups and map each to a single hexadecimal digit.
6571:
This base is used because a group of four bits can represent any one of sixteen different numbers (zero to fifteen). By assigning a symbol to each of these combinations, we arrive at a notation called sexadecimal (usually "hex" in conversation because nobody wants to abbreviate "sex"). The symbols in
2948:
for converting a representation of a number to hexadecimal by doing integer division and remainder operations in the source base. In theory, this is possible from any base, but for most humans, only decimal and for most computers, only binary (which can be converted by far more efficient methods) can
3221:
It is also possible to make the conversion by assigning each place in the source base the hexadecimal representation of its place value — before carrying out multiplication and addition to get the final representation. For example, to convert the number B3AD to decimal, one can split the hexadecimal
2178:
Others have proposed using the verbal Morse Code conventions to express four-bit hexadecimal digits, with "dit" and "dah" representing zero and one, respectively, so that "0000" is voiced as "dit-dit-dit-dit" (....), dah-dit-dit-dah (-..-) voices the digit with a value of nine, and "dah-dah-dah-dah"
2168:
programmers, Magnuson (1968) suggested a pronunciation guide that gave short names to the letters of hexadecimal – for instance, "A" was pronounced "ann", B "bet", C "chris", etc. Another naming-system was published online by Rogers (2007) that tries to make the verbal representation distinguishable
2151:
Since there were no traditional numerals to represent the quantities from ten to fifteen, alphabetic letters were re-employed as a substitute. Most
European languages lack non-decimal-based words for some of the numerals eleven to fifteen. Some people read hexadecimal numbers digit by digit, like a
5962:
With the ridiculous choice of letters A, B, C, D, E, F as hexadecimal number symbols adding to already troublesome problems of distinguishing octal (or hex) numbers from decimal numbers (or variable names), the time is overripe for reconsideration of our number symbols. This should have been done
2674:
Most computers manipulate binary data, but it is difficult for humans to work with a large number of digits for even a relatively small binary number. Although most humans are familiar with the base 10 system, it is much easier to map binary to hexadecimal than to decimal because each hexadecimal
5795:
system, there have been occasional attempts to promote hexadecimal as the preferred numeral system. These attempts often propose specific pronunciation and symbols for the individual numerals. Some proposals unify standard measures so that they are multiples of 16. An early such proposal was put
5967:
Martin's argument was that use of numerals 0 to 9 in nondecimal numbers "imply to us a base-ten place-value scheme": "Why not use entirely new symbols (and names) for the seven or fifteen nonzero digits needed in octal or hex. Even use of the letters A through P would be an improvement, but
5980:
standards (ASA X3.4-1963 and USAS X3.4-1968) "should have preserved six code table positions following the ten decimal digits -- rather than needlessly filling these with punctuation characters" (":;<=>?") that might have been placed elsewhere among the 128 available positions.
5968:
entirely new symbols could reflect the binary nature of the system". He also argued that "re-using alphabetic letters for numerical digits represents a gigantic backward step from the invention of distinct, non-alphabetic glyphs for numerals sixteen centuries ago" (as
2658:
6015:
character set. Although any 16 symbols from the ASCII character set can be used, in practice, the ASCII digits "0"–"9" and the letters "A"–"F" (or the lowercase "a"–"f") are always chosen in order to align with standard written notation for hexadecimal numbers.
2921:(base 4) is little used, it can easily be converted to and from hexadecimal or binary. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to a pair of quaternary digits, and each quaternary digit corresponds to a pair of binary digits. In the above example 2 5 C
1086:
is not clear, hexadecimal numbers can be ambiguous and confused with numbers expressed in other bases. There are several conventions for expressing values unambiguously. A numerical subscript (itself written in decimal) can give the base explicitly:
6572:
the sexadecimal language are the ten decimal digits and on the G-15 typewriter, the letters "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", and "z". These are arbitrary markings; other computers may use different alphabet characters for these last six digits.
3004:
implementation of the above algorithm for converting any number to a hexadecimal in String representation. Its purpose is to illustrate the above algorithm. To work with data seriously, however, it is much more advisable to work with
789:
system representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" (or "a"–"f") to represent values from ten to fifteen.
6044:
Space efficiency is only 50%, since each 4-bit value from the original data will be encoded as an 8-bit byte. In contrast, Base32 and Base64 encodings have a space efficiency of 63% and 75% respectively.
2135:
In 1972, Ronald O. Whitaker of Rowco
Engineering Co. proposed a triangular font that allows "direct binary reading" to "permit both input and output from computers without respect to encoding matrices."
3296:
Alternatively, one can also perform elementary operations directly within the hex system itself — by relying on its addition/multiplication tables and its corresponding standard algorithms such as
6059:, where a character is replaced with a percent sign "%" and its Base16-encoded form. Most modern programming languages directly include support for formatting and parsing Base16-encoded numbers.
879:
There is no universal convention to use lowercase or uppercase, so each is prevalent or preferred in particular environments by community standards or convention; even mixed case is used. Some
2169:
in any case, even when the actual number does not contain numbers A–F. Examples are listed in the tables below. Yet another naming system was elaborated by Babb (2015), based on a joke in
5954:(1960) and The Pacific Data Systems 1020 (1964). The standard adopted by IBM seems to have become widely adopted by 1968, when Bruce Alan Martin in his letter to the editor of the
1546:, scripts, commands and other places. This format was common on other (and now obsolete) IBM systems as well. Occasionally quotation marks were used instead of apostrophes.
3371:
in hexadecimal. However, hexadecimal is more efficient than duodecimal and sexagesimal for representing fractions with powers of two in the denominator. For example, 0.0625
3328:
For any base, 0.1 (or "1/10") is always equivalent to one divided by the representation of that base value in its own number system. Thus, whether dividing one by two for
7020:
886:
There is some standardization of using spaces (rather than commas or another punctuation mark) to separate hex values in a long list. For instance, in the following
7417:
6204:
6838:
6600:
6369:
6705:
6556:
3281:
includes the hexadecimal digits A through F, which are active when "Hex" is selected. In hex mode, however, the
Windows Calculator supports only integers.
5950:, which (unlike earlier variants of Fortran) recognizes a standard for entering hexadecimal constants. As noted above, alternative notations were used by
5942:
The now-current notation using the letters A to F establishes itself as the de facto standard beginning in 1966, in the wake of the publication of the
6311:
6029:
The symbols 0–9 and A–F are universal in hexadecimal notation, so it is easily understood at a glance without needing to rely on a symbol lookup table.
6137:
744:
7085:
6392:
3258:
Many computer systems provide a calculator utility capable of performing conversions between the various radices frequently including hexadecimal.
6474:
6098:
2670:
from 1982 was designed for programmers. One of its key features was the conversion between different numeral systems (note hex number in display).
2082:
464:
6340:
7052:
7450:
7122:
6871:
6011:
In this case, data is broken into 4-bit sequences, and each value (between 0 and 15 inclusively) is encoded using one of 16 symbols from the
7398:
7455:
7445:
7175:
3352:
result in an infinite string of recurring digits (such as thirds and fifths). This makes hexadecimal (and binary) less convenient than
2839:
Compare this to the conversion to hexadecimal, where each group of four digits can be considered independently and converted directly:
6996:
6802:
297:
7366:
7338:
6584:
Gill, S.; Neagher, R. E.; Muller, D. E.; Nash, J. P.; Robertson, J. E.; Shapin, T.; Whesler, D. J. (1956-09-01). Nash, J. P. (ed.).
6169:
2157:
1249:. Some implementations require a leading zero when the first hexadecimal digit character is not a decimal digit, so one would write
6958:
7253:
Project of a New System of
Arithmetic, Weight, Measure and Coins: Proposed to be called the Tonal System, with Sixteen to the Base
6668:
5802:
Project of a New System of
Arithmetic, Weight, Measure and Coins: Proposed to be called the Tonal System, with Sixteen to the Base
2791:
This example shows the conversion of a binary number to decimal, mapping each digit to the decimal value, and adding the results.
5973:
5939:
in his mid-1800s work on alternative number bases, although he rejected base 16 because of its "incommodious number of digits".
88:
7356:
1519:
6864:"SN5446A, '47A, '48, SN54LS47, 'LS48, 'LS49, SN7446A, '47A, '48, SN74LS47, 'LS48, 'LS49 BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoders/Drivers"
7012:
6867:
6282:
6083:
2115:
531:
6634:
1624:
can be expressed with six hexadecimal digits (two each for the red, green and blue components, in that order) prefixed with
793:
Software developers and system designers widely use hexadecimal numbers because they provide a convenient representation of
5884:, etc.) but others have introduced terms which substitute native words for "sixteen" (e.g. Greek δεκαεξαδικός, Icelandic
5446:
1277:
1273:
737:
312:
6586:"ILLIAC Programming – A Guide to the Preparation of Problems For Solution by the University of Illinois Digital Computer"
6441:
6250:
5852:
for base 60) is older, and sees at least occasional use from the late 19th century. It is still in use in the 1950s in
6798:
6749:
6701:
6595:(Fourth printing. Revised and corrected ed.). Urbana, Illinois, US: Digital Computer Laboratory, Graduate College,
5773:
3293:, such as the commonly used decimal system or the binary system where each hex digit corresponds to four binary digits.
3242:
being the corresponding hex digit position, counting from right to left, beginning with 0). In this case, we have that:
2526:
1324:
1297:
1139:
In linear text systems, such as those used in most computer programming environments, a variety of methods have arisen:
657:
7414:
7146:
667:
6552:
2687:
in a binary numeral can contain either a 1 or a 0, its value may be easily determined by its position from the right:
1371:
1203:
484:
6928:
6831:
6585:
6517:
6361:
1179:
is a string containing 11 characters with two embedded Esc characters. To output an integer as hexadecimal with the
7440:
6692:
6183:
2171:
1716:
1607:
1330:
544:
6539:
2105:
894:
is a 2-digit hex number, with spaces between them, while the 32-bit offset at the start is an 8-digit hex number.
6740:
6052:
5955:
5441:
5365:
3269:
utility can be set to
Programmer mode, which allows conversions between radix 16 (hexadecimal), 10 (decimal), 8 (
2918:
2638:
2506:
2119:
640:
409:
45:
3340:(4), fractions expressed in hexadecimal have an odd period much more often than decimal ones, and there are no
2620:
1144:
841:
730:
57:
5408:
5403:
3348:
not found in the radix; thus, when using hexadecimal notation, all fractions with denominators that are not a
3344:(other than trivial single digits). Recurring digits are exhibited when the denominator in lowest terms has a
6026:
Being exactly half a byte, 4-bits is easier to process than the 5 or 6 bits of Base32 and Base64 respectively
3356:
for representing rational numbers since a larger proportion lies outside its range of finite representation.
6832:"Combined display and range selector for use with digital instruments employing the binary numbering system"
6630:
5993:
2663:
2498:
720:
504:
101:
6303:
6129:
6032:
Many CPU architectures have dedicated instructions that allow access to a half-byte (otherwise known as a "
5484:
Powers of two have very simple expansions in hexadecimal. The first sixteen powers of two are shown below.
7204:
6596:
2153:
1617:
1511:
404:
320:
7077:
6466:
6389:
3329:
3289:
Elementary operations such as division can be carried out indirectly through conversion to an alternate
3274:
2142:
decoder chips (i.e., 74LS47) show unexpected output due to logic designed only to produce 0–9 correctly.
2139:
880:
522:
3359:
All rational numbers finitely representable in hexadecimal are also finitely representable in decimal,
1719:
are written as thirty-two hexadecimal digits, often in unequal hyphen-separated groupings, for example
836:. In programming, several notations denote hexadecimal numbers, usually involving a prefix. The prefix
7382:, Pharmaceutical Association, 8th Annual Session, Boston, 15 September 1859. See pages and 33 and 41.
1744:
During the 1950s, some installations, such as Bendix-14, favored using the digits 0 through 5 with an
6332:
3266:
3215:
2538:
2051:
1543:
617:
478:
471:
352:
3210:
2486:
The hexadecimal system can express negative numbers the same way as in decimal: −2A to represent −42
7041:
2684:
2522:
2518:
1584:
1293:
1265:
699:
564:
515:
327:
259:
114:
75:
7266:
Nystrom (1862), p. 33: "In expressing time, angle of a circle, or points on the compass, the unit
6431:
to prefix hexadecimal, but the ampersand alone yields a default interpretation as an octal prefix.
828:
In mathematics, a subscript is typically used to specify the base. For example, the decimal value
7391:
Alfred B. Taylor, "Octonary numeration and its application to a system of weights and measures",
6763:
6198:
5853:
2514:
1694:
1568:
612:
365:
202:
197:
144:
6646:(NB. This somewhat odd sequence was from the next six sequential numeric keyboard codes in the
7392:
7362:
7334:
7118:
7114:
6992:
6175:
6165:
5370:
5119:
5081:
3318:
3262:
3006:
1230:
694:
684:
672:
652:
607:
602:
538:
370:
342:
249:
182:
172:
159:
124:
119:
6753:
6226:
6078:
6056:
5805:
5192:
5151:
5106:
2195:
1927:
1656:
1453:
1289:
1172:
597:
491:
244:
232:
177:
167:
134:
109:
6785:
7421:
7402:
7331:
The Words of
Mathematics: An etymological dictionary of mathematical terms used in English
6548:
6412:
6396:
5969:
5797:
3314:
2191:
1885:
1780:
1621:
1285:
1126:
883:
use mixed-case 'A b C d E F' to distinguish the digits A–F from one another and from 0–9.
873:
709:
679:
622:
592:
577:
337:
305:
277:
254:
237:
96:
689:
7379:
6988:
6950:
2198:
suggested using each finger as an on/off bit, allowing finger counting from zero to 1023
1121:
introduced the use of a particular typeface to represent a particular radix in his book
872:
In most current use cases, the letters A–F or a–f represent the values 10–15, while the
6661:
6624:
6051:
Support for Base16 encoding is ubiquitous in modern computing. It is the basis for the
5947:
5864:. Many western languages since the 1960s have adopted terms equivalent in formation to
5830:
3290:
3278:
2165:
778:
704:
647:
627:
582:
455:
187:
154:
139:
65:
5895:
Terminology and notation did not become settled until the end of the 1960s. In 1969,
5788:) can be used to perform hexadecimal calculations such as additions and subtractions.
7434:
6023:
Most programming languages already have facilities to parse ASCII-encoded hexadecimal
5292:
3341:
3337:
3297:
2612:
2098:
1740:
to represent the digits above 9 was not universal in the early history of computers.
510:
399:
332:
272:
207:
149:
129:
6767:
2182:
5896:
5243:
5238:
3349:
3345:
3332:
or dividing one by sixteen for hexadecimal, both of these fractions are written as
3238:), and then get the final result by multiplying each decimal representation by 16 (
1710:
1690:
1436:
1392:
1118:
662:
587:
7251:
6047:
Possible added complexity of having to accept both uppercase and lowercase letters
5842:
3277:), the bases most commonly used by programmers. In Programmer Mode, the on-screen
2615:
binary floating-point standard and can be used for floating-point literals in the
2118:
considered the choice of A–F "ridiculous". In a 1968 letter to the editor of the
6981:
5848:
3364:
2525:
register or C045 0000 0000 0000 in a 64-bit FPU register (in the
2094:
2086:
1986:
1784:
1410:
1367:, where 8 is the number of bits in the value and FF is the hexadecimal constant.
1152:
794:
758:
632:
497:
449:
31:
6239:
3313:
As with other numeral systems, the hexadecimal system can be used to represent
2631:
conversion specifiers, this notation can be produced by implementations of the
6793:
6445:
6274:
6109:
6088:
5943:
5792:
3360:
3001:
2581:. Usually, the number is normalized so that the hexadecimal digits start with
2562:
2542:
2502:
2020:
1613:
1428:
1388:
434:
192:
7311:
in the more general sense of "relating to sixteen". An early explicit use of
7226:
5776:
were base-16. For example, one jīn (斤) in the old system equals sixteen
7138:
6229:
that reset the character set and color, and then move the cursor to line 25.
6179:
5826:
5205:
2945:
2126:
1924:
1693:
can be written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits (sometimes called
1636:. CSS also allows 3-hexdigit abbreviations with one hexdigit per component:
1495:. Binary, quaternary (base-4), and octal numbers can be specified similarly.
1449:
1432:
1424:
1375:
856:
762:
444:
17:
6784:
Whitaker, Ronald O. (January 1972). Written at
Indianapolis, Indiana, US.
2497:
Hexadecimal can also be used to express the exact bit patterns used in the
1218:
represents the character U+0054 (the uppercase letter "T"). If there is no
859:
is broken into two 4-bit values and represented by two hexadecimal digits.
6758:
6735:
6920:
6901:
Magnuson, Robert A. (January 1968). "A hexadecimal pronunciation guide".
6509:
6399:
6159:
6104:
6093:
5296:
5201:
5115:
1819:
1745:
1659:
encoding, character codes are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with
1480:
1269:
887:
7227:"A proposal for addition of the six Hexadecimal digits (A-F) to Unicode"
2122:, he proposed an entirely new set of symbols based on the bit locations.
5781:
3353:
1595:
1499:
1360:
1163:
constants. Byte values can be expressed in hexadecimal with the prefix
786:
429:
414:
7078:"dprintf, fprintf, printf, snprintf, sprintf – print formatted output"
6863:
5808:, which subdivides a day by 16, so that there are 16 "hours" (or "10
6647:
6072:
6068:
6033:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5785:
2667:
2633:
1854:
1823:
1815:
1180:
802:
419:
38:
1920:=fixed-point etc.); programs were written without instruction names.
1257:. Some other implementations (such as NASM) allow C-style numbers (
7167:
7042:"Rationale for International Standard – Programming Languages – C"
6420:
6012:
5977:
5834:
3270:
3209:
2933:
2657:
2642:
2181:
2125:
2104:
2081:
1955:
1679:
1588:
1539:
1523:
1503:
1463:
1281:
1199:
1160:
1083:
782:
424:
386:
347:
5907:, a Latinate term intended to convey "grouped by 16" modelled on
2952:
Let d be the number to represent in hexadecimal, and the series h
5860:
may have been avoided because of its suggestive abbreviation to
5777:
5160:
2577:
exponent. Increasing the exponent by 1 multiplies by 2, not 16:
1682:) can be expressed as unprefixed consecutive hexadecimal pairs:
1652:
1535:
1515:
1507:
1346:
1334:
891:
806:
7315:
in the sense of "using base 16" is found also in 1895, in the
7196:
7139:"算盤 Hexadecimal Addition & Subtraction on a Chinese Abacus"
6626:
Royal
Precision Electronic Computer LGP – 30 Programming Manual
6036:"), making it more efficient in hardware than Base32 and Base64
1904:
for 1 to 15. Many machine instructions had mnemonic hex-codes (
44:"Hex format" redirects here. For hexadecimal file formats, see
37:"Hex digit" redirects here. For binary-coded hexadecimals, see
5951:
5919:, etc. According to Knuth's argument, the correct terms for
2997:"16" may be replaced with any other base that may be desired.
2616:
2017:
1564:
1560:
1195:
798:
2909:
The conversion from hexadecimal to binary is equally direct.
1888:(1956) computer, hexadecimal numbers were written as letters
7405:, Philadelphia, 1887; pages 296–366. See pages 317 and 322.
5287:
5804:, published in 1862. Nystrom among other things suggested
1498:
The most common format for hexadecimal on IBM mainframes (
817:(0 to 63 decimal) in binary form, which can be written as
2164:
system. In the wake of the adoption of hexadecimal among
7333:. The Mathematical Association of America. p. 105.
7317:
Journal of the
American Geographical Society of New York
7111:
Digital Design – With an Introduction to the Verilog HDL
2637:
family of functions following the C99 specification and
1728:
Other symbols for 10–15 and mostly different symbol sets
1337:
enclose hexadecimal numerals in based "numeric quotes":
5992:(as a proper name without a space) can also refer to a
1151:
to indicate a hex constant may have had origins in the
6797:. Vol. 18, no. 1. Barrington, Illinois, US:
5856:
documentation. Schwartzman (1994) argues that use of
2501:, so a sequence of hexadecimal digits may represent a
5899:
argued that the etymologically correct term would be
2093:
New numeric symbols and names were introduced in the
1315:
Some assembly languages (Microchip) use the notation
1233:
and Modula-2, hexadecimal is denoted with a suffixed
1147:(and the many languages influenced by C), the prefix
1125:. Hexadecimal representations are written there in a
5963:
before poor choices gelled into a de facto standard!
5080:
The table below gives the expansions of some common
2202:
on ten fingers. Another system for counting up to FF
2179:(----) voices the hexadecimal digit for decimal 15.
6896:
6894:
6892:
3246:
B3AD = (11 × 16) + (3 × 16) + (10 × 16) + (13 × 16)
2968:be the hexadecimal digits representing the number.
2194:have been devised for both binary and hexadecimal.
2130:
Ronald O. Whitaker's hexadecimal notation proposal.
1720:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1683:
1664:
1660:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1603:
1599:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1219:
1099:. Some authors prefer a text subscript, such as 159
6980:
6467:"ISO-8859-1 (ISO Latin 1) Character Encoding"
7270:should be noted as integer, and parts thereof as
6837:. Indianapolis, Indiana, US. US Patent 3974444A.
6660:Manthey, Steffen; Leibrandt, Klaus (2002-07-02).
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6019:There are several advantages of Base16 encoding:
2109:Bruce Alan Martin's hexadecimal notation proposal
1822:(1952) computers (and some derived designs, e.g.
6825:
6823:
6779:
6777:
1598:standard, a character value is represented with
876:0–9 are used to represent their decimal values.
7104:
7102:
7051:. 5.10. April 2003. pp. 52, 153–154, 159.
7013:"ISO/IEC 9899:1999 – Programming languages – C"
6040:The main disadvantages of Base16 encoding are:
5960:
1701:). This, for example, is a valid IPv6 address:
1571:are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with
797:values. Each hexadecimal digit represents four
30:"Sexadecimal" redirects here. For base 60, see
6914:
6912:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6694:NEC Parametron Digital Computer Type NEAC-1103
6415:(without modification) since the latter takes
3206:Conversion through addition and multiplication
2537:Just as decimal numbers can be represented in
7109:Mano, M. Morris; Ciletti, Michael D. (2013).
6411:BBC BASIC programs are not fully portable to
2513:can be written as FFFF FFD6 in a 32-bit
1697:), where each group is separated by a colon (
1363:represents hexadecimal constants in the form
1202:, characters can be expressed as hexadecimal
851:Hexadecimal is used in the transfer encoding
738:
8:
6225:. These are the escape sequences used on an
1958: 100 (1967) used the uppercase letters
1787:(1956) computers used the lowercase letters
1705:or abbreviated by removing leading zeros as
1183:function family, the format conversion code
7084:(Issue 7, IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 ed.).
6736:"Letters to the editor: On binary notation"
3300:and the traditional subtraction algorithm.
2785:
2023:computer NEAC 1103 (1960) used the letters
1577:http://www.example.com/name%20with%20spaces
1555:Sometimes the numbers are known to be Hex.
1395:and its derivatives denote hex with prefix
6275:"Modula-2 – Vocabulary and representation"
6203:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
745:
731:
81:
52:
6757:
6423:values. (Microsoft BASIC primarily uses
5486:
5086:
3389:
2509:value. This way, the negative number −42
2325:
2212:
832:would be expressed in hexadecimal as 2C7
7225:Niemietz, Ricardo Cancho (2003-10-21).
6979:Clarke, Arthur; Pohl, Frederik (2008).
6905:. Vol. 14, no. 1. p. 45.
6121:
5935:, respectively. Alfred B. Taylor used
3325:) has only a single prime factor: two.
2784:in one step becomes easy (see table in
2675:digit maps to a whole number of bits (4
1703:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
64:
7168:"Base 4^2 Hexadecimal Symbol Proposal"
6362:"*print-base* variable in Common Lisp"
6196:
5159:(the length of the diagonal of a unit
2561:) serves a similar purpose in decimal
1678:PostScript binary data (such as image
1675:in the ISO/IEC 8859-1 character set).)
7076:The IEEE and The Open Group (2013) .
6333:"*read-base* variable in Common Lisp"
5445:(the limiting difference between the
7:
6304:"An Introduction to VHDL Data Types"
3375:(one-sixteenth) is equivalent to 0.1
2949:be easily handled with this method.
2944:As with all bases there is a simple
1721:3F2504E0-4F89-41D3-9A0C-0305E82C3301
1591:code point 20 in hex, 32 in decimal.
1095:is hexadecimal 159, which equals 345
6830:Whitaker, Ronald O. (1976-08-10) .
6734:Martin, Bruce Alan (October 1968).
2993:) else increment i and go to step 2
2579:20p0 = 10p1 = 8p2 = 4p3 = 2p4 = 1p5
2541:, so too can hexadecimal numbers.
2054: 1020 (1964) used the letters
844:, which would denote this value as
7415:IBM System/360 FORTRAN IV Language
7082:The Open Group Base Specifications
6541:G15D Programmer's Reference Manual
6442:"Hexadecimal web colors explained"
6390:MSX is Coming — Part 2: Inside MSX
2776:With little practice, mapping 1111
2186:Hexadecimal finger-counting scheme
2147:Verbal and digital representations
1930:(1957) used the lowercase letters
805:(or nybble). For example, a 6-bit
25:
6516:. The Early Days of Hexadecimal.
6240:"The Unicode Standard, Version 7"
6221:specifies the character sequence
5825:is first recorded in 1952. It is
2940:Division-remainder in source base
2521:), as C228 0000 in a 32-bit
2158:Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet
1632:, for example, is represented as
801:(binary digits), also known as a
5996:belonging to the same family as
3398:Prime factors of: base, b = 10:
2533:Hexadecimal exponential notation
1713:are usually written in decimal).
1602:followed by the hex value, e.g.
1506:) running the traditional OS's (
1439:prefix hexadecimal numbers with
1155:systems. It is derived from the
781:that represents numbers using a
7357:The Art of Computer Programming
7207:from the original on 2010-09-04
7178:from the original on 2021-10-20
7149:from the original on 2019-07-06
7088:from the original on 2016-06-21
7058:from the original on 2016-06-06
7023:from the original on 2016-10-10
6961:from the original on 2020-11-11
6931:from the original on 2019-09-17
6877:from the original on 2021-10-20
6844:from the original on 2022-12-24
6808:from the original on 2022-12-05
6711:from the original on 2017-05-31
6674:from the original on 2018-10-03
6637:from the original on 2017-05-31
6606:from the original on 2017-05-31
6562:from the original on 2017-06-01
6520:from the original on 2018-07-16
6477:from the original on 2019-06-29
6402:, issue 56, January 1985, p. 52
6372:from the original on 2014-12-26
6343:from the original on 2016-02-03
6314:from the original on 2020-08-23
6285:from the original on 2015-12-13
6256:from the original on 2016-03-03
6186:from the original on 2022-01-16
6140:from the original on 2022-08-26
5055:
5047:
5010:
5002:
4959:
4951:
4908:
4900:
4859:
4851:
4779:
4771:
4728:
4720:
4677:
4669:
4634:
4626:
4589:
4581:
4544:
4536:
4499:
4455:
4447:
4410:
4402:
4367:
4359:
4316:
4308:
4265:
4223:
4215:
4178:
4170:
4131:
4123:
4051:
4043:
4000:
3992:
3957:
3949:
3912:
3904:
3867:
3859:
3820:
3776:
3768:
3702:
3694:
3657:
3649:
3610:
3533:
3521:
2210:) is illustrated on the right.
1487:to denote hexadecimal numbers:
7380:Report on Weights and Measures
7250:Nystrom, John William (1862).
6951:"How to pronounce hexadecimal"
6868:Texas Instruments Incorporated
6538:"2.1.3 Sexadecimal notation".
6164:. Duane Bibby. Reading, Mass.
6099:Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula
6084:IBM hexadecimal floating-point
5829:in the sense that it combines
3422:Prime factors of: base, b = 16
2611:P notation is required by the
2116:Brookhaven National Laboratory
785:(base) of sixteen. Unlike the
1:
7293:Hexadecimal Conversion Tables
6427:to prefix octal, and it uses
5840:. The all-Latin alternative
5359:3707344A4093822299F31D008...
3222:number into its digits: B (11
2679:). This example converts 1111
2490:, −B01D9 to represent −721369
1826:) used the uppercase letters
1143:Although best-known from the
809:can have values ranging from
7451:Power-of-two numeral systems
7329:Schwartzman, Steven (1994).
6799:Technical Publishing Company
6750:Associated Universities Inc.
6702:Nippon Electric Company Ltd.
6508:Savard, John J. G. (2018) .
6158:Knuth, Donald Ervin (1986).
5774:Chinese units of measurement
5084:in decimal and hexadecimal.
5068:
5063:
5042:
5039:
5031:
5018:
4989:
4986:
4978:
4967:
4940:
4937:
4929:
4916:
4889:
4886:
4878:
4867:
4838:
4835:
4827:
4820:
4803:
4800:
4792:
4787:
4766:
4763:
4755:
4736:
4701:
4698:
4690:
4685:
4674:0344827586206896551724137931
4664:
4661:
4653:
4642:
4615:
4612:
4604:
4597:
4574:
4571:
4563:
4552:
4525:
4522:
4514:
4507:
4487:
4484:
4476:
4463:
4434:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4397:
4394:
4386:
4375:
4346:
4343:
4335:
4324:
4297:
4294:
4286:
4273:
4247:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4210:
4207:
4199:
4186:
4157:
4154:
4146:
4139:
4118:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4083:
4080:
4072:
4059:
4030:
4027:
4019:
4008:
3981:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3944:
3941:
3933:
3920:
3891:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3852:
3849:
3841:
3828:
3802:
3799:
3791:
3784:
3761:
3758:
3750:
3743:
3726:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3689:
3686:
3678:
3665:
3636:
3633:
3625:
3618:
3598:
3595:
3587:
3580:
3563:
3560:
3552:
3545:
3514:
3511:
3503:
3496:
3479:
3476:
3336:. Because the radix 16 is a
3321:are common since sixteen (10
3173:"0123456789ABCDEF"
2885:
2882:
2879:
2527:IEEE floating-point standard
1707:2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
1534:, and is used in Assembler,
1222:the number is decimal (thus
1204:numeric character references
1167:followed by two hex digits:
855:, in which each byte of the
7256:. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
7197:"Intuitor Hex Headquarters"
6553:Bendix Aviation Corporation
5974:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
5449:and the natural logarithm)
5357:3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E0
3250:which is 45997 in base 10.
2465:twelve-hundrek-fourtek-ten
2152:phone number, or using the
1717:Globally unique identifiers
1345:. For bit vector constants
1078:Distinguishing from decimal
7472:
7456:Positional numeral systems
7446:Hexadecimal numeral system
6921:"Hexadecimal number words"
6629:. Port Chester, New York:
6075:(content encoding schemes)
5985:Base16 (transfer encoding)
5093:Positional representation
1608:inverted exclamation point
1502:) and midrange computers (
1264:Other assembly languages (
1159:prefix already in use for
465:Non-standard radices/bases
43:
36:
29:
6741:Communications of the ACM
6650:'s 6-bit character code.)
5473:0.93C467E37DB0C7A4D1B...
5435:0.6996 9669 9669 6996...
5092:
5089:
3461:Positional representation
3456:Positional representation
3419:
3395:
3392:
2989:If d = 0 (return series h
2899:
2668:HP-16C Computer Scientist
2639:Single Unix Specification
1551:Syntax that is always Hex
1378:languages use the prefix
779:positional numeral system
46:Hex file (disambiguation)
6870:. March 1988 . SDLS111.
6223:Esc [ 0 m Esc [ 2 5; 1 H
6130:"The hexadecimal system"
5976:), and that the recent
3011:
2913:Other simple conversions
2683:to base ten. Since each
2553:, for "power"), whereas
2078:for the values 10 to 15.
2013:for the values 10 to 15.
1989:(1960) used the letters
1982:for the values 10 to 15.
1881:for the values 10 to 15.
1857:(1956) used the letters
1850:for the values 10 to 15.
1811:for the values 10 to 15.
897:
27:Base-16 numerical system
7354:Knuth, Donald. (1969).
7019:. Iso.org. 2011-12-08.
6704:1960. Cat. No. 3405-C.
6631:Royal McBee Corporation
6547:. Los Angeles, CA, US:
5994:binary to text encoding
2565:. The number after the
2475:-hundrek-fourtek-three
2320:thirty-ann seventy-dot
2190:Systems of counting on
1732:The use of the letters
1226:is the same character).
721:List of numeral systems
7319:, vols. 27–28, p. 197.
7305:The Century Dictionary
7232:. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2
6987:. Ballantine. p.
6597:University of Illinois
5965:
5397:2.B7E151628AED2A6B...
4407:0434782608695652173913
3218:
2786:written representation
2671:
2621:C programming language
2187:
2154:NATO phonetic alphabet
2131:
2110:
2089:
1145:C programming language
1082:In contexts where the
881:Seven-segment displays
868:Written representation
777:) numeral system is a
7394:Proc Amer. Phil. Soc.
6919:Rogers, S.R. (2007).
6866:. Dallas, Texas, US:
6786:"More on man/machine"
6759:10.1145/364096.364107
6510:"Computer Arithmetic"
5833:ἕξ (hex) "six" with
3285:Elementary arithmetic
3213:
2661:
2185:
2140:seven-segment display
2129:
2114:Bruce Alan Martin of
2108:
2085:
1748:to denote the values
1466:and 92 series uses a
89:Hindu–Arabic numerals
7117:. pp. 6, 8–10.
6662:"Die PERM und ALGOL"
6057:URL percent encoding
5927:arithmetic would be
3319:repeating expansions
3254:Tools for conversion
3216:multiplication table
2925:= 02 11 30
2539:exponential notation
2052:Pacific Data Systems
1684:AA213FD51B3801043FBC
1655:(e-mail extensions)
1583:is the code for the
618:Prehistoric counting
394:Common radices/bases
76:Place-value notation
6219:"\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H"
6134:Ionos Digital Guide
5409:Thue–Morse constant
5200:(the length of the
5187:1.BB67AE8584CAA...
5146:1.6A09E667F3BCD...
5114:(the length of the
3000:The following is a
2573:and represents the
2330:
2217:
2047:) for values 10–15.
1280:, some versions of
1206:using the notation
1177:"\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H"
1175:control character;
1127:typewriter typeface
1091:is decimal 159; 159
565:Sign-value notation
7420:2021-05-19 at the
7401:2016-06-24 at the
7378:Alfred B. Taylor,
7278:is five times and
7143:totton.idirect.com
7113:(Fifth ed.).
6949:Babb, Tim (2015).
6395:2010-11-24 at the
5846:(compare the word
5291:(pi, the ratio of
5281:1.9E3779B97F4A...
5232:2.3C6EF372FE95...
5082:irrational numbers
5076:Irrational numbers
4220:052631578947368421
3219:
2672:
2641:(IEEE Std 1003.1)
2473:one-thousek-seven-
2326:
2213:
2188:
2132:
2111:
2090:
1644:(a golden orange:
1413:uses the prefixes
1349:uses the notation
1290:GameMaker Language
1231:assembly languages
221:East Asian systems
7441:Binary arithmetic
7124:978-0-13-277420-8
7115:Pearson Education
6471:www.ic.unicamp.br
5972:, and later in a
5890:шестнадцатеричной
5765:
5764:
5477:
5476:
5371:natural logarithm
5369:(the base of the
5073:
5072:
3263:Microsoft Windows
3007:bitwise operators
2907:
2906:
2837:
2836:
2774:
2773:
2662:The programmable
2654:Binary conversion
2585:(zero is usually
2479:
2478:
2324:
2323:
1229:In Intel-derived
755:
754:
554:
553:
16:(Redirected from
7463:
7425:
7412:
7406:
7389:
7383:
7376:
7370:
7352:
7346:
7345:s.v. hexadecimal
7344:
7326:
7320:
7302:
7296:
7289:
7283:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7231:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7106:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7057:
7046:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7009:
7003:
7002:
6986:
6983:The Last Theorem
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6916:
6907:
6906:
6898:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6876:
6860:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6843:
6836:
6827:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6807:
6790:
6781:
6772:
6771:
6761:
6731:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6710:
6700:. Tokyo, Japan:
6699:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6673:
6666:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6605:
6599:. pp. 3–2.
6590:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6561:
6546:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6505:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6444:. Archived from
6438:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6418:
6409:
6403:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6255:
6244:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6202:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6126:
6079:Hexadecimal time
5806:hexadecimal time
5772:The traditional
5768:Cultural history
5496:Value (Decimal)
5487:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5444:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5406:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5368:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5290:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5241:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5198:
5197:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5157:
5156:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5112:
5111:
5087:
5061:
5053:
5029:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4994:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4945:
4927:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4905:2941176470588235
4894:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4825:
4808:
4785:
4777:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4683:
4675:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4620:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4530:
4512:
4505:
4492:
4474:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4416:
4408:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4351:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4302:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4258:
4252:
4229:
4221:
4197:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4162:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4128:0588235294117647
4105:
4088:
4070:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3986:
3963:
3955:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3813:
3807:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3748:
3731:
3708:
3700:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3623:
3616:
3603:
3585:
3568:
3550:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3501:
3484:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3370:
3335:
3315:rational numbers
3309:Rational numbers
3247:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
2842:
2841:
2794:
2793:
2735:
2734:
2607:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2545:uses the letter
2519:two's complement
2331:
2304:annty christeen
2218:
2196:Arthur C. Clarke
1928:Datamatic D-1000
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1722:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1671:is the code for
1666:
1662:
1657:quoted-printable
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1614:Color references
1605:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1533:
1529:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:uses the prefix
1477:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1454:Locomotive BASIC
1446:
1442:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
847:
839:
831:
825:in hexadecimal.
824:
820:
816:
812:
747:
740:
733:
536:
520:
502:
492:balanced ternary
489:
476:
82:
53:
21:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7422:Wayback Machine
7413:
7409:
7403:Wayback Machine
7390:
7386:
7377:
7373:
7369:. (Chapter 17.)
7353:
7349:
7341:
7328:
7327:
7323:
7303:
7299:
7291:C. E. Fröberg,
7290:
7286:
7272:tonal fractions
7265:
7261:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7210:
7208:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7181:
7179:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7152:
7150:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7091:
7089:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7026:
7024:
7011:
7010:
7006:
6999:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6964:
6962:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6934:
6932:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6900:
6899:
6890:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6801:. p. 103.
6788:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6733:
6732:
6723:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6640:
6638:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6588:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6549:Bendix Computer
6544:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6523:
6521:
6507:
6506:
6489:
6480:
6478:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6451:
6449:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6413:Microsoft BASIC
6410:
6406:
6397:Wayback Machine
6388:
6384:
6375:
6373:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6346:
6344:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6317:
6315:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6288:
6286:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6172:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6143:
6141:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6065:
5987:
5970:Brahmi numerals
5958:complains that
5798:John W. Nystrom
5770:
5761:
5755:
5744:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5710:
5704:
5693:
5687:
5676:
5670:
5659:
5653:
5642:
5636:
5625:
5619:
5608:
5602:
5591:
5585:
5574:
5568:
5557:
5551:
5482:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5447:harmonic series
5440:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5364:
5358:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5286:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5237:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5195:
5193:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5154:
5152:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5109:
5107:
5078:
5059:
5051:
5025:
5019:
5014:
5006:
4996:
4990:
4968:
4963:
4955:
4941:
4923:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4890:
4868:
4863:
4855:
4845:
4839:
4821:
4804:
4783:
4776:032258064516129
4775:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4681:
4673:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4616:
4598:
4593:
4585:
4575:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4526:
4508:
4503:
4488:
4470:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4441:
4435:
4414:
4406:
4376:
4371:
4363:
4353:
4347:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4298:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4254:
4248:
4227:
4219:
4193:
4187:
4182:
4174:
4164:
4158:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4101:
4084:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4037:
4031:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3982:
3961:
3953:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3898:
3892:
3871:
3863:
3853:
3835:
3829:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3785:
3780:
3772:
3762:
3744:
3727:
3706:
3698:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3643:
3637:
3619:
3614:
3599:
3581:
3564:
3546:
3541:
3529:
3515:
3497:
3480:
3462:
3457:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3333:
3324:
3311:
3306:
3287:
3256:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2942:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2903:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2833:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2678:
2656:
2651:
2619:edition of the
2605:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2535:
2512:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2449:thirtek-eptwin
2328:
2215:
2214:Magnuson (1968)
2209:
2205:
2201:
2160:, or a similar
2149:
1853:The Librascope
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1730:
1670:
1667:is "España" (F1
1645:
1629:
1569:character codes
1553:
1531:
1527:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1444:
1440:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1215:
1214:, for instance
1207:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1171:represents the
1168:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
870:
865:
845:
837:
835:
829:
822:
818:
814:
810:
751:
715:
714:
637:
623:Proto-cuneiform
568:
567:
556:
555:
550:
549:
534:
518:
500:
487:
474:
461:
390:
389:
377:
376:
357:
317:
302:
293:
292:
283:
282:
264:
223:
222:
213:
212:
164:
106:
92:
91:
79:
78:
66:Numeral systems
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7469:
7467:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7424:(1966), p. 13.
7407:
7384:
7371:
7347:
7339:
7321:
7297:
7295:, Lund (1952).
7284:
7259:
7242:
7217:
7188:
7159:
7130:
7123:
7098:
7068:
7049:Open Standards
7033:
7004:
6998:978-0007289981
6997:
6971:
6941:
6908:
6888:
6855:
6819:
6773:
6721:
6684:
6652:
6633:. April 1957.
6616:
6576:
6551:, Division of
6530:
6487:
6458:
6433:
6404:
6382:
6353:
6324:
6310:. 2020-05-10.
6295:
6266:
6231:
6210:
6170:
6150:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6064:
6061:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6038:
6037:
6030:
6027:
6024:
5986:
5983:
5948:IBM System/360
5903:, or possibly
5882:хексадецимални
5812:", pronounced
5769:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5450:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5412:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5300:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5258:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5209:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5164:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5123:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:Prime factors
3464:
3463:(hexadecimal)
3459:
3454:
3453:Prime factors
3451:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3394:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3342:cyclic numbers
3338:perfect square
3322:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3291:numeral system
3286:
3283:
3279:numeric keypad
3255:
3252:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3214:A hexadecimal
3207:
3204:
3012:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2941:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2676:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2603:
2534:
2531:
2510:
2507:floating-point
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2337:Pronunciation
2335:
2329:naming method
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2312:annteen dotty
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2224:Pronunciation
2222:
2216:naming method
2207:
2203:
2199:
2172:Silicon Valley
2166:IBM System/360
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2102:
2080:
2079:
2048:
2043:(and possibly
2014:
1983:
1921:
1882:
1851:
1812:
1777:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1711:IPv4 addresses
1687:
1676:
1668:
1649:
1611:
1592:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1496:
1478:
1461:
1447:
1422:
1408:
1386:
1368:
1358:
1328:
1323:). Similarly,
1320:
1313:
1262:
1227:
1192:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1076:
898:
896:
869:
866:
864:
863:Representation
861:
833:
753:
752:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
724:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
655:
650:
644:
643:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
573:
572:Non-alphabetic
569:
563:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
529:
513:
508:
495:
482:
468:
467:
460:
459:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
395:
391:
384:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
368:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
324:
323:
321:Post-classical
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
300:
294:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
241:
240:
229:
228:
224:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
105:
104:
102:Eastern Arabic
99:
97:Western Arabic
93:
87:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7468:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7367:0-201-03802-1
7364:
7360:
7358:
7351:
7348:
7342:
7340:0-88385-511-9
7336:
7332:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7260:
7255:
7254:
7246:
7243:
7228:
7221:
7218:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7189:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7069:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7037:
7034:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6975:
6972:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6942:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6787:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6695:
6688:
6685:
6670:
6667:(in German).
6663:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6620:
6617:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6593:bitsavers.org
6587:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6558:
6555:. p. 4.
6554:
6550:
6543:
6542:
6534:
6531:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6448:on 2006-04-22
6447:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6422:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6386:
6383:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6325:
6313:
6309:
6308:FPGA Tutorial
6305:
6299:
6296:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6227:ANSI terminal
6214:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6171:0-201-13447-0
6167:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6151:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6055:standard for
6054:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5886:sextándakerfi
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5868:(e.g. French
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5767:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5740:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5479:
5472:
5451:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5375:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5356:
5301:
5299:of a circle)
5298:
5294:
5293:circumference
5289:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5259:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5075:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5022:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4971:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4920:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4883:
4882:
4876:
4871:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4797:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4731:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4646:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4556:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4467:
4458:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4328:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4063:
4054:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4012:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3391:
3388:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3298:long division
3294:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2950:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:IEEE 754-2008
2609:
2594:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2481:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:Rogers (2007)
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2099:Boby Lapointe
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1623:
1622:X Window
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:space (blank)
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1479:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:uses Z'ABCD'.
1326:
1314:
1304:as a prefix:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1174:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1085:
1077:
895:
893:
890:, each 8-bit
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
867:
862:
860:
858:
854:
849:
843:
826:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
726:
725:
722:
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
658:Alphasyllabic
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
570:
566:
560:
559:
546:
543:
540:
533:
530:
527:
526:
517:
514:
512:
509:
506:
499:
496:
493:
486:
483:
480:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
457:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
388:
381:
380:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
318:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
291:Other systems
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
273:Counting rods
271:
270:
266:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
217:
216:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
90:
84:
83:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
7410:
7393:
7387:
7374:
7355:
7350:
7330:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7307:of 1895 has
7304:
7300:
7292:
7287:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7252:
7245:
7234:. Retrieved
7220:
7209:. Retrieved
7200:
7191:
7180:. Retrieved
7171:
7162:
7151:. Retrieved
7142:
7133:
7110:
7090:. Retrieved
7081:
7071:
7060:. Retrieved
7048:
7036:
7025:. Retrieved
7016:
7007:
6982:
6974:
6963:. Retrieved
6954:
6944:
6933:. Retrieved
6924:
6902:
6879:. Retrieved
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6810:. Retrieved
6792:
6745:
6739:
6713:. Retrieved
6693:
6687:
6676:. Retrieved
6655:
6639:. Retrieved
6625:
6619:
6608:. Retrieved
6592:
6579:
6570:
6564:. Retrieved
6540:
6533:
6522:. Retrieved
6513:
6479:. Retrieved
6470:
6461:
6450:. Retrieved
6446:the original
6436:
6407:
6385:
6374:. Retrieved
6365:
6356:
6345:. Retrieved
6336:
6327:
6316:. Retrieved
6307:
6298:
6287:. Retrieved
6278:
6269:
6258:. Retrieved
6246:
6234:
6213:
6188:. Retrieved
6160:
6153:
6142:. Retrieved
6133:
6124:
6050:
6039:
6018:
6010:
5989:
5988:
5966:
5961:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5897:Donald Knuth
5894:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:) in a day.
5813:
5809:
5801:
5791:As with the
5790:
5771:
5483:
5244:golden ratio
5101:Hexadecimal
5079:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5043:
5026:
5020:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4974:
4969:
4960:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4874:
4869:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4822:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4729:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4665:
4649:
4644:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4599:
4590:
4582:
4576:
4559:
4554:
4545:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4509:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4471:
4465:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4398:
4382:
4377:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4331:
4326:
4317:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4281:
4275:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4194:
4188:
4179:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4141:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4102:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4067:
4061:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4015:
4010:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3928:
3922:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3854:
3836:
3830:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3786:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3745:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3673:
3667:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3620:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3582:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3498:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3438:; b + 1 = 17
3430:; b − 1 = 15
3414:b + 1 = 11:
3383:, and 0;3,45
3358:
3350:power of two
3346:prime factor
3327:
3312:
3304:Real numbers
3295:
3288:
3260:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3220:
2999:
2996:
2951:
2943:
2931:
2916:
2908:
2845:(1001011100)
2838:
2797:(1001011100)
2790:
2775:
2731:
2673:
2666:-calculator
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:. Using the
2610:
2595:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2515:CPU register
2496:
2485:
2189:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2150:
2097:notation by
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:whereas the
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1691:IPv6 address
1672:
1640:abbreviates
1554:
1437:Visual Basic
1393:Bourne shell
1216:T
1209:
1138:
1122:
1119:Donald Knuth
1117:
1081:
885:
878:
871:
852:
850:
827:
795:binary-coded
792:
774:
770:
766:
756:
524:
485:Signed-digit
439:
360:Contemporary
227:Contemporary
50:
18:Hexadecimals
7313:sexadecimal
7309:sexadecimal
6791:. Letters.
6217:The string
6161:The TeXbook
5946:manual for
5878:hexazecimal
5876:, Romanian
5874:esadecimale
5870:hexadécimal
5866:hexadecimal
5858:sexadecimal
5849:sexagesimal
5843:sexadecimal
5823:hexadecimal
5796:forward by
4415:0B21642C859
3469:Reciprocal
3450:Reciprocal
3420:Hexadecimal
3408:b − 1 = 9:
3365:sexagesimal
3317:, although
3234:) and D (13
2732:Therefore:
2600:represents
2494:and so on.
2095:Bibi-binary
2087:Bibi-binary
1987:Monrobot XI
1912:=multiply,
1785:Bendix G-15
1783:(1950) and
1587:character,
1563:(including
1411:Common Lisp
1343:16#C1F27ED#
1253:instead of
1224:T
1153:IBM Stretch
1123:The TeXbook
840:is used in
767:hexadecimal
759:mathematics
663:Akṣarapallī
633:Tally marks
532:Non-integer
32:Sexagesimal
7435:Categories
7359:, Volume 2
7274:, as 5·86
7236:2024-06-25
7211:2018-10-28
7182:2008-09-04
7153:2019-06-26
7092:2016-06-21
7062:2010-10-17
7027:2014-04-08
6965:2021-01-01
6935:2019-08-26
6903:Datamation
6886:(29 pages)
6881:2021-09-15
6848:2022-12-24
6812:2022-12-24
6794:Datamation
6715:2017-05-31
6678:2018-05-19
6641:2017-05-31
6610:2014-12-18
6566:2017-06-01
6524:2018-07-16
6481:2019-06-26
6452:2006-01-11
6419:to prefix
6376:2015-01-10
6347:2015-01-10
6318:2020-08-21
6289:2015-11-01
6260:2018-10-28
6190:2022-03-15
6144:2022-08-26
6116:References
6110:P notation
6089:Hex editor
5944:Fortran IV
5937:senidenary
5917:quaternary
5901:senidenary
5888:, Russian
5880:, Serbian
5872:, Italian
5793:duodecimal
5242:(phi, the
5118:of a unit
3537:5555... =
3525:3333... =
3458:(decimal)
3361:duodecimal
3273:), and 2 (
3267:Calculator
3002:JavaScript
2982:d ← (d − h
2979:← d mod 16
2919:quaternary
2649:Conversion
2645:standard.
2563:E notation
2543:P notation
2505:or even a
2457:eptek-one
2296:fifty-bet
2021:parametron
1892:for zero,
1532:X'C1F27ED'
1493:16rC1F27ED
1429:QuickBASIC
1405:16#C1F27ED
1389:PostScript
1355:x"C1F27ED"
1325:Fortran 95
857:plain text
773:or simply
700:Glagolitic
673:Kaṭapayādi
641:Alphabetic
545:Asymmetric
387:radix/base
328:Cistercian
313:Babylonian
260:Vietnamese
115:Devanagari
7172:Hauptmech
6853:(7 pages)
6514:quadibloc
6279:Modula −2
6199:cite book
5827:macaronic
5821:The word
5784:(Chinese
5206:rectangle
5204:of a 1×2
5060:06EB3E453
4594:097B425ED
4228:0D79435E5
2946:algorithm
2917:Although
2596:Example:
2499:processor
2425:twelftek
1925:Honeywell
1686: ...
1616:in HTML,
1476:0hC1F27ED
1450:BBC BASIC
1445:&H5A3
1433:FreeBASIC
1425:MSX BASIC
1376:Smalltalk
1319:(for ABCD
1310:$ C1F27ED
1286:Commodore
763:computing
668:Āryabhaṭa
613:Kharosthi
505:factorial
472:Bijective
373:(Iñupiaq)
203:Sundanese
198:Mongolian
145:Malayalam
7418:Archived
7399:Archived
7396:Vol XXIV
7205:Archived
7201:Intuitor
7176:Archived
7147:Archived
7086:Archived
7053:Archived
7021:Archived
6959:Archived
6929:Archived
6925:Intuitor
6872:Archived
6839:Archived
6817:(1 page)
6803:Archived
6768:28248410
6706:Archived
6669:Archived
6635:Archived
6601:Archived
6557:Archived
6518:Archived
6475:Archived
6400:Compute!
6393:Archived
6370:Archived
6341:Archived
6312:Archived
6283:Archived
6251:Archived
6184:Archived
6180:12973034
6138:Archived
6105:Hexspeak
6094:Hex dump
6063:See also
5933:octonary
5905:sedenary
5838:-decimal
5835:Latinate
5297:diameter
5202:diagonal
5116:diagonal
5098:Decimal
3230:), A (10
3146:function
3014:function
2685:position
2598:1.3DEp42
2589:with no
2441:thousek
2433:hundrek
2409:fimteek
2401:oneteek
2280:annteen
2101:in 1968.
1820:ILLIAC I
1746:overline
1736:through
1665:Espa=F1a
1481:ALGOL 68
1470:prefix:
1460:for hex.
1391:and the
1270:Motorola
1191:is used.
1107:, or 159
1053:00000030
1002:00000020
951:00000010
900:00000000
888:hex dump
874:numerals
695:Georgian
685:Cyrillic
653:Armenian
608:Etruscan
603:Egyptian
511:Negative
371:Kaktovik
366:Cherokee
343:Pentadic
267:Historic
250:Japanese
183:Javanese
173:Balinese
160:Dzongkha
125:Gurmukhi
120:Gujarati
58:a series
56:Part of
7280:metonby
6752:: 658.
6247:Unicode
5921:decimal
5913:ternary
5782:suanpan
5250:√
5194:√
5153:√
5108:√
5090:Number
4812:0.03125
4682:08D3DCB
3396:Decimal
3354:decimal
3226:), 3 (3
2571:decimal
2417:fiftek
2377:eptwin
2361:twelve
2353:eleven
2264:ernest
1916:=load,
1884:On the
1695:hextets
1642:#FFAA33
1634:#FF00FF
1630:magenta
1606:is the
1596:Unicode
1594:In the
1500:zSeries
1361:Verilog
1339:16#5A3#
1317:H'ABCD'
1208:&#x
1135:C1F27ED
1111:and 159
1103:and 159
1101:decimal
853:Base 16
787:decimal
771:base-16
598:Chuvash
516:Complex
306:Ancient
298:History
245:Hokkien
233:Chinese
178:Burmese
168:Tibetan
155:Kannada
135:Sinhala
110:Bengali
7365:
7337:
7121:
6995:
6766:
6748:(10).
6648:LGP-30
6429:&H
6425:&O
6178:
6168:
6073:Base64
6069:Base32
6034:nibble
6006:Base64
6004:, and
6002:Base58
5998:Base32
5990:Base16
5929:denary
5909:binary
5892:etc.)
5854:Bendix
5814:tontim
5786:abacus
5780:. The
5758:65,536
5741:32,768
5724:16,384
5480:Powers
5120:square
4956:285714
4631:571428
4541:384615
4313:047619
4092:0.0625
3997:714285
3954:076923
3699:142857
3442:= 11:
3426:= 10:
3379:, 0.09
3330:binary
3275:binary
3265:, the
3188:charAt
3179:return
3149:toChar
3131:toChar
3098:return
3083:toChar
3080:return
2986:) / 16
2894:
2874:
2862:
2856:
2827:
2764:
2634:printf
2575:binary
2503:signed
2369:draze
2334:Number
2288:annty
2272:frost
2248:chris
2221:Number
2192:digits
2162:ad-hoc
2156:, the
1950:, and
1908:=add,
1855:LGP-30
1824:BRLESC
1816:ORDVAC
1680:pixels
1646:
1604:U+00A1
1579:where
1528:X'5A3'
1489:16r5a3
1441:&H
1401:16#5A3
1384:16r5A3
1351:x"5A3"
1278:Delphi
1274:Pascal
1181:printf
1169:'\x1B'
815:111111
811:000000
803:nibble
769:(also
765:, the
710:Hebrew
680:Coptic
593:Brahmi
578:Aegean
535:
519:
501:
488:
475:
338:Muisca
278:Tangut
255:Korean
238:Suzhou
150:Telugu
39:Nibble
7230:(PDF)
7056:(PDF)
7045:(PDF)
6955:Bzarg
6875:(PDF)
6842:(PDF)
6835:(PDF)
6806:(PDF)
6789:(PDF)
6764:S2CID
6709:(PDF)
6698:(PDF)
6672:(PDF)
6665:(PDF)
6604:(PDF)
6589:(PDF)
6560:(PDF)
6545:(PDF)
6421:octal
6417:&
6254:(PDF)
6243:(PDF)
6101:(BBP)
6013:ASCII
5978:ASCII
5925:octal
5831:Greek
5778:taels
5752:10000
5749:2 (2)
5732:2 (2)
5715:2 (2)
5698:2 (2)
5681:2 (2)
5664:2 (2)
5647:2 (2)
5493:Value
5453:0.577
5415:0.412
5407:(the
5377:2.718
5303:3.141
5261:1.618
5212:2.236
5167:1.732
5126:1.414
5069:1/25
5040:1/37
5032:1/24
4987:1/36
4979:1/23
4938:1/35
4930:1/22
4887:1/34
4879:1/21
4864:07C1F
4836:1/33
4828:1/20
4801:1/32
4793:1/1F
4784:08421
4764:1/31
4756:1/1E
4699:1/30
4691:1/1D
4662:1/29
4654:1/1C
4613:1/28
4605:1/1B
4572:1/27
4564:1/1A
4523:1/26
4515:1/19
4504:0A3D7
4485:1/25
4477:1/18
4449:0.041
4432:1/24
4424:1/17
4395:1/23
4387:1/16
4372:BA2E8
4344:1/22
4336:1/15
4295:1/21
4287:1/14
4245:1/20
4237:1/13
4208:1/19
4200:1/12
4155:1/18
4147:1/11
4116:1/17
4108:1/10
4081:1/16
4028:1/15
3979:1/14
3942:1/13
3889:1/12
3872:1745D
3850:1/11
3800:1/10
3735:0.125
3434:= F:
3271:octal
3182:alpha
3167:alpha
3164:const
3101:toHex
3017:toHex
2972:i ← 1
2934:octal
2830:= 604
2803:= 512
2643:POSIX
2602:1.3DE
2482:Signs
2138:Some
1956:Elbit
1750:10–15
1589:ASCII
1540:COBOL
1526:) is
1524:IBM i
1504:IBM i
1472:0h5A3
1464:TI-89
1458:&
1365:8'hFF
1306:$ 5A3
1298:Forth
1294:Godot
1282:BASIC
1247:05A3H
1200:XHTML
1161:octal
846:0x2C7
783:radix
705:Greek
690:Geʽez
648:Abjad
628:Roman
588:Aztec
583:Attic
498:Mixed
456:table
348:Quipu
333:Mayan
188:Khmer
140:Tamil
7363:ISBN
7335:ISBN
7276:tims
7119:ISBN
6993:ISBN
6366:CLHS
6337:CLHS
6205:link
6176:OCLC
6166:ISBN
5956:CACM
5931:and
5923:and
5810:tims
5735:8000
5718:4000
5707:8192
5701:2000
5690:4096
5684:1000
5673:2048
5656:1024
5470:...
5432:...
5394:...
5354:...
5278:...
5229:...
5184:...
5161:cube
5143:...
5004:0.02
4817:0.08
4628:0.03
4496:0.04
4262:0.05
4073:1/F
4020:1/E
3971:1/D
3934:1/C
3906:0.08
3881:1/B
3842:1/A
3792:1/9
3759:1/9
3751:1/8
3724:1/8
3716:1/7
3687:1/7
3679:1/6
3634:1/6
3626:1/5
3596:1/5
3588:1/4
3572:0.25
3561:1/4
3553:1/3
3512:1/3
3504:1/2
3477:1/2
3436:3, 5
3363:and
2960:...h
2932:The
2866:1100
2860:0101
2854:0010
2811:+ 16
2807:+ 64
2780:to F
2767:= 15
2738:1111
2721:1000
2711:0100
2701:0010
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2016:The
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1900:and
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5737:hex
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5686:hex
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5590:dec
5584:hex
5573:dec
5567:hex
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5311:589
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5295:to
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5272:894
5269:749
5266:988
5263:033
5255:)/2
5248:(1+
5226:696
5223:789
5220:499
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2815:+ 8
2756:+ 1
2752:+ 2
2748:+ 4
2744:= 8
2725:= 8
2715:= 4
2705:= 2
2695:= 1
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2627:or
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2569:is
2529:).
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385:By
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7203:.
7199:.
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3385:60
3381:12
3377:16
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3236:10
3232:10
3228:10
3224:10
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3140:);
3122:16
3104:((
3092:);
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2923:16
2902:16
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2821:10
2817:10
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2583:1.
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2277:1A
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2005:,
2001:,
1997:,
1993:,
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1962:,
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1934:,
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1600:U+
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1056:20
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912:69
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